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Slide 15-Filter Design

The document discusses the design and characteristics of second-order active filters, particularly the Sallen-Key filter, which utilizes an operational amplifier and passive RC components for tuning. It explains the frequency response, roll-off rates, and the importance of the quality factor (Q) and damping factor (ζ) in determining the filter's performance. Additionally, it provides design examples for first-order and second-order low and high pass filters with specified cutoff frequencies and gain requirements.

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Mariam Ahmed
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7 views12 pages

Slide 15-Filter Design

The document discusses the design and characteristics of second-order active filters, particularly the Sallen-Key filter, which utilizes an operational amplifier and passive RC components for tuning. It explains the frequency response, roll-off rates, and the importance of the quality factor (Q) and damping factor (ζ) in determining the filter's performance. Additionally, it provides design examples for first-order and second-order low and high pass filters with specified cutoff frequencies and gain requirements.

Uploaded by

Mariam Ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Design of Active Filters

Second Order Filters


Second Order (or two-pole) Filters consist of two RC filter sections connected together to provide a -
40dB/decade roll-off rate

Second Order Filters which are also referred to as VCVS


filters, because the op-amp is used as a Voltage
Controlled Voltage Source amplifier.

The Sallen-Key filter design is one of the most widely


known and popular 2nd order filter designs, requiring only
a single operational amplifier for the gain control and four
passive RC components to accomplish the tuning.
This second order low pass filter circuit has two RC
networks, R1 – C1 and R2 – C2 which give the filter
its frequency response properties. The filter design
is based around a non-inverting op-amp
configuration so the filters gain, A will always be
greater than 1. Also the op-amp has a high input
impedance which means that it can be easily
cascaded with other active filter circuits to give
more complex filter designs.
The normalised frequency response of the second
order low pass filter is fixed by the RC network and
is generally identical to that of the first order type.
The main difference between a 1st and 2nd order
low pass filter is that the stop band roll-off will be
twice the 1st order filters at 40dB/decade
(12dB/octave) as the operating frequency increases
above the cut-off frequency ƒc, point as shown.
Normalised Low Pass Frequency Response

The frequency response bode plot above, is basically the


same as that for a 1st-order filter. The difference this time
is the steepness of the roll-off which is -40dB/decade in
the stop band. However, second order filters can exhibit a
variety of responses depending upon the circuits voltage
magnification factor, Q at the the cut-off frequency point.
In active second order filters, the damping factor, ζ (zeta), which is the
inverse of Q is normally used. Both Q and ζ are independently
determined by the gain of the amplifier, A so as Q decreases the
damping factor increases. In simple terms, a low pass filter will always
be low pass in its nature but can exhibit a resonant peak in the vicinity
of the cut-off frequency, that is the gain can increases rapidly due to
resonance effects of the amplifiers gain.
Then Q, the quality factor, represents the “peakiness” of this
resonance peak, that is its height and narrowness around the cut-off
frequency point, ƒC. But a filters gain also determines the amount of its
feedback and therefore has a significant effect on the frequency
response of the filter.
Generally to maintain stability, an active filters gain must not be more than 3 and is best
expressed as:

The Quality Factor, “Q”


Design a first order low pass filter with a cut off frequency of 1KHz and pass band gain of 2

+ Vout
Vin
R C
-

Rf

Ri
Design a first order high pass filter with a cut off frequency of 1KHz and pass band gain of 2

C
+Vcc

+ Vout
Vin

-
R

-Vcc
Rf

Ri
Design a second order Butterworth low pass filter with a cut off frequency of 1KHz.

𝑹𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝑪𝒖𝒕 − 𝐎𝐟𝐟 𝐟𝐫𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 = 𝟏𝐊𝐇𝐳


𝟏
𝐖𝐞 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝒇𝐇 =
𝟐𝛑 𝑹𝟏 𝑪𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑪𝟐
𝐀𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝑪𝟏 = 𝑪𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝛍𝐅.
𝑹𝟏 = 𝑹𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔𝑲Ω

For equal components of 𝑹𝟏 = 𝑹𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪𝟏 = 𝑪𝟐


𝑹𝒇
The pass band gain 𝑨𝒇 = 𝟏 + must be 1.586.
𝑹𝒊

That is, 𝑹𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟖𝟔 𝑹𝒊

Assume 𝑹𝒊 = 𝟐𝟕𝑲. 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑹𝒇 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟖𝟐𝑲 ≅ 𝟏𝟓𝑲


The design procedure of high pass filter is the same as
that of low pass filter except the R and C components
have to be interchanged.
A Second Order Low Pass Filter is to be design around a non-inverting op-amp with equal resistor
and capacitor values in its cut-off frequency determining circuit. If the filters characteristics are
given as: Q = 5, and ƒc = 159Hz, design a suitable low pass filter and draw its frequency response.

Characteristics given: R1 = R2, C1 = C2, Q = 5 and ƒc = 159Hz

From the circuit above we know that for equal resistances and capacitances, the cut-off frequency
point, ƒc is given as:

Choosing a suitable value of say, 10kΩ’s for the resistors, the resulting capacitor value is
calculated as:
Then for a cut-off corner frequency
of 159Hz, R = 10kΩ and C = 0.1uF.
with a value of Q = 5, the filters gain, A is calculated as:
We know from above that the gain of a non-inverting op-amp is given as:

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