Scribd
Upload
35 views32 pages

EN8007

The document discusses the circuit transfer function and the design of various types of filters, including first and second order Butterworth low pass and high pass filters. It explains the concepts of cut-off frequency, damping factor, and quality factor, along with the mathematical equations used in filter design. Additionally, it provides examples of designing filters with specific gain and frequency requirements.

Uploaded by

ma805596
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
35 views32 pages

EN8007

The document discusses the circuit transfer function and the design of various types of filters, including first and second order Butterworth low pass and high pass filters. It explains the concepts of cut-off frequency, damping factor, and quality factor, along with the mathematical equations used in filter design. Additionally, it provides examples of designing filters with specific gain and frequency requirements.

Uploaded by

ma805596
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 32

EN8007

Circuit transfer function:


is the ratio of output signal to the input signal applied to
the LTI (Linear Time Invariant) systems.

First Order Low Pass Filter


𝑭𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒊𝒈𝒖𝒓𝒆, 𝒘𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆
KCL: 𝑰𝟏 = 𝑰𝟐 + 𝑰𝟑
𝑽𝒊 −𝑽𝒂
𝑰𝟐 = 𝑰𝒇 = (𝑽𝒂−𝑽𝒐 )𝒔𝑪𝟏 + 𝑽𝒂𝒔𝑪𝟐
𝑹𝟐

𝑽𝒊 − 𝑽𝒂 𝟎 − 𝑽𝒐
𝑰𝟏 = 𝑽𝒂𝒔𝑪𝟐 =
𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟏

−𝑽𝒐
𝑽𝒂 𝑽𝒂 =
𝑰𝟐 = = 𝑽𝒂𝒔𝑪𝟐 𝑹𝟏 𝒔𝑪𝟐
𝟏
𝒔𝑪𝟐

𝑽𝒂 − 𝑽𝒐
𝑰𝟑 = = (𝑽𝒂−𝑽𝒐 )𝒔𝑪𝟏
𝟏
𝒔𝑪𝟏
𝟎 − 𝑽𝒐
𝑰𝒇 =
𝑹𝟏
𝑽𝒐
𝑽𝒊 𝒔𝑹𝟏𝑪𝟐 −𝑽𝒐 𝒔𝑪𝟏 𝑽𝒐 𝒔𝑪𝟐
+ = − 𝑽𝒐 𝒔𝑪𝟏 −
𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟐 𝒔𝑹𝟏 𝑪𝟐 𝒔𝑹𝟏 𝑪𝟐

𝑽𝒐
𝑽𝒊 −
𝒔𝑹𝟏 𝑪𝟐 𝑽𝒐 𝒔𝑪𝟏 𝑽𝒐 𝒔𝑪𝟐
= − − 𝑽𝒐 𝒔𝑪𝟏 −
𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟐 𝒔𝑹𝟏𝑪𝟐 𝒔𝑹𝟏𝑪𝟐

𝑽𝒊 𝟏 𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐
= −𝑽𝒐 + + 𝒔𝑪𝟏 +
𝑹𝟐 𝒔𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑪𝟐 𝑹𝟏𝑪𝟐 𝑹𝟏𝑪𝟐

𝑽𝒊 𝟏 𝑪𝟏 𝟏
= −𝑽𝒐 + + 𝒔𝑪𝟏 +
𝑹𝟐 𝒔𝑹𝟏𝑹𝟐 𝑪𝟐 𝑹𝟏 𝑪𝟐 𝑹𝟏

𝑽𝒊 𝟏 + 𝒔𝑹𝟐 𝑪𝟏 + 𝒔𝟐𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐 + 𝒔𝑹𝟐𝑪𝟐


= −𝑽𝒐
𝑹𝟐 𝒔𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑪𝟐
𝑽𝒐 𝒔𝑹𝟏𝑪𝟐
=− 𝟐
𝑽𝒊 𝒔 𝑹𝟏𝑹𝟐𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐 + 𝒔𝑹𝟐 𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 + 𝟏
Filter:
is a circuit that is designed to pass a Filters
specified band of frequencies while
attenuating all signals outside this band.
Passive Active

Resistors Op-Amp

Filter is used to reduce the effect of


undesired signals Inductors Resistors

Capacitors Inductors

Capacitors
Filters:
Low Pass
High Pass
Band Pass
Band Stop
Orders
Roll-off
rate

dB/decade dB/octave

20n 6n
dB/decade dB/octave
TRANSFER FUNCTIONS OF FILTERS

where 𝒃𝟎, 𝒃𝟏, 𝒃𝟐 … … . . 𝒃𝒏−𝟏 and K are calculated depending


on the order of the transfer function n.
Active Filters
(i) Below Cut-Off Frequency

Magnitude: Relatively constant and high.


Explanation: Signals with frequencies lower than the cut-off frequency pass through the filter with minimal
attenuation. The filter has little to no effect on their magnitude. This region is often called the "passband".

(ii) At Cut-Off Frequency

Magnitude: Reduced to 0.707 (or -3 dB) of its maximum value.


Explanation: The cut-off frequency is specifically defined as the frequency at which the output power of the signal is
half of its power in the passband. This corresponds to a magnitude reduction to approximately 70.7% of the
maximum or a -3 dB change in magnitude.

(iii) Above Cut-Off Frequency

Magnitude: Decreases rapidly with increasing frequency.


Explanation: Signals with frequencies higher than the cut-off frequency are increasingly attenuated by the filter. The
higher the frequency, the more the signal's magnitude is reduced. This region is often called the "stopband".
First Order Active Low Pass Filter
The operation of the low pass filter can be verified from the gain magnitude equation:
➢ At very low frequencies, 𝑓 < 𝑓𝑐

𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑜 𝐴𝑓
≅ 𝐴𝑓 =
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑓 2
1+( )
𝑓𝑐
➢ At 𝑓 = 𝑓𝑐,
𝑉𝑜 𝐴𝑓
= = 0.707𝐴𝑓
𝑉𝑖𝑛 √2

➢ At 𝑓 > 𝑓𝑐,

𝑉𝑜
< 𝐴𝑓
𝑉𝑖𝑛
First Order Active High Pass Filter

From the circuit, the output voltage


𝑅𝑓 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑅𝐶
𝑣𝑜=(1 + ) 𝑣
𝑅𝑖 1 + 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑅𝐶 𝑖𝑛
𝑓
𝑣𝑜 𝑗𝑓
= 𝐴𝑓[ 𝑐
𝑓 ]
𝑣𝑖𝑛 1+𝑗𝑓𝑐

𝑅𝑓
𝐴𝑓 = 1 +
𝑅𝑖
𝑓 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙
𝑓𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟
The operation of the high pass filter can be verified from the gain magnitude equation:
➢ At very low frequencies, 𝑓 < 𝑓𝑐
𝑉𝑜
< 𝐴𝑓
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑓
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐴𝑓
𝑓𝑐
➢ At 𝑓 = 𝑓𝑐, =
𝑉𝑖𝑛 2
𝑓
1+
𝑉𝑜 𝐴𝑓 𝑓𝑐
= = 0.707𝐴𝑓
𝑉𝑖𝑛 √2

➢ At 𝑓 > 𝑓𝑐,
𝑉𝑜
≅ 𝐴𝑓
𝑉𝑖𝑛
Design a first order Butterworth Low Pass Filter with a gain of 5 and cut-off frequency 1KHz
𝟏
𝑾𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒇𝒄 =
𝟐𝝅𝑹𝑪
𝑨𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝝁𝑭
𝟏
𝑹= ≅ 𝟏. 𝟔𝑲𝛀
𝟐𝝅 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟎. 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔

𝑹𝒇
𝑨𝒇 = 𝟏 + =𝟓
𝑹𝒊
𝑨𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝑹𝒇 = 𝟒𝟎𝑲𝛀 ; 𝑹𝒊 = 𝟏𝟎𝑲𝛀
Design a first order Butterworth Low Pass Filter with a gain of 5 and cut-off frequency 100Hz
𝟏
𝑾𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒇𝒄 =
𝟐𝝅𝑹𝑪
𝑨𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝝁𝑭
𝟏
𝑹= ≅ 𝟏𝟔𝑲𝛀
𝟐𝝅 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 × 𝟎. 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔

𝑹𝒇
𝑨𝒇 = 𝟏 + =𝟓
𝑹𝒊
𝑨𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝑹𝒇 = 𝟒𝟎𝑲𝛀 ; 𝑹𝒊 = 𝟏𝟎𝑲𝛀
Damping factor (DF )

The damping factor is determined by the negative feedback


circuit and is defined by the following equation:
𝑅1
𝐷𝐹 = 2 −
𝑅2

To achieve a second-order Butterworth response, for


example, the damping factor must be 1.414

𝑅1
𝐷𝐹 = 2 − = 1.414
𝑅2
𝑅1
= 2 − 1.414 = 0.586
𝑅2
From this ratio, the closed loop gain Af of the amplifier can
be calculated as:

𝑅1
𝑊𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝐴𝑓 = 1 + = 1 + 0.586 = 1.586
𝑅2
Quality Factor, “Q”: Damping factor
the quality factor, represents the “peakiness” of ζ (zeta), which is the inverse of Q is
this resonance peak, that is its height and normally used.
narrowness around the cut-off frequency
point, ƒC. Both Q and ζ are independently
determined by the gain of the
amplifier, A so

Q decreases the damping factor increases


Design a second order Butterworth low pass filter with a cut off frequency of 1KHz.

𝑹𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝑪𝒖𝒕 − 𝐎𝐟𝐟 𝐟𝐫𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 = 𝟏𝐊𝐇𝐳


𝟏
𝐖𝐞 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝒇𝐇 =
𝟐𝛑 𝑹𝟏 𝑪𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑪𝟐
𝐀𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝑪𝟏 = 𝑪𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝛍𝐅.
𝑹𝟏 = 𝑹𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔𝑲Ω

For equal components of 𝑹𝟏 = 𝑹𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪𝟏 = 𝑪𝟐


𝑹𝒇
The pass band gain 𝑨𝒇 = 𝟏 + must be 1.586.
𝑹𝒊

That is, 𝑹𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟖𝟔 𝑹𝒊

Assume 𝑹𝒊 = 𝟐𝟕𝑲. 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑹𝒇 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟖𝟐𝑲 ≅ 𝟏𝟓𝑲


A Second Order Low Pass Filter is to be design around a non-inverting op-amp with equal resistor and
capacitor values in its cut-off frequency determining circuit. If the filters characteristics are given as:
Q = 5, and ƒc = 159Hz, design a suitable low pass filter and draw its frequency response.
Oscillator
is a circuit that produces a periodic waveform on its output with out any input
signal
It convert DC signal into AC signal

Two major classifications for oscillators:

Oscillators

Feedback Relaxation
Barkhausen Conditions for sustained oscillation

1- The phase shift = 𝟑𝟔𝟎°


2- Acl=Av β= 1
If 𝑨𝒗 𝜷 > 𝟏
If 𝑨𝒗 𝜷 < 𝟏 If 𝑨𝒗 𝜷 = 𝟏
RC phase-shift oscillator
is a linear electronic oscillator circuit that produces a sine wave
output
For three section RC feedback network is Design an RC Phase Shift oscillator using op-
1
𝐵 = amp for a given frequency of 1kHz.
29

𝐵 𝑖𝑠 𝛽
Gain must be
𝐴 ≥ 29
𝟐
For the circuit shown in Figure, show that 𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝑽𝒊
𝒔𝑹𝑪
Show that the transfer function of the following circuit shown in Figure is:
𝑉𝑜(𝑠) 1
=
𝑉𝑖(𝑠) 𝑎1 𝑠2 +𝑎0 𝑠+1
Where
𝑎1 = 𝑅1𝑅2 𝐶1 𝐶2
𝑎0 = 𝑅1 𝐶1 + 𝑅2 𝐶2

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy