Module 4 Filter
Module 4 Filter
Module 4 Filter
The first order low pass butterworth filter is realized by R-C circuit used
along with an op-amp, used in the noninverting configuration. The circuit
diagram is shown in Fig. 2.74. This also called one pole low pass
butterworth filter.
The resistances Rf and R1 decide the gain of the filter in the pass band.
i.e.
where
and
and
The Vo/Vin is the transfer function of the filter and can be expressed in the
polar form as,
where
and
The equation (7) describes the behavior of the low pass filter.
2. f = fH,
3. At f > fH
Thus, for the range of frequencies, 0 < f < f H, the gain is almost constant
equal to fH which is high cut off frequency. At f = fH, gain reduces to
0.707 AF i.e. 3 dB down from AF. And as the frequency increases than f H,
the gain decreases at a rate of 20dB/decade. The rate 20 dB/decade
means decrease of 20 dB in gain per 10 times change in frequency. The
same rate can be expressed as 6 dB/octave i.e. decrease of 6 dB per
two times change in the frequency. The frequency f H is called cut off
frequency, break frequency, — 3dB frequency or corner frequency.
The frequency response is shown in the Fig. 2.75.
The rate of decrease in gain is 20 dB/decade i.e. the decrease can be
indicated by a negative slope in the frequency response, as – 20
dB/decade.
Design Steps:
The design steps for the first order low pass Butterworth filter are
Frequency Scaling:
Now
where
and
As the order of s in the gain expression is two, the filter is called Second
Order Low Pass Butterworth Filter.
where
A = overall gain
ξ = damping of system
ωn = natural frequency of oscillations
Comparing (7) and (8), we can say that
where
and
At the cut off frequency fH, the gain is 0,707 AF i,e. 3 dB down from its 0
Hz level. After, fH ( f > fH ), the gain rolls off at a frequency rate of 40
dB/decade,. Hence, the slope of the response after fH is – 40 dB/decade.
Design Steps:
The design steps for Second Order Low Pass Butterworth Filter are
The frequency scaling method discussed earlier for first order filter is
equally applicable to the Second Order Low Pass Butterworth Filter
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First Order High Pass Butterworth Filter:
As mentioned earlier, a high pass filter is a circuit that attenuates all the
signals below a specified cut off frequency denoted as f L. Thus, a high
pass filter performs the opposite function to that of low pass filter. Hence,
the First Order High Pass Buterworth Filter circuit can be obtained by
interchanging frequency determining resistances and capacitors in low
pass filter circuit.
The first order high pass filter can be obtained by interchanging the
elements R and C in a first order low pass filter circuit. The Fig. 2.79
shows the first order high pass Butterworth filter.
It can be observed that as compared to first order low pass filter, the
positions of R and C are changed in the high pass circuit shown in Fig.
2.79.
The frequency at which the gain is 0.707 times the gain of filter in pass
band is called as low cut off frequency and denoted as f L. So, all the
frequencies greater than fL are allowed to pass but the maximum
frequency which is allowed to pass is determined by the closed loop
bandwidth of the op-amp used.
By the voltage divider rule, the potential of the non inverting terminal of
the op-amp is
As
where
and
This is the required expression for the transfer function of the filter. For
the frequency response, we require the magnitude of the transfer
function which is given by,
The equation (6) describes the behavior of the high pass filter.
2) At f < f′L
Note : As high pass filter is basically a low pass filter circuit with
positions of R and C interchanged, the design steps and the frequency
scaling method discussed earlier for low pass filter is equally applicable
to the first order high pass Butterworth filter.
The second order high pass Butterworth filters produces a gain roll off at
the rate of + 40 dB/decade in the stop band. This filter also can be
realized by interchanging the positions of resistors and capacitors in a
second order low pass Butterworth filters. The Fig. 2.81 shows the
second order high pass Butterworth filters.
The analysis, design and the scaling procedures for this filter is exactly
same as that of second order low pass Butterworth filter.
The resulting expression is given here for the convenience of the reader.
The voltage gain magnitude equation for the second order high pass
filter is
where
f = input frequency in Hz
fL = lower cut off frequency in Hz ≈1/2πRC
R2 = R3 = R and C2 = C3 = C
AF = passband gain
= 1.586 to ensure second order butterworth response
and
For the wide Band Pass Filter Circuit, the centre frequency can be
defined as
where
A narrow band filter is one that has a band width of less than 1/10th the
resonant frequency (band width < 0.1 fc). A wide band filter has a band
width greater than 1/10th the resonant frequency (band width > 0.1 fc).
In other words, the order of the Band Pass Filter Circuit Diagram
depends upon the order of the High pass and Low pass sections.
Fig. 15.16(a), shows a circuit of a ± 20 db/decade wide band pass filter,
which is composed of a first order high pass and a first order low pass
filter. Figure 15.16(b) shows the frequency response.
The narrow Band Pass Filter Circuit using multiple feedback is shown in
Fig. 15.17(a). As shown in this circuit, the filter uses only one opamp.
This filter is unique in the following respects.
But
Simplifying it we have
Therefore
We now calculate the values of Z11 and Z21. Referring to the figure for a
CR network we have
which reduces to
Similarly
Therefore
Therefore, gain
Let
In this Band Reject Filter Circuit, frequencies are attenuated in the stop
band and passed outside it, as shown in Fig. 15.20(b). As with band
pass filters, band reject filters can also be classified as (i) wide and (ii)
narrow band.
The narrow band reject filter circuit is also called the notch filter.
Because of its higher Q which is greater than 10, the bandwidth of the
narrow band reject filter is much smaller than that of the wide band reject
filter. The band reject filter is also called a band stop or band elimination
filter because it eliminates a certain band of frequencies.
Figure 15.20 (a) shows wide band reject filter circuit using a low pass
filter, a high pass filter and a summing amplifier. For a proper band reject
response, the low cutoff frequency fL of the high pass filter must be
larger than the high cutoff frequency fH of the low pass filter. Also, the
pass band gain of both high pass and low pass sections must be equal.
The narrow band reject filter, often called the notch filter, is commonly
used for the attenuation of a single frequency. For example, it may be
necessary to attenuate 60 Hz or 400 Hz noise or hum signals in a circuit.
The most commonly used notch filter is the Twin T network, shown in
Fig. 15.21(a), which is a passive filter composed of two T shaped
networks.