Max B. FAJARDO, Jr.

and Leo R. FAJARDO

 ELECTRICAL
LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE
Second Edition

by

Max :P. FA1,ARDO Jr.

Leo R.. FAJARDO

. Max B.. Fajardo Jr..• BS Arch. NU, Member UAP, .MPA, PM-III,
Regional Director DPWH, Vice Pres. Camarines Sur ill Electric Co-
operative Inc. ·Dean College of Architecture and Engineering Univer·
sity of North Eastern Pbilippmes; Author of: Simplified Construction
Estimate; Simplified Methods on Building Coitstruction; Plumbing
Design and Estimate; Planning and Designers Handbook; Elements of
Roads and Highways; Project Construction Management; Specifica-
tions and Contract; Electrical Layout and Estirriate and Simplified
Mathematics of Investment.

.Leo R. Fajardo - BSEE; NU Manila; Member nEE, System Loss

Analyst, Camarines Sur · III Electric CoOperative Inc. Contractor;.
Mana2er ELECOL En.!!ineering Eouioment Sum:>lv and Service.
 Philippine Copyright.
2000 . .

by

513 8 Merchandising

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. '·
AIJ Rights ~eserved
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; 0
 .FOREWORD

Electricity is a necessity in·human's daily. activity. F,.1be

simplest-household to._ the more .elaborate dwellings, ·_coritplft
·offices an<( even to the most sophisticated buildings; electricity ·
is a basic need for human comfort.

· The ElectricaLLayout and Estinlate.is the fourth volume of

the author ab9ut. Construction. It was prepared··for engineering
students, master electricians, linemen and those interested in the
art of electrical circuitry and .construction .of the distribution
lines. The book rontains infOl'Jllatibn of various wiring materi-
al$, receptacles and accessories ,with tables of.technical-data for
· ~Y reference. lndeed, not only.the basic underlying-principles
governing electrical layout were stressed but also the general-
ized concept of good practice in circuitty was incorporated.

Basically, the electric circuitry in a house or building com-

priSes the branch circuit, the feeder, and _the main. The National
Electrical Code .provides that the braru:h circuit that supplies
currerrt to lighting and convenience outlets shall be of ample
size and rating to carry the ·expected load. It shall at all times be
protected with an ' over current protection called. fuse or circuit
breaker. Thus; the basic approach to protect the circuit.r:Y is to
know the load, the size of the 'wire and the rating of the fuse or .
circuit breaker. That is where this book will come in to assist
the reader.

Presented here are problems of circuitry from the small to .

multiple dwellings and commercial load using electric motOrs.
The fundamental process of finding the size of the branch cir- ·
cuit, the feeder and the main including the size of raceway was
tho!oughly presented in detail. The rating of the over current
protective device was given special emphasis in the presenta- .
tion.. Likewise, the basic fundamental of Illumination was also
included because the author believed tl;lat lighting is no less iin- ·
porlant than the circuitry itself. For what use is the circuitry
be
· when lighting was not given importance. It could well appre-:
cjated only through the performance and effectiveness of illu-
mination~
 Another i.Jni>ortant feature ofth~- book is the.constrildion of
· the distribution line used by the 120 Electric Cooperatives light-
ing the entire country from the heart of the city, to the remotest
household in the barangay. Presented are the various parts of
the distribution line construction showing the different accesso- 1

ries used to serve as visual a.id for familiarization of the materi-

als specifi~ and itemized in a ·standard alphabetical coding.

The second edition is the outcome of numerous suggestions

prompting improVement of the first edition. Generally, no effort
was spared to come out with a better edition. For this second
edition, the. author wishes to express his grateful ackrtowledg~
ment for. the valuabl~ help of Mr. Gil Mananzala who drafted
most of the figures presented and to those persons who have .
contributed materially and morally in making possible the pub-
lication Orthis book:

MBF ·.
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE
i ·I . . ~ • · .... ''"; ~ ·{

TABLE
'
OF
. .
CONTENTS
' . : .:
) .. ·. . . . . .·· . . · :· .· '
Chapter· 1 INTRODUCTION TO' E.LECTlttCJTV Page
1-1 Electricity' •· · ''>'i ·
1-2 Definition of Terms 2
1-3 Electric Current. · · 4
1-4. Comparison of AC and DC Electricttv . . . 7
. 1-:-5 The Ohms Law ·. 8
l-6! Series and Parallel Circuit 12 .
1;;,7 Volt Transformation' · 14
1-8 Power and Energy 15
1-9 Voltage and Voltage Drop 18

Chapter -l CONDUCTORS AND WIRING ACCESS~RlES ·..

2~ 1 Conductors and Insulators . . 23

Jo... •
2-2 Different Type5 of Cables ·. · . 29
2-3 AmJ)acity of Eleciri<:al Conductors 34
2-4 Raceway . 37
2-5 Conduit . .40
,2-6 Outlet and ~cles · 44

c~~r-3THE8RANCHcmcmrr

3-1 Introduction 49
3-2 Circuiting Guidelhes 53
3-3 Protection ofthe Branch Circuit 56
3-4 Fuse, Breaker and Panel Board 59
3-5 Lamp Control and the Master SWitch 70
· 3-6 Emergency Electric Supply System 76

Chapter - 4 ELECTRICAL .CIRCUIT IN BUU..DING

4-1 Service Entninpe 81

·4-2 Electric Service Metering 84
4-3 . Single and Three Phase EleCtricity 89
4-4 .Grounding and Ground Fault 94
4-5 Circuit Safe Load .. 96 '
 .ttuieritlb.J. LAYOUT AND JtSnMATE
4-6 Sizing the ~Chlclor Wires and~ •
.... Over Cu.rren,t.
. Protective.
: .. . . . : .
Devices
~ . '. ·. .,
101

Chapter· 5 ELECTRICAL LIGHTING MATE~

....
. 5-1 .Incandescent lamp 149
·. 5-2 Flourcscent Lamp . . ;
153
.. 5·3 Mercury Lamp · : 160
. , .. ..
. S-4 Metal Halide Lamp . . . 165
.•S-5 High Pressure Sodium tamp 166
; S-6 Low Pressure Sodium1amp 171
· 5-7 Lighting Fixtures .172
, .,..;.

Chapt~r ~ 6. PIJINCIP,LES
. .. ... . ' 4
. . . ~ . . '
91'..O:..LUMINATI()N,
. . ' ·. . . '
( : I

6--1. Defuiition ofTerms· . ... , . . '... 175

. ~2 Estimating illumination~ .Brightness . ··.177
6-3 Coefficient ofUtilU.ationM'aintcnanoe FactOr 183
. .6-4 Measuring footcandie · ·· · 189
. 6·5 Uniformity,ofLigbt . 191
. ~-6 Classification of Lighting System . .. ' . 192
6-7 Lighting Control ·· · ·· 196
6-S Street Lighting ... , 201

.'

. . ··· '·.:

... ... ": :. . . . ·.-., .... ~ ..

. .

. ., . : ..

.· .
 PART- II
CONSTRUCTION OF THE
DISTRIBUTION LINE
ll- 1 Single Phase Construction 219 ·
II- 2 Two Phase·Constructi.on 235
II - 3 Three Phase Construction 244
U - 4 Three Phase Double Circuit Coilstruction 268
II - 5 Guy Assemblies 277
II - 6 Anchor Assemblies 287 ·
II -7 Transformer Assemblies . 291
ll .- 8 SecoiUiary and Service Assemblies 297
II- 9 Miscellaneous Assemblies · . 304
II - .1 0 Regul~tors, Capacitors and Metering Assemblies 318
II- 11 Transformer Connection Guide ·323
----------------- CHAPTER

, INTRODUCTION TO
. ELECTRICITY
1-1 Electricity
Electricity is a fonn of energy generated by friction, indue~
tion or chemical change, having Jtlagnetic, Chemical and radiant
effect. In short, ~ectricity is Ekctrons in motiolf~ ·

Electricity is one of the most useful discovery of man which

paved the way to the numerous inventions from the simple tools
to the most sophisticated gadgets ·making. . what originally
seemed to be impossible ~e a reality. · ·

Contrary to some belief. .electricity is not new. lt.has been

here with us ever since and, its: existence is as old as the uni- ·
verse which was discovered accidCntatly. by the ancient Greeks
sometime in 600 B.C; However, the title·of "Fillhu ofEII!!:'Jrlc;.
ity" was accredited to William Gilbert, an English Physicist
after publishing his studies. on the "Electric AltracJion, .(lnd
"The Electric Force."

Electricity. is · a ·property · of the basic particles· of tnatter

Which like an atom, consists of:
· a) . Electron
b) : Pr~ .
..
c) Neutron

:The Electron is the negatively ~ged parti,cle of an Atom

sometimes r~erred to as the negative charge of electriclty.. On
the other haiid,.the Proton is thC positively Charged particle of
an Atoln which is sometimes referred to as the. positiye
. '
Charge
.
.
1
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

of el~city .tbat weighS about 1850 times as much as the Elec-

tron.

The Neutron is that particle of an Atom which is not elec-

trically charged ·and weighs slightly more than the prOton.

Theory:
. . . i
1. That, all matters are made up of moleculeS.
2. 1bat, molecules are made up of atoms,
3. That, atom contains neutrons, electrons and protons.
is
. 4. ;That, neutron neutral. It is neither positive or. .·
negatively charged. , • . . . ..
. 5. That, the electron of an atom of ar•.y substance oould
be trarisfonned into another atom.
· .. ·

1;.2 Definition of Terms.

Ion is the tenn applied to an atom or molecule which is not
electrically balanced. It is an atom or molecule that. is electri-
. caDy charged. It simply m~ there is. a loss or gain of one or
more d.eCt:rons,
· · ·lonsi oocui wheJi .·the electronsm the atom is loosened
. through · frictioli ·by another atom. .Therefore, the presence of
electi'Oris in uny organic ·or inorganic substance is a .·fact. that
electricity is always present. ·

· Volt or Voltage -is the electrical pressure that causes the

electr~ to move through a conductor (wire). In other words,
voltage is the electronwtwe force. ·
Comparatively, to have 12 volts is like having.12 pounds of
water· pressure inside the pipe of a water system. 'Thus, ·the
higher the voltage, the more electricity will be forCed tO flow .

. Volt was named

after Alessandro Volta, an Itali~ scientist
who discovered tliat. eiectroits flow when ·two different i:netals
a
are connected· by wire ·and then dipped into.a liquid that con-
duct or carry electrons. · -

2
~.
 INTRODl]CTIONTO ELECTRIC~

Ampere - is the standard unit used in. measuring the

strength ofan electric current, nam~ after Andre M. Ampere..

It is the amount of curreilt flow,. sent by one volt through the

resistance of one Ohm. When there is too much·flow of electric·
ity in a small cimductor or wire, heat is produced which e''e.ntu-
. ally may blow-off the proteCtive devise· called.fuse, or bum the
wire insulator and create fire. ·

Watt - is the rate or measure ofpower used or consumed.

It represents the equivalent heat volts and ampere consumed by
lights, appliances or motors. A term comnwnly labeled on light
bulbs or appliances, giving us ari idea· of what kind of circuit
would be installed. The teim ·is. named after James. Watt a
S®ttish inventor.

Circuit refers to the wire inStallations that supply cilrrCnt to

light and convenient outlets.

Resistance - is the friction or opposition to the flow of cur- .

rent by ·the wires .and ttansfonners, analogous to pJ:inubing in-
-stallation, ·where the flow of water is subjected tO resistance
caused by friction between the water. and the inside wall of the
pipe, and the various fonn of turns and fittings. For direct cur-
rent (DC. electricity), the tenn Resistance is useJ. for friction,
and Jinpedance for alternating current (AC electricity).·

Factors that Influences Conductor,_ Resistance.

. .
1.· Composition oftbe Conducter: This refers to·a conduc-
tor ~vinB free electrons thafhas low resistance.' ·
2. Le.igtb of Wire. The Ioriger th~ ~e~ the J#gher is the
reSistance.
3. Cross Sectional Area of Wire. The bigger the cross sec-
tional area of. wire, the lawer its resistance.
• . •, . •. . . . . . I.

4.. Temperature. Metal offers high resistanCe tp high' ten\-

. perature (heat). ·: ·

3
 . ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE .

1~3 · Ele_
ctric CUrrent
By definition, Electric Current is the flow or r:ate offlow of
electric foru in a conductor. A cuxrent will only flow if a cir-
cuit is foqned comprising a complete loop and contains all the
· ' following required components.

1. Source of voltage
2; A closed loop of wiring
3. ·.An electric load, ,
4. A means of opening and closing the circuit

. Eledrie CUI'I'tnt is Cla11ified ·u :

· l. Direct Current (DC) .
2. Altcin8.ting Cutreat (AC)

Dirett Current. The DC electricity, flows in one direction.

is
The flow . .said to· be ·from negative to positive. The nonnal
souree of a DC electricity, is-the drY cell or storage battery.

Alternating· Current. .The AC electricity constantly re-

verses- its direction of flow. h is generated by machine Called
. generator. This type of curreilt is universally accepted because
of its unlimited mimber of applications with the following ad-
vantages. . .

1..It iS easily prOduc~.

2; It is clleaper tO m~intain.
3. It could be transfonned into higher voltage.
4. It cOUld be distribution to far distance with low voltage
drop.' .
5. It is more efficient compared with the direct cuncnt
: ..
Once a big· controversy emued· betWeen the propc:ments of .
the DC electricity led by· Thomas Edis,on and the advocates of
the AC electricity led by George WeStinghmiSe·. A~rding· to
Thomas~. .

4
 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY

.. uThe AC electricity (s. dangerous, beeau$e, it Involves J,lgh ·.

vo4ate n:ansmiuwn _lin~ ,:. . . · ··

The AC advocates on the other hand, countered that;.

"The AC allernadon is just like a hanclsaw wh!ch cuts on
· the upstroke and the::doWn ·stroke. T!fe h.igk vo/Jage ln t4e
triliismisaion line could :b'e reduced to tlte'desiredvo1tage asil
passes the ~ution. line. ., · ; ·

a
Alternatine Current or Vottaee is curr~ ·~r·wltaaethat
changes in strength according to a sine curve. An ~ting
currC!lt AC n.Wersts ·itS ·polaritY oil eacll altematiori aild ·reverses
its ditectian of flow· for e8i::h' alternation~ -The' AC curieot goes
through one positive loop and one negaJive loop to form one
complete ·cycle that Js continuously repeaud. · · ·

The nuinber of times this cycle of plus and minus lOop oc-
cur per second is called the Frequency of alternating current
AC expressed in cycles per seCond normally referred to as
Hertz (hz) nam:ed after H.R. Hertz. The frequency ofthe Direct
CurreDt DC is obviously zero Hertz. The voltage is constant and
never changes in polarity.

A circuit operating at increased voltage, ·has a lower power

loss, power voltage drop; aDd eixmOmically constructed for us-
ing smaller copper wires. On transmission and distribr.ti.on line,
power .loss ·is· the most impOrtant. problent to resolVed. This is
the main reason why Alternating Current AC gained more fir.vor
and acceptance during the middle part M ·thc 19th century. .In
· thC USA, ail ordinary house current is described as 120 volts 60
hertz. . .

Resistance
In a hydraulic system, _the flow of fluid is_impe4ed or re-
sisted by ftiction between the wall of the pipe, fittings and· other
· turns and offsets. In the same manner,. the.flow of current in. a
circuit (electrical Wiring installation) is also 'imPeded or resisted

5
 ELEc;TRICAL 1.-:AYO~T_ A,ND_~STJMATE

· by the wire, transfonner ·and other devices..This is 9811ed lm·

pedance, the electtical'tenn for Friction 'i n 'AC electricity. In a
direct current DC circuit, this Impedance is called Resistance.
However, both are expressed in the unit. of measure call~
Ohms. · · · ·· · ·. · · · ·. · ·

· . Just ~ ill a hydraulic systeM, ·the. amount or'w~ter. flowing,

*s _proportional with the. pre5Sllfe and inversely_pr.<?~onal
with the friction. Similarly, in electric circuit,_1he current is pro-
portional with the voltage and inversely proportional with the
.circuit ~sistance .or load. Thus:. . · . . ,.
. : ·· :1..· The Hich~r 't he V~ltq~, th~- Lar&er -~ C~r~eot. . · .·
~ . l. The Hieber the !tUistance, the Lower the ~rren~
. . .. . .
Their relationship may be expressed by the following equa·
tion known as the Ohms Law. ·
'. .
.r = Y
. •.·~ ·. R .

·. Where:.

I = current
. V = -voltage . .
R .,.. r~sistallce .for DC. electricity
.· •.·
. For AC electricity, the Ohms I,.aw is expressed as:

1 -= ·y
z
Where: I ' .•

I = current
V = voltage
..
·z
. ..
= .·impooancc:·
·• ..
_-·:
· 'I)le tirut of Current ~ the ~ (~- or·a.) . ·
·. · ! •• . ..

6
 INTRODUCTION.TO ELEC'fJUCIT)' .

1·4 CompariSon of AC and DC Electricity ..

Under the principles of DC electricity. Pin1:er is th~ pmduct
of voltage and Cu"ent. · :

Watts = Vo~ts x Amperes

Under the. principle of AC electricity, the product of volts

and amperes is equal to the quantity called volt~ampere (v.a.)
which is not the same as 'watts. Thus;

VoltAmperes = Volts x Amper·es

And to oonvert volt-ampere to wtltts or·power, a power fac-

. tor .(pf) ~s introduced. And to get power in an AC circuit, \Ve
· have the folio~ formula: ·

Watts =Volts x. Amp~res x power factor

W := Vx · l x pf

ILLUSTRATION 1·1.

A 12 amperes electric· fan and blo-Wer \Vlth a power factor of

' 0.85.\.vas connected to a 240 volts convenient outlet (c.o). Cal-
culate the current and power in .~ circuit.

SOLUTION
. .
Power (watts) =· V~ts x Amperes x powet; factor
w ;, 240 v. X 14 amp.
. . ·.. . ...
X 0.8S .
,•• '

W = 2,448 watts ·
.. . '
. ILLUSTRATION 1-l

a
An el~ctric. motQr b3s trade mark labd of 2 h()rse pow'er,
240 volts, 15 amperes. Calculate the
~otor power .hctor.

7
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

SOLUTION.

1. ·Assume motor efficiency say 85%

2.· 1- horse power is 746 watts, convert HP to watts.

746 x 2 = 1,492 watts

3. Efficiency = Out,put
· Input ·

Input = 1.492
. 0.85'
..
=1,1ss watts
4. For AC current

Power = Volts x ·Amperes x power (actor

power factor =· Power

Volts x Amperes

.. pf. = 1 755
240 v. x 15 amp.

pf ~ . 0.4875 .

·Volt-Amperes.= 240 v. x 25

· Volt·Ariiperes = 3,600 v.a_. ·

Take note the difference betWeen volt-amperes and watts.

1-5 The Ohms·Law

In 1926, George· Siinon Ohm, a German scientist, discov·
ered the relationsilip betw~ the Current, Voltage'and Resis·
tanc·e-now referred to as'the Ohms Law which states that:

B
 fNTRODUCTION.TO ELECTRICITY
.. . .
wrhe higher the voltage, the larger the current, and the
higher the resistance, the lower the current " .

The relationship between the current, voltage and re..~is­

tance. is presented in the following equations known ·as· the
Ohms Law.

I= V
'R
·Where:.
I = Currentflow (amperes)
V = Electromotive force (volts)
•. R = Resistanee (Ohms)

To Find the:

*Voltage electrical pressure (volts)~ .V =I~

*Current (Ampere).............. I =.Y..

R

* ResistaJ;lce (ohms). . . . . . . . . . . . . R _y_

=:=
I

ILLUSTRATION 1-3
. .
. Determine the current flow in a circuit having a resistaitce
of 5 Ohms .on a 120 .volts aqd 240volts <:unent supply. (Circuit
refors to-the.·electrical wiring installation) ·

SOLUTION·

1. For 120 volts:

I= V = 120
R 5
I = 24 amperes

9·
 .. .
2. For 240 vol~s .
. I= V = . 240
R ·. 5

I :::;; 48 amperes

· Examining the Oluns Law, it will be noted that the current

is inversely proportional to the resistance. Thus~ as resisumce
· decreases, current lncre~es. It can be concluded from the
foregoing .illustrations that a 240 volts circuit, is better. choice
than using a 120 volt.circuit as computed with 48 and 24 am-
. peres respectively. ·

ILLUSTRATION 1"4 '.

r· .
\ ··A .circuit has a Tesistance .of 20 Oluns and the current fl~
at 12 amperes·. Detennine the·voltage. · ·

SOLUTJGN

V = {xR
·· ·= f2 X 20
V = 240 volts
·· Gen~ally, the basic wire installation is good for •300 volts
rating which is the same amount of power that can be carried
~With ·less tlum <?ne 'hhlf the .cost of copper wire. Corisidering the
· price of copper Wire that 'is ·becoming more prohibitive~ the. use
·.of 240 volts was aceepted worldWide except in .the U.S.A.
where the basic supply of current is rated at 120 volts. And to
change their whole systems inclu~.ing all the appiialices ; and
·eq~pment to adopt a 240 volts circuit wOuld mean a gigantic
cost .which would affect the national: eeonomy. However, it ·
might be given serious thought,: Considering the a.dva:rltages of
the 240 volts over the 120 volts circUit. · ·

The Advantages of using 240 volts over the 120 volts

current supply are: ·· · ,

10
 INTRODUCTION·TO ELECTRICITv
.. ·.
l. Economy through the use of smaller wires. ·.. ~·

2. Lower power loss. · .

3. Smaller·percentage of power drop. . .<

Comparatively, a system with higher voltage circuit is.more

ecOnomical than the lower voltage circuit. The .~f ~dV.~­
tages of a higher voltage for transmission and distributiOn lim~
paved the way in search for easy· methods.oftransfonning one
voltage to another. This is one advantag~ of the·A.C current that .. :,

could not be done With ··the DC cuireirt- that resulted to the

worldwide acceptarice of alternating curreDt JAC) and the al- ..~·-~
most total abandolun.ent ·of the direct currenf.(DC) for general
utilization. · · ' . ·.

.. .
.Summary -of the Ohms Law Fora;nula

V~ltage = Curr~ x . Resistance

..
··.· .·

- V=IxR· __ .·

Current == Voltage
· . Resistance
.. .. = v v ·,. ,;: . .... ..:......... , ..... ~~. . ~
:.
,'

, I
'

Resistance' = :·Vol:tagt
: Currerit
R=V ·:; . . ~

. I ·..; ~ : ..., . . . .;

. PoWQ'
. . = ·Voltage
.. '• .x
. Current
. '
. .: ~ .. ·'
' .r.
P = v ·.i:I .·.: · ; '•: ~ ' ·.. .. '

.. .: . : . :·~
. .... , .
By. Further Algebraic Manipulation ·~r the Fotmula

[ =l V·=l· R= P · .
jz
v I :-. .

11
 ELECTRICAL 'LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

I=(f v~ R = yJ
· R p

Other Ohms Law fonnula use the letter E for volts but V is
used h.ere for· clarity. ·

FIGUREM

l-6· Series and -Parallel Circuit ..

A circuit components can .be arranged in several ways but
with two fundamental t}rpes of conneCtions, namely: .

1. Seri~ circuit .
2. Parallel circuit

· In a Series Connection, a single path exist for current flow,

that ·is, the elements are arrariged in a s¢es one after the other'
-·with no branChes. Being a single path in a series .arrangement,
voltage and resistance Simply adds, thus: · · ·

Voltage total Vt = Vt + V2 ~ V3 .. .._. .

Resistance Rt = R, + R2 + RJ .... .

12
 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY
. . ,. . . !

·Example:

Tw~ automobile headlights are CO.lUlected>in se.-ies to ~ 12

volts battery each having a resistance of I. 0 Ohm. What is the
current .flo~ in the circuit?

Solutio,n'

· V . = l2 volts

· Total Resistance: R = Rt + R2
I = V
R

I ·= 12 v ; .I = .6 amperes
2.0.
Under .the series arrangement where only <me pail\ o( cw;-
. rent. is.'supplying the light; failure· of any one of the .bUlbs Win
a off
cause. break in the circuit, cutting the entire drcW.tiy.. An~.
. other example of a .series colUlection is· the String: of ChriStmas
. tightS· having a single wire supplying the current.· When a single
bulb breaks off. the flow of current is also· cut off, putt:ilig the
.entire ·~eries of light into total darkness. The next problem is the.
'location of the fault that is very diffiCult to lOca.te. This problem
of series connections howeverf was addressed by the introduc-
tion of Parallel CircUit. ·

The Parallel Circuit

.The parallel circuit i.S sometimes· referred to· as mu.ltiple

connections where the loads are placed across the same voltage
constituting a separate circuit. In hydraulic analogy, the connec-
tions are· similar to branchjng pipe arrangement. Parallel Cir-
. cuit is the stapdard .arrangement for. house ·wiring connections
wherein the lights ~onstitute one paraUel.grouping and the
convenience wall outlets constitute the second parallel group-
ing. ·
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT ANI)EsTIMATE

The fundamental principle under this type· of circuitry is

that; "loads in parallel are additive for current, and that .each
· hastl{e sa,.e_voltiige imposed." ,·. ··. ··
I • • • • • • • • ._ • • •

Examining further the Ohms Law as previously discussed,

current is Inversely proportional to the resistance. As resistanc~
increas~, current fjecreases. When current rises-instantly tO a .
very ~ level, the condition will constitute a short circuit.
Hence, it·is mandatory for all circuit to be protected by fuse or
circuit brCaker that automatically open and dis~ble the line in
case of a fi\uh or short circuit. · · ·

1-7 Volt Tra-n sformation /

Transformer is a simple static device consistjng of a mag-
netic ~re wherein the primary and secoruJa.rY windings are
made. The voltage is directly proportional to the number of
Windings or turns. Thus," if a :120 AC will be conneCted to.the·
left side.contallung 100 tuins, 240 volts would be. on the right
side confiUnmg 200 turns. ·. · · · · . ·.. · · ·. .· ·
:.
. .
.Step UP: . ~ ~. Mag.,etic core ·

High voltage ·
AC winding · l,.oad
100 rums

· L~w voltage
' ', ·.:' winding 50, turns

.
.·'
. .

.
: :

loW V-olt-age--If :
.

L
High Voltage · ·
.....

FIGURE 1-2

14
 INTRODUCTION
. .
TO ELECTRICITY
. '·
•
The Input. side is classified.as the· Primary. while. the Out-.
put side is classified as the Secondary. Under.. this condition,·
the. transformer is said to be 120 /240 volts step up transformer
with 120 primary arid 240 volt seconqary. · . ,

' . The same ncmsfbrmer could be used .as step down trans-.
former by reversing the supply and the 19ad. .The 240 vql:ts ;Will .
· be. the primary and the 120 volt the secondary. In short: .tran.s-.
formers are reversible. · · · · · ·

l ~8 .Power and Energy·

.. Power ·ax¢ Energy is tOO 'frequently interchangeably used:
Power is the technical term for the common: word work> and ·
• • • • J
Worl{, is the product of Power and Time expressed in the
following equation: · ·

- Energy or Work = Power x Time

What is Power? ~ Power is the rate at which e:D:ergy is used

or alternatively; the rate at which work is done. Since energy.
and power is synOn.ymousy power. implies. continuity, That iS>
the use .of enugy at particular rat~ over a given span of time.
The concept of power irivolve.s time at the rate at which work is
done. Thus, multplying puwer by time gives energy. . .

What' is Energy? lh electrical terms, .energy is synony~ ·

mous with Fuel. It is associated with.work. Energy can be ex~
pressed fu gallons, liters. barrels or tons of oil, coal, kilowatt .
hour or consumed· electricity arid cost of operatiQn:s. Iritechi.iieal
tenns, Energy is expressed in. unitS of BTU (calories), foot
pound (joules) or kilowatt hour. · · .- . · r
. . . . . .
, • Under the English Unit System, .the unit. of power. is ex-
preSsed in horse powir, ]JTU per hour., wati and hilowatf. UJ:t~
der the Metric System or Sl, it is correspOndingly expr~ssed u
joules ~r second; calories per second, :waJ:tS and kiluwat(s. In
physi~ terms, power is also the rate at whi.cb fuel or energy· is

15
 ELECtRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

used and expressed as liters of fuel per hour, cubic meter of gas
per minute or tons of cqal per day, etc. ·

· Power in Electric Circuit

The measu.ripg unit of electric power is the Watt. When

multiplied by 1000, the product is called Kilowatt. Thus, ·1 ,000
watts 'is ·One Kilowatt. Po-wer has several fonns: an. electric
motor produces mechanical pawer that is measured in terms · of
horsepower. An eleCtric heater produces heat or, theonal power,
and light bUlb produces both heat and light that is measured in
. tenns of candle power. Watt is the power tenn. It is a measure
of the power consumetl. The power input (in. watt) to any elec:...
trical device having a resistance R with the currerit I is ex-
the
pressed .in following equations: · ·

. Watt= 1 2 x R
··.'

By Ohms law:
V = IR .·

Since W == 1 2 R

W = Vl
Where.:
W is in Watts
R is in Ohms
I in Amperes ~
V in Volts

ILLUSTRAT~ON 1-5

A mercurylanlp Mving a hcit resistance Of 50 Ohms, iS con-

. D;ected to a socket witll'240·v. cU.rrent supply. ·
. . ': . . . . .

a. How much cu~ flows thiough the lamp'?

b. Calculate the power drawn.

16
 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY: ·

SOLUTION :. .·

I =V ; I = 240 ; I = 4.8 Amperes

·R 50
'·
. Where power factor (pf) in a purely resistive circuit, such as
. those with only electric heating :elements. impedance or resis-
tance power factOr ( pf) is equal to 1. 0. Thus: . ·

w =VI X. pf
W = 240 x 4.8 ·1' 1.0
w = 1,152 watts
·W = 11 R
W = (4.8)2 x.' 50 ·
W = 1,152 watts

ILLUSTRATION 1-6
,.
A water heater draws I o amperes at 240 volts cUrrent sup-
. ply. Determine.its heat resistance. .

SOLUTION

.R = V
I
. .
· R = 240: .
10 .

.R ~ 24 Ohms

. Energy Calculations
.• Oetennine the monthly ·energy consumption
ing appliances: · ·
0' the follow-

17
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND E$TlM~TE
..
·. Appliarlces Load Daily Used .

Elec;tric Iron .: 1,200 watts .. 2hours .

Water Heater 1,000 watts 3·hours
Toaster 2,300 watts 30 minutes
I '' .

( .·.·. : ·.·
SOLUTION

Electric iron 1,200 w = 1.2 kw. .X 2 hrs. = 2.4 kwh.

.Water·H~ter l,OOOw = l.OkW.x. ~hrs. = 3.0kwh
Toaster },300 W = 1.3 k:w. X 0.5 hrs. = ,65 kwh,
Total...... ..... 6.05 kwh.

If the average cost of energy (not power) is P5.00 per .kwh.,'

for 30 days consumption, multiply: ·

30 x 6.05 = 181.50 kwh. per month .

. X 5.00
Total cost.... :P 907.50

l-9 Voltage .a nd Voltage Drop

.. C~ativeiy,. in a S~es . Cir¢uit ;. Cur~t is. the same
throughout but voltage di.ffe:rs. · · :· · · ·
In a Parallel Circuit, the Voltage is the same, but the cur-
rent differs. · · ··

Take note that in a parallel arrangement; aU c-Urrent loads

cumulativ.ely add. For instance, appli~s and light lQads con- ,
riected.to a paraltel circuit has the same voltage irnp<;>sed, but
each load draws a different 'current acco~dirig to its wattage.rat-
. ing.
· . Another one important principle ~ j~ worthy ~ note is; . ~
"The .sum of the voltage drop :around a circuit is equal to
the supply voltage." Tltis ·principl~ is Q.rlpq.rtant in.:a:sC.ti.es cir":'
cuit: On a parallel.circuit, each item has the sarri~volta.g~ 'across
. it,. vyhich constitu~,a 'circui~ by itself, J)lc volta;ge drop on wire
~ CUYTeJrt is:. .

18
 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTiuCI'f\' .
. ( . .. . .
· yottage drop In wire • C•rried current x Resistance of wire
. .. \" .

· ·The power loss fu the wire· coitductOr can· be calculated as

· the product of the voltage and the current. It is eqtial tO the
· components resistance #mes the c~rrenl squiired. ·

The power loss in. the .conductor wire is transto~~ mto

heat. Comparatively, a 1200 watts appliance rating has l 0. am-·.
peres current flow ~ a .120 volts current sUpply compared to 5 .
· amperes only on a 7,~0 volts current supply. 1berefore, it is. cer..
tain tO say ~t bigger wire is required on a 120 volts than on a.
· 240 volts current sunulv.. · · ·

Example:

l.) Fora 120volt currentsupply:

. Current drawn :;: ·1200 watts = 10 a.tnperes

· ·120 volt supply
. ·.. '. \.

2.) For a 240 volicurrent

. .
supply we have:
. . .. . .
:. '
Cui:rent drawn ~ 1200 watts . . .:-:. 5. amperes
240 volts supply

From the foregoing example. it appears~·that a smallu ~.

ameter wire ()11. a 240 .volts cu"ent can safely ca"Y,·
more cUI'*
rent in prop011ion with its weight th11n a larger:'.d;ainideiwire
'!"a 120 yo/ts ·supply current; In effect., :less copp~r is r~
to carry the same amount of power on a higher voltage current
supply.

Jf the basic wire insulation is rated at 300 volts, the same

amount of power Can be ~ed 'with 'less than cine 'half the cost
of copper. This is the mahi reason for the almost· worldwide use
of 240 volts current replacing the 120 volts line for practical
and eConomical reasons. . . ; . . ' .. .· .
 E.LECTRICAL LAYOUT AND·ESTJMATE

All other factorS .considered, the higher the circuit wltage,

the more economical. the system wiU be. The advantages of us-
. ing high voltage fur transmission and distribution line facilitate
the conversion from one voltage· to anoth~ that could not be
done·with the. direct current (DC). but much easier with the al-
ternating CUrrent (AC).
Example:
·The owner of a 5 kw. electric motor irrigation pump, re-
quested line connection from the electric .cooperative. The
owner Was given an optioh tO avail of either 120 or 240 volts
service. What is 'the good choice if the circuit line has a resis-
tance of '.42 Ohms? ·
· Solution in a Compat:ative Analysis
5 kw. is =:= 5,000watts

120 volts 240 volts

current drawn s.ooow 5,000 w.

120v 240v
i:: 4 1..66 ampere · =20.83 ampere
Minimum wire size
required to carry No. SAWG No. 12AWG
the current without (see Table 1-1)
ovemeathig

Relative cost of the

No...a and No. 12 wire 2.2 1.0
in comparative ratio

Voltage drop 41.66 x A2 · · 2o;a3 x 42

=17.50 v. = 8.75v
=14.60% = 3.60%

. Advantages o.f the 240 volts over the 120 volt .

· current supply.

1. Smaller wire is required which means, lower in ,cost.

1 .20
 unRODUCTIONTOELECTIUCITV

2. Less power loss..

3. Smallet: percentage of voltage drop..

Comments:
l. Comparatively, the current drawn by the 5 kw. motor on
. a 120 volts current supply is double that of the ··Clm'ent
drawit from 240 vatts· supply when the load in wattS was
· divided by the current v.oltage~ · ·
2. The size of the·.conductor wire is relatively proporti~nal
with the amount of load. The use of._No.8 AWG wire for
the 120 volts line against the No.l2 AWG wire for the
240 volts line b3s a big difference in cost ·
3. The 14.6% voltage drop on the ·120 volts is too high.
Change the No. 8 wire with a bigger No.2 wire to reduce
.the voltage drop and power loss;
4. And to change the .No.8 with No. 2 conductor Will in~
creasethe cost to a ratio of 10 to l instead of 2.2 to I ra-
tio as computed
5. Teclmically, power loss cannot be avoided even to the
most sophisticated electric system because this is an in-
'herem effect of resistance ~ the materials and the
current flow although it can be ·controlled and reduced to
the least. percentage of voltage drop. Therefore, .tlte 240
volts current supply is more advantageous than the 120
volts
. line.
.

TABLE 1-1 \VIRE SIZE AND AMPERE CAPACITY

Wire Si:ze No. AWG Amperes

,2'
14 15
20
10 30
6 40
6 55
4 70
2 95
·0 . 125 .
00 145
000 155

21
 ELECTRICAL LAYOlJT AND ESTIMATE

It is interesting to note that the capacity of the. cirCuitry in-

Creases as the wire number dec.-eaSes:. The ratings ·of the wires
· apply only tO copper wire be it solid or stranded types. Alumi-
num wires is not recommended for circuitry or.house wiring.,

TABLE l-1 _LOAD LIMI'l' IN WATTS ·.. .

· Circu_it Capacity Load .Umit
in Amperes in watts
15 . 18000 ·
20 2400- .
. ,•,. 30 . ~00
·: j ..

.r

. : .

•'',

.. ....

. 22
 _ _ _ _--...;....··_.··_ _,_. CHAPTER
. . : .

CONDUCTORS -AND
.. WIRING ACCESSORIES.
'··

~~~ Conductqrs and Iuulators

. .

.· ··_E!Ktric: Condu~ton ·are. sUb~· or· materials' ·used to·

or
. conVey allow ~ Baw of
eiectric cuttent·. Iniulators Ofl.1he
other hand, are su~ces· or materials·that resist.th.e flow of,
. electric qurerit. · · · ·
·,
· ·Materials Con5idered as Good Electric Conductors are:

· l.·Silver· 6.Zinc ·..

..·2. Copper 7..Plaiiltum ·
. 3. Aluminum · 8.'1ron
4.Ni~ 9.1~
5. Brass · 10. Tin ·
Various Kind of InsUI•tors:

· l._Rubber ·1. Latex. ..

2.. Poreelain 8. AsbeStOs .. .
3.'Varrtish. ·. 9..P~per ... ·
4. Slate. 10. Oil
5. Glass . 'lLWax ;
·6. Mica . 12.. . Themioplastic
. .
.. Resistance ~ already ~U$Sed, is due to the frictiOn ~. ,'
:tween· the flow Of c.mrr~ aitd the conductOr as wen as the •:
· ~r. Thefe. is no suclt thing as perfect cciftductot, oi'~
· inS#httor, because cendUctors, insulators, a,tcfresiStots, at¢-.,
· si!tive materials.· Good oonductoJ'S are~ stibstanees::with
extremely low resistance' tO cim'ent flow. ,. · . · · ·:· · ·
. , .· .· . . .
. ;...
. ...·., · .
'
23
 ELECTRICL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE
. .. . . . \ .

::pn the .. other hand, good insulators are those with ~­

tremely high resistance to Cur.rent flow arid mOderate resistance
to load resistor: · · ·

Conductor.
.
I~sulato..s .

EI~cat coiufutrors ar~ ~ade . in ·numerouS

tYPes. desig.:
nated by letters .according tO the kind of insulation used. The .
conductor insulator serves .as. physical s}lield o( · tlle wire
against heat, water and othei: ele.irum.is of nature. msulation is .
.r~ by vo.~e from ~00 :to 15,000 :volts. If tb.e insUlation
is
. •used abQve..its speeified rating,
the risk of bre&kdown jS bi8h
'\vhich ri;li,ght ca~e short .circUit and arcing. that may resu}t ·tO .
·-fire~· Ordiriacy conductor wires for buildings is· oormally rated ·
at.300.or 600 volts. ' · -
.
:\ . .. . .. ~' ··: .. ;' ...:. .: .
Wires and. Cables ..
.. \ . . . . . . ..

Wires are those etectrical-conductors 8 mm~ (AWG No.

8) and smaller in sizes.- Cables qn·the Other ha:nd, are those
which are l~ger than the wires. Wires and Cables are either:
• a.) Stranded wite ·
b.) 'Solid wir~ ·•
. .

Stranded Wire - coi:tsi~tS ·of 'a ·group of wireS twist,ed to . ·.

· fonn a metallic string. The circillai mil· area·of a .stranded wire ··
' is found by multiplying thi'circu/ar m'il.area ofeach'st;and.
by the total number tif strand. ..· ·. ·.· ·· · ·
.. ·..
. ..' .. C()rd - is the term given tO an insulated st~andedWife. . ·' ..

' ' ;".~ MU ~. P.~or.. to .the adoptio~ of the Men;ic smem (SI), all .
.. . eJ.e.stn~ ~s an~ ~bles. sizes we;re expressed in t~nns of
, .AWO . (~ri~Wire ~uge)'. The word mil that is.:eq~, to
·. ' .Jil QQO :of an. mch. was: used to describe. or measwe ·a ro:iind
'· 'wlre :dliUndter: If a· wi~..~·a. diam~ ·of one ·mil; it has.·a
··.·cross sectional area ofone circular mil. · · · · ··

'24'
 CPNDUCTORS AND WIRING ACCESSORIES .

TABLE l--1 DIFFERENT TYPES OF ELECTRIC WIRES AN» CABLES ·•· ·

PI¢~ .. - · Desa{JtlO~ .· Operating . ~!Ze Range ·
.. Tempera(ure · "

. . ·-- ( .~
. JW cilll!Sistant ' 60~. c 1.60 ~ • 500 .~rrf-- ·
sol~ & stfaoded' .
OnliiaiY. bUitdii\g \\ire
. '. ' .
.....•.•- - - . . . . tllilmoplll'lic

/ ,··~

· FI~W!Rl:
2
.· . '11' tllempJlla$1iC 60° c
•. """'· 0.60 mm ·0.30 m:n single conductor
n -...;.., . filcture Wni SOlid and stranded ' . 2~rtv.l$!e<l
or p.wa1lel ' . ., · '
. .. 3 duclor~ed

-----~--"-. II 1~·1000 ~M . Pol)'etll):lene iowlated

~":"-- solid a~d straildeCt . ~r resistant wre

Aluminum liie •• · Pbl)'etl!)iane ln'wi/Jited

¥lite . J!f>C :12·400AAC \lo&lhef ~is!ant y,ire

Bare Copper Copper . . . . oWr!Jead an

v.ire ($(1(111} ~ t60 trm • 500 ~ tlllllsmlssion lne
sti:anded an6-i:lrgi'Ounchwe
:· ·.
High·Te~re1QfC #18·#8 _··
•.:··.
wre. ,. .

TVmnnam .No. 24. No. 2C

AutO!OOI!ve.~ tosOc 118. 11·2 .

·. j>oWer tabkl for aerial

60°C H4 • ' fO Md duct 600 YOits .
IB·f1000MCM POINflr calli& i:lr aerial
duct ~'dVed burial
6~ .

. . . For~9'
·I

2"·rzi1 == Ncn-Metalk .
.shluilted Qlllle . 60°C
type.NM ..
t.So rM!-2:60 trm2 ~·\\Ot$/o air
2, 3_ &4 ~uctors. .. )'l)ic{a In niiiSOIII}' blocks
rwnd or~ Ct<tlle willis not expoSed
.10 eXceSsiYe inolstyte
ord~ 600 \lOlls

25
 .····-= .
.(
. ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND 'E STIMATE

~or elect
·· ilr:MI t~eater'<:Ord
No22-No.12

·'
1 plirthru
1001*t

DBT telephont
~te jREA specs.)
'.
GT0.15.

Corlrotcables eo•c ·' 22 • u l1llti-. ForGONJii!

(IPCEA speCa) c:cndUI:toti . lllrill duc:la lftd
direct burial

eo•c No. 22 • No. • Poit.ble cuida

2, 3 & 4COIKIUCI!n

eo•c t14~t. f 'for~ . .

2&3COiidoc:im . ,..._of
deeP Wiler
!Wrd c:ionnediol! well ·.

MAGNETIC.WIRI:
WJ 200 ·~ for~h~
'14-1 30
siriglt nl heiiWY
_
. .lllllllri'...14''
~-
··.
tiN 13ft 1300C #7·1t)6

• • ..
. .. . .... U1:UC ' ciu.A.ln~
singlt ~-hiNi., :'-:,' '·.· .. \' .

uwe .105 10s4c 17:113 .

.
.
. :. .. .
.
- .
CoiiDn CMiell
C. A· & ClasH·
. . . .. . .
. .
~ .
tMIC 200 200"c , ,. ... 30 cdkin tawlld
Oil& A& H.lnlullllon
 CONDUCTORS AND WIRING ACCESSORIES
. .
TABLE 2-l . CHARACTERISTICS OF SBLE~D-lNSULATJ.D
CONDUCTORS FOR. GENERAL WIRING

Trade Name Type . .. Operating Application

· • · Letter · t&ITIP· · provisicm ·

MQisture and heat Kf:iW . · Dry ·and-wet ·.:

Resistant rubber .location·
• I

Thermoplastic T Dry locatio~

·Moisture resistant TW Dry and wet
thermoplastic · l.ocatlon

Thermoplastic heat {esistant THHN . Dry locatio!)

Moisture and heat · · · THW Dry and wet
resistant thermopla~c · 1ocat1Qn

Moisture and heat .. THWN Dryimd'wet

resl.stant thermoplaStic. rocation,

Mpisture and .heat resistant • XHHW Dry location

cross linked themiOsettlng
. .
Polyethylene ·., 75dC . Wet location
SHico-n asoestos . . - ·· • sA 90°C Dry location
Asbestos & vamish cambric AVA ·110°-C ~ry location

.•
-SOURCE: The Nattonal Electrical Code .

. ·.. ...
~
. ::
, . ...

.
.0021neh
. .
' ~ . . . .

·.21 STRANDED CONDUCTOR

. Diameter.of eact:utrand = 2 ~Its ...

Clrcut.r mil arel = DlC2 = 4·Circular-milli
Total clrc~r mil area of ~on<luctor is:
4 x 21 = 84 circular mils.
' ' ·'.

FtGuRE
'·
2·1
.
CROSS SEcnON OF A CORD.

The universal. accep~~- the Metric System·(SI)~ has .

of
led. to ·the conversion· of English System to Metric measures
tha~ brought some inconveniences to most ·teclmi~l men, lay-

27
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND
. ESTIMATE
.. · .

. men, and ~~.who were using the traditional ~~

lish Measures. .W~tes .and cables were expressed msquare .
millimeter written as mm2 for short. : · ··
. . ~ · . . .
The following · fumiUla and conversion factor is· pr~ented·
· for reference in computing the area of ~s and cable s~s.

Circular
' . mil. ,; d 2
\
; Square.mil ~ 3.1416·r ;2·

Conversion Factor
Square mil = Square inch x ·.ooooor
. Sqilare irich . = SqUare mil x l,ooo,ooo
. . ~.quare mil ,,,, Circular mil, X o;7854
. . Circu:lar mil
.Millimeter
= Square mil x 1.273
· =· InChes x 25.4 ·. ·.
Square millimeter = Circular lnil ~ · 0.0005067

TABLE l.-3 TABLE OF CIRCULAR MIL- AREA EQUIVALENT

;Size · Area . Size Area . .
AWQ.orMCM Circular mil AWGor.MCM Circular,.,,I
18 1.620 1- ~3.690 '
..
16 2,580 :
0 : 105,600
14 . 4,110 00 13~. 100
.... . 12 . '6 530·'
'·
000 167,800
: 10 10,380 0000 211,600
·a 16,5_10· ' ·. 2So 250,000
' . <6.· 26,240 ~00 300,000 :
4 · 41,700 350 350,dQO
3 42,620 . . . ·400 . 400,000
2 66,360 500 500,000
..

'
ILLUSTRATION 2-1
.
square millimeter 'ofa .cable
'

Wh~t Is the equivalent 'si.ze in

..
. 250MC~? .
';.

SOLUTION ':e.

·..J ... ~CM stands for. thousand circular mils.

. 28 ..
 .
CONDUCfORS:AND
.•
WIRING ACCI!SSORJES.
. ..· . . . . .....
. '

2~0 MCM = 250~000 .circular mils ·.

2. Square milfuneter =·Circular mil x ;0005067 . ·.·,
··, .. ; .
....
. · ..

· = ·250,000
'
X .-0;000506J.
. :

. . : . .

TABLE 2-4 PHYsicAL i'aoPEtttms oF BA'Rl: coNDucToRs ,.. :·

Di.ameter DC resistance...
. ' ·'
, Siie Area ··omn~l1oo6 1t ·
AWGorMCM Circular mils ·.Solid stranded at 25°C .
, . .. .. ,.
16
14
·2;580
410~ ..
...
·~:=~ .-· 4.10 ' · ..
2.57,.·
. . ...

1;$2 ' .
11 :··
12 6,5.30 0.0808 ~ '
.10'
8
10,380
16,510.
0.1019
0,1285 -
- 1.02
0.64
·..· ·.

6
4
26,24d
'41_..740 .::,. -~:~z~g ;-g:.~~
. 0~ 184 ... 0.41
0.26
. .....
2. 66,360' ·, ·, 0:2sso•:·! 0.16
1 83,690 (1:2890' . /?·o:33.2. 0.13•
0 (1/0) ~05,600 ~0;3200 .•.. :... 0.373' 0.;1.0
..
00 (210)
000 (3/0}
opoo (4/0)
.. ·.l~~~~~~
211,600
. ,: :0,3650 . •'0.418
.0.4100
.0.46QO ·.
·o.47o
0;528
0;081·
0.064
·0.051
2.50MCM 250,QOO. 0.5000 0:575 O.ll43
300MCM 300,000 0:5480 0.630. ·.
0..036
400.MCM 400,000 0.6320 0.7~8 ·. 0.021
500MC~
.· .
soo.ooo, ... .0.7070 : / .. 0.81~ ' J'-022
. SOURCE: Exttacted fr9m the.·National Electrical
. . . -:
Code :

I~LUSTRATlON 2~.2 .· ·· ...

..
What.
..
iSthe.eqUiVal~
• .1.. n . . . .
atea .of No.8 ~ndUctor_Wii.~..k
. .· . . . . .· . . ·. .. .
.
square mcollles t
. \
·,·•l . .... : .. ·;,: . ' ..•.

'SOLUTION· /· : .: ' ,. . ..

. . 1. Refer to Table 2-i 'The ~f No. '8 conductor wU:o area ·.· ·
. in cir• niilis l6~510 milS.. Using. the e<?nversi6Ji:
factor. · · · . : •
1 1

29
 . '
'· ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND Es.TIMATE
. ;

Square Inch =Square mii · x·~000001

. Sq..are mil = Circular mil :a::· o.7854
2. By Substitutioo.:·
SqUare lncll :;: 16.5l0. X 0)854 X .000001

~ .013 ~ .inch
!.·: .

2-2 Different Types .of Cables

. .. . . Armored Cable (AC) is arBbricated assembly. of insulated
conductOrs caclosec.. in fleXJ.oie metal sheath. Armored cable is.
usec!,J:>Otli on exposed~ conCealed work .

.Rubbet Jnsutatio~ .. .
. J:olor Cod~ t1pe ·

. , ..., ..... ,..; •·pt . · Steel lnterl~ked

1......,1•., .. flexible armor·
.· Blndtf tapt ·

. fiGURE 2-2 TYPE of:~~ AR~.D ~LE (BX)

Metal CJ.ad Cable (MC) is a. faCtory a.ssembied ~ble of ·
· ;OIU'. or·more conductors each ·individually insulated ~d en-
closed m.' ametallic sheath of interlocking taPe ofa.smooth or
corrugated tube: This type of cable is espe¢.ally used for ser-
.vice feeders, bnuich circuit, and for indoor Or ~ work..
.. . .
. ·Milleralln•ulated Cable (MI) is a factory 'assembly of
.boo ·or.more .conductOrs irisulated .with a highly ·CoiRpressC<l
. refrac;tory. ~ iDsuhitioD. enclosed in ~ liquid and gas tight
coDUnuous ·cOpp,er sheath. This. type· of ·cable iS usecfm dry.
Wet OJ: coritinuou!ly moist'IOcation as service .feederS or branch ·
circUit! . . . . . . .

30'
 ..
.. . -

·· Non-Metallit Sheathed ·C.able (NM) is also a nictory

.assembly' of two or more, .ins,ulated . conductors . having tl ..
. moisture resistant, flame re'tardant, and non-metallic'·materi81'
outer sheath. This type ·is used •specific.atly ·for one or two
·. '
family dWellings not eXceeding -3 storey buildings. . .

FIGURE 2... TYPICAL NEC NON METALLIC TYPE CABU!

: Shielded Non~Metalli~ Sheathed _Cable (SNM)~ This type ·

of ¢able·· i$ a ..factory . assembly'·_of twO or .ptore insulated .
an of
. condpCtorS·in Cxttuded.core ~Oi$re .resiStant ~- flaiDe
retar~ ·material.·coV,ered within an overlapping spiral .mdal
tape. This. type Is tised in .hazardous .locations ·and .iti ·~ble ..·
.·.:. etay$ or in raceways. . . .
. .

· ~ . Undergrt)und Feeder and ·B~anch -CirclJit Cabl~·· (uF) is

·. a moi$ture resiStant ·eable· used for· Un.dergrorind c~ .· ·
including· ·direct burial :in the; giotind as feeder ar branch
ci~. ·

.31
 J;LECTRICI\L LAYOUt AND ESTIMATE

SerVice Entrance Cable is .of the types SE and USE. A

single .cir muhi.:COitductor assembly provided with or without
an over all covering primarily used for service·.wire.
. ··.. ;·i .
...
..·. .. ·· .
ltisufltion · ·

. Atumfnum with
· steel wire at core

.. '
·~
. .. . .
• · FJGURE 2..& SERVlCE ENTRANCE CABLE , .

'·
· ·Power ~d ControJ: Tr.ay C~ble (TC). is ~- factory This
assembled. tw0· or more inSulated· ~dU9t(>ts with. or :without
associated bare OI' covered grounding under a metallic sheath.
This is' used for. installation in cable trays, raceways~ or where
it is supported by messenger Wire. · · ·

·.Flat Cable Assemblies (FC)~ Is an assembly of_parallel

conductOrs •funned. integrally with .an iriSula1:ins. material web ·
designed specially for field insiallation in metal surface or
:raceway~. .
. . . .

Flat Conductor Cab.le (FCC) consists of three or more

flat ~. eondUctor. placed .e4ge . to' edge. sepa:rated. and
.·. enclosed within an •insulat:irig ·assembly. This type ·of cable iS
... used for general..purposes· such 'as: app~iarice 'branch dr~:
. and' fur individual branch circuits, especially iri hard ~moOth
contmuo\ls floor surtaces'andthe like.' · ·· · · ·

. •Me.dium V~ltage Cable (M.V Gable) js .a.single_or multi~

conductor solid dielectric insolated cable :rate.O. at. 2~000 vohs
· .or higher. This type is ~sed for power system up .to 35,000'
volts. ·· ·· · · ·
' t

32
The MV,.c:ables-.-has different typesand_characteri$tics.
1. Trade n~e : M~ium Vol~ Solid Dlelectnc.
2. · Type letter : MV -.75; MV- 8,5; MY- 90.
1..• Maximum operating temp~.;:_ 75°C; 85° C; MV 90°C:.
47 : Application : Diy or wet locations, rated at 2,000 volts
or higher.· . . .
5 . .. Insulation : Thennoplitstic or thermoSetting..
·6. .Outer covering; Jacket,-Sheath or Armor. . ..

tnctlvidi.ily coJ«-cOd.d, .
800 v, ln&tlltlcl ClOnduGtOr'll
. Fllflr IIIIWilif

i0.1W}Mkl~ .

r-.
Type UF- pltedc; • NECM'dc:ft 338. . ·..
TC - pllliltlc; - NE-e. a1kle *
TV..·ALS-IIIunlnutri; . . NEC . , _ »1.
f.ype C:S-~ - NEC _.... 332

FIGU.RE 2-6 ~ 800 VOLTS JACKETED .C~LES'

,· . .

•. ,1·

FIGURE 2:.'1 .

as
Typical construction. of jackete'd .building Yfira sueh Type T and Type TW
·conductors normally solid 1hrough No. 8 AWG, llid stranded from Na. 6 AWG ·
· .· _·_and larger... · ·

33
.,
 2-3 .Ampacity of Electrical Conductors
·Ainpacity is defined aS the abitrtY of the Wire or cOnductor
to Carry current:. withOut overheating .. Conductor resistance tO
current..flow, g~rate r1ot only heat, but also contri.bute' to the
.
voltage ~p .
expressed in the following
,
cquafron;
.
'.
' .
Voltage drop In wire =. cr~ult CUrrent X Resistance of wire
.Power los.i In :Nire = Circu~ current
.. '
x Voltage drop
.

P .= lx(lxR) ·
P=I 1 R : · ·

.Power Lb)"i is eqwil tO the c.;,po~ents resiStance tillfi!S.

. the currtint '$quared. -~ power.loss being eonvertecr into
· ~t, nn:ast be dissipated. A·~ wife diam.etel ' can safely ·
carry .rlfQre curnnt in proportion .to its weight. The use of :
. copper wire ·is most ~ted.. Section 3.1.2~1 of the National
Electrical Code provides that:· · ~ ·..
'.
. "Conductor siu :a ndpiJing shall have suj]lc'lent ampacity ·
· to Nrry load.. Tltq $ht1(l have afl,quate mechanical strength
Qlfd $hal~. not he lt!ss than
the rating of the branch circuit and ·
not leu than.the maXimum ltJad to h~ suved." ~

. ·Conductors Ampacity is cletermifted ·by the maximum

oper~ tempera~ :~t its ~ori ~ wi~ oon-
t,inuously without heating. Current floW and c:Onductor•s resis·
tance nortnally geneiates heat: Thus; the operating temperatUre
depends Upon the amount Of ~rrent fliJW, wire resiStanU, and
DW;,_tHUiteld. Environment reft:rs',t(, ~er. enclosed·. or opm
Cfndilion on ~hicb the wiie is place4.. . . ·

~ Amp~ or ability of the conductOr tO carrY load~ .

·increases as the siies of coilducior' increases.
If' more· tJuln 3
conducoois. are ~ into .a .·coDduit.
the temper~e alsq
. increases . and it requires .derating of the conductors atnpaeitY
a~ pre5cribed in Tables 2-S~ z..:.(i and ~-7. .

. '34
 CO.NDUCTORS AND.WIRING 1\C~RII!S
. .
TABLE·z.$ ~OWABL~ AMPACITIES OF INSULAnD COPPPER
CONDUCI'ORs.NOT MORE THAN 3 WIRES IN RACEWAY ·
..
Temperature Ratings of Condu~tor
. :
'
60°C 75°C 90°·c . t1cPC
SIZE (140°F) · (16~F) (194° F) (230°F)
·.
Types Types ·
.. RHW SA '·
Type THW RHli
mfn2 AOO T TH~ THHN . TYPe
MCM · rw :· XHHW ..XHHW AVA

2.0 1~ 15 15 25 ·.30 ..
3.5 12· -
. . 20 20 30. 35
5.6 10 30 30 4,o · -45
8.0 8 40 ·~s 50 eo
e 56 65 -70 80 .
4 70 85 ; 90 ' : 105
3 80 100 105 t20 ·
2 95 115. 120 13$
1 110 130 140 180
•.
' Q 125 . 150 : 156. 1~ ..
·..
00 145 175 ~65 215 .
000 165. ·200 210 245
0000 195 ·. ,. .230 ' 235 .276

250 215 ~55 270 316 :

.' 300 240 285 300 3-45
36() . 280 310 .325 390 '
,.
' · 360 420
400 280 335
500 · 3~ 38Q 405 ·. 470
600 35~ 420 :455 .· Si&
7'00 - 385 460 . 490 sec
750 400 475 !oQ 5!() •

800· 410 <

~90 ·. 5.15 ' 800 . ..
900 4~5 520 . .555 ..
'··
 . ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ~StiMATE

. TAB E 1CURRENTCARRYINGC
Number' of Conductors Oeratirig
lnaR~~Y Factor
6
4· to ·o.so
7 to 24 ·.· 0.70 .
2S to 42 0.60
~3 andabove 0.50
..

Mit:'Imum rating' required

Location Temperature Conductor insulatiol\

Well ventilated normally

he111ted· building 30°C See note .below
Building with ~ch major
heat sources as power · ·. 40°C 75° c
stations or .industrial
· processes
· Poorly ventilated, spaces .. 45°C
sUch as attics
Furnaces and boiler room . Min. 40°C 75°C
· M~x. tl0°C . 90°C
OutdOor iri·sl!lade Jn air ·40°C 75°C
. In thennal io~ulatton 45°:. C 75°C.
Direct solar exposure 45°'C 75°C
Place a,bove '60°C 1'10°C

Note: .60"C.J,tpto No. 8AWG copper wire ~nd 75.,;.C fo~blggerthan No. e
SOUllCE: The National Electrical Code .. . . ·.· . .

})~rating '()fCQnductors Ampaclty ~ meartS. that; the full .

amo\mt of allowable amp3city, is tetluced to a certain percent~ ·
age ~e t.O the enviro~ condition it is exposed of and the ·
numbei of wires plaCed· inside the condUit..The Current ratfu.&
nee
. of VJire in a ·. air· enVironment is higher than those placed •
· inside the conduit. Concomitant with this, if the ambient tem-
perature is abOve 30° C, the allowable. ampaciiy will .be re.;
duced by the factors givenin Table 2-6. · ··

36.
 .. . . .

2-4 Raceway ·
~eways are
channels 'or wiring 'accesso.ries so designfA
for. holdirig ·wires, cables· or busbars that are· either made of
metal, plastic, or any inSulating mediums. ·
< • '
. . . .

The common types of ra~~ys. fo; hOusehdld wiring .·

installatiOns are: · · · · ·
. L The conduits •· · .. .
2. . The <:O~ectors and other accessories. .
·...

..TABLE. 24
.
CHARACl'.ERISTICS
. ... . .
OF
'
RACEWAYS
. . .

RaceWay
. , ...
~n through wn · .Number of Wiles
Type No; racewaY sit& • '1)1ieRHW TypeT,TW
' .

~-
200 I
14 3 3
1
12' 2 3
.·

500···
·'
w ..
·.
14
·t2· .
'10
' 5
. 4•
.2.
..
6
6
4 I

700 ' gl·'·

fi
·~.
: .
::r 10
14
12
1
6.
' 3
8
8
6

.... .. .

~-
14 10 10
1000 12
.,1.0 '·
10 . . 10
.6 8
111~.- .
(
: ·\

14 8
1500
~1~-~
-~. ·· ~-,;,;,- 12
4
4 6
. . ~., 10 4 4

37.
·.·:..
 ELECTtuCAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE
t •

TABLE.2-8 CIIA,RACTERISTICS OF RAC:.'EWA\iS

Racewey
Type No

. ,900
Sectlon~h
~y

01·.
J;:-...·... "
-
WU"e

14
. With No .
·. Devices·

3
·.
3
Willi No.

3
~s ·.

..

. 3'
3
' ... 1'2 ·3 :'' 3'
.. 3

2000.
·. · .J _" t:l.~- ..
14
12
3
.3 .·.
3
3
3
3
3·
3

·'

s~
. ' 14 b 17 ', b. 17
2100
·. 'it.:. 12 b 14 b 14
.. :

.·.
"
u ··
' • I' " '
10 ': 10 b. 10
.'

- -
'•

10 10 :

E9
14
2200 . . . - ~. 12 -~ ~ 10, 10
. .
r
··!. 10 - 10 10
...
m , .i=:=tw.. . 14 b
"
.44 'b 56
~0
t:~· 12
10
b.
· b.
' 40
. 20
: b
b
42
20

14 17 :
i& . 17 68'

· ~ +~
400Ci 12 15 2~ .15 .53
10 11 20 11 '41.
. .. 8 7.· t2 7 22
. ,

14. -~~- 97 61 '234

·......
· .-r·.'
.6000 "
~4~
' •'
1-2 .M. 82
10 .38
8
68
27 41
54
38
27. 27
184
\141
·•

e 20 25 "
20 38:
'" ...

. 38
 CONDUCTORS. ANJ.) WIRING ACCESSORIES

Other Types of Raceways

.Aside• fr.om the conduits and connectors; there are other

cype Of racewayS such as: . · ··

1. Qmduit couplmg, elbows· and other fitfuigs

. 2. Conduit suppo~. such as clamps, hanger; etc. ·
3. · Cable trays, ~ble bus,. etc.
4. M~ raceways.
5. N~etal raceways and other..

C!::::. j
. .

···t~ ~-

..

. FIGURE 2-f TYPES Of CONDUIT FmJNGS

 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE ..

2--5 -Conduit
· .Conduit pipe 'is· the ~ost cOrr.mon electrical ·ra,ceways
·used in all types of construction. With respect -to the type ·of
materials
.
used, ~may be classified .
into:

I. Metallic such as steel pipes, aluminum, etc.

2. Non-metallic such as plastic and the like

With Respect to its Make, Conduit may ~ Classified as:

1. Rigid metal
2. Flexible metal · .,
3. ~non-metal ·.
4: · Flexible rion-Jt!.eta}
The Purp_ose of Electrical Conduits are: ·. ..
. ···.

1. To provide a means for the running wires from one

.. point to another. . '.
. ·.7;,

·2. ··.To physically _protect the wires.

:3. · To provide a grotmded ericlosure.
' '

4. To protect the surroundings against the effect of fault

in the writi.n$· · ·
5. To protect the wiring system from damage by ·the
~uilding and the.~upants.

16. To protect tlie · building and the occupants from

damage by the electric system.

Conn~t~t · · 1 ..

c~~or is a metal sleeve usually made ofcopper that is

slipped over and secured to the butted ends of conductors in
making a joint.
· C::onnector
. is .otherwise called splicing sleeve..

40
·'·
 CONDUCTOR$ AND WIRIN.G ACCESSORJES

.. 6
0"''112
.·. e-12
. 112" .-112" . 12
..

·~
.. .. 1
314" e- 8
314·
. fr-10314" . .
&'1•
0<10 ~81. ~:-
0' . 1·1/4"·
400,000 C.M. .
. (8)· 1'-114*
2 ·Q) ·3
. 1·114"

(}~~~~C.~. •®-1~12' ~1'

. . ~1.·112"

~ . 2" · . :
\.;,7 t;()ao,oooc.M.
®
.· ·
200,000C.M.
. 2" . ·
~000
"~;[)! 2'~ .

0 1,100~~M. ®J!O·~~JO
.·-

. . . . . .

·~500,000
0 ® . . .
. ':t'
2,000,000 •
.
.
.
. l
600,000 .
3" ·w~

e
® ~.~
.
.
·1!50,000
. .. 3-112"
.
.
. .

® ®
1,000,000
1,100,~0
4
. . ..
4
. .
4"
. .··:. ,, ..

. . . FIGURE 2-9 .
STANDARD SIZE OF CONDUIT FOR INSTALLATION Of= WIRE CABLE

41
 'ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

-c·clamp
¢ .,

··.,~· ., \ 6
. '• .
Hanaer.ro~
R.ti. tlftlld .
·.

LH thrnc:?
~ :. ·....{·
. • ··' · Pipe Clamp41
.. , Forged Steel Turnbuckle

. :

t-..l.-c ·~···.. . .
~··
. u .
U-Bolt
. II .,

I Beam clamp
Sid• Beam Clamp

FIGURE 2-10 OTHER TYPE'S Of RACEWAYS

· ··.··,;·· .

C<xnpression Type • ••

(;omjlteulorl TYJI'
,h •

•.
Rain T~ghtCoonelllicJn .• !ns!Maled·: in~.\

.: .. '· ..

,..,
, .:-

-. ~
~'
~ ·_. a _·
.'
!A!Sclllw
Coonedor lnsuili!ed ·

FIGURE 2·11 VARIOUS TYPE~ OF EMT CONNECTORS

42
 CONDU~TORS AND WIRING ACCESSORIES

.TABLE :Z.9 MAXIMUM NUMBER OF WlltES IN A CONDUIT

Number ofVVires In One Conduit (mm)
Size of VVire 1 2 3 ·. 4 5 6 •7 8 9

1... 13 13 13 - 20 20 25 . 26 27 · 28
12 13 13 20 2Q 20 ;1!5 25 25 32
10 13 . 20 20 . 25 25 2S 32 ' 32 . 32
.
8 13 ·20 25 25 ~ 32 32 32 32
6 13 25 32 32 38 38 so· 50 50
5 20 32 . 32 31 38 50 50 50 50
20 32 32 38 5Q 50 50 50 63
"
3 20 32 32 38 50 . 50 . 50 . 63 83
2 20 32 38 38 50 50 ..63 83 83
1. 20 38 38 50 60 63 63 75 75

o· 25 38 50 50 83 63 ·75 75 1{$
00 25 50 50 e3 63 75 75 75 88
000 25 . 50 · 50 63 75 75 ..75 88 88 .
0000 32 50 83 63 75
-
. '75 • 88 88 100
20000 32 50 83 63 75 75 88 . 88 100

22500 32 63 83 75 75 88;
. ' 250000.· 32 63 · 83 75 75 · as
3ooooo 32 83 75 75 .. as 88. ..
35QOflO 32 83 75 88 . 88 1QO.
400000 32 75 75 . 88 100 100 ·,
.4!50000 · 38 75 75 88 100 113
. 500000 38 75 75 88 100 113
550000 .38 75 88 100 113. 125
eooooo· 50 . 75 88 100 H3 125
850000 50 88 88 100
. 700000· 50 88 ·as · 1.13
750000· . 50 88 88 113
800000 50 88 88 113
eeoooo 50 88 100 113
900000 !50 88 100 .113
950000 50 100 100 ' 125
1000000 50 100 100 ' 125

43
 \

ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

2-6 ·outlet ~nd Receptacles ·

. . . . .
I
t .
An outlet is apoint in the wiring system at which current is
taken to supply utiliZation equipment. In a simple tenn, an .
outlet is any point that supplies an electric An outlet load.
usually consists of a small metal or non-metal box into whi~ a
raceway and or cable ends: ·

Different kinds of outlet

1. Convenience outlet or attachment cap.

2. Lighting outlet.
3. Receptacles outlet

A Convenience outlet or attachment cap is· a device that

by inseftion into a receptacle establishes connection between
· the ·.conductor of the. flexible · cord.· and the conductors
connected perinanently to the receptacle.·

3 pole, 4 ·w>re .
· One normal Tti!>•e• !S 1mr:> L.ock•"CJ · ·
2·pole-J ~~• . one lock>~g <kvice Sinqle lyp• qroun<ll"'l ·

·outd()o·,
w~•thet proof

. FIGURE 2-11 VARIOUS CONVENIENCE Ot,ITLET

44
 CONDUCTORS AND.WiRING ACCESSORIES

Wall Outlet. The · com1non W ~I · Outlet is called

Convenien~ Outlet. And to call it wall plug is not correct. A
plug is another name for the attachment cap on the wire
cormng from a device such ~. lamps or appliances,

. ···

. .
0
.

-. .

FIGURE 2-13 VARIOUS T.YPES OF OUTLET BoXES

· Lighti.n e Outlet is an outlet ~ed for·direct connection

to a lamp holder, lighting fixture, ~r · ·a: pendant ·· cord,
· terminating. in a lamp holder.

. Receptade Outlet is an outlet .where · one ·or . more ...

receptacles are installed. Aside -from-the outlets, ·there are also
· other wiring accessories s~ch· as:

. 45
 ·EU:CTRICL LAVOUT AND ESTIMATE

.J. The jWlction box 3. The puli box ·

2. Receptacles 4. Switches and the like

Junction Box is not an outlet. By definition, it d~es not

supply current .to utilization device. Do · npt allow yo:ur ·
eleCtrical contractor to count wall switches ·and junction
boxes as outlets. This is an important thing to Clarify specially
when payment is to be made from a contract based on the
number of outlets. . .

An Outlet on the other p~, refers only to the box ltse.lf.

It
does not · include the items·. The receptacle d~ice is not .an
elect.ricalload but ratt.er an atension of the box wiring. The
outlet is separate from the .load device e\en if it is included as ·
part ofthe device. ·· · · ·

.· The ·Pull Box is a box

. with a blank cover
... .. that is inserted ' in .
one ot. more runs or ·raceways to facilitate pulling-in the
~nductors. It may also serve to distribute the conductors.

Receptacles are contact device installed at the outlet for

the .connection of a single .attachment plug. Receptacles are .
included in the general classification of wiring · devic~. lt
inolu~s all receptaCles and their matching . cap (ph1g), . waH
·~;· smal(dimmers, and outlet hoi mounteqlights.

Receptacle is defined by the N~tional Electrical Cpde as:

·~ contact device installed at the outlet for the connection

of a single at~achment plug. " ·
. .
Any nurm>er of receptacles mounted · toiether- in one· or·
mote coupled boxes is classified. a.S on~ o.~tlet. The lower. the
nuinb_er of outlets the lower is the cost. A circuit with 6 duplex
. ftjceptacles 'individually mounted. is normally more t11a11 tWice
the cost ofthe same 6 receptacles installed in two ~ets group
· of three gang each.· _Receptacle~ are described and identified
aecoi'din& to·the pole of wires. . .

46
 CONDUCTORS AND WIRING ACCESSQRIES

Mounting the Re~eptacles

1. A waif convenience receptacle is vertically mount¢ .
between
30 to 45 centimeters above th~ finished floor
line. • ..
2. hi industrial areas,.·.$hops, workroom and the like, .the·.
mounting height is from . l05 to HO·centimeters. This
is' above the table height horizontally mounted so that
on
. the cords will not hang_ top of each other.
3. The GFI or GFCI (ground fault circuit)nterceptor) re:-
. ceptacle should be installed on lociltions where sensi-
. tiVity ~ electric -shock is high mch ai in·wet areas. ·

Switch .

A Switch is a device that open or closed ·the circuitry. in an

electric circuit. · • ·· '
. . ..~

•.

Sl*ial ·

. IE3ct\lator ~.
:.

. . ; .·
llo 4 aane
,/9fl.le Key . ·. .·
. .
· Specification Gtlde . .
switches . . . ·
1 ~. 20 and JC·empert

. r.. ·...
.. ~ .
..-.:

Mainlll~
~· ·
cont.Ct ··;_ :,-·
· ·· . ~omenti.ry~
switch'. . ·. 15 aftd 20 ·~ ... ..·
Rotary switch
!!I ampere 15 and 20 ampere COouble throw, <:enter Ofl).. · :. · .. ·

. ,..
FIGURE 2-14 BRANCH CIRCUIT .SWITCHES · ... {:
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

TABLE 2·10 PERMISSIBLE CONNECTION lN BOXES

T)1)e'of Box Sides Depth No. 14 No. 12 No. 10 No. 8

Octagonal 4 1K 6 5 5 .
, I 4
4 1% 7. 6 6 ' . ·s
4 21h 10 ' 9 8 7

Square 4 1~ · 9 ·a 7 6
..4 1~ 10 9 8 7
·.
.4 2·1/8 . 15. . 13 12 10
~-11116 1~ 12 11 10 a
.. 4J-11116 1% 14 13. 11 9
..
Switch 3x2 2~ 5: 4 4 3
3x2 2% 6 5 5 4
3x2 2% 7 .6 5 4
.'
3x2 2% 9 8 7 .6

Switches are Oassified into:

I.. General use switch
2. Geil.e:ral use snap Switch
. 3.·. AC geneial use snap switch
4. · AC·DC general use switch
·s. .f5olating switch
. 6. Motor circuiqwrtch

The
•t . · Genual
ust switch is intended· for v.se in the general .·
~o:utioo and branch circuit rated in ~- It is capable
of intehup~ the rated.~em ·at a rated voltage.. · ; .·
.·; The. General use sn;., switch ~~ a form of general use
switch installed in flush device boxes: or· ~ outlet Q<>x coyer.

~ Is(Jiating mitcfl .is a switch intended fur isolating 3I)

el~c· circuit from the source of power..
, . .' : . . . . ~

. '

· 48
.·

------~----------CHAPTER

THE BRANCH CffiCUIT

. .. ·. . .,,

3-llntroduction
.Electric Circuit refers to the complete path traversed by
an electric cUrrent. In.short, .electric circuii is the. entire house
· wiring installation. . . · · ·

Branch Cireult is .defined by the National El~c:al C~

. (NEC) as: "tJ.re circuit condudors .between .thefm.lll over cur..
r~nt proteCtive device an'd .th.e out(ets." Meanmg, the b~
·circuit is only the winng installed between the circuit Qvcr cur- ,
rent protective device i.e. fuse or cirCuit breaker) and the out- '
~. ' . .

In practice however,. it is a comJ:non knowledge that the

· branch circuit comprises the following: · '· ·

1. The so~ce ofV'?ltage

2.. The wiring aild .
.3. Theload

Ov.rcurrent Device ·

'· ·

Source~f Voltage Wiring the Branch · LOad 1.e. outlets

Ci«;\Jlt

FIGURE S-1 DIVISION Of. ELECTRtCAL CIRCUIT INTO ITS COMPONENT

49
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

Circuitry design varies acCQrding to tlie nu~r of design-

__.
...ers. l:lowever, gOQd .circuitry design is based. on the following
co.hsiderations: · ·

1~ . Flexib.ility ofthe circuit.

t. ·.Re~b'ility rmd· efficiency .o f service'
3. Safety ofthe circuitry
4. Economy as to cost
5. Energy consideration ·
· 6. Space allocation
. .
·Fle:ribility of the Circuit means that th~ installation can
. accommodate alt probable pattern ar:rangerrieri.t.S and loeation
ofthe loads for expansiOn, or future development.

·ReUiibilitY and 'Efficiency·, of .Service means io ha~e a

coritinuous <service and supply of power that are all dependent
·on tn~ Wiring system. · · .
; ·Reliability .of electric power in a facilitY is detenniried by
· two factors: .

. . .:1. The utility service .

2. Building electric system

. Safety means tluit.independent service can be 'used in lieu.

of emergency equipment as backup for. noirnal services. For
teliability of the circuitry, the following principles shoulcl be
considered.· ·
. . .. . ..
1. To provide double emergency power equipment at se-
. ·:· lected weak points in the sysrem. · . . · .
2'. ::That the ·electrical servi~ and ·th~ building distribution
· ~ein must act together so that the power can reach the
.. desired,point of service. . . . . . . . .
3. · Crlticaf l~ads· \Vitrun the faciiity must be pinpoillted to.
.~ine the best way to serve them by providing a re-
liable · power · either from the outside source, or by
standby p.ower P3;C.kage for them. ·

50
 .'

· THE BRANCH CIRCUIT .

4. The s:Ystem design ·mUst readily detect any equipm(:nt"

failure and to be corrected automatically.
. ~- '. ·''~ ..
· Economy refers to the initial cost·as well as the operating
costs. These two cost~fuctors stand in· inverse relati'onShip to·
oite another. Ovu . design is. as bad as ·u tttkr design. It is
· wasteful both on initial and operating costs. ·. ·. ·

. The EtTed _of Ac:quiring ~ow Cost Equipment

1. High energy cost · · ·

2. ·.Higher maintenance cost
3. Shorter life

Energy. Consideration .is a complex-one considering· the

.folloWing. factors:

1. ·Energy J,aws and codes ·

2. Budget . .. . . ..
3. · Energy conservation technique ·
4. .Energy control·

Space Allocation .:. must consider the following:

1. Easy maintenance
· 2. Ventilation .
3. · Expandability
4. Centrality · . .
s·. Linlltation ofaccess
Protective device
Generally 15, 20 ampere$·

L.lght outlet

FIGURE 3~1 GENERAL PURPOSE BRANCH CIRCUIT

..
 ·ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMA'J'E

Branch Circuit - The brarlch Circuit is classified into:

1. General purpose branch ·circuit.

2.: Appliance branch cimlit.
3. . lndivi~ branch circuit. · .
\

The NatiOnal Electrical ~ode defines the different typ~s of

branch cirCuit as follows: ·
-
1. General purpose branch cirtuit supplies outlets for
lighting and appliances; inclu<fuig convenience recep-
tacles. · ·

2. Appliance :branch circuit supplies outlets intended

fot feeding .appliances. Fixed Ji8htiDg however. is ·not
• ~lied.

GenerallY 20 amperes
- ~~~------~----~--~--~-

A A A

. FIGURE 3~ APPLIANCE .BRANCH CIRCUIT

3. · Individual brancb circuit is designed tO. supply a sin-

gle specific item. · · · ·

Size requlr$d
for Item fed

. ' .

FtGUit£ 3-4!NolvloUAL BRANCH.CIRCUIT ·

52.
 · THE BRANCH CIRCUIT .

.3-2 Circuiting Guidelines ·

. Thefe are many -~ys of doing the circuitry but there is no
optimum or Pelfect way of doing it. However~ there are certain
rules and guidelines promulgated by the National Electrical
Code (NEC) for flexibility,. ~nom.ical and convenient way of
. ~a circUitry. · · ·

· 1. The Code retjuires s\ifficient · eireuitty ·to. S1ipply resi-

dential load of 30 watts per square meter in buildings
. excluding poiches,' garageS and 'baSements. · ·
2. The requirement of 30:. watts per square:meter"is . up to
80 sq. m. for a 20 aniperes circUit (2,400 watts) 60or
. ~meters for.l5 amperes circuit (1,800 watts).
J. Gopd practice.·s\iggests tliat the I~ shOW,d not exceed
1,600 watts .fur a 20 ampe.res .circuit aiut 1,200 Watts
for a 15 amperes c~cuit. Thus: · · ;
. .
a) Observe a minimum loild :of 1;4QO watts on a
15 amperes circuit with a maximum area.of 40
square meters. . . · . .
b) A1 maximum IQild of 1,600 watts On a 20.am·
peres circuit with a inaxim.um · atea of 5-3
square m.eters.
.4. The Code requires a minimum of 20 amperes appli·
ance branch circuit to feed all s~l appliance .outlets
in the kitchen, pantry, <fiillng .and faritily fOOm: · . ; ·
5. The general purpose branch circuit; shall be rated at 20
amperes circuit, Wired with No. 12 AWG being _the
minimiun size· of .conductOr,wire required for all' con-
. venience outl4 . . . ..
6. Circuit load on a 15-ampere circuit shall be limited to
the ~ues giveil in Tabl~ 3-l and Tatile 3-2. · :. -
7. Plug outletS or convenience . receptacles · shall · be
counted in computing the lQad if it is not included in
the load for general lighting circuit: .T<;> find the num-- ·
ber of outlets. for 9 and J2 amperes loading on a IS
and 29 ~pe~ circui~ .respectively, We ~ve:

'63
 ELECTRJCAL·LAVOUTAND ESTIMATE .

a) For l5 amp circuit: · ...,...2..

. 1.5
=·.6, ~tlets
b). · For 2().amp circuit: i.i._.,; ·8 outl~
. 1.5 .
: ...
8. : Conv~ence rectptacles should b.e planned 'prpt>.erly, o
so that in. case of failure by any <me or' ihe Circuitry.
the eirt:ire ada will DQt be depri~ of power supply. In
... tenns of .rdiability of service, each ai~ should be pro·.
Vide4~mately\vith diffefent.circWts. ,.: · .
. 9. All .kitchen· outlets should be fe(i from at least two of
these: circlli:ts.
. ( } . . : . .. . . ~
.
10. The. Code fuither stipUlated • ~all recept4cles are
. . pdtt:!ftial 'appliance outlet and' at _least two cirCuits
slttiU be supp_lied ~o serve them '~ ·
11~ Certain outlets in the room should. be desigiled as ap-
.· pliance outlet like: · · ·' · ·
. .. ..
a) All kitchen receptacles .
b) .Dining room receptacles .
c) .. On~ in t4e li.ving roo:q1. . .
12. The Code' requires that, ·,4zt . least ~ne ~0 amperes cir~
, . ' cuit supply·tht: laundry outlets., .
. · .1
· 13: If air COiidit.lonet is_antiCipated, provide a·separate cir-
. cuit for this partict¥ar appli~.:. · · · '

, · TABLE 3:-(~cH C~:RCu.ri cAPAciT¥- :e~cmcHlir

Malrin'lum. Watts
..
Circuit Breaker Size · 120 ypfts . 240 volts
~ ', /: ·.. ·. ' . •'·

:· 15 amp. 1446 2880

· ·.·=·· 20 ainp. 1920 3840'
30 amp,. 2~80 5760-
 THE BRANCH CIRCUIT '

TABLE 3-l BRANCH CIRCUIT REQUIRlMENTS

15 amp. 20amp. 30amp: 40amp. 50 amp.

..
Maximum me Of conductor No.14 12 . '\0 8' 6
-
Minimum size taps No.14 14 14 12 12 .
over current devlpe rating 1Samp 20 3(). -40 50 \

lamp holders permlted Any type Any type H.Outy H.Duty .H.Outy
_Receptacle· rating perJ11ltted 15 ainp. 15-20 30 40-SO 50

Maximum load 15amp · 20 30 ·4o . so

· Other Good Ptactices in.Circuiting

· 1. · Lighting and receptacles shOuld n~ be·combin¢ in a

single circuit. . · . · . · .
2. Avoid connecting all building lights on ~· single cir·
cUit.
3. Lighting and receptacles should. be supplied with cur-
rent from at least two circuitS so that, if a single ·line is
out. the entire area is not deprived of power.
4. 09 not allow ·combination sWitch and receptacle olrt-
lets. .
5, Provide at 1~ one ·reCeptacle in the bathrootll, and
one ~utside the ho~. Both must be GroUnd Fault Cir-
cuit lntenupter (GFCI) type.
6. Provide. -switch control ·for closet lights.. Pull chain
switch is a nuisance. ·
7. Convenience outlet though counted as part of th~ gen-
eral-lighting load shall be limited to 6. convenience
outlets on a ·15 amperes ciTCUi~ and 8 conyenieJ1ce ()Ut-
. lets on a 20 amperes circuit. ·
8. ·The Code requires that, atl~ one ZO .arnperes circuit
supply shall be instal~ to the hiundiy outlets. ·
9. Convenience outlet shall be laid..out in such a ·manner
that no point on a Wall is more than~i~oo meters from
an outlet. Use a: grounding tYpe receptacle only.

·55
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND· ESTIMATE

3-3 ~ro~ection of the Branch Circuit

As a Rufe, branch circuit should be protected from over
current. Hence,. an over all current protective devices shall be
installed in all branch circuitries ..

The function of _the over"":Current protective devices is to

open the circuit (disconnect the .line) when the current ~;ating
capacity of the equipment being protected is exceeded. The
circuit protective device represents the source of voltage. It is
. always connected at its hot line end to the vo/Jage source and
· its lo'ad end to the circuit wiring. AppMently, it becomes the
· source of voltage. ·

The Panel Board wherein the over current protective de-

vice is ~ part, t.tte busbars.'becotn,e the source of voitage as we
look · upstream from the over current deVices. The National
' as
Electrical Code also defines the branch circuit ('that·portlon
ofthe circuit beyond the over current device. "
. . .

·Ca~se!l of Over Current · .

There are two principal causes of over current

1. Overload in the equipment or.conductors

2. Short circuit or ground fault

Both were the results of excessive current flow in the cir-

cuit. The primary function of. the ov~r-current devices is to
protect'the branch circuit and the load ~re against excessive
curr~t supply. However, regar4less whether ·the excess cur-
r(}nt .is bt-":ing caused by ·an eqwp,meat problem of overloading,
or by a circuit problem such as un-intentional ground fault, the
proteCtive devices.has but on~ purpose -:to interrupt the line,
in case tit ere is an excess.currentjluw ·in the ~ircuit. ·
. .
. .When the over current protective devices senses an exces~ ·
sive flow
.
of current, it automatically open
.
the circuit or simply ·

• 56,
 THE BRANCH CIRCUIT

cut off the line to prev-ent the excessive flow of current in cre-
ating damag~s to the circuit or to the equipment The over cur-
rent .device automatically opens t.l'le lirie to release the exceS-
sive current. The. action of the ov'er current protective deVice is
called ''Clearing" ~use it clears. the circuit of 'the fault or·
m
over current load.. lt therefore acts the Saine manner as the
mechanical ({evice to .relieve the inachine from exces.sive pres-
sure. . . .

The over current protective devices are installed in circuits

to protect the following:

1. The wiring . "

· 2. ·. The transfonner·
3. The lights
· 4 . . Appliances.and other equipments

On the Protection of. Conductors, the National Electrical:

Code provides that: 11Conductors shall. be prf?tected again~t
over current in accordance with their ampaciti.es." ·

\ By definition, Over Current ·iS any current in excess of

the rated capacity ()/the equipment or the rated ampacity ()f
the condu£:!or. It was clear that both the equipment 3.nd the
'wire installation shall·be protected from the over current flow. · .

· Electrical equipment has its own rated ampacity. Sin:ri-

larly, electrical cori.ductors have also their respective allowable.
aznpacity. Thus,. any load in excess of their rated or allowable
arnpacity, could damage the circuit or the equipment ·

Application of Over~current Protection is also Governed ·

· . by.the Following Rules: ·
.·. .
· ,.
1. That the over-ctiirent protect1on devices .should be in-:-
stalled on the line or: supply side of the equipment be- .
ing protected.
2. . The over-current protective devices shall be plac~ in ·
all underground conductors oft;he protected circuits.

57
 · ELE~CALt.AYOUT AND ESTIMATE

3. All equipment Should be protected· in accordance with

itS current carrying capacity.
4. . That, the over--current protective devices should be
readily as~bled and protected-from physical dam-
ages and
away from eaSily ignited materials. . .
5. CQnductors size should not be r~uCed in a ~rcuit or
tap unless the smallest wire is ·protected by the· circuit
over current devices. · ·· ·
..
Main Supply
Taps may be made if smaller con-
\ 100~. duetOI is protcc:ted by main feeder.
protection ( 100 amp.' circuit breaker
No.lRHW( llS~p.) for No.2 wite)

Taps up to 7 m. long is allowed if

tap conductors has minimum I/3
7.5 m. Maximum ampacity. of main and terminates
in a single ciicuit ~ OI set of ·
1/3 capacity = J1Q ~eo 45 amp fuses which limits the current on
3 · r----, the tap to the wire capacity. 40 a.
:,. . ·------4
'"~...,..·
· Use No. 8 RHW.min.
40 ~
fuse
.
fuse limitll·e~t on 45 amp
capacity. wire.

Taps up to 3 m.long 8lll allowed

3m. maximum Provided they have sufficient capa
city for the circuit they·feed, say
No.lORHW ifthewiringfeeds 2-15 amp. cir-
in coiiduit · cuitS, it muSt have 30 amp ·capa·
ci~ and shoiJ.J.d be No. 10 AWG, ·
2.-15 amp circuit . RHW wire-Or.· equal rating.

Main feeder No.l/0 RHW Taps ohny length may be made if

.
/
130 amp C!l[)$City
. .
Compu~ size to protect · ·
conductor is protected at the tap
point by and approxintately sized
overcuirent device.
Feeder ·

FIGURE 3~ PERM'S11BLE TAP ARRANOEMENTI

. I •

58
 THE BRANCH CIRCUIT

3-4 Fuse,· Breaker and Pan,el Board

·\ .

Fuse is ·defined aS~ 11n lWei' 11ll current prot~dive device

with a ·circuit opening fusible eleitt~nt which opens (break)
when there·is an over cu"ent in the circuit
The Fuse is a one time protective deViCe to be repiaced ~
the fault is cleared: It is the simplest and in6st common type d(
circuit protective device. used in most house wiring installa-
tions. It is available in hundred design ratings and shapes but
basically, the same in functions. ' ·
Genenllly, fuse consist of a fusible link or wire that easily
meh at low temperature classified.into two types: ·
L .The Cartridge type which is enclosed in an insulating
fiber tube and ·
2. The Pl~g Fuse type enclosed in a porcelain cap .

. TABLE 3-3 FUSE RATING AND CONSTRUCTION

CWTent Ratings Rel'Il8.£ks .

OtO 10 P)ug fuse construction

15, 20,25 to'30 nias. 150 v. to ground

Oto 10 Cartridge type with ferrules

35, 40, 45, 50 to 60 single and dual elemerit
250 ~ 600 volts
70, 80, 90,1PO, 110, _125, 150 Cartridge type, knife blade
175,200,225,250,300,350 .contacts: 250 and 600 volts
400,450,500,600 .

·soo, 1ooo. 1200, 16oo,2ooo Cartridge type bolte4

2500, '3000, 4000, 5000, 6000 knife blade contacts; 600 volts

Circuit Breaker
The Circuit .Br:eaker is an over-curr~t protective device
designed to function as a switch. Basically, a circuit breaker is

59.
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

equipped with an automatic tripping device· to protect the

branch cix:cuit from overload and ground fault. Circuit breaker
can: be manually tripped, so that, in many cases, it also acts a5
·circuit switch.

Trip or Tripping refers to the cutting-off or disconnection

'Of~e C\W'ent Sl.ipply.

. Advantages of Circuit Breaker Over the Fuse.

• I .

· 1. The circuii breaker act as switch aside from its being an

over current protective device.
2. Unlike the fuse that has to be c.iscarded after it · was
busted due ·to an OVer .cmrent flow, the circuit bre.iker
trips off automatically and after correctmg the fault, it is
a.gain readily available for switch on. ·

·~
··. ---
...
·. -· . ·-..
(b} Single Element Knife
(a) Commo.n Household Plug Blade Fuse

Ferule contact
. Thermal cutout element

Short cifchit fuat~link

Dual element • time d~lay fuse with E'dison base, fe~ru.le contacts,
and ·l<nire blade contacts respectively · · ·

. FIGURE 3-$. STANDARD TYPE OF FUSE;

Circuit breaker can b~ multiple pole installed with 1,2 or

3 poles ~vhich will
simultaneously. protect :and switch
 . . .
THE BRANCH CIRCUIT

one to three lines. The fuse on the other hand, is a single·

pole, installed on a single wire that could only protect a
single elemic line. ·
4. The circuit bre3ker position is easier ·to detect. It could
be closed, tripped, or open right at .the handle. On the
contrary, the busted fuse coUld not be•detected easily be-
cause the melted fusible element
~. . . .
is
inside the fuse cas-
. . ..
5. The circuit breaker can be manually tripped. so that in
many cases, it also. acts as the circuit switch.

i;onvlntiCiflal CB:t!GEI
breatcsr · · bre1ker
wired into wired into
pilnel box ·panel bO>t

wir• connec;tt to ·
panel atiutrfl
EqUillll)ll'lt ground bus

All j:Qftntclfons to the C83 tircljit bttN:fl' .,. simlltr

to fltOII of eoovmtiontl breektrs except for lh•
~tlon of a neutral corm.:tiot>.

FIGURE 3·7 BRANCH crRCUIT PROTECTION

 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTI!WATE

Advantages of the Fuse over the Circuit Breaker

Despite the.·advantages of the circuit breaker 9ver the fuse,

the Wer has also some advantages over the circuit breaker
enumerated as follows: ·
1. One major advantage of the fuse over the circUit breaker
is its reliability and stability. The fuse· can stay on its
position for years and act whim.called on to act as de-
signed. .
2 The cost of the fuse is very much lower compared to
that ofthe circuit breaker. .
3. ·· Circuit b~rs has Sev-eral moving partS which re-
quires. maintenance and p~odic· testing to be in good ·
condition at all time. · · ·

load
Feeder

Panel Main
Circuit Breaker Loii<l

•
THE BRANCH CIRCUIT RADIATE FROM THE PANEl. TO THE LOADS

.. FIGURE 3..& CONVENltoNAL RADIAL WIRING SYSTEM

Loads Loads

FIGURE 3-t ALTJ!RNATIVE WIRING METHODS

62.
 . THE BRANCH CIRC~

I ·,

s.Mce wil'inc

.. Main .nthboinS IMI•

. .

..

FIGURE 3-10

TYPICAL SINGLE WIRING. DIAGRAM

'. SHOWING·
. '

1. Relation of COf'OPOOent to ~ other

:2. Proper location of tNef c:urrent deVIces .
 ELECTRICAL 4 YOUT AND ESTIMATE

Trip indicattng llal'ldle lor

immediat. Identification
of faun· circuit H811<Jlewith
~:11"'-it- •. ampere rating

Polym<
Push to teot llutt<ln to molded case
in1u,.. proper aperati<>n

CuiA1 box tugs

Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCI) or (GFI). A unit

that will provide ground fault protection in addition to
functioning as an ordinary circuit breaker

FIGURE 3-11 MOLDED CASE CIRCUI~ BRE;AKER.

TABLE 3-4 TYPICAL MOLDED CASE CIRCUIT BR.EAKER .

, . CHARACTERISTICS

Frame Size· Trip Settin~ (Amp) Voltage Remarks

Amperes •

5'0 15 . 20 30 40 " 50 240 1-3 pole$

100 15 20 30 40 240 1-3 poles .
50 70 . 90 100 600
:225 70 . 90 100 125 600 1~3 poles
150 175 200 225
400/600 125 150 175 200 ·225 600 1~3 poles
250 300 350 400 500 600
800' 1200 250 300 350 400 500 600 1-3 poles
600 800 1000 1200
1600 400 600 800 1000 · 600 2-:.3 po.les
1200 1600 3 poles

The Panel Board ·

The Panel Board is defined by the National EleCtrical
Code as ~~ single panel or group pa11el limits designed for
asse'mbly in the form of a single panel•." ·

64 .
 THE BRANCH CIRCUIT

This includes· buses arid automatic over.:.current pro~·

devices with or without switc4es for the control of light, heat
or power circuits. Panel board is designed for mounting in -~•.
cabinet or cutout box installed in or against a wall or partition .
accessible only tO the front·

Panel· board. iS popUlarly krio~ as panel or electricat

· panel. Panel board is · simply the box wherein the protective
devices.are grouped from which they are fed. If the devices are
of fuses, it is ·called Fuse Panel and if the devices· are circuit
- breakers, it is called Breaker Panel

Fuse and. breaker however, are very rarely mixed in. a

· panel, except that a circuit breaker panel sometimes has a main
switch and a fuse for overall protection·of the panel. Basically,
a panel consists of a set of electrical busbars where the cjr(:uit
protective devices are connected. ·

A single phase.· 3- wire panel is fed· with two hot lines. and
a neutral line cottnected tO the line. buses and the neutral bus
which varies in:
a. Ampere ratings of the buses ..
b. Type of protective devi~s i:ilstalled
. . . (
.. . . . .

Regardless whether the p~el is flush or surface mounted·

type, it is described in the folloWing liUI;Illlet: ·
House panel circuit breaker type, surface mounting
1201240 volts 150 amperes mein
100180 amp. 2 pole main circuit breaker·
Branch breakers all 80 amp. frame
10-20 amp. single pole 2~30 smp.. 2 pole
1-20 amp. SP, GFI

There are as many different format of panel schedule as the

numbers of technologists and every one believes that his work·.
is the best. Hence, it Will be ~alled S~hedule of Choice. · ·
 '
·ELECTRICAL .LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE
. .
Principles ,Applie~ in Installing Panel Board

1. · The approaCh ~l.be acC.essible and more convenient.

2..Th.e
. . panel board
. is centrally
. •,
l~ated to shorten
.
the home
wmng~ .
3. · It must be installed ·near the load ~, as in most
cases panel boards are mounted near the kitcllen and the
·laundry where heavy duty loads are expected. · ·
4. To. Iinlit voltage drop on the branch circuit, the pa,Del
board shall be iocated in such a manner that no circuit
(wiring connections) exceed 35 meters long.
5. In the event that a circuit .more than. 35 meters long can·
not be avoided, No.1 0 AWG wire shall be used for I'J1l1S
up to 50 meters long and No. 8 AWG. wire for longer
circuits'. ·

Cittwt Winno

J<noclcouta

_2 pole CIS

Feeder

Neutn.r wiring

Loclmw ~Y.

·- Circuit conduits

if.
.,t
'! '!;

~·

FIGU~ 3·12 PANEL BOARD

66
 . . .
T~E BRANCH CIRCUIT

{of top
Horizontal
center line -lQf-~l bra";h circuit

' l li
'2~
Fin. floor. ·E
~
(a) ,..."
II)

(bJ

4. of top
bfanch circuit
a) Pam~/ botml wtth 100 cm..htgh or
Ius shO:IIld be located JJS eM. Jmm
the floor to 1M center lim of1M box.

h) Panel ·board with boxes owr J(J{)

em. lrtgh ilhould ht loca(ed 7S c11t.
· from tlte floo,- to tft4 .bottom oftM box,
ext:4pt that rhe highest bram:lt cti'Ciill
W'til mould not be lltON than 195 em
Minimum fro,., tit#! floor.
distance ·
floof from floor c) Ifhecu$ary, the box maybe lower•d
----------~~----
(c)
to a r.Jistancl! not /e$s than 15 em. from
the~floor to 1M bottom of the box.
Hownwr.whtJn a m<Uimum hltghl of
. 195 em aliQve the floor to the "PP''
cii'Ctllt 01' a 11tlttl1m1M. distance of 45
MiscellaMOUS
distributiOn bole · cm. abow llut floor cannot be done,
I~ JNIIW/ moufd be dtvided lttlo IWd
sectltNI& ·
t of both
bOQS d) q. two or more boxes· an tuljaeent
on 1M &~~flU · wall, thtty sltt!t~ld ~ ,
tnstalkti wilh 1M horillolftal cenur .
line ofeach box •9utdtnaltCfl,fotntf iiJit
floor.. The center liM disttmCtJ ·of/M
·Fin. floor higher box controlling IM ~es
should be installed with a minlmwm.
(d) 8paclng ofJO em. apal'l. .

FIQURE 3-13 INSTALLATION OF THE PANEL BOARD

87
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTlMATE

TABLE 3-S WIRE GAUGE FOR COPPER WIRE CIRCUITS

Maximum Distance of Circuit in Amperes and Watts

(In Meters)

cirCuit Wlre 5A 10A 15A 20A 25A 35A

AWG Amp. 375w 1150w 1725w 2300w 2875W 402Sw

14 . 15 27. 13 9 '
12 20 42 21 13 10
10 30 66 33 21 16 13
8 . ,40 108 52 36" 27 . 21 15
6 55 168 84 54 42 33 24

Source: National Electrical Code ·

Circuit No. Circuit No.

2
1 ----~~~-+~----~----~~-r 2
•
3 ___, 4

5 --~,-~~~------~--~~~-~ 6

10

Space

13 14

12

3 Phase 4-Wire Panel

10-SP, 2-2SP, 2-3P
· Circuit Breaker

FIGURE :s.t.t TYPICAL SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF A PANEL BOARD ·

·'
 THE BRANCH CIRCUIT

Other Features of the Over Current Protective Device

~ .

· 1. The over cu.Trent protective. device is always upstream .

of the equipment being protected. Meaning, ·Electricity '
is ahead of the load. · ·
2. Electric current flows downstream, and to cut off excess
• current. the. protective device should be placed ahead of.
·the protective items. .. . . .. ·.
3. The panel is the source of current. the over current pro-
tective device of branch circUit .is inside the electrical.
panel that supplies eleetric current. ··
· 4. The upstream s~de of the device is called Line: Side. 'fPe
downstream side is called the Load Side. ·

Switchboard and Switchgear

The Switchboard and ·Switchgear are free standing as~em,­
blies of switches, fuses and · circuit breakers · that provide
switching and feeder protection to a number of circuits. con-
nected to the main source: It distribute large amount of j)ower
~to small packages. In hydraulic analogy, the main buswork
of ·the switchboard is equivalent to a main header supplying
. water. so· far there. is no .clear distinction between the
switchboard .and the switchgear. Thus, a awitchboard is a
switchgear.

Incoming service conductor

Current transformer
.Main switchb~rd 3
b
.
Meter

Busbars

FIGURE 3-15 SINGLE DIAGRAM OF SWITCHBOARD

REPRESENTING 3.PHASE CIRCUIT .

.' 69
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

3-5 Lamp.Control and the Master Switch

Lamps are contrOlled by switch from a celtain iocation il-
lustrated as follows:

Two IW'itcnes in off position. . · Ead\ l1mp' controlled by ib

own switch

·SWitch No. 2 Is on • lights are on

SOURCt

Swltcn NO.2 is baa< to original

j)osltlon • lights are off ·

-~ ~· $ ·~
sWitch No. 1 Is on • lights art on LamPs controllecUr~m 2 location!.

70
 .
mE BRANCH CIRCUIT

4.WAV

SOURCE ·

Two 3-way tnd one· 4-wiY Switches

contro.lllng .limPS frOm 3 .loc:atloniJ

Two 3 ·w•yand two 4 -w•y ·. · .

Swltctm contrenlng lamp'S frorri 41ocatlons

. . .
Four 4 - w•y swttches to control t.mps
frOm 4 locations

Two 3· way arid thref 4 • way

switches controlling lamps from 5 locations

FIGURE 3-17 LAMP CONTROL .

71
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUTAND ESTIMATE

)·WAY SWitCHES

BOTH SWITCJiES· IN CEF POSITION

PQS IT ION a> SWIT CKNo, 2 CMAN!;£0 ICUll Rl'NT 0N1

.···.

.... .\'

f>OSJHOK ~SWITCH No.I CHANGW IACKTOORIIliMAl PoSJTIQH ICUitRM' tJFR

FIGURE 3-18 LAMP CONTROL

72
 THE BRANCH CIRCUI'J'-·

lAMPS·

SWITCH
GROUP~ 2. ..
~--~----~--~--~
1ST POSITION

GROIJP ·I

2NO POSITICJ4

GROUP - 1

..
GROUP· 2

·.-:: ,
} SOO~E
3RO POSITI~

· GROUP • l
•
®
LIGHTS
CIF
LIGHTS
CN :..:

C1li POSITION
GROUP· 2

J·--
.FIGURE 3-18 TWO ELECTROLOIR SWITC!i AR~_NGEMENT

73
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND-.ESTIMATE

)>CJitaiiT SWITCM

• LIGHTS<f'

(E)uas•

• t • ~ •

FIGUR£3-iG THREE CIRCUlT ELECTROLOIR SWITCH ARRANGEMENT

74
 THE BRANCH CIRCUIT

,·•
'

4•WAY J WAY
'--..;...._ _......,_ _ _ _ _~ . SWITQt SWITCM

WIIUNG IHAQJtAM OF MASTEJit

CONTROL FOR ON! CIRCUIT

--
SOUR~:£

MASTER
SWITCH

t r PM IN
SWITCH .
- - WJRI~G DIAQAAM OF MASTE~ CON~O~·
SOORC£ FOR lWO CIRCUITS

FIGURE S.Z:t WIRING DlAGRAM OF MASTER CONTROL

· FOR 2 CIRCUITS

75
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND.ESTIMATE

3-6 Emergency Electric Supply System

The National Electrical Code req~res ari entirely sq>arate .
emergency standby electric supply system ~ coriunercial and
industrial . establishments. The concept . of the emergency ·
standby system is td replace nonnal power supply to . selected ,
or entire I:Qads wi¢in the building in case of utility powci' out~ '
age.

The emergency stmdby Source of _electricity includes. all .

devices, wirings raceways and ~ electrical equipm~ ~Y .
to _supply electric power·to the entire establishment or to a se- ·'
lected loads. These loads include egress light on stairs, dO()rS,
exit a:nd lobby_area. Signal equipment such as public address
. ·and 'fire 3lann shall remain funCtional dUring the eni~enc.y
and .one.or more elevatOrs as reqUired by the Code. The emer-
gency eleCtrical supply system could be arranged as follows:
. .
Normal Service AC DC
Central
,__.......,..,..,~---! Battery
. I

~ ...

Lighting and other loada

Loads capable of ,
operating on oq

F1GURE ~3 CENTRAL BATTERY .BANK TO AC and DC LOAD,}.

Battery Suppli.e d , . ·,
; .. · ~: .
1. Storage batteries are connected to a converter to activate
~ediat:ely m case of power ·o~tage to su~~y current
to standby einergenc)!Iiglits. ·· · · ~~~..!~ ·

' j"6
 THE.BRANCB CIRCUIT

2. Where all emergency loads ~ould be supplie!O·with di-

rect cwTent DC as in the following diagram, the Same
arrangement in Figure 3-23 :could be adopted ifalternat-
ing current AC is required. ·

Normal AC DC

Inverter
ACto DC

l.oad which can ~oad which can

operate-on OC . operate on AC

FIGURE 3-24 CENTRAL INVERTER IS USED WHEN AC AND DC CUR·

RENT MUST BE SUPPUED

3..When the e:merg~cy equipment. is totally. separated

from the fonnal equipment and is · normally de--
energized, th~ following arrangement could be utilized.

Normal Voltage Sensing

Non- Emergency

Emergency·
Panel

FIGURE341

THE EMERGENCY LOADS ARE NORMALLY DE-ENERGIZED AND REAC•

TIVATED. THROU~ ~v:~~~c;J~R;WHEN IT SENSES

77
 El.EC~CAL LAYOUT AND ESJ'IMATE

Current Supply by Generator

. Where emergency loads are large enough that batteries.
could not be economically feasible, and where 8 to 15 seconds
starting time is tolerable, a generator set is employed.
·.,

Emergency Loads

Generator

1: A single transfer switch serves the normal power transfer to the

generator in ease of power failure.

Normal · Emergency

Transfer
Switch

Non- Emergency
Loads
Emergency L.oad8

Genemtor

2. The entire emergency power system should be protected by

adopting a smaller transfer switching device to reduce the
. chance of a single equipment failure faulting.

FiGuRE 3-21 Al.TERHATE ARRANGEMENT OF EMERGENCY

NORMAL ..owER SUPPLy

78
 THE BRANCH CIRCUIT

Two Separate Electric Services

· The National Electrical Code allows the use of two sepa-

rate electric services. One for normal, and the other for emer·
gency source, provided that, they are independent coming fr9m
differeut utility transformers or feeders entering the bulletin& at
different points and directions
using separate service drops.

Nonnel

Standby

ONI! SERVICE ACTS ONLY AS ST~

I l 1 I-
. standby

BOTH SUPPLY NORMAL LOADS AND EACH ltCT M STANDBY

FOR I!ACH OTHER

FJQUR! s.J7 EMERGENCY POWER SUPPUED BY DUAL II!IIMCE

.· 79
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

SYMBOL LIST ·.

. tr:J a::::J Outlet and fluorescent fixture ceilinglwa.U·:· ·

o· mQUDled . .
Outlet Box with blank. cover.
JUnction Box with blank~

Duplex Convenience ~le Outlet wall·uwu.nted

.30 m. from floor line.

. Triple Outlet as abOve

1-' A 2P 2W or 3W GFCI Duplex outlet

20 A 2P 2W or 3W Single/ Duplex outlet

~ B 30 A 125/250 V 3P 4W GND.

~ c 60 A 1251250 V 3p 4W GND. ·

(9 Clock Hanger Outlet 2.25 m. from fir. line

. Sa Single Pole Switch 15 A 220 V 1,25 m. ht.

Letter shows outlets QODtrOUcd.

S3 Three Way Switch 15A 220 V 2.25 m. from tlr. line

S4. Four Way Switch, as above

Spp . Double Pole Switch, .as abow

S.: Key OPerated Switch, as above

ST Switch with Thermal J;!lement suited for Motor.

~ Combination Swi~ ap.d Receptacle in 2 gang box

~ Combination Switch ai:ad Dimmer

' 80
 ________________ CHAPTER

ELECTRIC.A L .C IRCUIT
IN BUILDIN.G
4-1 Service Entrance
The . S~rvice Entrance is defined as that portion of the
supply conductors wbj,cb. extends from the street main duct or
transformer to the serviee or switchboard of the ,building sup-
ply. The .National Electrical Code (NBC) defined service en-
trance as: lithe. conductor and equipml!nt fo, delivering en-
ergy from the electricity supply system to the wiring system of
the premises served. n

Sen'ice Entrance is ~ither:

1. Overhead service
2. Underground service

The Overhead Service Entrance is the cununon type of

service wire installed by electric power supply companies for
industrial, commercial.· and residential houses. A service drop,
is connected from the nearest utility pole·to th~ building ser·
vice entrance point.and enter the bUilding through the weather
head, down to the electric_power hleter.

The Underground. ServiCe. ~ntra.Dce consists of a race·

way (conduit) extendiilgJhnn the building to the property line
where it is tapped to the main. The cable re~ommended for
underground service entrance is the OSE type (Underground
Service Entrance) cable. A low voltage cable is not advisable
for installation in a concrete enveloped raceway, except, when
the service. equipment is not .at.the point at which the under-
ground run meets the building. ·· · .. · ·
 .ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

· Sarvloe drop

Neutral 1M for
multlpt.~

BaAl neutral dHd·tnd

3JC bare neutral polyethylene

ln&uflted aklminum or oopper
service drop cable

--et"'-1-"fi ·~-H-+f--l~lted cl~

Uae MCOnCirtiUIIted oliVIa
'---+--- wtten .csdllioniJ MI'Yion ant
ntqUir.cl
.__.;;:::::t--HM::.---- Seoondery rodteeaembly

ARRANQEMENTOFSECONDARYCAILE
S.OOndary r1Cic 3 or 4 wint
•,.quired

· Wealt!er ptOOf
HI'Yicehaad

&ngll or multiple
. wi'e$

FIGURE 4-1 ovERHEAD ~RYleE ENTRANCE ;

82
 ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT IN BUILD!NG

1 • 1l'iMIIIIer'"'*' *"
. - - lnftncl Clble
2 - w.therheedlbrcondul
3 • 3 ~Mfuctar ~
· entnlnct Cll>lt No. I min.
4 • Pore...In wlnt holdtir
6 - GMnlnd condul26 ft'IM "*'·
8 - 20 min gi'CK.IM rod
7 - 12 mm Gel. Iron pipe
wiiJI around wn
8 • Gi'oi!Mf dlmp
9 • COnduit ar cebllt llrllllf ·
10 • w.urtlght ~nnec:tor .
11 -. Gllvanlzed llltlnO
12 • Mlltet'
13 - MlleriC!Cbt
14 •.s.rm. tntranc. aWitoft
15 • No.8A'NG.Ina~(mln)
18 - Circuit tO lolif · · · ·
17 • Soldet1n connectota

-
.a.I. Oo!ll-·1011-
.-....
~~-
QIN_..,...,......, . . . . . . . .
. .
....... _ __.,,.. ..."""'!'.......

83
 ELECTRICAL LAYOU1 AND ESTIMATE

Most of buildings Service EntrMces are connected to the

secondary line low voltage below 600 volts. The Service en-
trance can be 2, 3, or 4 wires including a grounded neutral
wire. Service entrailco may be 2 wires of 120/240 volts or 4
wires with 120/208 or 277/480 volts for lalger..instilllations. In
each case, the size of the service wire Varies from 60, 100 or
200 amperes depending upon ~ ~d load, but generalJy,
the 2 wire service'entrance, 'does not exceed 60 amperes.

4-2 Electric Senrice Metering

~ . .
ElectriC Meter is generally installed outside the building at
the property line wall, or electric post for ready access to the
meter ~er, making it more difficUlt to tamper or to install
jumpers. · For multi-doOr services such as apartments and
COI.Dittefcw· establiShments, the use of a master metering is
prefened. A battery of meters are installed in a central meter
room or reserved space, to facilitate the meter reading and
making it a ~ stop affair.

Meter pan • na
Meter dt.connect

PLAN

Typlcal individual
MIVice Clilcon nect

ELEVATION OF PHYSICAl AftMNQEMENT

FIGURE.4.1 ~ETERING FOR MUUI-:'JCC~PANCY BUILDING

 ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT IN BUILDING-

ONE I,INE DIAGRAM

lncori"i0g$e1Vice----+tl lneomlng Sefovice Conduit

Conductors or Cable ~h Seal at
for O.H. S8Mce
Entrance to Box
Metering Section

Service LOad Section

Containing 'ServiCe
Disconnect
Incoming Service
Grolmdlng Conductor Conducton; . ..
..,..._..........,~--+--· for UG SeNice
Raceway
LoadCo~it •.
Grounding conductor

Grounding Electrode
.'

FIGURE U COMBtNAT10N METER AND SeRVICE CABINET

FOR OVERHEAD OR UNDERGROUND SERVICE
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

The Feeder

The National Electrical Code define Feeder as;

"All drt;llit conductors betw~en the service quipment or
the gmerator switcltbtHI1'd of an isolated plant, and tht final
/Jr(Uich circuit (!Vet' cu"ent tkvice."

· Feeder is installed under the following eonsiderations:

1. On large installation, each floor is provided with one

feeder.
2.. In small installati~ 1 or 2 feeders is satisfactory.
3. Feeder for electrical motor shall be independent and
totally separated ftom the light circuits.
4. Feeder& requiring more than SOmm (2') diameter con-
duit pipe should not be used.
5. Feeders shall be sub-divided if there are several .bends ·
or offsets on the line. A 50 n1m conduit pipe is the
largest d:iameter that could be economically used.
6. Feeders radiating ftom the distribution pane~ shall be
provided each with a properly rated switch and circuit .
breaker.
7: . Good :Practice· dictates ~ feeders and main shall ·be
· installed inside a conduit pipe as it carries high voltage
· that requires special protection.

The Main

The Main is a feeder interior wiring exteoding from the

service switch; generator bus, or couverter bus, to the ·main
distribution center or electric service equipments. ·

Loeation. of the Serviee Equipment

1. The Service Equipment should be centra1ly located to

shorten all home .nms. Branch circuit nm in CJroCSs of
· 30 meters will haw an excessive voltage drop.
 I ,

.. ELECI'RICAL ClltCUIT IN.BUWUNG

·2. ' Accessible and convenient to approach.

3. lp residential houses; it is located near the heaViest
load center such. as.. the kitchen and
. the
, .
laundry
. .
~
area. .·
..

5th Flocr

· .·LP • U;hting Panel

· ._P.P ·- Power Par!el
. -: C3 - Gutter
. CT '- Current T1'81'tsformer

. FIGURE+I .

• j •
· · 'MAiN AN.D SOB-FEEDER

87
 .ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND. ESTIMATE

Roof

Fire eltrm
~~
)_-o-w:u·
·~
. Stalr anci ·
.exit panel

lncomiri& service

FIGURE 4.f TYPICAL POWER'RJSER DIAGRAM .

. 88
 ELECTRICAL cntClJIT IN BlJILJ)JN(;
. . .
4-3 ~ingte· and ~ree Phase .Electricity ·.
" . •.
. The· ~ree Phase AC electiicity, is a Triple Cirtoit. ~
lighting and outlet loads are connectc:d. betweCil any phase -~
· ~d a neutral line. Machineries arid bigg"'er loads are .con- ·other
nected to the phase leg oilly. The three phase sYStem. is used in
' l?uiJ.dings' where the loa$ eiceed 5{) Kva:, or Where ·it is te-
. quited for bigger load such as motors and ruachineries.
The neutral 00.0duef9r of a. three .phase .s~ althOugh
common to all three lines, Ol'lly canies the unbalanced current. ·.
•ThU$, the neutral conduclor CQfflQ no CU"i!nt wbm /oat/8 on .
botlr. sides of it are JitilanMI. 'fy{eaning,· if the tWo legs CarrieS '
fu.e same.l~ of say 1.20 volts; 1he Deutralline Is zero vobge. · .
A Single Phase ~ CU.ll'ent .(AC) can either be 2 or
3 wires, However, a 3 pb«se AC' has 3 or 4 w.ites Consisting of
3.-hpt l~gs deSignated as A, B aiid C plus a neutral wire desig· ·
nated with letter N. The conirD.on eiectrical cirCI;Iit. serving resi"'
dential ·buildiriJ is 'the two wires recepta.cle circuit that feeds
· tJie ceiling and the Wall ·pll.Jg, -The Hrv.iee enirance j.s some-·
• times 3 wifes cifcUit written as, >wire ll0/240 volt 60 hertz.
. . I ·. : :. :. ·- . .'., .: . ·. : : . , . . . .

Advi.Qta&ef of the 1)r~ Phase System .

1: · The·l:ZO Volt is for )jgbtmg· and r~Jes outlet·~y.
· 2: · Th.e 24o :Volt is f:lt bigger Io8ds. . · · ,:. ··: · ·
· · . ·3. ·.vo~taSe dt&p _
islOWci-. · · ·
· · .· 4. Smaller wii'e.is ~. ·

The size of a .service ..conductor is..baS~ On the .240 volts . .

rather than on 120 volts line ..Smaller wire is used because tlie

·-thesize of a OOnd~ctor serving 240 volt is comparativciy smailer

:." .
I20volts
. line semngthe,Wn.e amouri(Ofload. · ·
The 3·PhaSe.Conductor Wire~ ~re c~to.r Coded ·;
a) · Neutral ....... :.. ~. '.. : ~ .. .. :c .. .White or gray color ·
b) FirSt Hot line A ........ : ... :.. Btack coloi:
. c) : Second Hot line B ............ Red color.
 ELECTRIC~ LAYOUT AND ·ESTIMATE

The neutral totiductor wire -~ no current when the

lOad on line A and B are . equal. SinCe the neutral .litW is
grountiecf;·it·is at a neutral ·zero -~ - ®in,g ~ ·mty in volt-
• betweeri the·hot line A and B. . . . . ·

. Hlg~oltage prh;,.ry feedel"& Oiluibutlori .

- 2400, 4160, _7200, or ., 3200 V. · Ptinela

Swltche•
·Circuit
.Breaker&
Metering
SmaiMotors ·
and' Controla ··

. r
· Typlcil one ilne diagram oi.' buildin9 electrical system
ftom the incoming service to the utilization.Items.
.FIGURE 4-7 BLOCK ·.OwJRAM
. . . . . .
This type of presentation is.called Block' Diacram wherein
the .maj~ ~ are represented by ~es ar bloCks.
· When .this ~ of data.is presented showing the s{>ati.al rela- .
tions ·between components, it is ~eel Riser Diacram..When
electrical symbols are used ~ - of bloCks~ · it is catled·One
·Line or a SineJ.e Line D•acram.

Power.Service· . · ·
· 1. The 120 v<J1ts single pbase, 2-wire up to 100 amperes iS
comm.anl.y used fof small .dwellings. The capacity {)fa
.100 amperes semce ofthi$ tYPe is;

Kva = 100 amp x 120v

1000 . .•

=12 Kwmaximum ·
 .· ELi..£.'fRJ;CA.J:. ~D:lCUlT IN ·BUiLDING··
...................... -·· · -.. . . .

. 2. The 120/240 .volt single phase, 3-wires up to 400 am~

· · petes is us¥ for residential -and small cOmm.ercial ser-
vices. The maximum power is:
. . . . f ·.· . .....

· . Kva = 400 amp x 240 v = 96 Kva

1000
3. 1be 120/208 volt 3-phase 4-Wiies with a. ~um load
nat to exCQed 2,500 amperes . is the nonnal urban 3-
. p,hase s~ce: fo~ conunercial buildings. The maximum
. po-Wer is:·
Kva · =A x 2os x 2500 = 900.Kva
. 1000
4. ·. The 277/480 wit, 3-pbase 4 wires with a lOad ·~~t to ex-
c:eed 25,00 amperes is a service for commercial aiui in~
Hdustrial building)! with. larger loads and heavy motors.
The maxillium power is: ·. · ··
. Kva ~ ./3 x 480 x 2500 = 2000 Kva ,
1000 .
UneA ·' · ·

. LineS ·
Typlcal·convenience receptacle. circuit walt pliJg

Line wire A

120v . 2«lv 120v, load ·

Neutral Line N
~rou
120v. · ·. Machlncrl 120v:.load
24.0 v. load .
i..N.wlreB

3- Wire. 120/240 v. arrangement common to residential and other

. .. smallbuildlngs. Acombil')~tion of a 2120 v and.240v. c.o. . ·
FIGURE4-t
 , ELECTRICAL LAYOUT ANJ) .ESTIMATE

Une Wire A c 25 amp:

. . . . 1Sampi120v.
NeUtral line N .. 0 amp. ·
..
10amp. 240v. 15amp.120v..

L:lne wlnl B • 25 amp

. ·.. The oeufralllnt carries no correlit when the 120 V. load ·Ofa 3-wire .
system are balanced. line A and B cimles the entire load..

ltne ¥Ne A= 30 amp.

10 amp.,120 v. .
Neutial Hili$ N ., 4amp.

~amp. 2«1 v. 6emp.120v.

lhnvtre B=26 amp. ·
. .
.This is a single phase Ac with.3-wtres 120f240 volts circuit ·The
·neutral line only carne$ the difference between the 120 v ~·loads
on the 2 Une Wires..
. . FIGURE 4-10

Pha&e A-10~ ·-~----41t---~- . . .------

240v. · 240v.
. ·~ .

Phase B -10 amp· _.-..---1-----il---tt---+----..,.--

10amp 120\i:

···'toamp:: 120v. ··
. ., . ; ., · JO .,np. 120~.
N~ial N. ~o amp: .~-~-~a---tt---:----tl~-

In 3.;phase system,· the Neiitraflin~ c:arries the u~t:iarance current only

F~4-t1

·92.
.·
 ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT IN BufLDING.

Phas4t~A· • Blliewlre · ·
.-240'11. 2<t()v. ...
Phae .. B --~~~.-~--+-----~~-·-R
· ~.~~·
120v 120v.
Phase-C ...,_-··wire

120v.
Neutrai·· N ---___,;..:...t.......--...;..,.;._ __,.._.....~M11tt Wire .

a
This .Is typical. ~-phase wiri{lg system indicating phase to. neutral .
voltage: ft has· 3-slngte phase circuits with one common return. wire..
. . . . . . . . ~

FIGURE4-12·

System and Utilization Voltage .

. . . .
:The System .Voltaee is the power supplied bycomPan.y
like Merako and Ele<:tiic Cooperative or what 1he ,fr.msfo.mler
prOduces. Utilizatio~ Voltaee·al,. the other~ is the cutTent
· beirig utilized after some normal voltage drop. ·
Electric MotorS. are.~ ratei. at. Utilization Volt3ge. Trans~
-former . iS rated c¢ 240/480 volt . and an electric motQr is
230/460 W.tts l-espe¢vely, and tO iridicate' that amou)r is rated
at 480 vOlts is nOt Cor:tect. 'Motors tOr ~08 and 240 ·volts s}'S-
and. and on.
tCm.S. are rated at 2oo. 230 vOlts. $0 They CannOt be
Used ·-~bly .Without. senOus effect On the moror per;. .
fonnanee. Thus, when specifying ti'ansformir, iise,the 'system
· voltage For eleclric motors fue utiliiation voltage. .The ~~
utilizations voltage drop is within. the nonnal motor tQl~<;e.

TABLE 4-t svmM uTil.u.AnoN STANDARD vdLTAGE .

System Voltage · •. , Uti!ilatlon Vo~ge
. Transformer , . · Motors · ·· .
Normal With 4%:droc ·· Ne\v Standard ·· · Old standard .
·.; 1.20··. 115.2 . :11.5' . 110 ..
208 199.7 . 200. ' 298
24Q . 230.4 . 230 220
4ao·· . 460.8 460 440
600 575.0 . ,. . 575 . 5$0.
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT ~D ESTIMATE

·The new trend in power _supply system ·is tQ avail ·of a

higher voltage level at an points. The·old cuiTeni sUpply sys•
tern was lately .improved ·by #!creasing tile voltage. This nn-:
provement was ··aue to· the advanee .~ology ·Of insulating
materials and t.IJ.e'new technique of const:ructian that pen.nit the ·
raising up ofthe voltage levet ·· · · ·

~ 34S,OOO volts (345 Kva) and the 500 .J'v are·now ·

common, and the voltage up to 750 Kv are already ntu.cJi in
wed.. With , re~ds to t1te ·dis:tributibn 1eve~ th~ . 13200 volts
(13.2'Ky) iS fast replacing the 4l60 voltS While the 46 Kv is
repiaciilg the 23 Kv. This higher yoltage supply of current
from the distribution line Was improve to 120/240 volts replac-
: ·. _ing the 110/220 volts supply .. s~ (or . safety~ ofthe
house panel circlii:try, applianCes, and equl.p~nem. One ·Cxa!nple
is the disttiblition line of;ttae electric·.cOoperative.· popUlarly ·
kuown •a · MUlti OrouDd System. to be· presented at the later
part ofthis book. ·.' ..

4-4 Gr0.9Dding, ~.d. Gr9und Fault

·. .
n~ NationBI Eiectri~ c~ ·. (NBC)· defines Gr~una: a5
~i'o Voltaie. The _purpose ofgro\mding t® cirCUit is tO fix.
p_erina.t,ten~y a -Ze!O voltage point_ in the system. Th.c; grouilded
liile of a circuit should m~t .be·broken nor fused . to. inaintain a
sc;>lif} and. lllliliterrupted coimeeti,on. to the. gro~d. An estab~·
· IisheO ~ automatically bec.Qines the iefe,:~ for all v9lt·
age in the System.·. · · ·· . ·. ·

Grounding Could be Actomplisbe4 by: ·. ·

. . .. . ' . . .. . .. . . . . i ~ : • . . . . ·.' ·,...

1. C<?Jlll~ to ~bUried eoJd.'water main

· 2. conneciin8·fu a grouru:f rod
-3 .-. Connecting to a buried ~ound plate.
. ' . .. .. . ' \ '
'

·The :Code requires that;· "AU ne..i ·i.nsta.llations ;hall use

groundM outlets such as; GF1 and GFCI devices on .a ll ap-
pliaiice circuits nwre particularly on outdoors and halhl'fJ()in
·location$ of outim. "

94._
 ELECTRicAL ClRCUIT IN BUILDING ·
'.
·Reasons for Grounding the Circuit Syaun»

1. .To prevent a sustained·contact,between the low voltage

~dary line and the high wl~ primaty line in.casc
·o f insulation fire. · . , ·
2... To p~ent single. ground$.fro~ being· unnoti.ced·onfe-
.. ·tected until a second ground ciccurs 'Which could totally.
disable the secondary line. . · ·
3. · To fuciHtate in loca#ng the ground faultS. · .
4. To protect againsf a short sudden rush of electric currerit
in the circuit · · ·
5. To establish a neutral at zero potential not to be inter-
rupted by switches or otber:devices.:
6. To. coiutect the service e8tranee to ground Only at one .
Point and to use coloied wires for easy identification.

. ., I
..
IUILOING $(JMC[ SWITCH;
j...--21'01.(, rusEO, PLUS SOUD MEUTltl..
I
I .
I
I
..J

VOlTioiiE • 0 BUilOIHG
GIIOUHCING
COHDUCTOA

".fiGURE ._1S SERVICE GROUNDING

95
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE
·.. '/ .
4-:S Circuit Safe Load ·
Brandl Circuit is the: technical term for the House Wirilrg
! :

House· wiring varies in ··siZeS depending upon the

JnstallllliDn~
kind of.load it is to serve. Load refers to the electricity drawn
. . or Consumed by lighting 'fixtutes, appliances, equipment etc. .
. ' . . . . '

· Th¢ problem confronting 1he technologist is h~~ .to deter..

mine the types of wire to ~ l!Sed~ their sizeS .and other aPPur" . ti
teoancel .relative to its inStallatioJl. TheSe. problems: .however,.
has .been addreSsed by the· Na~ Electrical. Code under the
.. following specific proyisions: • · · ·

1. The Code provides t!Urt· witings for electrical ¢irc1Utzy :

· ~-be.ofthe ~s llli\V,,.T,. THW~ 1W, THWN,.
XHHW iri a raceway or cables as piesented oit Table .
. ' 2·5 . . .. . . . . . . .

2. That, on a IS amperes circuit, a single appliance shall

not dtaw a maximum load of more than 12 amperes.

. 3. That, on ~ dt> '~~ eire~ a single appliince shall

not draw current in excess o£'16 amperes .. ·

.4. That, if a branch:clr.cuit ·is· combiDe.d. wi$. lighting or

pc)nable appliances,, any ~ed appliance shall' not 1le
.anowed to draw more than 75 amperes on a 15 am.:
.peres 'circuit and 10. a1nperes cin a 20 amperes circuit. .
' .
S• .--~- cin a 30 amperes cirQ.lit, a .single.appliance draw
shall nOt~ 24 ~· .
. ..
6. That, a.heavy lamp holders shall be :mted not less· thaD.
-· 750 watts. .. . . ' .
1; That, :a3()1 40 and 50 amperes circuit sball not be used
·for fixed lighting in residen~. .• . . ·· ' .
. . .

8. · That, whellloads. are connected for ·a long penod of

·time, its actual ·load ·shall ·be compu.ted not to exceed .
. 80% of the fuse {ati.Dg. LOng petiQd of time refers to
 ' ' '. ' . . \ '.' . ! .. '

electric motdts/ Ait t;9nditiQn,er, and other simitar units :: · .

_with a ~l1?tiil~. ··. · · · ·· · ···
.· ?. That; . a _contin\10\lS typC load -shall be ,considered at ·
·. . . . 125% ofthe actuat-"ioad in all load caiculati~. .•. . .
' : .

10. That, a single reCeptacle on:individual bnmch circ¢t.

. . have atati.ng. of.not
ShaD . leSs thari
. :the
. citcuit.

11. R~ fo.c:din8 portable and or steady appliance .

. ·shall be limited tO loads of 80% ofthCir rating, that is: ·
a~ 12 ~s for a 15 amperes·receptacle.
b. ·16 amperes for a 20 amperes receptacle.
c:: 24 amperes for a 30 ampc!es receptacle
12. The number ofoutlets
' • ' I~ '
in a cjrcuit shall be limited to:
' '. ' ' ' ' ' • ' • ' ' ...

6 Outlets on·a 15 amPere circui(

· s:outlets Oil :a_-20 ampere circtiit
· Com~mts: ·:·
-. A 15 or 20 amp~ circuit refers to the branCh circUit or
.wiring mstallati011.. Tb.e protective device has to open.in ca5e
. of over ¢urrent or fauh befOre the wiring ¢ircu.itry is damaged.
-Thus; fuse rating shoUld be lower.than the allQwable ainpacity
of the :~ except on No. 14, . 12, ·alu:t l 0 AWG coilductors
·were ~tile load cWTent rating_·add the over cummt pi'otection
. ·shall not exceed 15, 20 and 30 amperes respectiVely. · . ·. '
. . ... If 16 ampereS is:allowed to i?e draWn by a single applian~
·· on a ·20· ~eres cirC?tJ.it. it. simply mean ~ the 4 amperes
· dUfercncc is 20% safC:ty factor provided by the Code..To fuid
the wattage or ~ 1084 eqwvalent tO 16 ~reiOn,- an
oUtlet for a ~ appliance load :we have: · · .
: . _Watt or Powe(_~.Voltage . X Ampere
.....

W =:='. 24.0 xJ6 amp.

=
.
3,840 watts
.• "
·
4
••

'. 97
,·
 ELECTRI~~ LAYOVT AND ESTIM.ATE

TABLE 4-1 STANDARD AMPERE·RATING FOR FUSIS .

. AND'ClRCUlT BREAKER

Fuse I ,Breaker - _Receptacle --Maximum Loag lAmoeres) -

· Rating · ·Rating (Amp} Non-Continu.ous ContinuoUs
~-

15 Not Over 15 12 8
20 .15 or2D 1e
25
30 30 '2~ •'
12
. 35
40 40or5o 32 .
45
50 :- 50 40 i 20
60 . 48 24 ·
. 70. 56 28
~0 . . 64. 32
90. 72 36
100 eo 40

110 99 44
125 100 50
150. 120 60
175• 140' 70
200'.' .·· 160 80

225. '•
·. 180 '' 90
250 200 100
300 240 120
350 280 140
400 320 160
.. . ·:

450 360 . 180

500 " 400 200
600 480 240 '
700 .. 560 280
" '
. 800 840 " 320 ·
1000 8~ 400
2000 '1600 800
3000 · 2400 . 1200

• ConlinuOus Load : Motor, Air ConditioJJing Unit etc.

. 98 . .
 ··· .TABU 4-b MAXJMUM.N'UMJER OF CONDUCTORS IN TRADB SIZES OF CONDUIT TUBING
.. ·- . ·.
Condul Trade - - •· .· .1 5 .. 20. ' 25 32 40 50 ·- 85 80 90 . 100 1'15 125 150
~- ConcM:tora
~~Alters mm=~ (mm ell.) ·· ···..
. ..
TW,T,RUH,.
RlMI,
'.
:
. 2.0 (1.6) ·'
3.5 (2.0} .
·g
-7
. 15 . 25 44
35.
60 99 14i .
12 . 1!1 ~ 78 . 111 171
XHHW (2(1 ,6) · 5.5 (2.6) . ' . 5 .. ·9 15 .26 36 60 85 131 ua ·
tMI 8(3.2)) . . - -8.0 (3.2) 2 . 4 7 12 17 28 40 62 . 84 . 100
RHINandRHH .· . 2.0 (1 .6) . e ~0 16 29 40 . ·. es · 93 143 192
~QP!er
covemv)
THW
3.5 (2.0)'
5.5(2.6}
8.0 (3.2)
... :
4

1
a'
6
.3 -
13
H
5
24
. 19
10
· 32
26
13.
53
43
2;1
76
61
32
117
95
49
157
127 : 1673 .
68 85 l06 133
TW, 14 1 . 2 . .4 7 . 10 . . 1.6 . 23 36 48 .78 ' 97
62 141
r 22 1 1 3 5 7. 12 17 'Z! 36 47 58 73 106
THW; .. 30 1 1 . 2 . . .. 5 9 13 20 · 27 34 .. -43 54 78
RUH(14·30) · 38 1 1 ·3 4 14 .
RlMI {14 -30) · . 50 56 . . ·9 19 .25 . _.31 39 . 57
1 1 2 3 .8 12 16 21 'Zl _33 . ~ -
FEPB (14.,.3o)
RHWand. .
80 ·
80
1_ ,..
.'
'1
1
. 1
3 .5. 7 · . 10 '
..
' f.4 18 23 29 41
1 21 .. 4 8 - 9 .1 2 ·. 15 19 " 24 35·
RHH (wiho\i
Cover:ing)_
100
125
1
1 .,
1
1
3
-2
_5
4
. 7
6
10
8
13
10
16
13
20 -
16
'2 9
23 ·
150 .. 1 ·1 1 Z · ·. 3 5 7 9. - 11 14 26.
. 200 .. 1 1 1 2 4 5 7 9 11 18 .
-_ 250.. _f 1 1 1 3 4 6 . - -~ 9 14
325 .
!8 ..
• • '•if,~',"•' : :·.. •' : • : '::..~ . ·.
-400
, \ ••.••• .r..•... . ····- .., ...
·-
--
1.
1
.
'1
T
1
.1
3
2
4
3
5
4
6
5
7
6
11
g
 . .. .
ELECTRICAL LAYOUf A.l'ID ESTIMATE

TBLE 4-l ALLOWABLE AMPACITIES OF INSULATED

C.ONDUCfORs ~TED 0-2000 VOLTS, 60° TO 90° C
. Not more.~ail tlirte conduetora in rac~y or cabl~ or .
. . directly hUrried
~ . ~d. on Alnbiem
. .Temper.ature
. .
' ..
Sill' ~ R.( 1NG OF (:llfOJCTO tS Sl2£
eeOc -~ ~c 9lf.C 60'C 75"t ~ 9lr.C
TYPE .TYPE
..
1"\'Pe T'tPE TYPE . 'tYPE TYPE lYP£
'
IMI'. RUW :r=epw ·. v TA RUW RH v· TA · 'mm'
rrrn (dla.) T RH' Ml 1ij$ ·r RHW Ml TBS rwn(dla.)
1W . RHW SA 1W RUH SA
.t.IF. ;_:RHy Al/8 UF RHW- AV8
· mw ··SIS THWN SIS
'nfMI ,. 'fEP XHHW. . 'RHH .. ..
...
)CHHW "FEPB usE '11t-IN
USE ~- -xHHW
zw "MiN
. "XHHW ..
COPPER . &I COPPER CLAD &IIR IM ...
2.0(1.6) '5 15 . 25 25 . . . . .
'· . 3.~(2.D) . 20 ~- 3) 30 15 15·.. . 25 25 3.5'(2.0)
. 5.5.(2.6) 30 3) 40 40 . 25. 25 30 30 5.5(2.6)
a.o~ . 40 ~ ~ 50 30 40 .. 40 40 · e.o~
14 55 65 .· 70 70 40 50 55 ~ 14
· 22 70 '85 .w 00 55 66 70 70 22
30... !r) ' 110 . 115- 115 - 70 - 85 90 90 30
\

.. 38 100 125 ·130 130 eo 95 100 100 3e

50 . 120 145 • 150 100 ···95 115 120 13). . 50
m . 135 160 170. 170 105 .125 13S.. 1~ 60
.«).. 160 1~ ~ .~ 125 ! 150 ·1eo 1~ aQ
100 185 220 . 225 225 145 170'·. 180' 1So 100 .
125 210 255 265 .265 170 200 : 210 210 125
1sb 240 280 .. 295. ' 195 190 .. 230 .· 240 240. ' 150
200 . 2SO 3:l) 355 ,355 225 m.
290. . 290 200
.. 250 315· 375 400 400 260 :ns ~ . 33o' :·.250
. ·. 325 370 435 470 470 295 . 355 ~ -3eo . 315
515 . . .33() -~ :·420:. 4:10 -400 .
.. ,,.. ··',. ~
ilillt: 405 485 515
·445 540 •.
-· ~~·
580 580. ~ 440 ' ·475 . 500

. Atrtiet'it. for Mtlent ~ _OWJ( D:l c. ~by an..,acHJe$ shO'Ml etlo'litby 1118
Tg'C . !I!D!QP!iall c;jmd!on fac1or., d!!!ermlne th! ffiaxtnym jii!Ot4Je IQedqlmtt ~ •-• ·.
31'-40'
4.1;ao
.82 . .ea . .90 . .91 .
.58 .15' .80
.82. ..88
.82 . • .08 . ;n;
.90 : .91 · . ;.fO'
:80. ·. :.82 .. . .41·!!0
*
1St«) · .68 .01 ·:n .58. . .67 .7.1 . 51-{10
~ . .35 · .52 .58 _:.35 · ·.52 ·.sa . :s1.70
7~ :.30 ~41 ..30 . ..41 . 11:80
 ELECTRiCAL CIRClfll' IN Bun.DING

·4:..6 Sizing the Conductor Wire8_and the_Over

- ...Current Prot~·tive D~~ices
•:' •• • 1 •' :1
1 0
•, • ' ,. / :•, ' ''

· Under this .topic, the. siZes ()f the b.iinch circuit wirCs ·aDd
..its housing :COnduits plus the
over ctuielit protective device or
fuse will be_ deteriniried b~ on the lOad it will s~. A
sketch plan of the·· convenience outlets, . lightings and 'their
switches should be prepared. The···~ load .is computed,
· ·· and tlie num~r of 'cirCuit necessary for the lights, convenience
outlet, appliances and others are. detennined.

TABLE 4-3 GENERAL UGHTING LOAD BY OCCUPANCY

. UnltLoad
·Type of Occupancy · 'Watts per__Sq. M.
·,· ) . ·, ,•'. . .
Armories and auditorium a
· ·aanks < . . 40 :
Ba1ber .shop and'beauty pal1or 24
Churches ·· 8
ClUbs .. . 16.
COurt rooms · 1el
Dwellln~- - -· -~ :_- .. ~-· ... .-- 24
. \ . Garag-...commercial storage 4 '>
· Hospitals · ·. . . 1'6 '
Hotels; mOtels and apartment (no prQ- ·
Vision -for cooking by tenants) 16
· ,.Jndustrial commerCial loft building ·. .· . 4.6 : ·.
. ~~~ge _room -· . · · · 12 .
. :omce buildit,lg 40
Restaurant · 16 .
Schoo II 24
· stores .'- , 24 .
Warehouse (storage) . ' 2
Assembly haJis and auditorium a·•
...At-tails, corridors, closets 4.
' • , , • f I • :. •,

AH' receptai:les outlets of 20 anq)eres or less rating in one family

and-mutn:.:famity _c!Wellings and in gu.est 'roOms of hotels and motels.·
except thoSe connected to the receptacle .
circuits specified in Sec. ·.
~ .3 .13 (b) -of _the Code shall be considered as oiltlets. for gener~ illu· ·
· mination .and no additioilal load calculationS ·.shall _be ~ f~r- ·
such ~ets . . . . 1 . . _ • . • '- . •• · ·-·-- ·.- .

101
 ··. ·.
. :
·,,.
..
··. ·. ,
.. .

. ~ ILLUStRATI0~-4-1 · :. · .·

SINGLE FAMn.Y })WELLING .

Type of Service - 130 Volts;
.· S"aqale Phase .;.. ~ Wire 60 Hz.
Line.tq
.
Ground
.. Current. SyStem. .'

,.
3.00 '5.00

3.00

8 .R. · 1~ .

·-¢t.
. 4.00 ' .. 2.70

, S1
4.00 " .. 4.00

-~8.R.
., ·.
·. /

·3.00

. 3.00 s.oo·

. UGHnNci.
·. . , •·
P~ .. . I

. f=IGURE 4-14 . LIGHTING ~YOUT

.' 102
 ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT lNBUU..DlNG

PROBLEM4-1
. . . .. .

· · A single fiunily dwelling is to be circuited With the follow-

ing •rements as shown on Figure 4-14.Detennine the:
· a .. Size ofthe branch circuit wire for lighting outlets. I'

· b. Size ofthe conduit-pipes.

. c:.
.
Size or rating. of the fuse
. protective
. . . .device.
.

SOLUTION
. .

A. Circuit -l for :Lighting Load

. . .
· I. From Figure 4-14, deteilnine the number of lighting
. outlets. By direct counting, there are Slight ou~.
· The National Ekctrical Code provides that:
"100 watts shall be the maximum loadfor each house-
hold lighting outlet.."·
Adopting the
lOO waus per lighting-outlet we have:-
8 outlets x 100
. . . .
=800 watts
.
2; Determine. the Total Current load . ·
800 watts ::d 3.48 amperes ·
230'volts
. . .. . .
3. Determine the Size of Confhlctor wire for Circuit -L
Refer to Table 2-5 or-Table 4-2. Use 2 pieces 2.0'mm2
or No.14 TW copper wire having an ampacity of 15
a.rnperes. that is much larger than the 3.48 amperes com-
puted maXimum load. · · ·· ·
.. 4. ·Detmnine the Size ofthe Conduit Pipe. Jiteferto Table
. 2-9. The smallest diameter of a conduit pipe that ooitld
. accommodate up .t o 3 pieces of No. 14 TW conductor
Wire is 13 mm diameter. Therefore, specify 13 mm di-
ameter (:Ollduit pi~. ·
.. .
'·
S. DeJ.ermint the Size or Rating of the fuse protective.
device. Refer to Table 4-1. Use 15 amperesjUse.

103
 ELEC'I'RICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

The National Electri~ . Code provides that: ·

"Ampacity ofthe connected load shall not e.Xated 80% of

the amperage capaCity ofthe conductor and the fuse."
. . :' .
In Table 2·5 and .4-2, the. maximum ampacity load of a 2.0 .
mm 2
or No.l4 AWG copper Wire. is' 15 amperes. 80% of 15
amperes is 12~ the ni3ximum allowable load of the circuit suf~
ficient Cn.ough to carry the 3.48 amperes computed load for a
maximum 100 watts per light outlet. Therefore, the use of 2.0
mm2 or No. 14 TW wire is safe.

3.00 5.00

4.00

4.00

. 3.00 .. 5.00

. FtGURE4·15 CONVEMENCEOun..ETLAYOUT

104
 ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT IN BUJLDING '

B. Circuit- 2 For Smaii.A pplianee Load · •'

··' .
.. .. .
. :·~
SOLUTION
The National Electric31 Code provides that: .

''F.or eaclt single r.ec~tacie 8ha.U be Cl)nsidired Ill no less

than 180 watts r_attng." . ·
. It simply mean that, udt amvenience outld, is consid·
ered to have a ~m load of not less than 180 watts per
plug or gang: Thus: / . . . . ·

1. From Figure 4-15, there are 6 eonvenicnce receptacles

for small appliance load. Considering that there ~e two
plug per outlet,.the total mtmbcr of plug will be:
6 outlets x 2 plug = 12 pieceS

2: Solve for the Total EStimated Load.

12 X 180 Watts per outlet = 2,)60 watts .
3. ~tile MaJamum ~i:ted Cu"ttnt Load,

2.160 watts =·9.39 amperes

230wattS '
. :
4. Determine the Slu of the Conductor Wm~. Refer tQ·
Table 4-2: For 9~39 amperCs, use 2 pieCes 3.5 nun2 or
No.l21W copper wire for C~ No 2.

5. D~ the Size of the Conduit. Pipe for the 2-No.

121W wire, refer to Table 2-9.Use f3 ~conduit pipe.

6: Detenninc t,he Over Current fuse Protection. Refur to

Table 4-1. Under the colwnn of fuse & breaker rating,
·· the 20 amperes fuse can safely-carry a maXimum -load of ·
16 ampereS the 80% of20 amperes load.pe[mitted bythe
National Electrical Code on No.l2 ciicUit wire. .

105.
 .ELEcrRICAL LAYO'(JT AND ESTIMATE

Co.p~ment:

·1. On convenience outlet receptacle, the Nati~ Electrical

Code provides that, "Ed sing/~ recepuzcl~ shiiU be.
considu~d a1 n<J les:s than 180.walis rating." .
· 2. Examining .the Ycliues given on Table 4-2, the 2,0 mm.l
ot No.14 AWG, 1W copper ~e has an allowable am-
pacity rating of 15 amperes. Granting that only 80% of .
this 15· amperes is considered the derated value, still 12
ampe:reS is very much ~er than the 9.36 ampen:s com-
puted as· maximum ·lOad for the 6 converil.en~ outlet.
Why specify a bigger 3.5 nun2 or No. 12 AW{! condUc-
.. :.- ~.wire?
.3. · Altbougb. the 2.0 mm2 or No. 14 AWG wire conductor
coUld' safety carry the 9.36 ~s computed load, con- ·
sidering its 15 amperes ampacity rating, yet. :we cannot
do so because the Code SPedfically inimdat~d the use of
a 3.5 mm2 or No. 12 AWG copper Wire as theminimum
siZI! for all typis 'Of co,Venience outlet wiring except,
for anjippliance with I~ load wherein a 2.0 mmz or ·
No.14 AWG wire is pCnnitted .

~· Circuit - 3 . for·Oth~ Loads

SOLUTI()N ·.
. .. 1. Examining !7igure 4-15, Qtber loads an~:
1- unit electric stove at Ll kW = 1,100 watts
1.- unit water hea~ at 2.5 kw . ,; 2.500 watts .
Totalload ......3,600 watts .

2. ~ Compute for the current'l011d. Divide:

. 3,600 watts = .15.65 amperes
·.. 230vohs · ·

3. ·Determine tbe ske of~e.service eondu~or.~ire. Refer

to Table.2-5 or4-2. . . ·

106
 . ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT IN BUU.DING
. .
4. For the 15.65 amperes load, use 2 pieces 3.5. mni2 or No. ·
12 AWG, TW copper wire. ...
. . .

5. beteimine the Size of the Conduit Pipe (if' required).·

.Refer to Table 2.· 9. Two pieceS No.: 12 AWG wire can
be accommodated :comfortably in ··a . l3 min diameter
. conduit pipe. Specify 13 nnn diamctet conduit pipe.
6. Det:ennine the Size or Rating of the Ovef-current Pro-
tecJion. Refer to Table 4-l. For the 15.65 amperes load.
use 20 amperes fuse ratmg.

Comment ·
. .
The fuse rating is 20 amperes. Granting that it will be der·
ated at 80% x· 20, the ·16 a:iriperes derated value is still higher
than the computed load of 15.65 ampereS.- Therefore, the 20
amperes fuse over current protection is accepted. . .

Finding the Size of Service Entrance

The size of scivice entrance ·being the supply. coilductor
and equiptnent "for delivering energy from the e~cicy ~p..
ply to the wi,ring syStem. 'of tbq. building, is also computed
based on the total load Supplied by the br~ circuit. Coritinu·
ing the solution of illustration 4-1, we have th.e·following:

1. Solve for the Total load of Circuit 1 to. Circuit 3. ·

Total current load = Total connected load

. Voltage rating .

Total load =.800 w + 2.160 w+ 3,600 w

230volt ·

.= 28.52 amperes

2. Apply 80% demand factor as p~ by the National

. Electrical Code. . . .

107·
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

28.52 x .80 == 22.8 amperes

3. Find the Siz.e of the Sen~ice Wire. Refer 22.8 amperes

or
to Table 2-S. Use 2 • &.0 mm2 No.·8 1W copper wire.
4. Detennine the Size of Cmlduil Pipe for the service wire.
Refer to_ Table. 2-9, for No. S TW copper wire., use 20
m'm diameter conduit pipe. · .

Service Meter
Main Feeder 2~ mm2

....__...., · Safety Switch

lOAF
2PST
2Wft

To Ught _Outlet ---4--v"...__~,...._.-+--- To e.o.

15A . 20A
Sp8f8 --~~=~~J- KI.C.O.

. Comment

· 1. A demand factor of 80% was applied cOnsidering that

not all receptacles and outlets an
being. used limulta-
.. neously (see Table 4-6). !

2. 'lbese type of loads are classified as non-continuous

· load. From Table4:-2, the 5.5 nnn2 orNo~IO AWG cop-
per Wire conductor has 30 amperes ampacity which is
bigger than 22.8 cimperes as computed. However, we do
· not specify· the use of No.10 AWG. wire because the
. COtk limits. tlte use of 8.(J 1lfl1l or No. 8 AWG, conduc-
tor as minimum 1iu for Sen~ice Eniritnce:

108.
 ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT IN BUU..DING

3. The National Electrical Code on Service Entrance pro-

vides that:
Service entrance shall h.ave suffiCient ampacity to ·.
44

carry the building load. They shall have adequate me-

chimical strength and !lhall not be smaller· than 8.0.
'llfll'l or 3.1 mm diameter eXcept for installation to sup- .
ply l~ed load of a single brqnch circuit such as small .
poly-phase pi:Mer, controlled water heaters and the like
and they shall not be &mailer than 3.5 mm2 or.2.0 mm
dimnltu copper or ~quivalent ".

T.he Main Disconnecting Means or Safety Switch

Find the total c6mputed load.

· Circuit - 1.. . . . . 3.48 amperes
· Circuit-.2 ... .. . 9.39 ~es.
CircUit ..:.3 ...... 15.65 amperes
Total ...... : 28.52 amperes

· To c.o.

Fuse conduit pine!

·Ground

fiGURE 4-17 SCHEMATIC RISER DIAGRAM

1.09
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

.. 2. Use ~. pieces 30 amperes fuse parallel coanedion 60 •

amperes 2 pole·. single ·throw (PST) 250 volts safety
switch. ·

3. Provide 2-double branch circui( cut out with two 15 and

.. 2 - 20 cunperes fuse ~vely.

Multi-ground System and Line to Line Senice

The protection of branch circuit is tapped tO the hot line or

live wire. The grounded line being neuttal zero voltage, is not
protected with fuse. This is one advantage of the Mu/ti.-ground
.System being. adopted by the·electric cooperative implemented
by the Rural· Electrification ·program of the government.· The
branch circuit and cUtout oould be· doubled because the en-
gaged voltage in tb.e line is only 230 vohs while the other is
• zero voltage being grounded (see figure.4-11}.

Other electric service system on the other hand. are classi- ·

fied as Line to Lint{ Service wherein the engaged voltage is ·
'll5f230 volts which rt~quires fuse protection for both lines.

ScJ:tedule of Load Type of Service

230 volt, 2- wires .60 Hz. . .
· a«. .. .. · No.. of
i.oiJd. ArnPena
. . N~. tA Protection ·we;.. · Conduit
No. · OUI'- Volts Watts per cld. Pole 1!1 amp . . 1k.e . In mm

t .. Ught load 8 230 800 3.48 2P 15 · 1·2.0mm~ 13mm

2 . S~lapp. 6 230 2160 . 9.39 2P 2o 2-3.5mm~ t3mm
2
3 Otherload
.. 2 230 3600 15.65 2P. . 2o ·2-3.5 mm 13mm
4 Spare . 230 2P .

It =28,62· amp. X 80% Oeinand factor ~ 22.8 amp.

. . Use 2 pieces 8.0 2
mm
TW cu: Wlra@ 20 mm conduit pi~
RSC- Rfgld Solid Concltdt .
·rMT ·- Intermediate Metal Tube
PvcCP- Pvc Conduit pipe
RSC • Rigid Solid Conduit
IMT. = Intermediate Metal Tube

11.0
 ELECTRICAL CJR.CUlT IN BUILDING .
I '

THW ~ Thermoplastic moisture and heat r8SJStance @ 45 .

· amperes up.

TW - Thermoplastic moisture resistance @ 40 amp. below:

Materials Quantity: .

Safety Switch, 30 amp. 2 DPST, 250 volts l pes. .

Fuse cutout. two branches , 1 unit .
3o amperes fus~ 2pcs.
20 amperes fuse . _2pcs.
15 anlJlCfeS fuse 2pcs.

8.0 nun?TW topper wire · . 50mts.

3.5 ~2 TW copper wire 1 roll
2.0 :rnD:t2 1W copper wire %roll
13 mm diameter Pvc conduit pipe 18 pes.
20 mm diarileter conduit pipe Pvc. Spes.

One gang sWitch with plate 4pcs.

. Two gang switch plate . 2pcs.
Two gang convenience outlet (small appliance) 6pcs.
Cookiilg unit outlet · · .-:· · · · 2pcs:
Jtmetion box with screwf . 7pcs.

Receptacle with screw . Spes.

· ·Utility box l4pcs.
Inc;:andescent lamp 4pcs
Fluorescent lamp . 4pcs.
Meter base (to ·be provided by the owner) 1 pc. ·.
Electrical tape (big)· 2pcs.

Note: The quantity of materials is subject· to change de·

pending upon the area and the choice of the designing engi-
neers. For open wiring instalbttio.Q, conduit pipe can .be Ghange
.to split -knobs or PDX wires. · . .· . · · ·. · ·
'

111
 . ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

ILLUSTRATION 4-2

. SINGLE FAMILY DWELLING

Type of Service -US/230 volts · ·
Single Phase...:. 3 wire 60 Hz.
Line to Line Service ·

3.50 5.00 4.00

2.00 3.00

3.5(1· 5.00 4.00

There are 19, light outlets divided into two circuits.

· Circuit 1; = 10 outlets · •
Circ\ii:t'2; = 9 outlets

FtGURE 4·18 LIGHnNG LAYOUT

112
 ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT IN BUILDING

SOLUTION .

Examining the lighting plan of Figure 4-18, there are 19.·

lighting outlets. Split the 19 outlets into two circuits A and B. ·

A. Circuit-1 Lighting Load (10 light outlets)·

L The Philippine Electrical Code provides that 100 watts

be the maximum /.Qad per light outlet. Thus, for 10 light
outlets at I00 watts, multiply: · ·

10 outlets x 100 watts = 1~000 watts

2. Compute the Current Load.

. .
1.ooo watts = 4.35 amperes
230volts ·
. .
3. Find the Site of Branch Circuit 2Wire. Refer
.
to• Table
.
4-2. For 4.35 amperes, use 2.0 nun 1W copper: wtre.

.4. Find the Rating of Overcun:ent Protection. ·Refer to Ta·

ble 4-1. For 4,33 amper~, use 1$ ami>eres trip breaker.

5. Determine the Size of Cimduit Pipe. Refer to Table 2-9.

ForNo.l4 'IW copper wire, use 13 mm oondui:t.pipe.

B. Circuit - 2 · Lighting Load ( 9 light outlets )

1. For 9light outlets, find the Tottilload in watts. ·

. 9 outlets x ·1 00 watts per ou®t = 900 watts

· Divide:. 900 watts = ·3.91 ampereS ·
230volts · ·
; :. . . . . .
2. Determine the Size ofthe Branch Circuit Wire.· Refer to
Table 2~5 or 4-2. For the 3.91 amperes load, use 2:0
mm2 or No. 14 ·TW copper wire. · ·

113 .
 . ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

3. . Determine the Size of the Conduit Pipe. Refer tO Table

2-9. For 2 pieces No. 14 JW copper wire. use the 13 mm
minimum size of conduit pipe. ·

4. ·Determine the SiZI! or Rating of the Overcurrent Pro-

tection. Refer to Table 44. ·For the 3.91 amperes load,
use 15 amperes fuse or trip breaker. ·

C. Circuit- 3 For Small Appliance Load -· ·

. . .
Section 3.3.1.2 of the Philippine Electrical Code specify
· ·. 180 watls load limit pu convenie~ce outlet. Thus:

' 1. Find the number ofappliance outlet and the;current lomt

6. outlets x 2 gang per outlet x 180 watts .

12 x 180 = 2,160 watts
Divide: 2.160 watts ·
·230vohs

= 9.39 amperes ·

. ·2. Determine the Ske ofthe Service Wire ConduCtor. Re-

fer to Table 2-5 or·4..2. For the 9.39 amperes load, spec-
.ify the minimum wire se;tu8e for convenience ou~et.
2 ·pieces 3.5 nun2 or No. 121W co.PPer wire
. . . \

. . . . .
\ . . . .
. 3. ·Detennine the Size of the Cqnduit Pipe. Refer to Table .
2-9. For 2 pieces No. 12 TW copper wire. Use 13 mm
diameter conduit pipe. · . . ·• .

4. Solve for the Size or Rating ofthe Over Current Prot«-

. don. Refer to Table 4-l. For 9.39 amperes on No.l21W
copper wir.c specify: ·· ·

20 amperes fu-se or trip breaker.

114.
 ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT IN BUILDING .

3.~ 5.00

2.00 . 3.00

3.50 5.00 4.00

fiGURE 4-19 18 CONVENIENCE QUTLET LAYOUT.

* Circuit-3 = 6 convenience outlet

• Circuit-4 =6 convenience outlets
·.* Circuit·5 = 1- Range load
* Ciicuit-6 = 1-: Water heater ·.·
=
* Circuit~7 1• Aircon Unii
• Circuit-S ;;: 1- Aircon Unit

D. Ciretrtt -.4 for Small Appliance Load ·.

. . . .. .

I. The. lOad of circuit 4 is identical With circuit 3. Use the

·..same size ofwire, condui~ and Wire. protection rating. .

E: Circuit.- '5 .for Range, L0Jd -

l. Range load (appliance rating) at &.0 kw. =. 8,000 watts..

115
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

2. Solve for the Line Cu"ent.

8a000 watta = '34.78 amperes ·.

230volts

3 . . Refer to Table 4-6, . t1J1ply 80% denumd loadfactor•

. 34.78 X .JO d.f = ·27.82 alnperCS

· 4. Determine the Siu.ofthe Branch Ci;cuit Wire. Refer to
Table 2-:-5 or 4-2. Fpr the 27.82 amperes, use 8.0 inm2 or
No. 8.0 1W copper wire. ·
. . . . . .
. ·S. Determine the Sit.e of Conduit Pipe. Refer to Ta}>le 2:9,
for 2 pic:Ces No. 8 wire use 20 mm diameter pipe.

6. Find the Site or Rating of the Fuse or Trip Breaker.·

. Refer to Table 4-1. For appliance load, use 40 ;unperes
fuse or trip breaker.

. F. Circuit- 6 For Water Beater Load

1. Oile unit water heater at2.5.kw. =·2,500 watts

2. The curl-ent load will be;

2.500 watts = 10.86 3mperes
230volts

3. Solve for the Sit.e of Branch Circuit Wire. Refer to .

Table 2~5 or
4-2. For the 10~86 amperes convenieDce
outlet usc 2 pes. 3.5 DJn1,2 or No. 12·1W copper wire.

. 4.' Determine·the Sit.e of the Conduit Pipe.· Refer to Ta-

ble 2-9. For.2· No.l.2.wire, USC' 13 mm conduit pipe.
. . .
· 5 . . Find the Sit.e or Rating ofthe 0vet'CI!"mt Protection.
·Refer to Table 4':'1. For the 10.86 Cll1lWCS load, usc 20
amperes
.
fuse or trip·~er. ..
116
 ·ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT IN BUD..DJNG

. G. Circ~it 7 and 8 with l;.Unit Air Cond.itioner each

· 1. One ~t air conditioner at 1.5 horse power is:
. l.5 hp X 746 watts = 1,119 Watts
Article 6.7 of the Phitlppine Electrlcal.Code (PEC) provides
that: 1'Btanch CU.cuit contiMctor supplying a motOI' shall have
tU. ainpacity itot less than 12S% oftheflillload cummt."
2. Current Load: Ll19.watt:s = 4.86 amperes
230volts · ·

4.86 ·X 125% = 6.07 amperes

3. Fine. the Size of the Branch Circuit service.wire. Refer
to Table .4-2. ·The .6.7 amperes can be served by a 2.0
No.l4 TW copper wire, but the Code limits the size of
convenience outlet to No. 12 AWG · mpper ,.,U.e. Spec-
ify No. 12 TilW copper wire for circuit.? and circUit 8. .

4. ~ind the Size of the Conduit Pipe. Refer to Table 2-9.

For two No.l2 wire, use 13 .mm Conduit pipe.
S. Find the Siu and Rating t!/ the Branch Circuit Protec-.
. tion. The Code on branch circuit protection for a single
motor. provides that: "It shall be inereased by 250~ of
· . the fuU load current ofthe motor., Thus:
=
4.86 x 250% 12.'15 amperes. From Table 4-1 for
. a continuous load use 2- 30 amperes trip breaker
. . . . .
Calculating the AJnpacity of the Service Entrance
Conductor and the Main Disconnecting .Means

1. ·Find th.e total current load of circuit 1 to Circuit 8:

.Lighting Load Ct. -1 and Ct - 2 1,900 watts
Small appliance load Ct.-3 and Ct.-4 4,320 watts.
Other loads Ct.-5 and Ct.-:6. 1o.soo watts
TOtal load (except the Aircon unit) 16,720 watts

111
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

2.· Froin Table 4-4, Optional Calculation for Dwelling

Unit, apply demand factor (df).. ·
'
Forthefirst lO,OOOw. at 100%(df) ........ IO,QOOwatts

Subtract: 16,720 .- 10,000 = 6,720 watts.

For other load, multiply·by 40% (S~Table 4-4) · ·
.. :.•

6,720 x 40% ............... :.............. 2,688 watts

· Aircon unit at 1oo% denWtd factor <df)

2.., units at 1~1 19 watts ......................2.238 watts
. . Total .................. 14,926watts

Total Connected Load plus 25% of the Largest Motor ·.

1. Amp~ · I = 14.926w + C2S%of1,119w) ·

230 volts
'·
I =: 63.37 amperes
2. Fmd the Size of Main. Feeder a:nd the Neutral Line.
From Table 4-21 use 2 ·38 mm2 TW·eopper wire.
.3. : The Ne$1 conductor ~fa 3-wire line to line suj>ply ·
system shall have an ampacity of not less than 70% of
the ~ded (live wire) conductor or ·Two T11ade s~e
.smaller than the unvotm.ded conductor.· (PEC Speci-
fit::ations). Therefore use 1,- 22 mm2 TW copper ~re for
the Neutral line. .
4. ~ the .Siu of the.Co_nduit Pipe. Refer to Taple
Z-9, ·use 32 mm diameter pipe.
•
5. For Main Breaker; refer to Table 4-1. Use 2 -l6o amp.
2-w.ires 250 .volts, 2-pole molded air drcuit breaker. ·

Comment:
. . The total~ load is 63.37 amperes. From Table 4-2

. 118 '
 ELECTRICI\L CIRCUIT IN. BUILDING

the 30 ·mm~ oopper wire could be used cOn.sidering its 90 am-

peres ampacity. However, the National Electrical Code (NEC)
_provides that:
"If the computed load exceeds 10,000 watts, the conduc-
. tor and ~t!I'CUI"rent prolecJ.ion .shall be rated not less than
100 amperes'~ . . . . . · . .
Therefore, use 2-38 mm2 1W wire for the Main Feeder.
and 2- 10'0 ainperes for the main breaker. ·

LOAD SCHEDULE TYPE OF SERVICE: 230 v. 3 WIRES 60Hz. SINGLE PHASE

Ckt oescription No. Volts Watts Amp Protection Size or.ccwer CondUit
·No.' OUtlet Cl<t perCkl Wlies diameter

1 ll{lht load 10 230 1000 4.35 . 15AT 2-2.0 mm 2 13mm

2 light load 9 230 900 3.91 15AT 2·2.0 nim2 13mm
3 SmaiiApp. 6 230 2160 9.39 20AT. 2-l.S. mm22 13mm
4 SmaiiApp. 6 230 2100 9.39 20AT . 2-3.5mm
. 2 13mm
5 R,nge-8 kw.,. 1 230 8000 34.78 60AT . 2-8.0 mm 20mm
'6 2.5 kw heater 1 230 2500 10.86 20AT 2-3.5 mm2 · 13mm
7 Alrcon 8.Q7 a. 1 230 1119 4.86 30AT · 2-a.s mm22 . 13mm
a Alrcon6.07 a.· 1 230 1119 4,86 30AT 2-3.5mm - 13mm
. .
9 Spare
. .
. It: 63.37/vnperes. Use 2-38 mm2 TW ciopper'wre and t-8 inm' TW cop~ ..We for
.
Main!and Neutral Feeder respectively. one 1QO ~ 2 j:)ole, 3 wire, 250 volts
breaker ·
Service ~ntrance: 115/230 v. 3-Wire 100 AT . 30 AT
..____0
Main Feeder 30AT 20AT
i-38 mm2 TW copper \We (!)-~
1-22 mm2 TW «lPP« v.ire BOAT. 20AT

•
ori 32 mm dia. conduH pipe (V-.-4 '®
20AT . 20AT
- -@
15AT 15AT~

Ground But
.Ground
·I.
FIGURE 4-20 ONe LINE DIAGRAM
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

1·22 mm2 TW copper wire

1• 38 mm2 TW copper Wire 1- 38 mm2 TW copp.,- wire
Ckt. No., .

_
.......
Ckt. No.

..... 9-Spare
··

5 ·Range 6 • W~ter He.r

3 -c.o. 4 -conv. Outlet

··-··
1151230 v. 3-wlre ael'\llce A N B

FIGURE 4-21 SCHEMATIC RISER DIAGRAM

ILLUS'(RATION 4-3

SMALL FAMILY DWELLING

Type of Se~ce- 230 volts; Two Wire
Line to Ground System

A single family dwelling with .a floor area of

80 sCtua,re
met:eis has the. following receptacles and outlets load: . ··
Lighting :
7 pes. - 40 watts fluorescent lamp
2 pes. - 20 watts Incandescent lamp
Convenience Outlet: . •
l= Electric iron, .. , ; ............ : l,OOOwatts
1-· Electric stove ............ :... .. 1,100 watts
2- Electric·fan .................. . 500wattS
1- 7 cu. ft. Refrigerator ....... .. 175 watts .
1- Portable stereo ... :......... .. 100 watts
1- 20" TV set......... , ..... , ... : . 300watts

120
 . ....
ELECTRJCAL LAVOUT AND EsnMAft · ·.." •·.
. . .
·· .... .
SOLUTION . • "'f ·

. A. Circuit 1 • Lighting Load by the Area Methoc;l· ·

I 1 • •

1. Det,ermine the wattage ·required per square meter a.Tea.. ·

From Table 4-3, .the wattage .required per square meter ·
for dwelling unit is 24 \Vatts. Multiply:
80 sq. m~ x 24 watts ...

= 1,920 Witts
2: · Determine the cu"eni load. Divide:
1.920 Watts = 8.35 amperes
230 volts
..
3. Compute fo~ the actual lighting ~oad. ·Multiply:

· 7 - Flourescent lamP~x 40 watts = 280 watts

2 • Incandescent bulb X 60 watts = 120 watts
Total ...... .. ......... :. 400 watts

4. Solve for~ actual current load. Divide:

400 watts = 1.74 amperes

230 volts .

5. Determine the Size of the Branch Circuit Wire.. From

Table 2-5 or 4-2, the 1.74 amperes.is very small load to
be Carried by 2.0 nun2 or No. 14lW copper Wire. There-
f~ the No. 14'wire is safe.

6. Detelmjne the Size ofthe _Conduit Pipe. Refer to Table

2-9, for
. .
2 - No.l4 wire, use 13 nun conduit pipe. .
~

7. · Determine tha Size or Rating of the Brandt Circuit

Protect.U:m. Refer to Table 4-1. For 2. 0 m m2 No.l4 cop- ·
per wire conductor; use 15 amperes fuse or irip breaker.

121
 · ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT JN BUn.DING

· TABLE 4-4 OPTIONAL CALCULATION FOR DWELLING UNIT

. '

Load (KW or ~va ) • ·Demand Factor

Air conditioning and coo~ng including ...... . 100 %

heat pump comprM,sors
Central electric space heating.................. . 65 %
Less than four separately coi)tro1led :..... ... ' · 65% ·
electric space heating units · .
First 10 Kw of all other load ............ .'.. .... . · 1oo %
Remainder of other load ........ :.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 40 %

TABLE 4-5 OPTIONAL (:ALCULATION-DEMAND FACTOR FoR

THREE OR MORE MULTI-FAMILY DWELLING UNITS
Number of Dwelling Units · ·Demand Factor Percent

3-5 45%'
6~7 44%
8-10 43%
11 42%
12-13 41%

14-15, 40%
16-17 .39%
18-20 38%
21 37·% '
'22 -23 36%

24-26 . 35''%
26-27 34%
.·28 -30 33%.
31 32%
32-33 31%

34-36 30%
37-38 29%
39-42 28% ..
43-45' 27% .
·46 '- 50

51-55
-·· _ 26%
_._... .
25%
56-61 . ~ 24%
62 and over 23%

122
 . ELECTRI~AL CIRCUIT IN JIUU..DING

B. Circuit-·2 For Small Appliance Load .

1. Solve for the total applianCe current load.

'·

LOad Current'= 1.000 + 1.100 + 500.+ 175 +·3oo + 100'·

·. · 230 volts

= 3.175 watts
. 230 vplts ·

= 13.81 ampere$
. ..
2. Detennine the Siie ofthe Branch (:ircuit Wire conc:hic-·
.tor. Refer to. Table 4-2. For a convenience outlet load of
l3.81 amperes specifY 3.5 nun2 or No.l2 TW copper
wire, the minimum sizerequirect.for convenience outlet.
3. Find the Site of the Conduit Pipe. Refm: to Table 2-9,
· for 2 pi~s No.l2 TWwire, use }3 mmpipe.
·· 4 . Fipd .the Size or
Rating of the Protective Device. See
Table 4-1, for 13.81 amp_eres, use1-20 amperes fuse.

Comment

It is interesting to note that only one ~0 ampere fuse pro- .

tection wa5 used because the current is a Line to Ground or
Mult~gro11nd . System where one line is zero voltage ·being
grounded. Unlike the Line to Line System of ~rent supply; it
is ·necessary to provide 2 fuses to protect the two line branch
circuit. · .. . ·

.
Findi~g
. . the Size of
.
the Servic~ .E ntrance
.
or Feeder
.
. . . .
. . 1. Get the sum total•of:connected load. Add:
.Lighting load ..... . ....... 1,920 watts
Small Appliance load ... 3,175 watts
Total ...... .. ......... .5,095 watts· .

123
 . .
: . .
ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE
. .
.2. Solve for the total connected load currenL Divide~
s.o9s }]'!tts ~ 22.15 amperes
230voltS
.•
3. Find the Size ofService Entr.{lnce. Refer to Table 4-2 or
For 22.15 amperes; use No.8 TW copper wire, the mini--
mum size for servke entrance.
4. · Find the Size ofthe C()nduit Pipe. Refer to Table 2-9 for ·
No.81W wire, Use 20 mm diameter conduit pipe.

5. For Main Protection, use. 1- safety switch, 2-pole; 2:.

. wires; 250 volts.·

'-.A-+-,--- Light outlet

Safety Switch

· Service Entranoe

FIGURE 4·21 ONE LINE DfAGRAM

,.

2.;.2.0mm2 1W
l..,._.,_.....__...,. Ught Outlet ;

2-3.5 rntl¥ TW wire

Ground

,
FJGURE 4·23 SCHEMATIC RISER DIAGRAM

124
 ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT IN BUH..DING

Under the preceding .set·up, C:me safety switch could supply

both lighting and convenience outlet at different branch circuit·
without. the u~ of fuse ctitout. This. is .orily.applicable to thei
. line io:ground or multi-ground supply system being used by ·
·the electric eooperative. · ·

ILLUSTRATION 4.-4

· MULTI.! FAMfi.JY DWELLINGS

4- DOOR APARTMENT
· . * Type of Service- 230 Volts .
* 2-wire, Line to Ground System
· *Floor Area per unit ::d 80 square meters·
"Total Floor
.
Area
.
\
=320 square meters
. . .

Determine the brimch circuit protection, size of conductor .

wires and th¢ main feeder. · ·

· ~.- -5>
~2 ·· ~
.' ' ',
3 / 3 .,
I' I
;'
I'

~y I
. up
Hl-Q up ..

f:
I 3rd Unit 4th Unit
~
.. y
2nd Unit
I

I
•\ I '
"'2" v
iooo

. .
FIGURE 4•24 LIGHTING ANO CONVENIENCE OUTLET LAYOUT

. 125
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIM.An;

SOLUTION
.~ A~sume that the dwelling unit is .·equipped with one
5.l kw cooking. unit;· one unit laund,ty circuit at 1.5 kw. (see
appliance ratings)

A. Circuit~ i For Lighting Load per Unit (see plan) ··

/

· ··1. ' By the Area Meth()(l, refer to T«l.ble 4-3. General Light-
. ing Load by Occupancy for Dwellirig Units. ·· ·
80 sq. m. x .24 watts per square meter
= 1,920 wat~s
2. Compute for the lighting load. Divide:
1,920 watts = 8.35 ampere$
· 230 volts ·

3. . Detennine the Siu of the Branch. Circuit conductor

wire. Refer to Tabl~ 2-5. or 4-2. For 8.35 amperes load.
use 2 pieces 2.0 mm2 or No. 14 AWG, TW copper Wire.
· 4. Determine the Size of the CondUit Pipe (if required).
Refer to Table 2.:.9. For number 14 AWG, 1W wire use ·'
13 mm the
minimum size of conduit pipe.
5. Detennine the Size or Rating of the BranCh· Circuit.
Protection. Refer again to Table 4~ l> for.' 8.35 amperes
· . load on a 2.0 mm2 :wire conductor size, uSe 15 amperes
fuse· or trip breaker.

B.· Circuit . . 2 For Convenience Outlet Load (see plan) ·

• ' • I

.. 1. Solve for the tot{II current load. Multiply:

8 receptacles x 2 gang per outlet x 180 watts.

= 2 ,880 watts · ·

126
 . .
ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT IN BUILDlNG

2. Sol~e for the appliance current ioa'i. Divide·:

I = 2.8so watts
230 volts

== 12.52 amperes ·
. .
3. Determine the Size of the Branch Circuit conducrot..
Refer to Table 2-5 or 4;-2. For il 12.52 amperes load, :a
2.0 mri:t2 or No. i4 AWG, 1W, copper wire would be
. su.tflcieirt considering its 15 amperes ampacity that is.
· bigger than 12.5,2 amperes as computed.

4 . . B;ut the Nationa~ . Electrical Code limits the size of

convenience outlet" wire to a minimum of 3.5 mm2 or
· No.l2 AWG cop~ win~. the Code must prevail. Use
No 12 TW wire rather than the No.l4 aS.computed.
. .
5. Detennine the Size of the Conduit Pipe.· Refer to Table
i-9, for two No.12 TW wile, use 13 mm
diameter pipe.

6: Find the Size of the Branch Circuit Fuse Protection.

Refer to Table 4-1. For 12.52 amp~ pon continuous
l~cin convenience outlet,. use 20 amj>eres trip breaker. ·

C. Circuit - 3 Otber Load.·

1: Laundry circuit ~t l,.5oo watts _per circuit (PEC provi-

sion). ·

1.500 watts :::: 6.52 amperes

230 volts.

2. Find the Size .of the Branch Circuit Com:luctor• From

Table. 4-2, use 2 pieces 3.5 mm2 or No.l2 'IW copper
wire, .the minimum size for. convenience putiet
. . .
'

3. Find the Si:e of the Conduit Pipe if required. From Ta-

ble 2·9, Use 13 mm diameter pipe. . 1
.. ·

.···.
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

4. Find the. Sit.e of the Branch Circuit Fus~ Protection.

From Table 4-:1, the 6.52 amperes load on convenience
outlet reqUires 20 amperes .fuse.or trip breaker.

D. Circuit-:-- 4 For Cooki~g Unit

1. Totalloadis5.lkw.= 5,100watts

2. ·· Refer tO Table 4~ Demand Laad for Household. For .

electric range, apply 80% demand factor. ·
. .
Total load x demand factor (df)

. 5,100 watts X .80 = 4,080 watts .

3. Compute for the line Cll"ent load. Divide:

4,080 watts = 17.74 amperes

230 volts

4. Find the Sit.e ofthe Branch Circuit Wire. Refer to Table·

4-2, for the 17.74 an:1pere line current, use 55 mm2 or
No. Jo1W Copper wire:·

5. · Dete:rinine the Size of Conduit Ptpe. From Table 2"9, for ·

No.1 0 TW wire, Use 20 nun diameter pipe.

6. Find the Size· of the Branch Circuit Fuse Protection.

R.Cfcr to Table 4-1, for 17.74 amperes cUI'1'Cnt Ioru( use
. . 30 .amperes fuse or trip
.
breaker.

E. Determine the Sub-Feeder per Dwelling

. . •
, 1. Solve for the ta&al cOnnected load per dwelling..
T on.l.•..
~ttrlg
load 1 · ~···:...... ., ... .....
. , 1 ,920~
Cotivenience outlet load .. . ..... . .2,880 watts
..Qtberload 5.1 k\y + lj kw .. .. . 6.600 watts
Total............... .... ·..... . 11,400 watts

128
 . ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT IN BUIL.DING·

3. Determine the Size of the.SziJ;.:.Feeder and Protection

· . per dwell~ for 39.65 .amperes .. Fro~ Table 2:-5 or 4-2,
use 8.0 mm or No.& THW cooper Wire. .

4. Find the Size of Conduit Pipe. From Table 2w9~ for 8.0
mm2 or No.8 wire, specify 25 mm diameter pipe. .

5. 'Detennine the Size or Rating of the Fuse ProtecJ.ion.

From Table 4-1, use 60 amperes moldeci circuit breaker
2-wire 250 Volts with solid bus .

. F. Determine the Size.of the Main Feeder.

1. Solve for the Total Connected Load on 4 dwelling units

at 1t,400 watts each. Multiply:.

11,400 x 4 :::; .45..600 watts ·

2. . Refer:.tri·Table 4-5 .. Fo~ .4 dwelling units apply 45% de-

mand factor. Multiply:
./ .

45,600 x .45 :::: 20,520 watts

3. Solve for the line cul.l'ent (amperes). .

I = 20,520 watts
230.volts
· ·, ::: 89.22 amperes .

4. l>etermine the Size of the Conducto/ Wire. ·Refer to Ta-

ble 4-2. For 89.22 amperes, use 2- 50 inm2 TW copper
wire or 2 38 mm2 THW copper wire.
«

129.
 ELE.C TRICAL LAYOUT AND ES:riMATE · ·

Comment:
· It will be noted in Table 4·2 that the 89.22 amperes ·as
computed does not exceed 80% of the 120 allowable ampacity
of 50 riun2 1W.copper wire or 125 ampacity of38 rnm2 THW
ropper Wire. Therefore, any one of these two types of wire
could be used ~rmain feeder (See Art. 6.7 PEC). ·
5. Fitid the Size of Conduit Pipe. Refer to Table 2-9. Use
38 mm diameter RSC or IMT pipe. ·
6. ·Fiiid the Sir.e or Rating of the over-cu"ent Protection. ·
Refer to Table 4-1: Use ~25 amperes safety sWitch, 250 .
volts, 2 pole. ·

2-2Pmm2TW
Service E.ntranQe .

.2-50 mm2 TW Copper Wire ·

.· Typ~llJi.yout ·
Door •2

Gutter ....__ _ '+-+--+--+' ·'.·

Sub Feeder
2-8.0 r:nm2 ----lf:--~---t-4
TW c~pper wJre Typical Layout .
DOor-3

•
. typical Layout
Ooor·4

. FIGURE 4-26 ONE LINE DIAGRAM.

130
:.-:
 JLECTRICAL
, CIRCUIT IN BUILDING

LdAD SCHEDULE TYPE OF SERVICE; 230 v. ·3 WIRES eo Hz. SINGI.i PHASE·

Ckt Description No. Volts watts AA1l . Branch Stze·of copper ..~
No. · ·Outlet Ckt . proteCtion W'l8s . cJimet«
2 . .. i .IJ
1 Light load 12 230 1,920. 8.35 . 15AT 2-2.0 mm. 2 131'1\f.t,'
2 SmaUApp. 8 230 2,880 .12.52 20AT . 2-3.5 mm 13~.'....
3 Launclty load • ·230 1500 6.52 -20AT · 2-3.5 mm
2
13.rnftJI·i. .',
4 Cooking load • 230 s:1oo 17.74 30AT 2-!5.6 mm2 201Mii~i
5 Spare - · ' ':'1

TOTAL 49.56 AT- Ampere Trip

RSC :- Rigid Solid Conduit ·

Current load per Dwelling = 11 ADO watts. =49.56 amperes .

230 volts.

•. Current Load
. per [):welling: I = 49.56 . .x SO% d.f. = 39·.65 amp.
Therefore: . Use 8.0 mm
2
copper wire on a 20 mm RSC.
f50 anip. moJded circuit breal,<er, 2 wire 250 volts
With s ·branch circuit

· For Main Feeder: Total load x 45% = 45.600 watts x .45

Voltage' 230 v.

Total load = 89.22

Therefore: Use 2 - 38 min2 TW copper wire or
' 2 - 30 mm2 · THW copper wire

Straight PuU

. 25 mm dllrneter

·FIGURE 4·28 STRAIGHT PULJ,.

.13'1
 . ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

In straight pulls,- the length of the box should not be less

than eight times the.tra~e diameter of the largest condlljt. .
· ·· L = 40 mm x 8 = 320 mm. H ==· whatever height neces-
s3ry to provide proper installation of the conduit lock nuts and
bushing within ihe enclosure. · ·
The depth of the box shouid be.sufficient enough to permit
installation of me
largest lock nut and bushmg ·of the 'conduit
including the spacing between the a(ija~t conduit entries.

Angle or U Pun Box

. -
For boxes where the conductors are pulled at an angle or in
a. " U" condition, the distance between each conduit entry in-
side the box, and the opposite wall of the box should not be
less than six times the tr(lde diameter of the largest'conduit;
and the ·. distance must be increased· for additional conduit en-
. tries by the amount of the sum of (he diameter of all other ·
conduit entr:ies on the same; wall of the box. The distance be-
tween · the conduit entries enclosing · the same conductors
should not be less than six times tire trade diameter of the
largest raceway.
,. .
ll1
. 40mm I

25m"! ..· 4Q mm

FIGURE 4·21 IJ.PULL BOX

•
The 40 mm diameter conduits = ·is the largest, thus:
=
l 1 .= 6 x 40 mm +.( 25 mm + 25 ,mm) 290 mm (r:ni'n.).
l2 = . 6 X 40 inm + 25 mm .... ,.'... ...... =265 mm (min.}
D = 6 x 40 mm... ... ... ......... ... ..... = 240 mm (min.)·
D ·=. ·Distance between raceway entries enclosing the
same condu~tor.

132
 ELECTRICAL cmcUIT IN BUll..DING

TABLE 4-6 DEMA.ND LOAD FOR HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES·

. OVER 1.75 KW RATIN:G

Maximum Demand Factor

Demand PE!rcent '

Number of ColumnA Columl) B · Column C

Appliances Not over 12 1<.w • Less tha.ri 3 112 kw 3 112 kw.to 8 314 kw ·
Rating (kw) Rating% Ratirig%

1 8 80' 80
I
2 11 75 6~
3 14 10 55
4 17 66 50
5 20 62 45
6 21 5$ 43 .
7 22 se· 40
8 .. 23 53 36
9 24 51 ,. 35
10 25 49. 34
11 ' 26 47 32
12 27 •, 45 32
13 28 43 32
14 I 29 41 32
15 30 '40 . . 32
16. 31 39 28
17 32 38 28
18: 33 37 .28 '
19 34 .. 36 28
20 35 35 28.
21 36 34 26
22 37 33 26
23 36 . 32 26
2,4 ,~9 3'1 26
25 40 30 26
25--30 (15kw+1 kw) 30 24
31--40 for each range 30 22
41·50 25 l<.w + 314 kw 30 2Q
51-60 for each range 30' 18
61· over .. 30 16

133
 ELEcTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

TABLE 4-7 T\'PE OF ~L cONT.\_CTO.RS AN~ THERMAL

·oVERLOAD RELAYS OF VARIOVS MOTOR.
Moler~ Motor . Lst Type Tllelmal CA. .Alta~ at. Pawef·
ArlPfox.
KWHPICV·
curtent . b.lntador ·
A re
Ra""
Tre!
Bade·~
T~!!
,.
current n factor
delayj!d Cos.
For l-IJ!l !lR!:!f!!ion at 22!h. 50180 Hz.
1.1 t5 4.8 LS &'!.. 1.1 b7. 4.0 to 6 .1(1 74·o.so
1.5 2.0 6.4 · LS.61L 11 b7 5:5 toe 20 77 0.80
2.2 3:0 . 9.2 LS61L 11 b7 8.0 to 12· 25 77 0.80
3.0 4.0 . 12 LS61L 11 b7 8;0 to 12 25 78 0.80
4.0 5.5 16 LS 811.14 b27 11.0 lo 16.5 40,80 0.80
5.S 7.5 21 LS 16/L 18 b27 15.0 IO 23 50 813 .0.80
7.5 ~0 29 l.S200..24 bZ7 .. 21.0 lo 32 . 63 86.5 0.85
1Ul 15 3& LS 3211..40 b67 30.0 to 46 100 89 0:83
15.0 . 20 ' 45 LS3611..44 b67. 42.0 tp 63 125 00 CUM
18.5 25 63 · LS361l44 b67 •2.0 to 63 ' 125 90.5 .0.84
22.0 30 74 LS6M.84 b207 . 55.0 to 80 · HlO 91 0.84
30 40 99 lSOOII..84 b207 80.0 to120 200 92 0.85
37 50. 1·26 lS 11»'1. 144 b207 120 to 180 · 300 9'2.5 0.86
-45 eO 151 1.8 1000. 1<14 b207 . 120 to 180 .· 300· 92.5 0.86
55. 75 180 LS10M.1<44 b207. .120 to 180 300 93 0.88
75 100 249 LSml:ISO b400 200 to400 500 93.5 0.86
90 125 299 L.S 33M. 410. b400 200 to400 630 94 . 0.86
100. 150 3156 L$33011.410 b400 200 to400 630 94 0.86
132 180 426 To U cage mx:tion ~OIS on 95 0.86
160 220 . 514 AC 3 <by at 1800 min-1 95.5 0.86
200 . 270 626 95.5 0.86

· LSL Type Thennal Oil ftetay

Contattcr Approx. Batkl4l
· Fuse1 Range Fuse1
KW AA A Dttaved
for ~h OQ!I!;Iot:! at 220 volts oomo Hz.
2.4 LS &\. 11 b7 1.8 to .· 27 6
3.2 · L.S 6/L 11 b7 2.7 . to 4.0 10
4.6 LS 6/L 11 . b7 ~.0 ·to 6.0 16
6.3 · . LS.&t.11 b7 5.5 · I!) 8,0 20
ao LS6\.11 b7 5.5 · to to 20
10.3 LSM.11 b7 8.0 to 12.0 25
14 I.S M. 11 b27 . 11.0 to 16.5 · 40
19 LS 1M. 18 b27 15.0 · to 23.0 50
27 lS»t24 b27.1 . .21.0' . to 32.0 63
37 LS32A.40 b67 30.0 to 46.0 100
49 LS~44 b67 42.0 to 610 125
63 LS3M.44 b67 42.0 to 62.0 · 125
55.0 · to eo.o .
:~
75 LS 6M..84 · b207
9'2 . · .. LS 60tt 84 b207 eo.o to ·120.0
124 LS 100t1. 144 b2<t7 J20.0 to .. . 180.0 300
1-49 LS 1004. 144 b207 . 120.0 tO 180.0 300
177 lS 100\.144 b2o7 120.0 to 1~.0 300
·212 lS 200il. 200 b400 200.0 · lo 400,0 500
· 255 LS 300.t 410 b400 200.0 · to 400.0 630
311 LS 33CJl. 410 b-400 .2oo.o to 400.0 630

·.134
 · ELECTRI~AL CIRCUIT IN BUU..DIN~

ILLUSTRATION 4-5

COMMERCIAL LOAD.
Type of Service; ·230 Volta; 3-Phase
' . '

PROBLEM·

. DetenniJle the size ofthe main fi;:ede~ ofa 25 h.p. 3-pahse,

· 3-wire 230 volts With an efficiency of 90.5% and'84% power
fuctor lagging to serve a rice mill with 12 lighting ·outlets plus
. convenience outlet for appliances. '
.: . . .

. For 25 h.p. motOr 3-phase, .3-wire 230 volts 60 I:Iz. 91%

efficiency and 84% power factor, refer to Table 4-7 Type of
LSL Contactors and Thermal Overload- Relays of Various
Motors•

. . SOLUTION

A. Circuit-
. 1 for
. Lighting
. Load
.
.. . . . .

,l. For 12lighqlUtlets at 100 watts per outlet.

12 x 100 = 1,200 watts

;
2. Qnn.pute the Lighting Cu"en.t Load.

· i.200 watts = 5.22 amperes

23.0volts
..
3. Find t.b.e Size of Conductor Wire. Refer to Table 4-2, for
5.22 amperes load, use 2 pc~. 2:0 mm2 1W eopper Wire.
.... .

4. Find the-Size IJfCurrent PrOtection. Refer to. Table 4-1 •.

usel~ 15 amperes trip breaker for 5.22 amperes load.
.. . . . . .
' ·: · . ' . .
5. Find the Size of Conduit Pipe .. Refer to Table 2-9, use
13 nun diameter conduit pipe. '

. 1l5.
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUt·AND ESTIMATE

B. Circuit...:. 2 For SmaU Appliance Load

I .

· 1'be Philippine . Electrical COde (PEC) provides .that "the

Brandt Ciratil and receptaclu for snwiJ appliance toad shall
be rated.at no less than -1,500 wattS. However, ifthenumbi!T
of receptqc/q WI!Te iru/icated .a nd spedf~ ln the plan~ the
load is computed at 180 wOtts.pi!T outlet_." · ···

In thi$ ·examPle ·problem, thete

is no specific nUmber of .
outlets given~ adopt the 1,500 watts ·as mandated by the ·
PhilippineElectrical Code:

SOLUTION
. .
·1: .Solve .for :the Total.
.. Cu"ent Load.
1:500 watts = 6.52 amperes ·
· 230 voltS ·
. .
2. Refer to Table 2~5 or Table 4~2,. the 6.52 amperes could
be safely setved by No.l4 AWG, -T'W·conductor·wire,
but the Code limits the use of No.12 for convenience
outlet. 'fberefore, spCcify No. 12 AWG, TW copper wire
for €irCuit-2. . . .

· 3. If conduit pipe is ~ired, rcl'er to Table 2-9 and the

· pipe diameter fur 2 .pieces No.l2 TW. wire is l3 nuit
·4. o·etennine the Over-cu"ent Fuse Protection, Refer to
Table 2-5 or 4-2. The 3.5 rom2 or No; 121W branch cir·
cuit wire requires 20 amPere fuse protection.

. C. Su));.Feederfor Circuit 1 and 2 •

·· L )~~the total sum of cuirent load of CircUit l and 2 ..
. 1~200w + 1.500W
·. ·. 230volts· •
= 11.74 amper:es
 .ELECTRICAlf, CIRCUIT IN JSUD..DING ··•.
. . .

2. Determine the Size. of the '811b-Feder Conductor Wire. ·

Refer to Table 4-2. For 11.74 amperes, use 8.0 2
·nun
.or;
No. 8 AWG, TW copper wire.
On Table 4-2, the 11.74 amperes load for ·a,.cu~ 1 .
and 2 could be safely carried by 2.0' , ( wire /or ha:v-
. / ·big an aUowable ampaciJ.y of JS.omper~, but the. Code
or
limits the Feeder Site to B.o·tttn( No. 8 A.WG CiJpper ·
wire. The Code must prevail, specify 81lfllil copper wil-e
condili:tor/or Sub-Feeder. ...
3. Find the Size of Conduit Pipe. Refer to Table 2-9, for 2~
8 nnn2 or 2- No. 8 AWG 1W wire; speeity 20 mm di-
. amet:er pipe Rigid Solid Conductor (RSC). ·
4. · Find the Siu or Rating of the lJver..c:urrent Protection. .
Refer to Ta~le .4-1, for No.8 AWG wire, specify: ·
· 60 amp. trip molded circuit breaker,
. .. 2 pole, 250 ~oltS
. . with 3branch
·.
'
circuit~
. ~

D.-Circuit for Motor Load ·

Name plate of ttie motor
· 25 h,p., 220 vo~ 3 phase; 3 wires
60Hz~ 0.84 pawer faaot 90.5%_efficiency

SOLUTION

l. . Solve for the Curient load~

1 horse pPwer ~ 746 wattS
I = Load in hp x-746 w .
kxExPFxn
Where: k- 1.0 for 2 wire single .~DC . ··. ·..· ' ··
· . . 1.73 for 3 - wirei 3-phase AC or 0
· 2.0 for 3 ·Wire single oAC or DC ·
-3.0 for 4 wites, 3 11 AC

-·137::.·
 ,ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND .ESTIMATE

E • Voltage between the neutral and live wire or

between two live wire if no neutral line exiSt..
.I·- Current ill any
live wire except Neutnilline.
PF - Power Factor
N - Efficiency·
' .
2. Applying the FQhnrila~ . .

l = 25 hp x 746 watts ,
1. 73 X 220 volts X 0.84 X 90.5%

·= 64.45 amperes ·

3. Ddermine the Motor Feeder. The current- load of a mo- · ·

.· tor multiplied by 125% (Code reqUirements).

64A5.x 1.25 = 80.56 amperes· .

.
4. Find the Site ofthe ConduCtor Wire. Refer to Table 2-5
ot 4.;2, for 80.56 amperes, use arty of the following:
. 3-38 nun2TIIW or RHW copper wire ·.
. 3-50 mm2 TW copper wire .
3-80 nun2 1W aluminum or copper clad alum.
3-50 mm2 THW or·RHW almninum or copper
· clad aluminum · ·

The aliowable ~acities of the above wires on Table 4-

2 was derated by 80% to earry the 80.56 amperes current
load.
5. Solve for the Si~e ofConditit Pipe. Refer to Table 2~9,
U.se. 50 mm diameter
.
pipe. . . .. . . .
•
6. . Determine the Size ;,. Rtlting of the Over•current Pro-·
tection. The Code provide!! ."The .maiimum over current.
proteqtion for a .single riwtor ora combination ofmotors
should be, 250% of the ampacity of the largest motor. .
· plus the sum of the follload current ofthe other motors,

138
 .ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT IN BUILDING

There~re: ·
64.45 amp. x 250% .=: 161 .12 amperes minimum .
. . . . .
7. "Refer .to Table 4-1. ·use ISO ·amperes fuse or trip
·..· brealt.er. It is the nearest standard rating which -d~ not
exceed the 161.12 amperes current load as coinputed.· ·

E. Main Feeder

1. Find the Totai.Con~eded Current Load

a. For Circuit 1 and 2load ..... : ... .. 1L74 amp.

b. Circuit for motor cum.nt load .... 64.45 amp.
Total current load ....76-.19 amp. ·

2. The 76.19 amperes plus 25% ofthe largest motor as re- .

quired by .the.Code we have:

76.19 + .25 (64.45)

. =92.30 amperes

. · 20~ Amp,." switCh ·

A· lab ao_.5_B_Am_....p_._ _ ___,__~.~ ,
· B • I be 92.30 Amp:. ·
-~-~
. 25 hp. Motor
c- 1ca ~o-·.s_s_A_m..;.p......-----~-------~.

I
. Lighting and
. Appliance load

FIGURE4·21 .

139 °
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

By inspecti~ · · A- 1 ab 80.56 amp.

B - lbc 92~30 amp.
· . C ;;. 1 ca 80.56 amp.
The· ~pbaSe B..C conductors
. ~t.. . that
. ...........
~~ _ both the .
mOtor and the 1ightiilg load bas an amperage capacity Of 92.30.
· ampereS. The ·~ selected i$ adequate and .sadO to serVe 1he
mQtor and .the lighting load.
·. · HO'WCVet, if the phase current lbc which is equal to 92.30
~· ~ceedS the ampacity of the 38 mm2 1W Which is .
· equals to 125x 80% ~ 100' a~Qpcres, (see Tablo 4--2) thm, Se-
lect the next higher trade ·size for phase 1 ~-
Selection· Qf the thermal· aDd 1l1agDeti.c ~ tday for.
various motQ.r.refer to Table 4-.8 as speci1icd by NEMA. ·

· 150 Amp. Saflty 8wtton

.-+--t---t-, 2150v. 3-wh, 3-phue

220v. Ughtlng and .! v.w oont:rQj

· POMfPanef (!fUNd)

.. GnM.Incl
OL

'·
. '

' 140 . .
 ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT IN BUILDING

SCHeDULE OF LOAD .TYPE OF SERVICE 3 PHASE, 3 WIRES, 60Hz.

..
Ckt. Descrtptlon No. of Amp./ Size of
No. outlet votta watts c.kt. . Fuse W~re Conduit

.1 " Ught Load 12 230: 1200. 5.22 15AT 2-2.0 mm2 13 rr'lm
2 ~ Convenience
outlet , . 230. 1500 e.52 20AT 2-3.5 mm 2 13 mm .
3-25 hj)Motor · 1 230 . 18650 64.45 150AT '3-38 mm2 50 mm

11 = 92.30 amp, use 3-38 mm2 THW copper ~ 150 amperes

safety switch, 250·'V014 3~poles single throw on 50 mm conduit pipe. .

· . Mttterials
#
for Motor Installation
·. • . .

L · 25 lip. IndUction rbotor 230 volts,· 3-p~e, ··1,800 5

rpm, 60 Hz. At 40° •perature rise. .
. 2. . Magnetic thermal overload control witli contraetors.
· 3: Service entnuice cap 50 mni with locknut. ·
4. 38 mm2 THW or RHW copper wire.· ·
5: 50 mm2 diameter IMT or RSC conduit pipe.
6. Conduit clamp with screw. 50 mm Con.dujt pipe.·
·7. TPST safety switch or circuit breaker 150 a 250 volts:.
. .
The quantity of materials depends upon the area and cboice of the
,designing Engineer ·

.Calculation Procedures in ·F inding the Size of Feeder and

tb~ Overt~ad Current Protection for a G~oup of Motors.

ILLUSTRATION 4-6
Four 3-pltase motor 220 volts squirrel cage .induction mo-
tor designed for ~oo C. temperature rise·at 1,800 rpm. 60 Hz,
RATING • APPBQX. fULl. LOAD CURRENT
20 hp 45 amp ..
15 lip 3~ .amp,
101'lp 29. amp. ·
. 7.5 hp 21 amp.
• For Approximate Full Load Current values, see Table. 4-7
· Overload Relays of Various Motors.

''
 LECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

•
45 amp. :
39 amp. .
29 amp. .
21 amp..

• For Approximate Full Load Current values, see Table 4-7

Overload ~lays of Various Motors. ·

·soLUTION.

1. · Determine the main feeder of the motors, Apply 25~ of .

. . the biggest nwtor current 'load plus the sum of the other
motors. ·

(45 X. 1.25) + 39 + 29 + 21

·=. 145.25 amperes ·

2. Refer to Table 2~5 or 4-2. For the 145.25 amperes ctir-

rent load use any ofthe follpwing conductor 'Wires:

3- SO nm lHW or RHW copper wire

2
2
.
3-100 nun TW'copper wire . . · .·
3.. r2s mm2 THW ar RHW alunlimun or c6pper clad
... . .·alwiunum · ·
3-1so mm 1W clad aturilinUm.
2

. .
3. Determine the .oWn Overcurrmt Protection. The Na-
.tional Eectrical Code provides that:
. . .
." The protection rating or setting of 11 motor shaU be
2SO% percmt (maximum) of the full load currqat of ..
the bigrut motor bditg served plus the sum' of the full
.load current ofthe other motors., . .

(45 x 125%)'x (250% + 39 + 29 +·21) ·.

140.625 + 89 ·.= 229.~25 ~res(~)

 . ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT IN BUILDING ·

4. · Refer·to Table 4-8. Select a fuse or trip breaker that iB

nearest to ·sianda.rd rating that will not eXceed 229.62.
~res. Use 200 amperes. ·

TASLE 4-8 SUMMARY OF BRANCH CIRCUIT REQUIREMENTS .

Circuit Rating 1samp: 20 amp. 30amp. . 40 amp. 50 amp

CONDUCTORS
(Minimum size)
Cin::uit Wires • 2 (1.6). 3.5(2) . 5.5(2.6) .8(3:2) 14
Taps 2 (1.6) 2(1.6) . . 2(1.6) . ~.5{2) 3.5(2)

OVERCURRENT
PROTECT10N 15amp 20amp 30amp · ·..Oamp ·soanip
OUTLET DEVICE
Receptacle Amp. 15 15or20 30 40«50 50
MAXIMUM LOAD . 15amp 20amp 30amp . 40amp · 50 amp
. . .
These Ampacitles are for COflPe\ coill:Juctora where.derating Is not required.

2 wire Control if used'

Circuit Breaker

Magnetic OL

~.a~~~ ·
~IOL Ol
. ·•
FIGURe' 4-30 ·. . ·
WJRJNG DIAGRAM FOR A TYPICL coMBt~TION STARTER

143
 EJ,.ECTRJCALLAYOUT AND ESTIMATE .

T111t18fooner ·
$tar Delta

~I II
.....,..__~.........~
Main Feeder · ..
s.o mm2 r-N cOpper wire

ACB
t .t•· t . '
t~CB
ROL25
AftiP. ~ ~ . . ~· ·. ~

. ''.

FJOURE441
TYPCAL ONE LINE DlAORAMOF A GROUP OJ=
. . MQrOR8 ANI),C,ONTROLS:

144
 ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT IN BUILDING

~nect ·

FIGURE442

OTHER WiRING DIAGAAM FOR

TYPICAL COMBINATION STARTER
 • l • •

ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

Electriul Symbols, Conftgurations and Figure$

for Eledricai Plans, Panels, Circuits ao Miscellaneous
Symbols Description
·····X·-X-. Barbed wire fence
................. Board Fence
-..,-E~-E-- Bl~ctrified ·Fence

·.~ Antemta

.;. . ; -Ill Lightning arrester.' Indicate type~d Ky rating

~ Circuit breaker, indicate rating and setting

-rv-- Fuse cutout, indicate rating.

~11• Ground

-ff- Transformer. Indicate :Kva t)'pe, volt;tgc & phase

Service entrapce, l'lldicate number of conductors, .

--<t= size type and voltage

C0 Service kilowatt-hour meter

·iACB 1- Air c~cuit breaker. Indicate rating.and settin,g. .

. .@i).. . .· Oil circuit breaker, Indicate rating and setting.
-i crcJ~ Current Transfoimer cabinet
[:$J MagneticStarter

~ Starter, Delta Wye

® Push.button switch. Start and stop

. I . . .
•

@R Pusb button switch. Remote control, start and stop.

146
 ELECTRiCAL CIRCUIT IN BUILDING ·

Generator. Indicate Kva phase, voltage and

@ power factor

·-
lP- f

t><J
Lighting panel. The numl;>er U)dicate's lighting
panel number ·
Controller

~~ Incandescent light outlet

'
~~ Outlet fo~ vapor d~s~e lamp

~. Drop ·cord light outlet

.i

~ ·~ Exit light outlet

·.o Fluarcs.cent light outlet

):J.ps Lamp outlet with pull switch

€>t ..Pull switch

'® Outlet with blank P cover

® Fan Outlet

· .@-f .. Clock Qutlet

e Duplex. conveilience outlet ...

@:wP . Weatherproof convt;hlence outlet

@R Range outlet. 3·wirc ·

&. .· Switch and con~~ oUtlet

@§ Radio and convenience outlet

Special purpose outlet. Indicate rating
.~ in 6pecitlcations
@.F. Floor outlet

147
 ELECTIUCALLAYOUTA.ND ESTIIWATE

- Junction box with' or Pull Box with P

Riser-down .
Riser-up

fiPDT1..I Double throw safety switch. Indicate rating and

ULJ. . nurilber of poles NF (None }:7used) .
. , .
~- - Safety s~tch. Indicate rating, number of poles
~ F·20A (F·210-20 ampere fuse) .·
L
( Knife switch. Indicate rating number of poles

f . .· F"""lalilio &Wl"idl. tn4i<ate number of poles

'•.

Lighting and or appliance circuit. The number

indicates
. . . . numbu.
circuit .
-· . . .
·. .

LC-1 Lo~ center. (Number indica~ load center number)

IE I
Power panel. (Number indicates panel numbcf} ·
-~
. .

hxH Range. Indlcate Kw. rating, phase and voltage.

-~ Heater. Indicate Kva. rating; phase and voltage

@}] " Welder. Indicates Kva. or Kw. ratiitg, type phase

and voltage. ' ··

. ~gfan
·•

~®··__ _·
M .
Wall fan
Motor. Indicate HP, p.hase, voltage and ampere rating

. 148'
 CHAPTER
--~--~------------
. . ~·

.. . . : .

ELECTRICAL LIGHTING
MATERIALS,
S.llncandescent Lamp
~ lamp has a wide variety of foims; shapes and .
sizes·: LikeWise, its base is aho made of ~ types and ·
· various designs. ~.: lamps are critkally dependent
on the wattage ~ly th&t·even for a smatl fluctuation of the .
current voltage, its life, .output, and eft'i~ency ·iS m.aterialiy
~- For instance: ·· · ·
· 1. Burning a. 120 voh lamp with 115 volts Current supply · ·
will mean approximately: ·
15% less light oftbc ~(lumens) .. ,
· 7% lower ~: ~tiori. (watts) · ·
8% lower efficacy (lumens per hour)
72% more life (bu~g hours)
2. ·. Burning a 120 .voh laD1p with 125 volts~ ~ly
will mean: app~tely: '•
· 16% more light {lumens)
"'- - 6% 1;00re power consumpt:i.oil (watts)
8% higher efficacy (lumens per watt)
42% less life {bllming hours)

Incand~ lamp is verY.. $ensitivc. to voltage change, ·and ·

voJtaae ~. materially a&,cts its life span. At an average
1o~· lower voltage supply, ·itS life span is increased by 25% · ·
and reduces by 15% With IO~ ·over voltage supply. · ·
On the .ver~.ge~ less than t 0% of 1hC 'Wattage is utilized f.o

149 .
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

· prodUce·light and the rest.produces heat. In short, this type of

lamp is .opnsidered ~ a poor choiCe for energy conversation
because it produces poor and low. level of lighting. However,
in~descent lamp has also the following Advantages:

1. ltisc~
2. Instant start and re-start·.
3: Simple inexpensive dimm~g
4. Simple and compact installation requiring no accessories
5. High power factor ·
6. It can be focused
7. Its lite is independent ofthe number·of start .
8: · It has goOd color.

Disadvantages of Incandescent Lamp

1. ~ low effi.ccu;y
2. Has shorter life . .
3. . Sensitive and-critical to voltage changes or fluctuati011S.
. 4. High inaintenance cost
· . 5. , More heat is produced than light

Due to its poor energy characteristi~s,: InCandescent lamp

should be limi:ted
.
tO
.
the folloWing
. '..
applicatiOns:
. .

1. Infrequent or shQrt duration use~

2. Where .low cost dimming is necessary.
3. In focusing fiXtures .
·4. Where minim~ initial cost is required

-- Filllrnent
Bulb.
•
....,f---- Mica
Exhl..-t tut. _....:..latf---'--· FUM
F = l l - -- a...

150
 .ELECTRICAL LIGHTING MATERIAI.s

TABLE 5-1· EFFECTS OF oVERVOLTAGE AND UNDERVOL.TAGE

CONDITION

tOAD . 10'11. U~ervoltage 10'11. Overvollage

·•
UGHTINC
Incandescent Output reduced by 30'11. Life rediJQ&d by 67%
Fluorescent Output red~. poor start .eau.t overflNting
Mercury lamp .. LoW output, poor start Ballast overheating

MOTORS 20% Lower torque, hotter High starting current;

opliiC'IIIIon, raduce Bfe, . excessive starting
ovafloadlng . torque, higher noise

BEATERS 20% reduction In 04.1tput Overheat, thort life.

SMALL TOOLS StaiRng, lew power Reduce life, bu.m winci-
lhgs

_TABLE 1-2 TYPICAL DATA OF INCANDESCENT LAMPS

• · Lamp Ava. Rated Initial Lumens S~of

w~ .. Ufe (tva.) Lumens per watt bae
.. .• .
80 1100 . 855 14.2 Meet
.75· 750 .. 1180 15.7 Meet
. 100 750 1750 17.5 Meet
' too .750 1710 17.1 · Meet
. 160 750 2760 18.4 Med.
. 200 .
'
750 4000 20.4 Med:
100SB 1000 1.450 14.5 Meet.
200SBIF 1000 3300 16.5 . .Mad.

. .
300SBIF 10.00 5250 17.5 Mag. ·

.. ..
Uo
, "
' '

_._ '

'"':' . .. ....
. ~ ..

.
. . . ··- ..
Miniature 1ntermedl•t• ,· Moout
~Mt :

- ~
·r Jl.
Il .
·.-~

Medium SkM Pl'ont M.Cium Skln.d

·FIGURE 1-2 TYPE$ OF INCANDESCENT lAMP BASE

ut
Mogul E.ncl Pront

151
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

.M£01UM MID. SlOE

SltlltTfO til l'tii*G ~ MIO. SlOE
BASI. 1:11 ~

..
PROJECTOR PAR-38 PAR-4 PAR;.IJI PAR--64

wttm ·: 7.5 1011 UIO 1110 .200 300 500 •

BEAM TYPE SP FL SP Fl SP MED. FL ~EO. Fl

OIAMETtfl" ·3~-
.,. .,,. .s,, 5;6 1 8
5 1 tttltl ·s
M.O,L"

SP • SPOTtlGtU
~~·
"" 41 ne 121,
.. 4 &

Fl • FLOODLIGHT

FIGURE ~~ REFLECTOR SPOT AND FLOOD LAMPS

·Pear Shape

9QQ
Globe Pear Elli~eal Shape

FIGURE 5-4 VARIOUS. TYPES Of INCANDESCENT LAMP

·152
 'ELECTRiCAL LIGHTING MATERIALS

..

0
Cone Shape
F.lama .Shape Arbitrary: .
designation
ParaboUc Tub:.JI3r

. . .
5·2 Fluoresc~nt Lamp .
The Fluorescent Lamp was first introduced in 1937. It
was considered the be~ and most widely used type of lamp.
Generally, it comes in varieties of sizes, wattages, colors, volt-
ages arid specific applications. '
·., .·
The Cathope fluOrescent lamp is the most. common 'type .
comprising of a cylindrical glass tube sealed at both ends, con-
taining a mixture of_ an inert gas g~erally argon, and low pres··
sure menruryvapor. At eacltend; is a cathode. that supplies the ·
electrons to start and maintain the mercury arc or gaseous.dis-
charge. The short wave ultra-violet light produe<:d by the mer"
cury arc is absorbed by the phosphors coating inside the tube ·
and is re-radiated in the. visible light ·range. Th.e fluorescent
lamp is so called because its phosphors radiate light when ex-
posed to ultra violet rays .. · ·

. FluoYescent l!!Itlp requires ballast in its circJit. The ballast

is basically made of coil to limit the current in the circUit in
which, ifnqt controlled, will open the fhse or circuit breaker. ·

Characteristics of a Fluorescent Lamp

L The· fluorescent lamp efficacy. is much higher than the

incandescent lamp. · ·
2. About 200% of its input energy becomes light, 80% js
·converted to heat including the ballast heat energy loss. ·
. -
1$3
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

Efficiency • refers to the amount of energy converted to

visible light. ,
. · Efficacy - is a measure of the lumens Pjf watt prodUced
by the lamp. · . . ·

Life Span of Fluorescent Lamp

Fluorescent lamp has longer life span comPared with the

incandescent lamp. Its life span is materially affected by the
number of times the lamp is switched on and switched off.
.Generally, switching wears out the lamp cathode and CQDtinu-
ous burning of fluorescent lamp tvould laSt ·.about· 30,000
hours. With an average of 3 hours burning per start, fluores:-
cent lamp <:ouid last for about 12,000 hours only. ' ..
. .

Calhode (Tungstettl!lament)

. Tube filled with

·..· l'llre gilt .net·
mercury v.,.-
-~ .
. Pin~·. . OUt:slc:Je .•

•••
·; ••. ·m·.•·.{E .·.t]).
.metal

. .
7

. .

t-12 .
•

Mecl. Si-Pin
.

T-12
. .·Single Pin
. T·1.2 ·
Ritcessed

..
FIGURE 6-1 TYPICAl DeTAIL OF A FlUO~SCENT LAMP

. Pre-Heat Lamp
The original fluorescent lamp is the preheated design. The
circuit used is a separate starter. When the .lamp circuit is
closed, the starter energizes the cathode. After 2 to 5. seconds
delay, it initiates a high voltage arc across the lamp causing it
to start. .

154
 ELECTlUCAL LIGHTING MAttRIALS

The preheat fluorescent }aii).p is ordered mthe followmg

speiCifications:

F 20 T 12 WW which means; ·
Fluorescent ~ 20 watts,
Tubular shaped bulb 12/8 inches diameter
Warm, White. . ·

Rapid Start Lamp

. Tbe Rapid Start Lamp_was introduced in 1952. It was typi-

cally the same in construction as the preheat lamp. The basic
difference is the circliit.ry :that eliminates the delay inherent in
_l)teheat circuit by constaritly keePing the cathodes ~ or_
preheated.. . . . .· . ..
. . .
·•. The 40W Tl2 is the most popular lamp represented by
code name F40 T12 WW J.VS. This high ou1put lamp bas a
recesSed .contact base that requires special circuit and ballast
that are not interchangeable with any other types of lattlp ~ This
type of lamp however, has shorter. life span and iS less ·.efficient
· compared with the 4200 .milli-ampere rapid Starl_lainp. MoSt·of
the rapid Start lamps operate at 425 ~s: .

· ·· Another objection to this type of tamp, is ibe· glare ·i t piQ-

duces aside from its very limited application: However, this
particular type of lamp is specially Used for outdoor sign light-
ing, street lighting, and merchandise display. ·· · ·
. There are two special 'types .of ·~ . output rapid start .
lamps. Namely: · ·

1. One tluU. operates at 800 milli-amperes caned High. Out-

put(HO) .
· 2. · One that oper8tes at I.SOO miDi-amperes (1.5 · amp.)
· callC:d; Very High Output lVHO); Super High:OUtpUt or .
Simply 1500 miJJiamPere Rapid Start Lamp. In ordering
this type of lamp, the abbreviation is: ··

· 155
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

F 48 T 12/CW/VHO .which means:

Fluorescent,48 in. long, Tubular 12/8 in~ diameter.bulb
. Cool White, Very High Output (1500 mla:) or

F 72 T 12/CW/HO which means: . .

fluorescent 72 in. long, Tubular 12/8 in. diameter tube
Cool White, High Output (1l00 mla.)

Instant Start Fluorescent Lamp

This type of fluorescent lamp was introduced in 1944. It was

~cd the Slim Lamp oonsidered thf; best among the varieties
of instant start fluoresCent lamps. It haS only one pin at each
end acting as a.switch 4> br~ the ballast circuit when the tube
is removed. The lamp is operated mtwo lamp circuits at' vari-
ous current such as: ·

Nonnal current ... 200 and 425 milli-amperes (mla,.) .

· . Normal length....24 in., 36 in., 42, 48, 60, 64, 72, 84 and 96.

This lamp is. a hOt cathode, instant start lamp, clifierent

. from the high voltage cold cathode type. Comparatively, this
type lamp is more expensive than the ·rapid star.t type and.
somewhat less efficient. However, it has also the advantage of
starting at a much lower ambient :tempera.ture than the rapid
start circqit;.This lamp is preferred on outdoor installations.

To Order this Type of Lamp it is Written as:

F 42.T 6 CW Slim line, mtianing: .

Fluorescent lamp 42 in. long,
Tubular 6/8 in. diameter tube •
Cool White, Instant start

. Take note th3.t for Instant Start Lamp, the nwnber follow-
. 'ing .the .letter .F in9icates the length of the tube> not the wattage.
This is applicable to all lamps tPat operate at other than 425
milli-amperes which is tlie noimal current.

156
 ELECTlUCAL LIGHTING MATERIALS

· TABLE 5-3 FLUORES.CENT LAMP DATA

~ lAJt1) Initial Acbiel Aetual

lamp CUTent BaiiiiSt TcQJ lle Output E~ EffiCaCY
Code'- Watts mil-an.,. WatfsllC watts · hr ~ Lumens- mJwf I~
Prehe•t Lllmp

F15T8CW 15 425 8 23 7500 870 38 58

F20T12CN 20 425 10 30 9000 1300 43 '65

Rapid start • Preheat Lamps h

F40T12CN 40 425 II 48 18000 3150 68 79

F40T12WW 40 425 . 6 48 -18000 3200 70 80
F40T12CWX 40 425· 6 46 18000 2200 48 55
F40 T12 0 40 425 6 46. 18000 2600 57 65

Repid Sta1 · High Output

..
F48T12CWMO ?60 800 15 75 12000 - 4300 57 n
F60 T'l2 CWMO 75 800 15 90 12000 5400 60 n
FnT12CWIHO 85 800 15 100 12000 6650 67 78
F98 T12 CWIHO 105 800 15 121 12000 9200 76 88

Rapid start· Very High Output

F48 T12 CWNHO 110 1500 8 118 9000 . 6250 53 57

F72 T12 CWNHO . 165 1500 8 173 9000 9900 57 60
F96 T12 CWNHO 215 1500 13 228 9ooo 14500 64 Q

lnstantstst (Simine)_Lamps

F42T6CW 25 200 15 40 7400 17s0 44 70

F84 T8CW 40 200 ' 10 so .7500 28()0 . 58 70 •
F48T12CW 40 430 16 56 9000 3000 54 75
F84T12CW 55 430 18 71 12000 3600 51 '&5
F96T12CW 75 430 17 92 12000 6300 . 68 84

a Standa'd ordering abbreviatiori .e Alter 100 hoii'S bltlllng

c:N, cool white; WW, 'MIImt W.it8; f lndudes balast loss
CWX, coOl white de luxe; D. daylgtt g ~udes belut Jon
b Figll'flS n fer a two-lamp circuit
per slart · h Data given far lampe in a
d life f.:IIRS life for 3 hotn bt.ming rapid sbrt circuit
per start

157
 ELECTRI«;:AL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

~-~------:,.1
BaUast packag6'
Preheat Circuit

.Ballast

r---------------,
I
I
I
I
I .
I
I
.I
.I

&oeJine I
I
I
- - : - - - - - - -.J

R.,.pid Start

FIGURE 5~

158
 ELECTRICAL LlGHTJNG MATEIUAI..S

. Typical Two Lamp Instant Start Circuit

Two La~ Preheat Circuit or Lead Lag Circuit

FfGURE&-7

159
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT· AND ESTIMATE

Cold Cathode Tube is another typ·e of lamp that offers a

very long life setvic~ compared with the hot cathode lamp.
The lamp is not affected by the number of starting or switching
of the lamp. It has a lower overall efficacy compared to the hot
cathode lamp and is generally used where a long continuous
burning is required~

Characteristics and Operation of Fluorescent Lamp

1. . Life Span - depends on the burning hours per start.
2. Lumen Output -decreases rapidly during the first 100
of
hours burning and thereafter much more slowly.
3. Efficacy - depends on the operating current and the
phosphors utilized. Generally, the warm white lamp is
more efficient than the white, .cool white, daylight. and·
colored lamps.

Hlgl\ Voltage End ·

~
High Output Lampa

.P.....Heatand
Rapid Start Lampe
LO'w Voltage End
~
Very High ouiput L,;amp•
Receaud Double Contact ·

FIGURE s.a HIGH OUTPUT LAMPS

•
5-3 Mercury Lamp
Mercury lamp is a· combination of, the arc discharge
characteristics of a fluorescent lamp and the compact focusable
shape of an incandescent lamp. The combination effect is re-
sponsible for its efficiency and long life in· various uses.

160
 ELECTRICAL-LIGHTING MATERIALS .

The American Standard fustitute adopted a si,mplified code

for the manufacture of mercury lamps containing five parts
. suchas: ·
. H38 MP lOODX which simply means;
H- Me1cury lamp .
.38-Ballast number
MP~· Lamp Physical characteristics
100- Lamp wattage
DX-Indicates phosphors, glass coating or coloring

.I

Arc tube

. I
Arc tube tupport

Heat deflector

Starting realetor

· FIGURE I.$ TVPICAL CONSTRUCnON OF A CLEAR MERCURY .

. . VAPOR LAMP .

Special Featur~s of Mercury Lamp ·

1. It is available in wide variety of shape, size and color
with rating from 50. to 150 watts.

161
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

2. It reqt¥res ballast that cauld be mounted away from the

lamp. · .
3. Because of its high effiCiency, mercury lamp is a good ·
replacement for incandescent lamp in the conservation
ofenergy. ·
4. Dimming of mercury lamp is possible with a dimming
ballast.

Explanation of color suffix In orderingabbrmati.OU:

Dx - Deluxe white R - Beauty'lite
N - Style-Tone No suffix clear (non-phosphor coated)
Descriptio& Symbob · ·
B -Black light . RF- Rdlector flood
FF- Froastcd face . S - Street lighting
G- Gene.rallightingVW- Very wide beam
W- Wide·beam .

.-- ::,-ftG\JRE 6-10 TYPICAL.f9JitMS OS MERCURY.l.AMPS

..
.....'...·. :·
·:

Lamp Life of a Mercury ~am~ .

1. The 4unP tire of a me~cwy lamp is extremely long with

an ·average of 24,000 hours based on 10 burning hours
per start.
2. Mercury lamp is nQt Suitable for installation which is
subject tO coitstaDt switching. Thus, long period of bum- .
ing per start is preferred. ·
3. The life of lamp if affected by: ·
a. Ambient temperature
b. Lipe voltage
c. Ballast design

162
 ELECTRICAL LIGHTING MATERIALS

4. Lamp is replaced if accelerated lumens depreciatiOn is

near the end of its life span. .
5. .·Clear lamp bas the best lumen main:tenancc; followed by
the.color iniProve4 and phosphors coated units.
. · . 1,

The Ballast
. .. . I . .
Ballast is necessary to start the lamp> and thereafter, to .
control the arc; The basic ballast is a simple reactor that con-
trols the arc ~ the. discharge bas .been initiated. The lamp
requires 3 to 6 minutes after switch on to reach the full output.

Types of BaUast .
.L Reactor &lllaSt is a low .power factor and does not re-
. quire ·voltage r~ti~. This is only used where line
voltage _fluCtuatian-d<>es not exceed plJis or ttrinus 5%.
2. · 'Auto trtm'sformt!l' Ballast is a ·reactor lUlit with trans- .
fonner ·t.Q match line voltage to lamp voltage. It bas a
.. low power factor and non;.regu]ating. ·
3. High Power Factor Auto transformer Ballast is the'
same as type 2 ex,cept the additional capaeitor to im-
prove the power &Ctor. ·. · . ·
4. Constant Wattage Auto trllllsformer Ballast is also ·
calle4 Lead. Circuit Ballast. A regu1ating high power file..·
tor unit thai maintains Jamp voltage nlalcing wattage . . ·
lumen output constam. The lamp wattage .varies Jrom
5%with a to% voltage change.
.. ,; .
Dimming Ballast ·
•
,. : .

Dimming of mercwy lamp is possible. by using a. d~

ballast and a solid-state dimming control available tot 400-700
and 1000 Watts. A little use but effective and economical otao-.
p~ t:eductlOn prQCess, could be ·dOne·by simply cha.riging the ·
circuit capacitaru:e with an amowtt depending upon the tamp:
siZe and ballast type. A3 such, the 18utp wattage aM, output ciW:. ·
be redm:ed by approximately 500.4 with no adverse effect on .
lamp or ballast. · · · ;·.

168
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

TABLE 6-4 MERCURY VAPOR LAMP DATA

Rated Approx
AWl. L1lnens
A~ Code lie
Watts Bull Base tn.. Initial Mien
40 !M7 . Mel!. H480L.5010X G 1~ 1100 BOO
50 B·17 Mecl. H480L-40-50/DX 0 1GOOO + 1550 1150

75 9·21 Med, H43AZ-75 0,8 18000+ 2800 ~- ·

H43AY-7510X o.s 16000+ 2800 2200
H43AY·7SIN G,S 16000+ 20SO 1800 .
H<13AY-751R o.s 18000+ 2800 2200

100 A·23 Mild. H38LL·100 0 2400Q+ 4100 3450

H38MP-100JOX 0 24000+ 4300 3200
H38MP-1001N 0 24000+ 3600 2850

B·25 Mog. HleHT-100 0,8,8 2~+ 4100 3450

r138JA·1DDR o.s 2.cooo+ 4400 3300
R...CO Med. H38BP-10010X RF,FF,VW 24000+ 2850 22BO
H38BP-1001N · RF,FF,VW 24000+ 2450 11150
H38BP-1001R _RF,FF,VW 24000+ 2~ 2280

1715 9T·2e ' Mo_o. H3Eit<8-'t75 0.8.8 2~ 7700 8800

H39Kc-17.WX 0,8 24000+ ~ 1800
H39KC-1751N o,s 2«100+ 7000 5600
H39KC.·1751R 0,$ 24000+ 28SO . 2280

R-40 Mild. H39BM·175 RF,FF.W 24000+ 6100 5150

l'f399P·17510X RF,FF,VW 2400CJ.oo 57SO 4800

2SO BT-28 aotog. H37K8~250 0,8,8 2-4(J()b. 12100 8850

l:i37KC·2SOI'R. 0,6 2~ 13000 8750

300 . BT-37 . Nog. H33C0-300 G,S teoro. 14000

'{econ-o-watt) H33GL-30010X G,S 18000+ moo
400 BT-37 Mog. H33C0.400 G,S,B 24000+ 21000 18300
H33GL-4oo.'OX O,S 24006+ 23000 18400

R-67 Mog. H33FY-400 G,B,RF,FFW 24000- 18SOO 18400

' H330N-40001X G 2<1000+ 23000 18400

,iqo ·.: BT-411 Mog. H~5NA·700 G,S 24000+ 41000 351~.

1W»,: .: BT-58 Mog· . H34G.V·1000 G,& 10000• .55000 . 44000

H3<1GW-100010X 0 . 1eooo+ 56000 38400
··'·'·.. H38GV·1000 o.s.e 2-4000+ 57~ .ntoo
. ..,.,. H~W·1CICJO#t)X . o.s 240Q(). 03000 44700

mx •Delulce While B • Blactlllght s ·. Street lightinG FF • Froeted F -

R - ,Beauly l.fe vw. very Wlda a..m G • Oellllf1ll Llglltlng W .'Wide Bellm
IN - ltylil Tone No lll1l!k • "'"'" Clear RF' - Fe!lec:tor Flood

164
 ELECTRICAL LIGHTING MATERIALS ·

Special Type of Mercury Lamp. ·

A small- mercwj lamp to replace interior incandescent

lamps.are available in 40; 50; 75 to 100 and 175 watts, sizes in
deluxe white, and other color -corrected design.

Self Ballast Lamp (un~ballasted) is available on where

ballast mounting is impractical and inconvenient. Small size
mercury · lamps are also available to replace incandescent
lamps. However, where a self-ballasted mercury .lamp is con-
templated, fluorescent Jamp is a better choice considering the
following advantages: ·

1. Lower in cost 4. Good color ·

2. Longerlife · 5. More attractive
3. High efficiency 6. Lower energy co$!

S-4 M~tal Halide Lamp

Basically, Metal .Halide Lamp is ·Mercury Lamp, im·
proved by the addition of halides of metal such as ThaUium,
Indium, or Sodium to the arc tube. ·
The addition of theSe . , makes the light frequency radi-
. ate other than the basic mercury colors arid at· the same in-
stance, _increases its efficacy, but reduces the life and lwi:tens
maintenance to about 60%. at two thirds life. ·
The color pToduCed ho~ is much warmer than the mer-
cuzyligbt.

Brief Comparison of Mercury lamp and Metal Haiide lamp

Mercury LamP Metal Halide Latnp

· Life span 16,000 to 14,000 hrs. 7,50{) to 1~,000 hrs.

Color Poor to fair · Good to excellent -
Lamp Efficacy 50 to 60 lpw. 80to 100 lpw.

165
 ELECTRICAL LAYOU'I' AND.ESTIMATE

RecOmmended Applications

... 1. For exterlor. use,

clear lamps are recommended.
2. For indoor use, the phosphor coated unit is recom-
mended including lights for food display.· ·

Other CharacteristiCs of Metai Halide Lamp

1. . The color depends on the amoUnt of iodized-halide salt

in the are. Its performance is extremely sensitive to voltw
age, temperature and burnin8 pOsition.
2. Strike .time is shorter than that of the mercury lamp from
2 to 3 minutes.
3. The re-strike tirile is .up to 10 minutes making little in- ·
convenience in indoor areas that needs immediate tight.
4. ~ metal .halides are usable ·with mercury lamp bal·
last:

S..S High Pressure Sodium Lamp

· The High Pressure Sodium Lamp was first developed and
intr~ by General :Electric Co. (GE). · This is one of the
latest developments in the high intensity disvharge (fDD)
lamps·. It ~
and A:DaiOx.
marked
·
under· the trade name Lucalux, Cetamalux
· · · ·

One outstanding featute of this lamp is its output. The effi-

~y and ballast losses, is almost 100 .lumen per watt, which is
double that of a colored corrected mercury lamp. It has a yel-
lowish color similar to a low wattage incandesCent larpp, and a
wann white fluorescent lamp. It is smaller in siZe, ·high output,
and l.Qnger life. But like all high intelisity disc.baige lamps, sQ-
di'IUillamps dQ not .start instantaneously. The start 3l!'i re-strike
time required, is shorter than that of a mercury lamp. Unlike
~ metal halide lamp, the HPS is not sensitive to. voltage
changes.. Its color is constant, and the ballast is different froni
· that Qf the mercury .or metal halide lamps that .needs higher
voltage..· · ·

·166
 ELECTRICAL LIGHTING MATERIALS

Lamp efficacy 85 to 140 lpw

Life span 16,000to 24,000 hours
Lumen.maintenance SOto90%
Wannuptime 3 to 4 minutes
· Re~strike time ~to I Y2 minutes

End clamp
Elecltic
tlisctl~~"ge
through ---t<""
sodium
v~
Vacovrn

mount
structure
Cerarric
arc tube

The main feature of the HPS

Electricalty, the HPS lamp lamps are the alumina ceramic
is a simple device. The base tube, amalgam reservoir and
contact an~ the internal wiring . the rigid arc tube structure.
serves to provide a current This type is rated at 310 watts
oonnection to the ballast and . and yields 37,000 initial lumens
arc tube electrodes. · and last for about 24,000 hr. life.

FIGURE 5·11 HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM LAMP

 ELECTRICAL LAVOUT AND ESTIMATE

TABLE 5- 5 HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM .t-AMP (HPS)

LUMALUX CLEAR LAMPS- Special Ballast Requlr~".d

Average
Rattd ·Lamp Lamp&
Hours Approx. Lumens Efficacy Balla$t
Watt. Bulb Life • ln(tial Mean LCL M.O.L (LPW) Efficacy

70 BT-25 20000 5800 5220 5 7·112 83 58

100 BT-25 20000 9500 8850 ·s ·7-112 95 66
150 8!·25 24000 16000 14400 5 7-112 106 79
150 BT-28 24000 18000 ~·400 5 8-5116 106 79

250 E 18. 24000 21500 24750 5-314 9-314 110 90

400 E 18 240000 50000 45000 5-3/4 9·314 125 104

1000 . E25 24000 140000 126000 8-314 15·1116 140 121

"'verage
Rated Lamp Lain11 &
Houra Approx. Lumens El'fioacy Ballast
watts Bulb Life* Initial Meeo L.C.L. M.O!L ( LPW) Efficacy

70 BT·25 2oo0oo 5..ao .4860 5 7-112 77 54

100 BT·2S . 20000 ~ 7920 5 7-112 100 74

400 . BT-37
•
24000 47500 42750 '7 11·112 119 99

1
Bllseci on operation on proper auxiliary equipment for 10 hr .or more per start

..
168
 ELECTlUCAL LIGJl'l'ING MATERIA.LS

Lumalux Coated Lamps are used in open bottotn fix-

tures or. where glare is a problem. Special ballast is required.·

• Operate on ~sting Mercury 119 type

auto ~ranaformer ballatn. or 240.277 volt
feactort. .
• Will operate on moat mercury Mriea.Cif·
cults. ·

FIGURE 1-13 LUMALUX COATED LAMPS

UNALUX CLEAR LAMPS

A\'ertge
Rated \ Lamp Limp&
Hours Approx. lumens Etr~Ct~cy Ballast
Watts Bulb lffe' lnitUII Mean LCL ·. MOL . LPW Emcacv
/

150 BT-28 12000 12000 10800 5 8-5116 ao 65

360 BT-37 16000 36000 32400 1 11•1/2 100 8&

UNALUX COATED LAMPS • U•eo io open bottom fixture• or where glare i1

problem. e
I
Ave.rage
Rated . !.amp Lamp&
Hours Approx. L1.1men' Etncaey Ballast
Watts. Gull) t.ife • Initial Mean LCLI t.*OL lPW El!le4ey

150 BT-28 12000 13000 11700 5 S.S/16 87 70

360 BT.S7 18000 . 38000 34200 7 11·112 106 ·93

Unalux Coated Lamps is used in open bottom fixtures or

glare is a problem. Operates on existing Mercury lag type auto
transformer ballasts or .240-277 volt reactors. This type o.f
lamp operates on most mercwy series circuits.

169
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND-ESTIMATE

Vacuum

Arc tube With

lodlum mercury
end xenon

E-18 T·18

LIFE HRS:
108URNING
· HRSPER LUMENS
"WATTS BULB BASE LCL MOL START INITIAL.. MEAN
150 8T·28 . Mog. s· 8 S/18" 15000 18000 14400
250 E -18 Mot- 5314. 931~· 15500 2~ - 23200
.oKlO E ·11 Mog. 5 31.4- 8314" 20000 50000 45000
1000 T -18 M~. 83/4" 15 1118 ·1()(l()OC) 130000 1oftleoo
SOURCE: General E.lectrlc Company

FIGURE 1·14 HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM LAMPS (HPS)

..
170
 ELECTRICAL LIGHTING MATERIALS

5-6 Low Pressure Sodium Lamp

This type of lamp is also called SOX. h produces light of
sodium characteristics monochrOmatic deeP yellow color. This
is not applicable for general lighting purposes because of its
very high efficacy oye{ 150 lumeils per watt including ballast
loss. It can be used
.
wherever
.
color is not an important. criteria. ·
. ;

SOX is widely used on streets, roads, area lighting and for

emergency or after hours indoor lighting. SOX has 100% lu-
mcn.maintenance, long life which could last for 18,000 or
more hours making it the most economical source in' terms of
· cost per million lumens produced.

Choice of Light Source

Cost study should be based..on:

1: Annual and life cycle of the lamp
'2. hppact on the heating/cooling system
3. . Quantity of lumens procfu:ced \
4. Re•lamping which includes labor
5. Energy cost
6. Capital investment

S...7 Tungsten-Halogen Lamp

The Tungsten-Halogen Lamp is popularly called Quartz
Lamp. It is a special type Of incandescent lamp, One advantage
· it has over the nonnal incandescent lamp iS' itS ability to main-
tain a coUstant level of light output throughout its life.

is
The J.ife span of a quartz lamp about three .t o four times
that of the nonnal incandescent lamp. According to the· result
of experiments mad~. 13% of its wattage, produces light and
87% produces heat. Comparatively, it was proven after suffi-
cient time of USC· that the quartz IamP has longer life and more
efficient .than the .incandescent lamp. .

171
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

tnert ps.

Quirtz tube

Iodine vapor ·

FfGURE 1·14 TUNGSTEN-HALOGEN LAMP OR QUARTZ LAMP

TABLE 5-' TYPICAL DATA FOR TANGSTEN·HALOGEN LAMP

. M•xOver~~U Me•nlumen
Length. R•tled·llte Approx ln'l ThR~ughllte
Watta . Bulb ~nchM mm Houre Totall~.m4tna ~ .

250 PAR-38 5.31 135 4000 3220 94

500 PAR-56 5.00 125 4000 8000 94
1000 PAR-84 fJ.OO 150 4000 19400 94
. 1000 R-60 10.12 257 3000 17000 95
250 T-.4 3.00 7!5 2000 4850 95 .
300 T-4 3.12 80 2000 5650 95
..00 T-4 3.82 92 2000 7970 . 95
500 T... 6.00 150 20tiO 10750 95
750 HJ 8.00 . 150 2000 15750 . 95
1000 . T.e !5.82 1~ -.xJ 19800 85
..
S-7 Lighting Fixtures
Lighting fixtures are electrical devices designed to hold
· and connect the Ianq)s to power supply as·well as coutrol and
distribute the light, and to 'position 8nd protect the lamp.

172
 ELECTRICAL LIGHTING MATE~

Not all lighting fixtures however, possess all these func-

.tions. For instance, lamp hOlder only serves as holder of 1he
lamp> or as a connection of the lamp and sOm.e others fixtures
· that are utilized as aid in the distribution or control of light.

Considering the various types and design of lighting fix-

. tures serving a definite and specific purpose; lighting fixtures
are classified into: lampholders, reflectors or shields and dif-
fusers. Lampholders are either cord or box-mounted sockets
for the incandescent lamps or wiring strips for the fluorescent
lamps which .is provided with wiring channel and mounting for
the ballast. Aside from holding the lamp and comecting it to
the power supply it is also designed to protect the lamp itself. ·
Some lampholders are even provided with reflectors and others
are designed for focusing the light.

FIGURE 1-16 LAMPHOLDERS

. FIGURE 1·11 LIGHTIJIIG REFLECTORS AND DIFFUSERS :,

173
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

Shatlow Symme.tric C.Ning line

r-~--,

·--]J\·
H ~-----~
..
Shielding

Su.penllon bracket -

Reflector- • 18 gauge

\.

Deep Bow1 . RLM Standard Dome Shallow Come

·~
t.ame ·
.·. . 1T. • . 80:100w
14. . 1!50 w
16" 200w
18" 300-500w
R·LM Symmetrfoal Angle Elllpt.ic:a! Angle ..

FfGURE 5-18

LIGHTING REFLECTORS AND DIFF(JSERS

174
 --~------------CHAPTER

PRINCIPLES ·OF
· ILLUMINATION
6-1 Defmition of Terms
IUumination is defuled as the intensity of light per unit
area.' When we talk of illumination, or simply lighting, we are
referring to man made lighting. Daylight.being excellent is not
.included." Indeed, we assume a night time condition. · ·

Electric Illumination is ~e production of light by means

of electricity and 1ts ·applications to provide efficient, comfort-
. able and safe vision. Specifically, when one speaks of lighting
design. he refers to only tWo things: ·

1. .The quantity of light and

2. · The quality oflight ·

Quahtity of Light refers tO the amount of illumination or

-luminous fluX. per unit area. Quantity of light can be measured
and easily handled because it deals with the number of light ·
fixtures required for a cCrtain area.

Quality of Light refers to the distribution of brightness in

th~ lighting installation. It cieals with the ess~tial nature or
characteristics of light In short, quality of light is the mixture of
all the ·items related to illumination· other than the quantity of
. light which includes several elements such as: • ·
I. Brightness 5. Brig}rtriess ratio or contrast
2. Glare · 6. Diffuseness
· 3: Color 7. Aesthetics
4. Psychological 8. Economics
reaction to color and fixtures

175
 . ELECTRICAL LAYOU'tAND ESTIMATE

Th~re are four factors that affect illumination:

l. Brightness 3. Glare
2 .. Contrast 4. Diffuseness

Brightness is the light that seems to radiate from an object

being viewed. Brightness or luminance is the luminous.· flux
{light) emitted, transmitted or reflected from a surface.

Contrast is the ·difference in brigtrtness or the brlghtness

ratio between an object and its background. The recommended
brightness ratio between an object being viewed and its back-
giOlJ1ld is normally 3:1.

If a print on a white paper can be clearly seen on· a ·light

backgrouild, it is due to the effect called contrast. Likewise, if
a light ·object is placed on a dark background, the light object
reflects more light and look brighter although bOth have equal
illumination. It is for this reason that office furniture is gener·
ally light colored, ~ or light green for eye comfort.

Glare is a strong. steady, dazzling light or reflection. The

quality of the lighting system must also include the visual com-:-
fort of the system. that is, the absence of glare. An excessive
luminance .and ot excessive luminance ratio in the field of vi-
sion is referred to as glare.
There are two types ofglare:
1. Direct Glare is an annoying brightness of light in a per-
sOn.~ s notm.af: field of vision.

2. .lndirecJ or Reflected Glare is muCh more serious and

diffiCult to ·control. TechniCally) reflected glare is •a
glossy object. ·

When the discomfort glare is caused by light sources in the

field of vision, it is known as direct or discomfort glare. When
the glare is caused by reflection of a light source in a viewed
surface it is called reflected glare or·veiling rejleciion.

•
176
 PRINCIPLES OF ILLUMINATION ·

Diffuseness· refers to the control of shadows cast by light.

Diffuseness is the degree to which light is shadowless, and is
t.herefore a function of the number of directions to which light
collides with a·particular point and the compa.ratiw intensities.

.Penect Diffusion is an equal intensity of light clashing

from aU directions producing no shadows: A s.iDgle Jamp will
cast sharp aud deep shadows. The color of lighting and the cor-
responding color of the· object within a space is an important
consideration in producing a quality of light. A luminous ceil-
ing provides a satisfactoly diffused illumination and less shad-
ows.

There are three characteristics that define a par- ·

. ticular coloration, they are: ·

a.. Hue - is the quality attribute by which we recognize ·

and describe colors as red, blue, yellow, green, vjolet
andsoon. .
b. Brilliante or Value- is the difference between there'.-
sult3nt colors of the same hue, such as: white is the
most briliiant of the neuttal colors· while .,lack is the
least.
c. :Saturation or Chromate - is the d.iffeten.ce from the
purity of the colors. Colors of high saturation must be
used in a well lit spaces. ·
'
· 6-2 Estimating Ulumination and Brightness
In many respect, it is more important to know luminance
mea.suremmrts and illumination because the .eye is more sensi-
tive to brightness than simple illumination. lt is more· difficult to
measure luminance than illumination. However, tberC are three
types of luminance meter avai~ble:

. 1. The Comparator type requires the operator to make a

brightness equivalence judgment between the target and
the background.

177
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

2. The Direct Reading type is basically an illumination

meter eqwppcd ·with a hooded :cell arranged to 'block
oblique light: · ·
3. The Accurate .Laboratory Instrument that is unsuit- .
able for fieldwork.

· The quantity of light or level of illumination can be meas-

ured or calculated with the aid of a portable foot-candle meter.

Foottandle (fc) is the anoum of light flux density. It is the

unit of measure used when describing the amount of light in a
room and is expressed in lumms per square foot.

Footlambert (fl) is defined as "the luminance of a aurfaee

reflecting, transmitting 01' emhting one lumen (lm) of illumi-
n.ldion per square foot of are~~ in the direction being lliewed or
the comentiotuJl unit of brightnes,s or luminance. In the same
mannc;, the lumens (1m) is the light output generated continu-
ously by a standard wax candle.

In ~ study of light, we are interested ·in the amount of

ijgbt that f).llS on the areas we want to illuminate. We also want
to know the lumens per square foot or .square meter in a particU-
lar space. This quantity called Light Flux Density iS the oom-
mi.m tenn Foot--candk (fc) rq>resented by the formula: ·

Footcandte = Lumens
Area

ILJ,.USTRATION .6 ·1

A 40-watt fluorescent lamp 120 -centimeters (48 in.) long

produces 3,200 lumens of light in a ·room having a gener.al•di-
mCnsions of 10 x 20 ft. Find the illumination on the floor.

SOLUTION
1. Footcandle (fc) = Lymeps
Area ·

178
 ELECTRICAL LIGHTING MATERIALS

Fe = 3.200 1m
lOx 20ft.

= 16 footcandle

The Footcandle is an important unit of measure.in calculat-

ing the desired illumination and layout of fh:tures. In the ab-
sence of footcandle table of equivalent for a particUlar fixture) a
rule of thumb of 10-30-50 illumination level is here presented.

10- footcandle is adequate for halls. and con;idors.

30 - footcandle is sufficient for areas between work stations
such as in offices other than desk areas.
50 - footcandle is satisfactory on spaces where office work
is being done.

. However, providing an adequate quantity of l~t alone is

not a guarantee for an efficient arid comfortable vision. In fact,
the quality of light is very important especially where difficult
visual needs are required. The luminance or brightness of a dif-
fusely reflecting surface is equal to the product of the illumina-
. tion and the reflectance. Thus;

. Luminance = Illumination x Reflectance factor or ·

Footlambert = Footcandle x Reflectante facto.:

ILLUSTRATION 6 -2

From illustration5-l, find the luminance if the reflectance

factor of the wall is 40%.

SOLUTION

Footlambert = Footcandle x Reflectance factor

= 16x 40%
= 6.4
179
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

.
Lighting Units in Metric Measures
.

In the English System of measure, the distail.ce is expressed

in feet and the area is in square feeL Under the Metric System
(SI) the distance and area .are eA.-pressed in meters and square
meters respectively. Meanwhile;

Lumens flux remains in Lumens; but

Illumination or light ftux is expressed in Lux. Thus:

Lux = Lumens
· Area (sq. m.)

TABLE 6·1 APPROXIMATE REFLECTANCE FACTOR

Medium Value Color Percent

·white 80·85
Light gray 45-70
Dark gray 20-25
Ivory white 70-85
Ivory 60.70

Pearl gray· 70~75·

Buff 40-70
Tan 30·50
Brown . 20-40
·Green 25-50
Olive 20-30
·.Azure blue 35-40
Sky blue 35-40
Pink 50·70
Cardinal red 20-25 ..
.Red 20-40

, In the Metric System, Luminance or Brightness is ex- ·

pressed in Lambert which is defined as ((the. luminance. or .
briglitness of a surface reflecting, transmitting or emitting one ·
lumen per square centimeter.

180
 PRINCIPLES OF D..LUMINATION

Millilambert is more conveniently used ·than the lambert

because the value of lambert is greater than what is usually en-
countered. ·

TABLE .6-2 TABLE OF COMPARISON

Description . English . Metric (Sf)

· Length Feet Meter.

Area Square foot Square meter
Luminous Flux Lumens Lumens
Illumination Flux Density Footcandles Lux
Luminance Foottamberts Lamberts or
Milli-lamberts

ILLVSTRATION 6-3

A 40 watts x 120 centimeters' long fluorescent lamp pro-

. duces 3~200 lwnens of light in a room having a general dimen-
Sion of 10 ft x 20 ft. Compute the illumination on the floor
comparing the. English and the Metric units.

SOLUTION by Comparison

Engllish Metric (Sl) .

Light Flux = 3,200 hn.... . 3,200 Jm.

Area = . 10' X 20' ... ... 10 X 20 ·

10.76

= 200 sq. ft ... .. .18.59 sq. m.

Illumination = 3,200 lm .... ..3,200 lrn

200 sq. ft. ·. 18.59 sq. m.

- 16 fc ....... . 172.16lux

181 '
 . .
ELECTRIC,U. LAYOUT AND -ESTIMATE

ANOTHER. SOLUTION

· Convert : 10 feet to meter = 3.048 m.

2.0... ... ... ... ... = 6.097 m.
Lux= · 3,200
3.048 X 6.097

= 172.19 Lux-

ILLUSTRATION 6-4

Compute the brightness of a fixture with a 1'x 4' plastic

diffuser having a transmittance of 0.6 and illuminated by 2 pes.
3,200 lumen lamp assuming 100% use of light flux.

SOLUTION

1. Luminance = Total lumens x · Transmission factor

Area of diffuser
=• 2pcs. x 3.200 x 6
1' X 4• .
...
= 960 footlambert

2. To obtain the metric equivalent, multiply:

Millilambert = Footlambert x 1.076

= 960 X 1.076
= 1,032.96 millilambert

The Watts per Square Meter

Another mCthods tised in determining the illumination, is

the watts per square meter. The floor area is computed from the
outside c;limension8 of the building excluding open porches.

18:2
 fJUN:CIP~~ QF., ILL_U~~A~9N , ,

, . ..·. ~ JJP011 the size·.of t)le. ~ colo~ ·of :waft an.d,.

~ types. of lighting uriit.s~ aDd methc;lds of' ligh~ us~
the watts per square meter. ~Ctbqd Jnay· pi'Qdu~ S0 to 100 -hix ·
that is apprc»Pmately 5 to 10 tOOtCaridlcs.:· . r •• , • • • ···;.·:'

·. . .
, : L · 'PO'r ilidustriai areas, tWentY'(20) watts pet sqUare 1neter
will provide an ilttiminatimf of 100 tO uo lui Wbicli·i! ·
approximately 10 to 15 foOtcandles.
2. For comroereial areas, two (2} Watts -pet square foot or
. 22 ·wa~ per square meter will provide from 80 to 120 ·
lux when used with standard quality equipment. ·
· 3 .. Forty. (40)· .watts -per square·:meter wiiL}»''Vide· about
200· hix that .is- apprOximately 20 fc wherein greater il-
. h~mination is required. · ·
· ·4. ·Sixty (60) Watts per square_ meter will.provide.· ~ttt ·
300 lux or appr~tely 30 fc USU.3lly recommended
.· for · niany · amvmtional, in4ustrial arid -commercial re-
~- --···.. _ ,. , ··· .....
5. · Eigbty. (80) watts per square· meter· Wlll ptovide from
·· 300 ·t(j 350 lUX: In excess of 3SO 1~ supplementary .
. ll8btin8s are necessarY. : . ·.· ;:~. . . : ,·::. .,· · · ·
,.. . ··.'·

. 6-3 Coefficient of Utilization and ..·

· Mainten~~~-- Fact~~ . :.. . .
The lisabie Initial footcandle or ·lux is ·equat to the footcan- .
dle prOduced by the coefficient of u#l~tion (eu): . .' · . ·

Initial was ·emphasized. ·because the output ·Qf the light

fixture is reduqed with time as the hunp fixture becomes old and
dirty. Lamp output nonnally drops and· it:is,.·~ .~ Mai{l(e.
,ance. Faaot (mf). And to find the a~e nWnta.ined ill\nni-
;nlliO.D, .-.we_reduce. the.~al. illuminati~ .lJY the. ~t,enance
..~,:.f . ...· . .. : : . . ·.· ··~~ ' ·.: :. ·, . .: ;·.: :.. ·:·· . .
.. .:ft.c' ~cy. of~ light..fixt~re iS equ~ ··~· ~~ .dfiw-
. tu~ output bunens to lal!fP outpJ# lumm8. What ~ i~ ~ we
._detepirine a 'ri.umber indicatipg the efficiency of the fixiUre ·~ .. ·

J~3 .
 ELEcnucAL LAvoriT AN» ESTIMATE

room cOinbinatiOn, oi·h,ow·aparticular·light fixture liibts a par-

ticular roortl. This ·tnnnber ·iS nonnatty expressed ·in decimal .
valUeS called coefficient o(utilitation (cu). .

. The Jll&ble initial footcandle is· equal to tm;. footcandle

-prod~ by'tho c0efficic21t of
utili ?arion (cu) ... ·. . . ..

.a) .Initial footcudle = footgmdle I cu.

'· . J , ·"' .Area ·, ;

· · b) Maiataaace illumination • lamp 1m 1 .· cp. 1 mf.

...· •' '· '. · .. Ana

. ··*Lamp lumen thtrrefore Is siinply tM rated output oftM lamp.

• _'1

Fixture Description . ·' ·. eu

Efftdeiit fiXture; large colored.room untt 0.45
Average fbdure, medium size roOm 0.35
lneflldent fixture, smaU or dark room 0.25

EI).Cio$ed fixture, clean room . 0.80

Average conditions . . '0.70
Open fiXture or dirty room ·o.so ·

. ~ ·.

ILLUSTRATION ._5 ·· · ·
. • ,:
.'I
. . • I , ,
. . ·+ :

·A:SchOol c1as5ro0m with generahumwions or 24 -x 30 teet

is lightA:d with lQ· fluorescent lamp 4F 40 TI2 WW rapid Start.
lamp. ·Calculate the .initial and. maintained illumination in· ~
' · candle· (E1iglis~) ·and 'Lux f),(etrlc); assuming that tli.e ~cient · .
of utili:iaflorf'(cu), is 0.35 arid 'the· mai:nteniulce factor ·. (mf) is
Q~ .. . .· .
 . PRINCIPLES OF ILLUMINATION '. ·

SOLUTION- 1 (English Measure) ·

. . .
. L R.efet to Table 5,-3. The F 40 T 12.WW watts~
lamp has 3,200 1m. .output. Multiply: · ·
. ::r .•· . .

i.atnp Iumtas =· lQ fixtures .x. 41amps per fixture

·=·40 x 3,200 lumens per lamp
. = 128,000 lumens .· · f(

' .. . • I

· . Initiai.Foot Candle = Lumens x tu x mf

·. " .: . Area .,.: .

.
' = 12B.OQO X 0.35 X 0.70 .
.·...·:,24ft.
:.•
X 30ft.

~ 62.22 fc. X 0.70mf·

~· 4i~s·f'tlotcandle ·
SOLlfllON ~ 2·' By thC ~~~Mwure (SI) ..•.
. ·: ,; : ~ .. .. . . . :

. .
Convert feet rometer: · 24ft = 7.32 m.
· i '3o'ft.' = 9.14-m. ·.

Lux = Lwugs & cu x mf

. .. Area ·
- :128;000 X 0.35 X 0~70 . ·.
7.32m. x 9.l4m.
= .468'.75.Lux ·
' .

Check the ans'Wu:

· · · " ·• . One lux = .09294 foot. candle · ·
'.

· ·. : ' ·. ;:463;7.Sx .09294 =· 43 ~56 fc ·· · ·.· . · · · ··· ·

~.

.. : .•.

When the size of the room· and the fooi candle ~ given;
·the problem ,is ~w to find .the. number of lamps , required...jn ·
each~· Th.efullowin,g cOOmiple i& presented. . . ·

.1-85
 ELECTIUCAL ~YO~ AND.-UTIMATE

ILLUSTRATION6-6 ·
• f . •

·.:·.An Office room with geUehd dimc:Osiaosof·8 ,~ 20 .meters is ·.

to be lighted at. an aVerage maint.ainMfoot-~. of SO. How
·rnal).y 3-J.ainp fixtures of 120 CCIItimet.m long F40 Tl2 WW
rapl<fstait~~ wnpt..are
~- as&lWriag038 cu.and
0.7S·mf? '.

SOLUTION . ·
' ..

1. Lamp lumeDS' = ,maintained footqndle ! .area .

· cu .t nir
I

= SOfc x (~m. x 20m.)

o.~8 x0.7S

= 28,010 lumens

·2. ' Ead1 40 watt fi~ lamp bas an output of 3,200

'. ~ the m.unbef of lamps wilf be: · · · ' - ·· , :

· -Number ot lumens = 28.070

. :3~200

. =· 8:17 lamJiS
3. · s~ there are 3. ~ far each fixture, divide: ·
. ..·w3 = 2.93 say 3lamps: in each fPc:ture

Calculati~ UwolviQg • · wide an:a is sometUnes conftwing .

than by con1putingthe ,..,.,. of Jainp fixtures per bay or per
row which is foUnd to be Simple • imea1esting: ,This could be
~ easilY by using the following formula: ·. . · · .
. "
N'um·b llt 9f fixtures • Ulumlnftion x area .
.. .. · l•mp per flxt&uw x lumena " cu x mf - ·. .

186
 .. ·, ·. PIUNCIP,LES
' . ()F ILLUMINATION
. .·
, ::
,

This means that.:the arealighted by a. sin&le· fixture is:

· Area per fixture • lamp per fhcturt x lumtns e!r lame x cu x mf

UJumf~len

TABLE 6-6 EFF1CACY OF VARlOUS J..AMP.S

Source · Lumens er Watt
·candle 0.10
OiH,.amp·. 0.30
.Original Edison l;.811lP · 1.40
1910 Edison Lamp 4.50
Mo~ern lncand~cent lamp. · 14-20
Tungsten Halo.gE!h Lamp· . . 16-20
· Fluorescent Lamp (InCluding ballast losses) 5()-80
Mercury Lamp (including ballast losses) 40-70
Metal Hatide Lamp (including ballast losses). 6().,.80
· High Pressure Sodium Lamp · 90.:.100

ILLUSTRATION 6~7 .·

An •entire office floor is .·lighted at an average .lnainta.ined

538 ·luX or SO fc. The floor measures 20 meters by SO meters
m:
and is,diyided into bays lllCaSuring 4 J,U.. x 5. Using 2~1arnp of ··
.F~O TI2 CW rapid start preheat lamp, find the number. of~·
t1.ltes requirecl. Assume an eCon.omy grade fixture With a low cu ·
of;0.35 and mfof.O. 70.· . . · . .

. SOLUTION- 1

l. Solve for the nuinber of fixtur~ per bay. Refer

. . ..S.;J.: . .
to .Tabl~
. .
.· . . for ;F40 Tl2 CW, lwnens. == 3,150 ·

2. No. orr~res = Illumination· ~· Art!

Lamp per fixture x bnilens xcu x mf ·
= S38 luX ·x (4 m. x 5 J!l.)
. ·, · · 2-lamps x 3~150]ni x ·o;35 x 0.70 ·

·187 ·
 ELECTRICAL.LAYOU1' AND ESTIMATE

=· 10;760 . = 6.9 fixtures ..

• 1.543 ' . .

AC:x:ept 6 pieces Of fiXture per bay to make.it synunetricaf.

. SOLUTION .i: l . ..

· 1. From the following Formula, substitute the Values: .

Are• per Fixture • Lamp ptr Dxture x tumennamp x cy x mf
Illumination

c: 2-l;aqms mflxnti-e x·3.isolin. x

1 ·. •• -:·· . . , 538 lwr . ·
Q.35x 0.10
. .· . ·.
: ·!:·~···
= 1.543.5
. 538
= 2.~7 sq.. m. per fixture .• .··:·:.·.
. J•t:··· .

2. Therefore, the number of fixtures per ~y is;

4m.x. 5m. = 6.9 say 6pcs. perbayfor.

2:87 .: ·symmetry
,! ~ •

. ·"··

. One b4y
. 4m.x Sm. . ,.
. 0 p 0 0 0 0
. .... ~ . 6Iigh!lij,er'bay
0 0 0 0 0 0

..:. :.

. .
· FIGUR£1-1 DJST'RJBtmoN OF LIGHTS PER.BAY

1u .··
 PJQNCIPLES OF IJ..LtJ.MlriATION ·

"-4 .Measuring Footcandl~ ,·

; ..
The unit of measure for illumination is the footcandle, or
h,lx.. ··This unit is ftequemly used WbcD c:tescribin& the 'amount of
·light iriside a room. h is :nat' just en.Ougb. hoW to· calculate the · .
· illuminati.on level but is alsa equally important how t9 measUre
. tbeni
. anin
·- ~ . . ..
space 1~~ ~ .· . • . . ni:.....i ..~on ~1, the
~waauo.-. . , .
footcandle meter is held horizontally ~ 'itS sensitive surfiM:e .
ai ·least 30 c:aW.meter$ front tiie bOdy _.o fthe·peison holding the
meter, or it could.be placed on a·table and read from a distance
to avoid obstructing.the 'light. .. . ·
In amduc1ing general illumination·check inside a·rooln, the
meter is )leld about 80 ~ abow· the ftoor. ~ is
undertakt:n throughout the ~ aod the results arc.recorded on
· the ulan of each room. ·. ·

u.wbelloriWilat•.,.._
It I~ of 5 Clll. RIAic1lla
~Nd1ftlrl~-

~oiMIIII al•36%(~.} ·.·

. 7G .

"*'lllcm....;t.an .. _ .
"*-'rtd'G.~Rf-.. . ,'\
. eayC
. -IIIII C...... ollllienOMIIMiface It ~·tlO'-~ ·
. . . ~ .\

'IGUftE I.Z MEASURING REFLECTANCE

1.89 ..
 ELECTRICAI./UVOtiT AND ESTIMATE
TABLE ft-7 SPACING AND MOlnmNG HElGHT RELATIONSHIP .··
OF LUMINAJR~ FOR .ILLUMINATION lJNIF1)1JMiyyA
.;..

, ·uGHTDJSTRIBUnoN· .

.. · S•mJ· ·..GtMfll Olr«:it· Spteao :::;::;:;, Con~,.,.

Indirect . tndirecr Oitl,ni~ Indirect ·· Direct Direct . IIi; Dftitt:t

'. .. '
Dl•·· ·Mtiilmume M®titlntfl 011· MaJCimumo 'M•xlmumo ·Mexlnlumt
tttnc:e•S~>~ti:lng Hflight tanc.1 Spacing• S/»Cf(lfl Spar:~f.~;
C.tlin{l from of of from of Of. of
Height Wall• <.Umin.ltiN Lumlnelre1 WeiIa l.uminelrel l.umlnilirtts Lumirutir.,

2.40 .. .60 2..70. ~.40 .eo . 225 1.65 ,7!5

2.70 .60 3.15 2 .70 .60 2.70
,. 1.80 .90
3.00 .75 3.75 3.00 .75 ,·3.15 2.10 1.20
,,
S.30 .75 4.'00 3.30 .75 . ·. 3.60 2.40 1.3!1
3.60 -~ ~.'!50 3.60 .90 4.00 2,70 4.50.
3.90 1.20 . :5:10 3.90 1.20 -4.50 .. 3.00 1.65
•.20 '1.5o 5:70 ·-t.20 .. 1.50 4.95 3.30 1.80
4:50 1.!50 6.00. 4.50 uso · S.40 3.60. 1.9!5
4.8o 1.80 6.60 4.80 1..80 6~00 3.90 2.10
5.40 1.80 7.20 5.40 1.80 6.80 4.65 2.40
&.oo+ 2.10 8.<40 a:oo. 2.10 7.® 5.25 2.70
., ' -·
·'' ..;':
/~.-·
·,... ,..

• AH dmensiOntS )n ·mete,... · .~!~ ·

b These apacinga· apply where deska ari<t _benchea are next to wall, ctherwlae.
on. thlnf the ap•c:ing be.We•n unita ia .atlsfactory; · · · ..
c The actual' spaCing ~- lumlo~rea ia ~ually te.. than the maximum •p•clng
to ault bay or room dlmenslona. '
d For'mountoint hitlgtlf cf ~cinera~ dift'Ueing anci direct .Indirect fixture• ·.·

• J

~ ,' .
 PRINCIPLES OF ILLUMINATION
. ~ :
6-5 Uniformity of Light .
The pUrpoSe.of lighting calcu1ation, by· the· footCandle Or
1~ 'js to .dettrmitle Ute average illl.Jmintmon in a. room to a
working level condition. This working level coD.dition refers to
the height 'of about 75 centimeters above the floor being the ap- ·
.proximate height of the .table. The average. illumination at the ·
working level is ·dirCCtly related to the maxiinum spacing of the
• light to the mmmting beight ~tio represented by the formulA:

where: . . ......

S =. Spaciqgqfljght fix:tures
mh =. mnnnttftft ~.~.;..'-+
. • ¥~. AM.t''6'U.
.

Nonnatly, the manufacturer of Jigh:t fixm.te:s ,provides ~

with respeCt to. spacing· and mounting ratio. However, in ·the .
event tpa.t the man~· failed to ,provide these .data, Table. ·
6-8 was .presented. sho~ :the spacing and ·~~· heiaht ·
·~o for aparticulai.li~·conditions. . .· ·
. . . . . . . ~
· ·· ·· ·

S stem S/~ Ratio ' ' '

Direct cancentrattng '· OAd·
Direct Spreading .1.20
Direct Indirect DiffUsing 1..30
.Semi - Direct ~ Indirect · . 1.50

ILLUSTRATIO)S.~& . r\. ' ;,' ...... ·. ·. · . '

A room with a ceiling height of 3 meters is to hl: lighted

with direct con.Qentrating fluorescent light What is the Jriaxi..:
mum fixture spaCing? · · · · '

191 .
 ..ELECTRICAL 1.4\YOUT ,AND ESTBJA.TE

SOLUTION
.
.L For spacing and mquntiilg ratio, refer to Table ~-8. The
J..H<9'-+ lati6 fa ..a;_....,
· in.....-+t~... ~·~
. .· VWUWU6 . (). , '6'-"~ .is,
· · · · · F•·'-+
~~~ concentra:lln8
·· · o:4o. therefo~: · · · ·
_B_= 0.40
, .. : mh
. .
· 2. · Substituting the given values; wherein mh is the ··
.· ceiling height, .

-S.. = 0.40
3m.
S. =!= 0.40 .X 3.00 .
Spacing: · S .,;,_1.20·meters· ~um side to side
ofthe·fixtures .

. ILLUSTRATION. 6-9· .
· · . A warehouse Will mstatl pcndaDt dOme· iricai\dCScet1t tamps ...
.·at a mOmiting ~-· ratio of 1..50 meters. 'l)e lamp' :Will· be
mOunted oo. a grid measuriDgs.oo·x 5.oo niet.efS~ What~ the
minimum 1:DOUntiug hClght ofthe lamps?· ·

·soLUTION
. .·
M~untiDg height is; · mh. = Spacing i •

Ratto· ·
mh = 5e00m. =: ~.30~s
1:50 ..
~6 Classification of Li~ting System.· .
· . · Lighting system is classified int~ four types,. .namely:
1. D~ lighting · ;.-semi.:mri:ct· l~ . ·
 .. ..PRINCIPLES OF iLLmtiNATION

· 3. · _~mu~indi~~·hglititlg 4. · Irtdirect lighting .

·oirect Lilbtina..· \\lien-the light on an illuminated ~ -is

focused do"nwa:rd corning directl)· from the lighting fixture. . .

90-100.. .

Direct Light .. ; ~... Direct Light

_goncentr~~ing _ .. ·; Sp.re,di~g-

FIGURE I~

Semi~Direet Lighting~ When the predominaDt light on tbe

. illuminated area is .fed .directly ,ft;~- ~Jighting units wherein
the greater amount ·of light is obtained from the ceiling 'tbrough
refleaion. - · ·
.. . . . . ; . . . .· . . . : :· .
.. .... , , 1, . !., • •• :·.

, .: .
: . .· .

. . . . ----+
'• ' 10~
..
\

60-9K '

..
,_. Semi Dlr.ect Lighting Semi._lndirect Lighting
. :- ·
FIGURES...

193·
 EUpTRICAI!.~YOUTANJ) ES~TE

Semi-Indirect-Liehtina. A lighting ~ wherein

5% :tD 25% of the light is directed downward with more than
baJf.of~ light focUsed upward and reflected trom tl)e ceiling.

40·60%
Reflectance , . . I

·.'.'!!? .' • . . ..

' .
.. · .. ·, :

. .

·Indirect ·.Liahtina -·when the light is diffUsed ·_. reflCcted

'from a wide ceiling: area. This kind of lighiing produces a soft
· · and subflued effect due to low brightness and absence of sharp ·
shadows.

TABLE '-9 LIGHl' DISTRIBUTION OF VARIO[!STYPES OF .

LIGHTING SYSTEMS.
. . .·..
Pment ofDistn~
Type of ntumination .. UpWard · ·Downwiid ..
Direct . 1·10. 90-100 . .
Semi-direct. 1().40 60-90
General dift\Jsing . . 40-60 . 40-60
Semi.. indirect 60..;90 ·10-40
Indirect 90-100 l-10

..
194
 . •·P~ClPLJtS OlliLLU~ATlON .

•. . :~ . ; J ·~ . +

··.· , . · ·'' ' . ·.

·. ·...
. f

. .' .. .

. ) ·..:

. · ....... : ,~·
. · ..· , .

•Olr.ct.~ ... ·..

... 111M •

'··· .

' :.~· . ~ .

,.. .I

·FIGURE t:-f.

CHART FOR EsTIMATING.LIGHTING tOAO ANO!IllUMf~TIONt!;VEL

CALCUl.ATEO FOR FAtRLY lARGE ROOM .

:195
 ELEC'tiOCAL LAYOUT.~ EsTIMATE

6-7 Li~hting Control

' .
Lighting control includes all techniques necessary for the
operation ·of lighting system ~ ·bodr ~ual and .auto-
matic control. The control plan Must.be in,coi)lorated :with the
lighting design. because the control ~ shoul4 bC appropri· ·
ate to the lighting source.
As a ICS1,1lt,. the' ~ aa:essories .
and arrangement 'depends on the. cOO.trol s~. fot instance,
if dimmirig is _tO- be used using flUO~escent light soUrce. then the
. range, of~ . control
.· . deterininCs the:. ·· ·' . . . ·

1.· ·Type-~fb~ to fJe ~-.

2. Their.sMtclliog points; and ·.
· 3. . The
.· ..,
degree;, of dimming
··: .. . .
fleXibility.
. . ~.

The·..S~-~~~· '
of Ji&btiitg cOntrol
"'":·. .
~: •,;

1. Flexibility. and
2. Economy
. .,,;~. .. • . ! ~ . ' . ., .

Flexibility ·to · pmttle the modifications of brightne.&s aruf

pattern as viewed by 'the desiper, and _Ecdnomy of both energy
sources and cost _considerations. Conip~\;cly, a prbPCrly de-
. sigiacd ·lightiaB cOntrol ' ~ will reduce eJICtgy us.a8~ by 10%
:to SO% against the un.coiitroUed installatioit 'withoui reducing
ligbtiJl&~veness. . . ·· . ::: · · · ·. -~: .:
...... !; .

. . · .. ~-

. 1. ~ced eaergy.consumption-. . ... . ·. . .. ;, · • .

2. Reduced air conditiOning. costS as_a~· of lower light;.
. ing waste heat. . '
3. LOnger lamp.and ballast life dUe to lower opCrating tent- ·
~tures and lower output. . ·
4. Lower labor costs due ·to controlautomation. .

In view of the overlappiilg tenninologics, it is necessary to

·. ditfe~af.e. theterm,:...contrt?l functions; co_n.trol devices, and .
. control systmc for·clarity. · . · · .··. . : · . : . · · ··

.. ' 196
 . . . . ; . .
a.) For lightiilg, 1h:e only control funcdons ate Switclrlng and
' ~. ····. ' .·
b.) The .~o,tirol dnices are .the meatis by"· which 'ihe
sWitclllng ··and dilnming functions ~peiates. "It in.:
· . · clu9.es; from . sjmple . wall switChes,· .through time
· swl.tchC!S and.~~s :_ pf an,- ~~~ AISo-~chided; ~n
.re.
. this· category . ._oontrol·initiatioq deVices~ :su~ ·as
occupancy semora and.photo~lls.. . · · . . · · · ···. ··.
c.) Control System is the eDtire assembly Of control and sig-
nal initiating=.-c:quiplnan together with their. _intercounec-
tioos plus ·the ~sors aJJd prOpammablc ~­
··'· · ·trollers. The. system C8l1 be a siand.alcine ~ :qr
~~ly part of.t'J.l.·' ~gy ~em~ Systent, EMS
.... or a buililing au~~ ,system BAS or~-·· . . . . ..
' . i· '

· · .. For examph~ · takirig. ~- fbiotesoent :fiXtUrts. the

deSigner Car!. obtain b~ wiifonriity !and four !lmlS o( ilhuw-
nattOD by switching 1:be ballasts: ·· ·; · · ·
. •'.• . • . ~: . . . ... ....
. .,

' .

. 197
 ELECTIUCAL
. ' . . . . ANO
LAYOUT . IS'l'IMATE
... .

. 1. All-.ballasts on . 100% illumination

2.. Two lamp balla,st on · 66% intimiDation
:. 3. .-~ o(tw~lamp ~~on.· 33%.illumiriaii.Oil .
. 4. AD..ballast off . . . ··o illulniiiation · · ·
·. · FigUre.6-121s an
schematit diagr3m of switclring: ammge-
tiM:mS · to adri.eve multip•e ·cfulcieet lighting levelS witli.. t1m::e ·
·· · · ·tamp·fluOICSCent lighting· fiXture&.' Two WiJp ballasts are used
in the interest of energy tonservatj.on and ·financial economy.

Schetnc (a) ballasts. .are sWitched, thus removing either

. .one .o r two lamps from service. Finer control is achieved
~: ·~ :~o .level· batfasts or· by itltroducing impedance
(b) into .the :Circuit either ma block for an ·entire circuit of
m.
distributed each fixture .. The use of automatic controls
~ been_ enco\lraged: because it is the only proven method
of attaining si&nfficant energy conservation: . .

. ~iub.g
. :'fluoresceat -~ ·,with corivtmtiOnal ballasts ·dinuUint re·
~ dpw(i .~ ~t tQ app.roxiinately 40% witho_Ut r~ci.Dg .
-~·· ~ that below 40% oUtput effica dr s· off
. ··is-~ ·ecOiuxiuc;at·IDd efficient~! scheirie; ~m:ttiin-· ·
min& and switching·Cic niiilti-tamp fluore5~ fixtures to jtield
an ilnt~>Sf·l<>Wer OUtput JAm8C ofl3 ~ .100% output, the con-
tinuqu .dimming over a I 0 to 100% .·rqe is -'practlcable with ·
spCcial dimming ~allasts or with ·elect,rOiric ballastS,· Electronic
.ballasts are much ~ore energy efficient than conventional ones
aJKI.m.ust·be considered..for all new installations dimmed or not.
' " · ;}! • ·, ' .·; ... . ...... .: ,
.,,
.. :

.".· ·· · T.he . corttror·~tion iS~: eitJier ~-~i' autQmatic. Man-

~ operatiim 'is applicable only to. ~ number of ~jmple funcM
tions such as on and off or level switching. Even thel;),. the ten-
. dency ·is· to. leave ligJrts on at the maximwn level and nOt to shut ..
them·. off
.
when.. leaving.
..
a f(JOttl.. . . : ',
 PRINCIPLES OF U..i..UMINATION .

AccOtding 10 Studies,,there is no lasting energy eeonomy is .

possible. with the control initiation· entirely operated manually· ·
that relies on a facilities personnel.. ·

·A small .portion ·of ~ergy conservation is possible when

the tum-off function .is. automated by the tise of 11/ime out"
switches that open after a pre-set intervaL Long terpt energy ·
reduction can only ·be achieved ·with· automatic·control initia~ ·
tion.

Automatic controls are of two types: the open drcuit•and ·

· the closed ·loop feedback type. · It is otherwise known as static
and dytumtic control respectively; The open circuit type is a
~ol function that is ·ip.dependerit of the actual lighting condi- ·
tioil. The •dy.Damic control type reacts to the condition. of the ·
lighting situation it controls Via a feedback loop.

Static ·control
The most common type of oi>en circuit lighting. control is .
the programmable time .controller. Th.eSe devices are available
of
in a myriad designs and capacities, but all perform the same
basic function ._ remote CQntrol of loads and circuits on a pre·
progranuiwd· time basiS. It is . pro~ed with tight energy ·
savings up.to 50% over an uncontrolled installatiOn.

These devices act only on a t:iJ:ile base minus actual"field or.

special cOnditions. If the timer is· arranged to shut off during
non-working hours, provision must be made for.persons work-.·.
ing overtime. In genera:.l, programmable time controls are best
applied .to filcilities ·with" regular, repetif:jve schedules and few
excq>tional situations. '

Dynamic Cq~drol
This type ·of autOmatic control initiation responds to sen5or
indicated: field conditions via an infonnation· fee9b~ck loop. The
initiation- of control function depends not on a fixed pro-·
gnlnuried parameter such as time, but on real $te field param.e-

199
 ·,

ELECTIUCAL. LAYOVT.AND ESTIMATE

. ters. The control device in its entirety. is called programma/Jle

contt:oller. which. il\ combjnation .with·the field sensors. and th~
interconnecting wiring constitUte. the eontrol syst~ Some sys- ··
terns are wireless using high frequency signals impressed on
the power wiring. system to transn:rit control signals. This. ar~
· ·.rangemem j.s known as· power line carrier system (PLC). ·In ad· · ·
dition to its microprocessor (CPU) the progxammable controller
contains input/output interf~, rnemo.rY and meanS; for pro-
gramming and reprogramming.

Lighting Design
.I

Lighting· design is· a combination of applied art 'and applied

science. There are countless solUtions to the same lightiilg prob;. · ·
lem and all of which will satisfY· the minimum requitements. ·
However, some· will be poor \l\lhile others will display ingenuitY ·
and resOurcefulness.· Considering·. the large nwnber of intern~-
. fated factors in lighting, no single design is the correct· one. A
good lighting designer solve each problem again and once more
by jntroducin,g a Jcnowledge of current technology and years of
b~ound and experience, yet; rarely. being satisfied with a. ·
xerox copy ofa previous design. ·

Obj~tives.of a Lightilig Design

The objeCtives of a lighting design is to create an efficient

and. pleasing ~terior. ·In.short, it should be utilitarian and aes-
thetic demonstrated by every .good ·lighting design. Light can
and should :be used as a primary architectural material.
1. LightinSJevel should be adequate .for efficient seeing of
the particular objeCt involved. Variations within accept-
able lurniriance ratios in a given field of view·are ddir-
able to avoid monotony and to create perspective eff~ts.
2. Lighting equipment should. be unobtrusive. but not neces-
sarily invisible ..fixtures can .be M,osen and auanged in
.· .various. ways to complement ,the architecture or tc) create·
. domhlant or minot architectural features or patterns. Fix-
. tures may .be decorative to enhance the interior design.

200
 .· .. PRINCIPLES
. . .
·OF.ILLUMINATION :

3. Lighting m~st have th.e proper quality. Accent light-

ing, directional.lighting, .and other highlighting .tech-
niques increase the utilitarian as well as architectural
quality of a space.
4. The entire eleCtrical design must be accomplished effi.-
. · ciently in terms of capital and energy ·resouroes_, the for-
mer detem'rined principally by life -cycle costs and.the lat-
. tet by operating energy costs and resource-energy usage.
Both the capital and energy limitations are, to a large ex-
tent, outside the control of the designer, who works
within constraints in these areas.

6-8 Street Lighting

. .
The .Irist.itute . of Integrated · Electrical
Engint:ers instituted
guidelines for adequate and accep~ble illllllliil3tion of the
streets ·i!l order to prQIDOte safety. This concept ·was brought
about by the continuousiy increasing speed of motor vehicles
\lSIDg ~ roads. . . .
· The·· Philippine Electrical Code Committee· prepared the
· guidelines .for a standatcfpractice ·on ~esign of stf,eet lighting
installation recoinmenditig the proper quantity anq"quality of
light for traffic routes.

Definition of Terms

Lighting Installation - is defined as the whole of the equip-

.tnent provided for lighting the roadway comprising the. iamps
lwninaires, means of support and electrical in~lations includ-
ing other auxiliahes. · . ·
Lighting Syste~- refeis to an array of luminaires having a.
of
characteriStic light di$ibution. . . . .
Luminaire ~ is a housing for one or more lamps eompris-
ing .a body and any refraet9r, diffuser or enclosure associated
·with the lamps. ,·
Road Width- is the distance between the ,edges of the road
curbs measured at right angles to the.length.e(the roadway. ·

)
201
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTJ::i\.fATE .

.. Outreach .;. is the distance measured horizOntally between

· t.J:ie outer of the column or.~ face or lamp post and the center
of the lumjnaires. ·
Overhang - is the horizontal distance between the center of
luminaires. and the adjacent edge ofthe road.
Mounting Height - refers to the vertical distance between
the center ofthe lumiruiire and the surface ofthe roadway.
· Spacing - .is the distance between the successive .Iuininaires
in an installation. ·

'Jh
I

o = Overhang d ::w: . Distance spacitlg

c = Clearance . · w = W~dth. of the roadway- .
h = Mounting height or Outreach

FIGURE 6-8 STREET LIGHTING

. 202
 . PRINCIPLES OF U..i.UMINATION

. Maximum .Light Utilization - In order to attain the maxi-

mum utilization of light from the fixtures. the .luminaires should
be mounted undq the following specifications

• Ou
1.50 to 3.00 m. .60m.
3.00 w 9.15 m. .. 1.60m.
9.15 to 15.25 m. 3.00m. ·

:41.00m.~z;-·•~om.-! t
e
8.
....
--....,-----A_"_'•_'•_~~t_*"_·_·_so_.oo_m_._·_......,._ _ _ _· J
. · FlGURE t.f STREET UGHT AVERAGE SPACING DISTANCE
..
Working· Voltage

Luminafres are properly selected and mounted on a location

. most feasible and effective With minimum co~. For a 230 volt
_System, a voltage drop of 5% is allowed although in extreme
·cases 15 % voltage drop is sometimes tolerated..For street illu-
minatiOn, the following fommla is used:

E = AI x {tu x mfl
wxd
Al=Exwxd
cuxmf
where:
· ·E = The illumination in Lux
AI = Average lumens with a typical value of:

203
 ELECTRtC.AL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

20"500 lumens for 400 watts

llSOO lUmens for 250 watts
5400 lumens'for 125 watts
The value of AI however, varies de~nding upon thetype-nf lamp speclfle<f. ·

. m.f = the maintenance ~actor which depends ori the following:

a. Maintenance practice of tll.e company. . .
b. Operation oflight sources at rate cu.rrent and voltage. ·
c. Regular ·replacement of depreciated lamps.
d. Periotiic cleaning of the luminaires either 0.8-0.9.
w = Width ofthe.roadway
d = Distance bCtween luminaires
cu = Coefficient ofutili7.ation dependent onthe m>e
of fixtures, mounting height, width of roadway
and the length of mast arm or outreach.

TAJILE 6-10 . RECOMMENDEDAVERAGE.HORJZONTAL

ILLUMINATION LEViL, LUX
Vehicular Traffic Classification

Pedestrian . Very.light . Light Medium .Hea-.y to Heaviest

Traffic Under 1SO 150--500 50010 1200 . 1200UD

Heavy 9.68 12.91 16.14 . 21.52

Medium 6.4~ 8.61 10.26 12.91
Light 2.15 . 4.30 6.46 9.68

· . . The values given are based on favorable reflectance for as-

phalt road, the reconunended illumination .should be increased
by 50%. For concrete road, the recotnll1eilded value could be
decreased.by 25%. . r

In designing street illumination. consider the modem light-

ing of the present that \\ill not be obsolete tomorrow when the
.minimum light levels are raised. The increasing motor vehicles
Spec!d, and the increasing cong~sri:ons on the street. requires
.higher level of J?,ighway lighting. ·Thus, fbture needs for light
should be considered in the design. · ··
 PRINCIPLES OF ILLUMINATION

ILLUSTRATION 6-10

. Considering~ the data ·presented on Figure 6-8 when the

night pedestrian traffic is estiniated to be light, and the night
vehicular traffic is to be medium, detennine the required lu-
mens :if~ .road is a c:Oricrete pavem~t. · ·

SOLUTION

L Referring to Table 6-9, E =6.46 for light pe4estrian me-

.' · ditlin traffic classifications. For concrete ·road, .the ·reflec-
tance will be higher but let us accept the. value of 6.46
lumens.

2. Detennine the·average pole distance.

E:"":' 6.46 lumens p~ ~q. m. .
w = ';.oo·meters · ·
d = .50 meters
mf= 0.9
~~ ~ 0.29 (type.A. fi,a:Uie}

Al = · Exwxd
C:u x ·m( · ·

AJ = 6.46 x · 7.00 X 50 m.
.0.29x0.9 ·

AI = 8,662.83 average lumens

Under .the .Working Voltage, ttu,"inean lamp Iu,mens pf a ·

250 watts lamp is 11,500 lumens, this is the nearest value to
8,6-62.83 ·average lumens. Therefore, a 250 watts lamp is · ac-
. .ceptable. , . ·
. .
Computi.ng for the new ·actual illumination E ·

E = AJxcuxmf
.wxd

205
 .
E~CTRICAL LAYOUT AND
.
ESTIMATE

E = 11,500 X 0.29 X 0,9 .

•7.00 'l' 50
E"" 8.57 lumens per sq. m.

This is higher than the 6.46 recommended in Table 6-11 ..

Therefore, the road is considered as adequa~ly li~. .

. s.
=Q= ~----
. ,
=<>" ...
~ ~ -~- -§._---
.
-·=¢=

--- :;;;:=..:---~----~-~-=¢=-~---- ~
~- -------- :2:-----~---- . . ..: :6:;;-;
,
Staneraci Arrat191rt1ent

- --:¢=- -- -- ~ -¢-- ~--- =<>---- ~ -~-

Oppos+te Arfangement

--9-- ... ~-- :2::--- :..-..z~--..: --o-~

.--~..o---- ~ 4-- ~- -·.~-- __:.: 4-·

Alda.' Arrangtment

.FIGURE 6-10 BASIC ARRANGEMENT OF PUBLIC LIG,HTING

206
 PRINCIPLES OF ILLUMiNATIGM

Classification of Pedestrian Traffic

· a.) Light or No Pedestrian ·Traffic streetsin residential or
warehouse areas and on· express or elevated depressed
roadways. ·
b.) Medium Pttdutrian Traffic on a ~econchuy business
street and some industrial roads.
c.) Heavy Pedestrian Traffic as in busines$ streets.

EVI:N SPACING

..
UNEVEN SPACING

FJGURE 1-11 STREET.LIGHT MOUNTING ARRANGEMENTS

207
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT;..AND ESTIMATE

TABLE 6-10 ROADWAY

•
CLASSifiCATIONS
I .
·

Number of Vehicles oer Hour

·Cia·ssJbtion Number . Mal<imum Nit!hi Hour. Both.Direction

Very light traffic Under 150

Light traffic . 150 .· ·soo
Medium traffic 500. 1200
.Heavy traffic 1200 2400
. Very heavy traffic 2400 4000
Heaviest traffic over :~WOO

EVEN MOUNTING HEIGHT

UNEVEN MQUNTING H~C3HT

FIGURE 6-12 STREET· LIGHT MOUNTING ARRANGEMENTS

208
 PRINCIPLES. OF ILLUMINATION :

. TABLE 6-11- COEFFICIENT OF UTILIZATION

Average Coefficient of Utilization

Fixture · -Ro3dwidth 3,00 m. to 9.15 m · Roadwidth 9.15 m. to 15.25 m.

c 33.0% 35.0%
A 29.0% 34.G% .
B 38.9% 44.0%

TABLE 6-12 UGHT DISTRIBUTION DATA

'

Desired Lamp
light wattag·e Type of Coeffiorent • Arrangement Nominal
level· w fixture of. utilization · of,lumlnalre spacing
..
10.76 250 A 36.3% Opposite 46
: Staggered 23
10.76 :
250 B 45.5% Opposite 58
Staggered 29
10.76' . 250 A 31.6% ·Opposite 67
· .Stagge~ed 34
10.76.. 250 B 42(5% . Opposite 86
. Staggered 44
5.38 125 A 31 :6% · opposite 61
stagg~red· 30'
5.38 125 B 42.5% .. Opposite. . 84
.staggered 41
5.38 '125 c 36.2% Opposite . 72
Staggered 35
5.38 .. 250 A 31.6% One side 67
5.38' 250 B 42.5% ··ooe side .90
5.38 125 A 31.6% One•side 30
5.38 125 e 42.5% one side 43 ,.
5:38 ;_' .. 125 c 36.2% One side 35
3.23· . 126 A 26.2% One side· 64
I
3,23 125 8 35.6% one side. 88
3.23. 125 c 29.7% Qneside
. 73

Residential ( Road width 3 to 9 m.) Traffic ( Road Width 9 to 1 5 m.)

f .
SOURC.E.: Philippine Electrical Code part II

20~
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

TABLE 6-i3 LEVEL OF lLL~ATION FOR VARIUS.

. TYPES OF APPUANCES
I . .

LUX

A. USJD:ENTLU.
1. Liviq rooms
Ocuerllli&blioc iso
Locally <r-ldioa. Wl'iliai etc.) ~1000
. 2 BcdroomJ
.ae..I licl:bal ISO
LocaUy (mimln, draaiq tables, bed JiPtiaa) 1,0-500
3. Kitchen
o-.1 tiabdDI uo
. Locally (ltovc, drtlaer, table) 2-'0.-'00
4. HaUwaya. 8tU'calel, Loftl. 0..,.
OeDinl~ · . ISO
. ,LocaUy (~ hob},ytlbla) lS0.$00
B.ICBOOLS
1. NllriNI)o ldloob ISO
2. ClaMtooml
oit:.ni <E"-*Y. malt Scb:lol. Ledin toOGI.) 250..500
w~.a.-roam 2,~-
Dr.awial~. ~1,000
3. ayma..a.,., AI.Mably Halla, c.atca, Coniclcm 1.50
4. 6mc...La"Qyck: . . 2».500 .
C. BOSPITALI
1. ~ I'DOIIl .
o-nJ li&tDII uo
Worktilllc 500-1,000
. 2. DUpeilury
. GeoeralliJb&iDa uo
,. . DiapealiJta table ~~.000
Store 1'00111 ·uo
3. F'Jf'll Aid Depadml!lt
Geoenllfaflliq ~1 .000 .. ...
Locally ' 10,000.20,000
....Labcntory
Jblun:h toOGI. . 2'0..500 :
Worktable .soo-1,000
'· ~c _. 'lblnpouticl toOm
Oa.nlt~ ljO.S()O
Di.p..mc tllble· 500-1,000

210
 PRINCIPI-.ES ·oF ILLUMINATION

6. Sarsicl1 ~ SUrilWra&roam. opcrltig1hcmr

o...lli&fi&iq 500-t.ooo
()pcnli.cls tlble 10,000. 40,000
7.~~
. Doliv.)t becl . . 5,000..10.00Q .
Delivery I'OO)U pt\tl'l1 ~,0.500
.. . Nun«y_ . 150
. 8. DoiUI Depii1Dumt
Derul room, pDift1
, . . .•• c:hair
~
9. ~ R.cclmt for Patioail
.Oe:nmJ.
Bedu,htiq
lO.~~brvy
12. Alac1hly IWJa, ~aitiaa room. Oonidon
lfaiJv(ayallld baUitooal 150
D. ·COMMIRCIAL BUILDINGS
. I. &bopund Store _ ,
l.arp town lhoppina Qllldcn
Shop window~.~ 1,000..2;000
~lemcutcy spot JiafXia3 . 5,000.10,000
2.0dtm.~
Buppiemeatary spot~
' 3. Shop ialaior..... town lhoJ:Ipiq cent.-
4.0Chcf~ .
5, Railwaya llld a. Stl&ion .
warua,room.. plliform. Javltoriea lad~
T'tebt b.&liiiDCl office
l.aitaaP depot
6. &tall a~
hstaunat,loqe, bar, hUiways.lt.tircuet uo
Llrpr 1'00DII .

Conf«RD~:e JWJD . 150

Pl&form. exhibition llld demcmtntiOD . 2,0.500
Kilcbm 250.500
.Hotel bochoms, pnc:ral uo
. Becl ~ writiq . . . <liwa&w tlble ~'MOO
1.omc. .
U..,... room. conference room _ . 250.500
Typical pooll, reoonta • ICCOldl bookbcpirt& soo-1,000 ·
J.nwiq cftica.llnllreJi*y otltca, ~ · owr 2,000

211 .
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

DcaipiJJ& -~ IDd EqiDeerias oflket

DcQonnve draWiD& llld dcetdUDc
~parlor, fillillltooal8
•. Ston&• '
Ooneri1 storca (used fRquently)
Ftctory (ua«t fftctUCiltly)
BUlk ltorage, mW1 items
Very amall itc:ml
E. INDUSTRIAL BUILJ)INGS
1. Milk f&c:tory
StaWzina JOOmS, stmqe, coolifta haJ!a pactcwiution
. cream JftPidlioA ·weisbioa room
soatin1 ofboUm
Bottle Wllhing.~. iDJpectiOJU, fiDin& lab.
· 2. Foocl l'rocaaini l>llum and Canoeriu
~and wa.thinl 2~,00

Color sortine 1,000.2,000

-c.amn, pun) . .z,Moo · .
IDt_pectioa of filled CUIS 1,000.2,000
SealinJ ofcalli
Packiq in cctoos
3; 0amlart Factories
~oa of material~
L~fabrici
Dirk fabric&
. Cultiui aacl ~OJ
Li&Jitfahric:t
Dartt t'abrict·
Sewiag aacl Tl'immillg
J.ialbl fahriga
Dartt fabrics
4. Soap Factom.
BoiJin& CuuJaJ,manuf'UCW"e of powder and fllllta
~ wrapp~n, md packing,·
' · Texrile Plants .
. CottbJs
Bale bJ:ell.cin& mixifts •orting. ~in& dQwina
aizing, apool win.cJiDJ,. spiruliq
WNviaa
Jnspc:~
~,.,...

FKt movir:IJ piecel

212
 ELECTRICAL LAY9UT AND ES'f1MA1'.1 .

3..Silk IUid Syuthc:tic: F'abers

dc!Jummin& dydna. cirymg. ISO
Bob&in windin& tpoof witldiag 2$0.!00
SpiDainJ, light color red yuns dadr. color . 1,000..2,.000
Wca'Vina mt~ooo
4. Wool
·aak breakia& bkndin& sortiog ISO
Ina~ . . . . ·. . . ·· . SOO.l,OOO
~ clraw'illf. sizizl& ~·~J.wiDdjng . 250..$00

~·· · ··· ·' ··

~· ·'• . .·. . . • ·' 2SO.SOO
· ColOred $00.1,000

$00.1,000
1,000..2,.000
. F. srEEL
.
MAN'U.FAC'i'u:RINC
. . l'LA.NT
·. /
· 1. R.o1Ji113 MU~ . • . · .. . , · ·
· • .· PrimaryNilm,. ilit roU~ nilliDg ots1rip
. mcllheets 150
nn.Wia& of111hea, ~·liuf wire .. ' 250.SOO
2. PilteMil.l&
T'umiilg. galv.W:iJl& cold rolling · 2SO.SOO
.EngiDe room. )$()
3.~01l
~aheets, roUCd slab~ . ~1.000

C. OTHERS
1. Museum; Art OaUcries .
•Omeral. l$0
Oa picture& supplemenury liafJtioa 2SMOO
0D ll:1llptures aDd other obj~ 250..1,000 .
2•. spons
Sttdium 2SMOO
Training field .· 1$-lSO
Hot~e rate tracb · J25-2SO
Tenms courts*· 22S4.SO
3.Gmct
.Omp ~mmodMiOn .1$0
Orcatia,bay 1~
Worbbop, JRUing pit, washing place 2SO..SOO
Work. beaclu:a, abow room SOO.l,OOO

213 ..
 ELECTRICAL LAYOlJT.AND ESTIMATE

CONSTRUCTION OF THE
DISTRIBUTION LINE

. ;

.. .

214
 . THE DJS'f~IA{JTIQ~; LINE ,_. .
-_ CONSTRUCTION··-· ·- .
. .: ' .. ~. . . .

Introduction
·. Prior to the declaration ofMartia.l ~w ·m. ~ Phili~ines on
September 21, 1972, the supply an(f saleS ofelectric current in
· various parts of the country was under.the..monopoly o( :$eVeral
·franchise Pt>ldm .. Thus, electric· s.etviees in· the ·coun(:cy were _
ccin.t:mUed by.private .capital. ·This Set;:up howeve.r,-.-resulted to
non-uniformity f.)( eJeCl:ric·rates·.and sei'Vices ~use of the dif·
·tei'ent cloctric. QQJ,npanies. o~ . business .in different, prov-
inces$ cities and municipalities ~onw.ide: .·~: · ' .·' .· ... ·. ·
...--·When M~ ..~'was.~e b{Presidentie~d·E.
Marcos, on $eptemb~ 197~,.. the. Priv:il~gC$. .~ein.$ enjoy~ l>y
these franchise holders 'WCl'C totally scrapped and· abolished by
· virtue:· -of Presidential. Decree ·No. ..269 creating the N~onal
· · Electritieation Administration (N;EA) ·attd t® Eleciric. Coopeia·
. tivc:s. These two agencieS· 'of the gove.rnn..u were :then· s~ed
with the ~ibility of implementing the.Rural Electrification .
Program. The Rural Electrification program was among the pri-
·of
.ority program the· Marcos Administration. tOwards. industri-
. alization and extending efficient services 1o.1he remotest rural
areas at a .reasonable lower... rate
.. ·. . . . ..
ofetectricity:.
. . .' . . . . .. ~ :.

·.::· In order to cariy. out this ambitious program· of 1he govern-

., mcnt, .the Marcos administi'ation embarked on foreign borrow- .
.:.i~P. to #Poit the·~cial :neCc:Js. of the _National Po\ver Cor:
· potation ·•. tpe; Electric (:oc>perati~. the blue print of ·the
master
.. . J3n.. .is fO ..cOnStruct VanOUS
. .. P . . . POWer:.: . ......ao PJantS 'and
. . g¢nera+iH.;,'
diStiib'ution Ifues ·in LuzOn: and then consolidate and .intercon-
nect all. generated . pow~ to the main
. s~teni
. c8Ileci' Lt'lzoil.Otid.. .
. . • . . .• . . • .•. · l- · .:. . . . . : '' . • . • •.

·•· ·. The LuZbn Grid Will then supply eleCtricity to 1he·different

· et~e oo,opet~ves ·:wbq$~ ~ilsmess is to ~l e~city to•the .
.end' UsetS' rrom indU$t.rial,. Commercial and ~de:ntial- cOrisum- .
· ~.··-· ·. . . .. . . . • .. . .· .
; ·. . .

·215 .
'

' •• ' .r, ' '' •• : • • •• ' • •

. The Electric Di~tributi()n Systein ·. . t ' .• . . ~. . ,,· . •

,·

Under.the present set-up; el~ity will be supplied by:

/ 1. The'National Pawer Corporation
.2.. - ~ Meralco .
. · 3. ne·Electric·Coo,Perative8 Inc.· ~.

. The·. Mml¢o bas its: ·own· poser· geoerating pbmt but also
depends oil the National·Power .CmporatiOn. for its power defi-
. ciency;. On thinJther hand, EJ.Cctric OoOperatives that Serve~. as
the rotiil .outlet of eleccricity.- outside Metro Mauila are· mostly
dcpen.de:rit on the curreat. supplied by ~ ·National Power Cor-
poration. A ~ nUmber··o f .electr.i,c ~ws ·however, ·
gt;lCI'ateS power through their own J.lLni hydro electric plants.
·pOWc.fed ·geneiating· plants or· dendio tbctm8l plant but ·js not
.. enOugh fOr 1M grpwing dCinarid ~bit coiisumers. · · · ··
.. . . . . . . .: . ~

.!()ne probablo: disadvantaae af 1kis synCbrooiZed ·supply: of

CIIl're.l'lt through 1be Luzon Grid is in c:ase of povver plant or
· ·trtmsJnission line ·fiW.ute or bteak ,dawn~ In such a ·we, bJack
·· out ntaY be felt thro\Jah out tho c:utire supply co~. area. · ·'
• . • • \ ! : • • . •

. . ·A t preseut tJ.e ~ two.. $yStCihS .being a4opted m·the ser-

/
. ..vice of.electricity; they are: . . . ·
.1. ··'The Line to Line service by the Meralco
· ~ .. The Mult;i-GrOUDd system- ~Y the Elec¢c. ~·

·: Thc·~e to~ serVice has ·~ .eniaged-~o~. ~f::ns/2.30

volt$, w~le. ~ Ill~ ground systCm oftbe C1ectric ~~es
~• -eOp:ged vo- of 230 Volts oDly ~ 230/0 whiCh lllea,ils
. oDly . pne ~ :Mie i~ WryiDg \rohag~ aud .~ .Other v4U4..,Is
~. is~ovol~. . /.:.:. · .: .·, · ··
. -• · Pte~ ~ .this ~f ~ 1bc ·Multi-Qrcnm.cl ~used
... thai1
.. bY· no. ·less . .120
. ·cleetric
.. ~~ · ··· · · .'in---
the ·~.Y
' . ·· ·· toda .
· The actUal. CQDStruction of.the 7.62113 Kv. diStributiQD ~jn-
cludmg the.materials requind' for ready 'refe:tCnCC of the qi-
~ electricians and linemen in the field of constrUctiOn. .

216 . .
 The distribution~ ..·.~011
.. , . is'divi&,d'intOibree
. ... .. .. . . .. .P· aitS·:
. ..
1 • . Construdi . fthe
. Qn,O, , ~.....:b•....:
_;UJ:I'-ll ...'40J1
Lin . ; :·' " i ..
C .. , ·:·:·-. ''·.'
' •

a. sqp.e,Ph8sC ;; .·.. . · ..
··.·:··:.·b. 1\vqP.base ·;·• :·-:,
c: •·'thn:e Phase
2. 'JlW··OOrerem As~lies ofthe Distributioll~
. a. . Priinaiy ...· . :•
' b:·s~·
.... c.. · ~·-· ·· .'
3 .. PtotcCtiOti~the~and~ ..,. .· . . ..,
.· ....·. .· :a, ·Ftise.CutDUt · . ·. : •.
'.·. ·. .. ·.. b. :'t~1 'htm Amster' / ' .. ·..
•• ~;· -~·:~:: H '.:.· . •· 0

d. ·.Voltage Replator and Capacitor. . .. , ·:

. .·· . · · e; · :Transfonnett: ·
.~ '.
· ·" .. .:

·.. . ·:,
: .:··... .. . . . ··~

. ·. :. :: .·· . ·:; : . . . .
. . . ....... .. :
. .'{
. FIGUREU-A. ·· .. ·~ . . ' .·:. ~. . : '• ...:
. STANDARD ALP.IIAJJE~ CODiNG J'01lMA'IUW.S USID BY
ALL JtLECI'RIC COOP:ERAnvES SPECIFIED BY TIU NATIONAL
JtLBCI'IlD'IC4TION ADMINISTRATION
'· ' . • ! ·. .~ •••~· ~ ' t•.:

tUm Materials Item .Materials

a - Pin we ...
ln8UatOr ~ - . Guy twx.* . .·. . ..
b- Pole top pin · tt -· GUy~·· · . · :
c - Mactine bolt . . . bm -. Guy .twnble
d. wastier ·bn- Loop ~-cM:J end
e - B<ilt bo - kdrX _ihaclde ·
f • Crolumuteel pin ... · : . ·· .bp-.. G~Mrized,nail ·
. .g_- Cross~ tw- Chlln.. ~ :
h - Brace . ba- -~-post bolt
i-· Can1agebolt . bt- ~:tdw . .
j - Lag ecnW ... . . . bu- Coni leCtor~ ..
k • Suspension II"'IUator .bV • .Anra rod, ~ .
·t- Dead ind ~ ~f Armor' rod (air9e ~
m· SUspeneion~ ,.. ·bf-2 ~ftld(df.dlle~) ·
n - ()cd)le nino bott cc • · NiOinrtdaacf'tnd asserrtly
·o- . Eyebolt ' ' · q~ · GaindYift ·
p- ~ cc:meca- . .... a..~:ancttarandbordng
a- ~ olevia (eecoridlly) em- SpcxtlnsUatcr
. t - Armor.tape cr- A!Ve bracket"
u- Guy dlnl' cu - WOod brace . .
.. v.. GUy attachmat da - Bracket
X • Andlor rod cl - Pipe ispacer
y-· Guy wn . . en- TnNformar tnoket
· z- ~ · · .· '··· ·, cl- Deed.ndaeMc& · ·
· aa • Eye nut . ea- Polt tp lf*.Aator _. .
ab- eye rut'INatl(e. t)lle ,. . .. et~.:.. Blactet rot post •-i~
ac - ·Braca ( lidlam dligonal) ec·- Bracket, offset, ntUtrallnaWitor
88 - -~ng arrester . ak -. Loc:knUt . . ..
sf • FUll Cl..lfiDUt .. .· fO ~ T ranafom•
MCOndary brdet
ag- ·Grcxni Wira ftc- Extension. bracket L-tp
aP Ground rod . fc- ~Aile cor•~- ·.· ·
-~ •·. Gnuld rod~ . ,. gc. CorlCUt.
_al- stapie groood ~ - gc:t • Shpa
ge- ~- ., - Transf«mar
8p • Hbl.llrie dMip .. .. lib • MeWbOx, meter and test block
aq . .lrnper.i and !aids .. ,; . Regulator, -type-
at . Guy~ . ed- Clmnt hl..rotmlr
.ax- CUbJt ~ (cor'lillnation}. . ak - By.pasa awltc:tl
ti) • BfD. lide arm Y8l1lcal angle ,_ ·_tw.- Tie f,ft ·
' be.~ . ~· · · · · · · ·· ..'' · ··

218
 · ELECTRICAL.LAYOOT..AND ES~ :

-·:.

· .!\·· ... . . . •.

. -· .

. -:. . .

219 .
 ELECTJUCAL.LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

POLE TOP PIN ASSEMBLY ..

~---
I
I
I
l
I
I
I 1.

:
.J
:~·: .1
.I
l.

ELEVATION SlOE VIEW •

FIGURE 11·1
. .
..U2/1U KY. PRIMARY SINGU! PHASE 0° TO e0 ANGLE

. 'Item Materials Quanl!ty Item

a • Pin lriN!ta' 1 TW· Tl8.. 18'
b• 20" Pole tep pin 1 ek • 5.8' tocmut 2
c• 618" X8~ Machine bolts 2 bs • 8" Si. upset bolt 1
d• 3/16" x 2%-1311&" hole washet 3 em- .1 %" cia. gY)0\'8 spool lnsulataf 1
bv. 1 Almor rod (singte ~ 2.
"Cohductor Acc.ssorles
 DISTRIBUT.
. . .
(ON LINE·. CONS'fiWCnON.
. ..,·,' ".· .· . . :

. _ __;_;~·
. 't
--- .

••
. .
'cl
. II• ...
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. .
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-~-- ---~
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If I lll•al'l..
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I'
1I I
It I
1.
I
I
I'I
I
I J I
'11
I 1
I, I .

'I'
I •I
r '
ttJ.

'E.!.EVATION. SIDE VIEW

. ,, '

FIGURE 11·2
· .1~12 /13.2 KV~ PRJ~ARY, ~PHAsE 0° TO 1° AHG&i! .
DOUILE-PRIMARY SUPPORT
Quanti · ·Item Matirials · . Quanti
. . .. •.:
crri-'1 %" da.x 1 %" flipe $plQ!I' 1
d • . %" da. X 11'•pipe.spacer ; ·: .. 2
ilk • 5/ff Locknut . . . . . 2
I:N·f hmorrad.(sm;t~· 1.
I:N-2 Annotrod(~support)": 1

221
 >:·,
f :l I .

~
./:.1'
·I
': l··~· H.w.l
'
'
~--' .
.· . ·:· I d•··c:m
.. ·\ : \
' .\ . \
.h\ >\ .
Posit! an of guy
cin . \J .\ \.
ell. I
I
I
I TOP VIEW
I
I
I
l
1-·
I

:I.:
I I <II

£
I I b
I 1

--.+:,·-
I I '
.

t+J '

e
I

ELEVATION POLE TOP PIN ASSEMBLY

FIGURE 11.:1
·.. .. : ··.. ·
7.82/13.2 KV. SINGLE PHASE DOUBU PRIMARY SUpPoRT
MAXfMUM TRANs\IER8E·LOADIMJ.22rlCG.. (HO LBs,} PER:.PIN
. · 1°T030~.MAXJMUJ.fANGL£ ,
: . . •' ·' :

· ilari Mateiiais
.. .,.
a - Pin WtiiiU.b ,2 dl • Bllcket 1
Lj • 20" Pole top pin .• 2 d • %" cla..Gr.vcMI p~·~ . · .2
c- 5l8" X·1a'Mae.lljne bolts . 2 ek • W..lodcnutl . ·. 4
c- fi8"XW~botts=. 2 tw-1 MT!crrod~sUAIOf1r;
1·
d- l'Wx2~·1l'16Holewasher 3 ' b\i-2 Armal't!d(docllle~ · 1
an• 1 %"Grotwe·~1nsulator ·· 1 · tw· Ti•v.ve- · · . 24' .
• Conductor accessotfes
 .... . ~· .. .;'
'.· __

- ~
\

'
.\
'\.
' I

·: .. :
TOP VIEW

,.....,
. /'-...
j .l

.. I

~\ -.
\\
\

. ELEVATION ·SECTION X-X

. ·,' ..
FIGURE ,1-4 ·
· 7.12/1S.2 KV. PRIMARY, SINGL! PtiASE 10° TO 10° ANCJLE

· Q1.lantit)' · ltam· :t.tatitria&·. ·· · • Qu~ntity

. ,' · d • 2 %" X ~1.8" Hole Wlisher' 2 . em • 1%" dla !JWie spoollnaUtator ·1
k • · Suspenslotfftulldor · 2 bo •· Aitcbcnhadde, ,: . .1
o • 518" X 9" Eye bolt 2 ek.. ·518" lod<nuts : .' . . .2
m• Suspension i:limp 1 _tw ~ Tie wire• . 8'
s .·. Secondary swingl~ clevis 1 bY • ,6nn(r rod (mglt ~· 2

• Conductor Ac:ceason.s
 , £~~CT~~CAL .~A l'OUT AND ESTIMATE

·'

.TOP ViEW .

. ;

FRONT VIEW

Pt.AN

FIGURE 11.-CS
7.12/13.2 KV. PRIMARY, SJNG\.E PHAsE 10° TO 80° ANGLE

Mataials QuantitY Item · Materials

· .• •,

. • COnductor Aoe.$so#M
 ·'··· ...
. •' ·• :..
. . .
··.~-~~--~
·
---~·
. ·
· ·:' · .

. .
. ~.
.11
--
TOPW!W

-;
TC?,P,~EW
... ··~· ... .•· . . ~
, ·'

$~CtlON X-X
• i• .

F~ONTVIEW

FIGURE11~

. 7.12/1UKV.PRIMARV,SINGU!PHASE~END(It'ING\.el ." ..
. '
Materia~~ Quantity ltlrn Ma~ Quantity

;.
 . . .· .. ·
: . , ··.

.•

·::.-r~ ..
FRONT VIEW . FRONT VIEW
FIGURE 11-7

7.82/13.2 KV. PRIMARY, SINGLE PHASE TAP

No. Requi'ed
Item Materials A 8 c
. d- i %" x2% "X l/16", 13f11r Hole washer 2 2 0
k. su~ lnstllab 2 2 2
o• 51~ x required Jeng1fl Eye boll 2'-9" 2~-9· 1'-18"
p · C~conneetors . . 2 2 2
aa • 5/ff Eye nut 0 .1 3
aq • .1\mperS and leads ( as~ · · .. • '
bo·· ~horsh~ · Q 1 1
roo· ,.,nm. .·
bv·.~ ·.Annor .t 1 ... 1 .1.
:. ek , 518" locknuts ... ". · 2 2. 0 r
.._. • · Hotline~ .. 1 .. ' 1 1
I -· Dead '"d d~. . .· . 1 1 1
s ~ .~ 8\Wtgng cleviS ·. · .1 .1 1
an · 1 WCia: ~e spool insulator · 1 1 ~
bn ~ Dead end loOP~ ·· 2 2 .2
. t• Anncir tape• . 1' r- ' 1'

• Conductor~

22B
 . .
DISTIWltmON
. .. . . .,. . LINE
. CONSTRUCTJON
: .: . . . .; : ~

~­ .
.,I
I
I

-~~- -~~
TOP VIEW . TOP VIEW . ap \
. .. \

Top8adclll
•
btueedlil-at
~Aiel .
TIPPinG
'
'
,..

,• ~

·
.~tQURE
. .11-1 .
7.62113.2 KY;~-IIlYSINGLE:P.KASE'l'AP
... . .··~'-'~. .": : _:-. '-': . .. . .
. )I'~ • • No. Reauied
Item Materials . A 8
...
a- Pin type Insulator · ...... 0 1
d• insulalnr 2 %" x 2 %" x 311r,:.Hole diameter 0 2
k• suspension 1nsurator •· ·· · ,2 .2
·b •20" Pole top pin .i 0 1
p. Compression connector~. t. ~: ·. 2 2
u • 518" diameter Eye nut 2. 2
. ... .
.. .. . J\111*S'Iimf:ieadl{a~ ~

l - hwnor tape* .. . . .. ••• 1' 1~

. 'tiv • Armor rod~ " . 1 . t
.. C: • 518" X 9" Machine boll ... 2
. ek • Mr. locknuts . ~~ . . ..... 2
ap • 't-totbclamp · · . ··.:'•. ·, .1:. ·.· '•. ' 1
I· Dead end~ ·. . '.1 1·
em.· '1 wciarnetef ft>ove sPoQ1 i'lilulator 1' 1'.
bn · Deacf'end~dlr\1) · '· .2 ·..J 2'
s . sfJco swi . clevis . . 1 1
. .
··~

• Conductor Accessories

227.
 . •' ·:

SlOE VIEW

...- .
..,.._-~
. ....
'.
.... . =-·
-~.--
. ~
. :. . . .,.· .

. . .ins- em •. em bn

TOP VII;W

FIGURE11..
7.32/1U 'KV. PRIMARY. SINGLE PHASI!veRTICAL oEAOENo. (DOUBLE)
Jtem · Manis Quantity , Hem Quantity .

. .. ; . .

\.

·.zza
 TOP VIEW

. ··~· .<•, :;
1,,.;,, • . 15 11l'
. .., :• .. · . .•. . . . .~~---- . •+-~--..scm.
. ,... •..... .
.·· :: . ,

FONT VIEW
.. . "
·. ~

Frduiti 11,;,10
· ·i. 7.t2 /1$.2 KV. SWC3LE PHASE, CROSS-ARM CONSTRUCTION,
( DEADEND SINGLE)

: lwn .Quantity
.. Item
. .. .
· d· ~16"x2~·1l'16.Holewas1W 10 ·. t · Secondlry.awi!'iglngclt.vll'·. 1
. g. l/1/2")( 4 % )( 8' .ero..m . .
2. cu • -28" Wood brlclfJ. .·.• . . . . 4
· t·. · ~ x4 ~·Caniage boitJ · .4 ·. em~ 1 ~ d&.:F.JQVt apodl loslllafDr 1
J• %" X o4" Lag etftW
· K• Suspnion ~
2' : bn · : o.cf lttld
. .. 2, ek • 518" locknuts ;. ·
loq).,.., .: ,..
2
8
· I· Oead end dlr{lp . 1 ek .... 318" LoQsnuts. · 4
..n• W x 18" DcUlle 8l1lling bolt 3 t • Armor taPe • . · 12"
u·. Wetenut 2.
• ConductoiAt:ceJsorlet

229
 ELECTRIC:~~ .LAYQUT-AND.ESTIMA'J'E

.. - ...
·~;

l .. ' f ·.
.J : l
I I.,.,.
w..__I,
1
ll
I, I
I I' . I . I.
I

f ...
FRONT' VIEW

. .Guy

TOP VIEW

FIGu~ 11.-11
UZ'/13.2 KV. SINGLE PHASE CROS~M CONSTRUCTION
(~~LE)

.Item .· · ~ ·
. d- ~16".x2%"-U'16" Holewasher 10 .p_;_CCJrllll'assionconnector · .1
· .g-. 3%"x4% xt=cros.m 2· aa~·· .5/B"Eyenut 4
· W· ·28"Woodbnlee 4. · aq- ~(asreqlli'ed)
_i • W:t4%"'~bolt · 4 ··ek- ·w·Locknuts . . -~ 8
:· j • %" X 4" lag SC'It'eW : . . · . 2. ek • 318" Locknuts ·. : . ·' 4
· k- ~....... . ·4 . an- 1 W dla; ,oove spOci4 insUator 2
n • &S"x 18"'DcUfellirmingbOit 3 ap- Hotrtneelan1) . . 1
1-. Dead end c:tan.,' . " ·2 tw • Armor rod ~ ~ · ·1
s · Secondary~ clevis · ·• 2 t • Almer tape • · '' 24"
tlf\ - loqHieacklnd ~ . 4 · lw- . Tie wn• · 40'
*CondUctor Ac<:e$sodes ·
 I
I
I

! I

..~
I: r· I
I l

FRONT VIEW

TOPVICW

FIGURE11·U
U111UW..8JNCill.E PMAt2 CROetWlM CONSlRUCTION
DOUBU!LINI! ARM
Item . . Materiaft ., QuMity Item . . Mallrials . ·.

1• Pin .lnS\IIatoJ 4 j - %"' x4•t.ag. screw 2

d. 3M' d %. WaeMr . 1() n- Mrx1S'~arrnbolt :,... -~
, • &'8"x 10"x %" Colslrm . . pin 4 ek. 5llr. ~ . . 1.0
·g. 3%"x4%~_xrcn-m 2 ek· 3M1~ '4
. cu- 28"'Wood:blw:lt 4 tw-2 ~roeS. . 2
t • air'· X 4 W C8TtagB balls· 4 tw. · r.. ww. · · 32"

. I '231
 ELECTRJC~. L4YOYT A~D EB.'fiMATE

· FRONT VIEW

·TOP VIEW

FIGURE 11~1S
U~ /1U I(\I;.SINGLE 'PHASE cRossARM CONS.TRIJCTIOIN
· ·SINGU UHARM

... .
:·a- Pil type lnstlla!Xt ·· · 2 ·J- Wx4•tagscrew .1
x
e - 5W 12" Mai:tiiM bolt 1 ·: cU - 28" Wood lncie .. .· ·. ·2
:(f'. 3.116" X 2 W-13116' Hofe. . . : t . ·ek :.: Mrlocl<nuta' 1
:f. 5/ffx10%."~staelpin .. 2 . ek • 318" lackriut ·2
g- 3%"x4%"x8'CroStinn. ··· · ' '1 . . tw-. Annor rod (si9e IIPt)•. 2
·1·- l/8" X4 %" Caniage bolls ·.. ·. · 2 . ' ~- Tee wire• 16'

• Conductor A.cces$odes . . ~ .. "

 ..• D~TRIBUTIQN LIN~COty~T.RUCTiq1'!f .

. ~
:l: d4k . · Hk :~ · ·.Hi< 1!<;4
. J· 1,
I
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.
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I

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. 1.·1
c
Hk~ll I .1

~· ·~
1 I
• •. I
~ ·~

. •(·•

FRONT VIEW SIDE VIEW SlOE VIEW .

.
FlGUR£.1144 ·
ua 11u KV. PRiMARY, •~ PHAie $IDE ARM TANGE.Nr
ltein . Mataials Quantity . Hilm . . Matsrials . · .Quantify
.A B ..A .B
· c • wa-x 1r Mactirne bolt · · 1 o
c · W·'x 10" Machlneboit f 2
. d. 1 31$" x9ns- Holt wastier 2 ·e
. f • 5/8' X 10 ~C. r.nt stsef pill 2 4
J~ Wx4"~8eteW ·· 1 .2
ek • %"-Lod<itlifi . 2 .4
b\1~ Nrrlxrod slnfe ~~ . 2 0
bv-2 kmor rod cb& ~ .o .2
· * C«<ductor AccesS..· ·
 . '

I
t I I
II,!
l~

FRONTVIEW ·

TOP VIEW

FIGUR£11-11
7,82/13.2 KV. SINGLE PHAsE CROSSARM eONSRUCTION
. . SIJ,IGL.e PHASE, ~.UNCTIQN AT 0~ T0_11°
·· ~ ·

.. · ..
·. .
ELEC:J'RIC.A.L LAYOUT AND ES~TFI

235
 . 'EL£CTRJCAL LAYOUT AND ESTlMA:TE

10
..

~ern. ~ .cu

............ \· ~tk:
PolllanofM If

I\
.
II I

I -~IM . . ....
pi aft.
ud /.;, :. '.
-~
I" ,,,·.: . · ; : .•• l: !__.:..... . I
I
C•cl

. . I' I
__ .,;._. ....~·
I '----~
.FRONT VIEW

. I I b1
I II

. 4J .
SIDE VIEW

FIGURE'11-1C

7.t2/1U KV. TWO PHASE CROSSARM CONSTRUCTION

0°.TO 5° ANGLE SINGLE PRIMARY SUPPORT

Item ..Materials Quantity · Item · Materials Quantity ·

a· Pin type_insulator 2 ek • . 5/lr Locknuts .1

c · 518" X .14" Machine bolt f I • 5/B"x 4 ~· Csrriage bolt .. 2
d • ~16" X 2 '//•13116" Hole Washer 3 b.s • 10' Sir9& upset bolt' 1
f- 518" x 10 'A" Crossawrn steel pin . 2 ·. j- 212" x 4"-Lag screw 1
g- 3 %" x4 %" x ~ Crosswm · · 1 em .- 1'A" cia. IJ'OOV8 spool insulator 1
·cu ·- 28" Wood brace 2 · bv-1 ·Aimor rod single ~~ • 3
ek - 3M' Locknuts · 2 . tw- · T1a 11\te·• 24'·

"' Conductor Accessories

 ·i

,'

n-cr-1111 ,..

80ctll ........_ . '

1 . Politi~.:;.~ ~·~ I
i. ••

j c:u
-d~~ ~ rl1 ·
lll
I

·~1·1
! '........_ill
em -;,'l'--
d- a1< 'I j

~i~ ... .\ . . .. : 1 ·0.1 · ,.

. ' j ' II :~:·
·. . '~ -. .
··.,;., .
.:.~-:.
'
'• .. . . .
I I

I
I
I
I
I
fRONT VIEW
I , ' I
I'J 1 .
·.~=tJI

SlOE VIEW

,,:.· .. f=IGURE 1M7

. '·
Item.' Material$ .. a~ntiiy 11am ·Quantity .

a • Pin t')P.e !nsU!atcr 4 f· %" x 4". Lag~:: .. ·2

d- 3116"x2~~-13(16Hole 'wnhli .11 n- 518"x20"~Jearmingbolt, . ~
f. ~&rxto%"Ctoss.MMI~. • · bs- 1D~Sjf9e..~bolt :. . · .-... 1
o· 3.%·x~~·xs'.Ciwsa!'m ; 2 em· 1'.4da.~e~l~ut~ 1
c\1 • 28"Wciod bt8oe ·.: . .C bv-1 Aim« rOd single ~ ~ . · 1
ek- ~t.oc:kni.!fs· · . · ,. bv-2 Alm«roddo~Alfe~* ... 2
ek ~ 518" locknuts 10 iw • Tie wre• 40'
I •. 3Rr X4 W' carriage bolts 4

•conducior Accassories
237.
 . .. UTIMATE
ELEcrRICAL LAYOVT AND .

•
r

· FftONT VIEW TOP VIEW

F~11·11.

7.U/ t3.21WO PHAH CR08aARM CONSTRUCTION

OOUBLE PUAARY ~.MAX. TRANSVERSE
. ...,._,..._,. . ~. m,.o ·u..u.M~MG&.a
: . . . ' . .· ·.

•· 'Pilp__. .. A.
C· W'xiO" ......Dal . 1
d· a'tfdW~tMf'H*..,. 4
f- s.'S"x 1o·%" ~..,,. ~
g. 3·%'x.4%"•~~ ·. 2
cu - .21" WocMf..... . . ..4
tk· . . . . . . ~
lk • .w lodcnuts 11

238
 ·DISTRJBUTION·LINE CONSTRUCTION

. I
22Jem.o·d-e1t .~t'l~
· m ·. . --- . .
~·
1

r
. o·d-lk m 1
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.
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.·
.·Guy ./ t · \.>~ \ •·
· I I'- .. .
. 'bo . \
120lan. . ! : ·l'olltionofguy \
. I j • .
I
I I . m TOP VIEW
·rt·-~-~
l 45an. 11 ! 1
iA'..::.W'!•;-
120tan.r'~! ~
. I j
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l j

FRONT VIEW SECTION X-X

· . FGJRE 11•tl · ·
7.12/12.2 KY. 'J'Wo PHAse. VEimCAL CONSTRUCTION·
. Je0 TO H 0 AHGLE
. . .
. Q~ ltem . Materials
. . .
d • 3116" X 2 %"-1atf5"licille washer 3 an- P$' dia. goQVe spool ~b- 1
. k- Suspension~ . 4 bo- Ai1cflor ~ 2
o- 518' x 10" Eye bolt 3 ek • 518" l..ocknuts · .3
m· Suspeasjon-
s • Secondlly ~ ·dtvi$
2
1
bv~1 Arm«fl)d(single~*
tw- Tie v.Ye •.. ·· · · · 8'
3

• CCtJducl.or Acce$$Dttes

•2.39
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

SECTIONY-Y SECTION X-X

FIGURE 11-20

Item . . Material$ · Uuintlty Item Materials

d ~ 3116" x2 %" ·1316" Hole wash« 6. em ~ _1 %" cia. IJ'OOY8 SpOol inSulaklr 2
.· k • SUspension instiatoi' 8 bn ~ Qead end loq:i'clamp · ··~ .4
o- SA.rx10"Eyebolt . 6. bo- Anc:Mr~e 2
o • Sit x 8" Eye bot . . 2 ek ~ 5irr tocknutS · 6
· p • Compression eonnecta'$ 2 ap - HoJ!Ine • .2
. . aa- 5/B"Eyenut · · . 2 ·1 • Oeadtnd.,. 4
aq • Liads and j~ (MII1JICII*ed) bv· Mna' rod (taPping} • .2
s- Secondafy SIM'nging clevis' 2 · t - Amlortype.. . .2'

240
 ~· DISTRIBUTION LINE CONSTRUC'i'ION

FRON.T VIEW .

.
. _._
a.
l .

:
TOP VIEW

FIGURE:~1-21

7..82 /13.2 KV. TWO PHASE CROSSARM CONSTRUCTION

. SINGLE UNE ARM •· ·....
Item Matarials ·Quantity ·Item · Materials . · Quantity

. a ~ Pin~ insul&klr . 3. · g • 3 %"X 3 1/ / X 10' Crosnlm 1

C •· 5f8" X 10" ~bolt 1 cu ~ so~ Span wood brace. . ,1
c ~ %"X fr Mac:hi1e bolt 2 . ek • W locknUt 2
c •· 518" X 14" Mal:t!IMI bolt 1 ek • 5f8" Locknut 2
d- 3116" X 2 %"X tY16 Hole washer 3 bv-1 ArmQrf'Od{sif9e~)" ·. 3.
d • 1 318" dla. x 9110 Hole td. washer 2 tw- Tie\WJ*· · · · 24'
f. 618"x10¥/Crosslrm~pin 3
·• CondUctor Acces.todN

_·. 241
 '
ELECTRICAL
. '. LAYOUT
: AND;ESTIMATE
. ' '

--orb--.
. d4k ·~--
ll . :
.
.
~-,.,
. .
.·. 'I ,.. -1111
.

... ,;.ll, .,.

I:
I I I
I
I 1'I
1 11 1 &--w
It I
~
,,.1 ,.
~.

Il
1,,,1
I: I II.
'f I I II o-d

....,
. I I l
.
I
I
I .
FRONT .VIEW I I I j
U:J
SIDE VIEW
. . .
f,t211U KY. 1'WO PHASE SIDE ARMS coNSTRUCTION
FOR SINGLE AND DOU8t..E PRIMARY SUPPORTS
No. Required
111m A B

a- Pin~ insUator . 3 6
. c • Wx 14~·Machineballs 2 0
c - %~X 6" Maichine bolts 2 4
C • %" X 10" Machine bolts 1 2
d· 2%"x2%"-3116"hole-scpnwashar. 4 12
d- 1 3f8'1--x9116":tiOie:I'QIRt lllllher .·; ~... 6
f. !W'x1o%·Cn..mmelpja. · 3 e
9 • 3 %".x <4 %" x .8' CRlssllm .2 4
#~ ~·x.c- Lagsc:rew ·... : . : .1 2
· n- W x20" Dcdlle nling~ -o :4
ac • 1'W' lftiii8·3M' x7' Side ann cllgol'llll trace .1 2 C'
tlb • 50. Side-wi:al angle trace 1 .2
ek - filfJ' lodcrMs . .. ..~· 2. 12.
ek • %" ·l.cl::km.«s 3 . ·.8 .
bv. Mnar.rod(~in;e~r ·"< 3
bv-2 Annorrod {(i)ltlie ~ )• . ·. :3
tw-.Tie ...... . 7.5m. 15m.

242
.. nlsTa.nnmoN LINE coNsmucrroN
10 10 .

FRONT VIEW I
I
+-l..
l10Cift.

J Saun»l~
·t- r.r--

TOP VIEW

FIGURE 11-2'
7.12/13.2 KV. TWO PHASE CROSSARM CONSTRUCTION
SINGLE PHASE JUNCTION AT 0° TO 1° ANGLE
Item Matl!rials Quanti Item Materials · Q

a • Pin type lnsulata' . • 4 bv • Anna'rod tapping * 1

c • &8" x 14" Machine bolts 2 bv-1 ~rod (sin~ support)" 5
d • ~16" X 2 %" -13116 bole wutler 5 tw • Tie 'Nltf · 40'
f. w· x 1o~· CJ'ossarm steel pin 4 . i· 318' X4 %" Caniag& bolt · 4
g. 3 %" )C 4 %" x8' Crossclm 2 i· %" x4"lag screw 2
cu- 2$"Wood~e · 4 p· CCllll'l'ession connectas 4
ek • 318' Locltnuts 4 aq • .kmpers and leads (as required)
ek • 5l1f locknuts 2 an : 1 a;t dia. woove spool insulata" ·1
ep • Hotftne clamp 1 bs - ll8" x10" si• upset bOJt . 1

243
·', ..

·..,. .

.· .'
 DISTRIBUTION LINE CONSTRUCTION

FRONT VIEW

SIDE VIEW

FICURE 11·24 ..
i.U/13.2 KY.THREE
PHASE cROSSARM CONSTRUC·TioN
SINGL,E PRIMARY SUPPQRT AT 0° TO i 0 ANG~ .
·it*n · Materials
I •,in tjp'e inldalar
b- 21rPoletcppln
~
f
· ·I • . 318' X 4 l,{• c.rta9e bolt
· j- %"x4"\..a9~ .
.2
·· 1
C • 518" X 10" MachiM bolls 2 bs •. 518" X 10" Single~ bolt . 1
c - W x 14" M.~jne bO!t .1 em • 1%" (II. goove spoot.fi\W!ator 1 .
d- 3118"x.2%":..1~~holeMS!ler 5 ek · 3/S"l..od<ll.it . · · .2 ·
c:m-m
( • . &8" X 10 %" stall pin 2 ek • 518" loCknli( . . 3
· g- 3-Wx.t%·~~~ a bv-1 ~rod{~eJqlpOff}* . .4
CU· 28"Woodtnce . 2 tw · r~e'M'e• . . ~· .

·conducto!AcceNOffes
24.5
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESJ'IMATE

.1
,,
... I

I '
:II:
I
I
I
I
. ·~
I I

~~·:
I I
~

FRONT VIEW SIDE VIEW

fiGURE .11-Zt
7,Ui13.2 KV. THREE PtiASE CROSSARM CONSTRUCTION
· DOUBLE PRIMARY SUPPoRT AT 0° to I" A~

ltlm · MiWials Qua Materials

. .
a- Pin ~ ifalag 6 · bs·- W x 10" single~~ f
b- 20" Poll IDp pin . . 2 · tk • ·518" locknut · 13
c • &8" X 12" M&ctlil)l bolts 2 ik • 318" l.oclcnut . . , A
t• 3Wx~~~c~~:
.~ 4 d' CtOs$iJm
%"X %"
l · :-~ ~~v::=.b·
2 <1 .·
1

tta: 1 %"fl.. SpaCer'_ ~ X

•1
2·
i . . 318" x 4 %" Ga'rlage bOlt 4 tw-1 Armer rod.{singlu~ • · . 1
r• %"X 4" lag screw 2 bv-2 ~ rocf (dcJtble ~ • . 3
n- snrx 18"dCMj)leannfngbolt 3: tw- ·---- . 58'

246
 . DISTRIBUTION LINE CONSTRUCTION;,

'
___ C·d-81<
· ~ ~~
I'
1
..;...
· .._

- d/ I~-~·- Ir"cm ·
I I
I I I.

/I!I
I 1

~~J

FRONT VIEW

I · ~Neuttal I
I I

TOP VIEW
. .
FIGURE 11-28

· ' 7.62113~ KV. 3PHAse cttos5ARM cciNsmuchtoN .

. .AT 0°TO 2° AN(3LE:(l.ARGE CONDUCTORS) ·.. ' .

lfem.. ·. · Materials Quantity.. Item Materials Quantity

!\~ • lator .
a· P.'"'lfr";'rmi · ·3'
· · ek • 5/f!' lockni.ttS · ·.: · ·· • 6 ·
b - 2<1' Prikdop. ~!n · 1' f- Crossarm clf~!W 1ype pin -2
C• '%"X 6" Mac:ll1ne bolts '2 9 • . 3 %"X 4 %"X.$' C,mssarm · 1
x
c.· &8" 5" Machin& bolts 2 bs • 12" Singleupset bo( · · 1
c• &a· x 12" Machine iX.lltB · 3 cu • oo·
Wood~ · ·1
c- 518" X 16~ MIEI!Ine bolt . 1 em • 1%" d~. !1-oove spool insldator '.1
d • 3116~ X: 2 W-1~16" hOle washer 10 bv-1 Armor r6d (sin~ s!JPPbrt) * 4. ·
d • liS" dla. 9116" !late roood ~ 2 tw ~ 'Tie Wire'l. · · · · 32'
ek· Wl.ocknuts · ' ' 2 ·· ·

• Conductor Accessories .

247
 . .
ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ·ESTIMATE

FRONT f;t.EVATION . TOP VIEW

FIGURE 11-27
7.12/13.2 KV. $.PHASE CROSSARM CONSTRUCTION, DOUBLE
PRIMAitY a_uPPoR~ .~TO~ :ANGLE
(LARGE CONDLicTolts)
Itan . Quanuty Jtem Materials .. Quanllty

a. Pin type lnsulab' 6 g. 3%"x4%"x8'eross.tn 2

b • 20" Pole tlp pin . 2 n• f6 x 24" ~ ~rmlng bOlt 3
. c: - 518" )( 12" Machine bolt 3 cu • . 80" Span wood ltace 2
c· %·.x 6" Mlctllne hcilt 4 dll· ~et ~ 1
c: • &&" x 14" Machine bolt · 2 ek. 518" l.odinut 15
d. l/16" X2 W-13116' hOteWIJSher 13 ek - %" t.oc:krM 4
d. 1 W'cia: 9118" hole rd. ~ 4 . tw~1 hrr« rod (silgle ~ • ·1
d • %" <Ia. X 1 %" Pipe spacer 2 bv-2 Nrrvx rod (dcltJie ~. 3
f • .c~ stsel ~pin type 4 tw- r.v.te• · 56'

248
 DISTRIBUTION LINE CONSTRU~~ty

PositiOn or guy
_ _ _r.·_d~J ..._~...,:..em
/1lr • d. .
c-d-lltl I
1• •

II
I
I'II
I
I I I
I I I
I I I
~-*-'

FRONT ELEVATION

C•d I

TOP VIEW

· FiGuRE 11;3

7.12/13.2 KV. ~.JIHASE CROSS ARM CONSTRUCTION

co·
. . 2° TO ANGLE ( i.MGE COHo~TORS) .
' ' ' ' ' • ' ' I

Materials • . QU&ntity Item . Materials . Quantity

a • Pil ~ Ins~ 4 · em • '!' cia. woove Spool insulator 1

b· ~Pol~tq,pin . . 2 · 9· 3%"x4'A·xa·eros.m 1
c • 518" x 12" Machine bolts 3 eu - 60" span wood tnce .: 1
c • %" X 8" Machint bolts .
MJdme-
c • 518" x.14"
e- ws· x 18" MeNne bolt
2
2
1
da • Snlcket

ek • snr Locknut .
. ·
dl· %" ella. ~.f %~ P.,& ....... ·
1
2
1
c· 5/B"xs-~-. 2 · ek-%"toc:knut .2
d· 3f16"X2~·13118"hole.washer 10 . bv·1 hmcrrod(single··~~ - 3
d • 1 318' ell. 9J1f)' hole rd. washer 2 bV·2 Mn« !'tid (double ~ • 1
f • Crossari:n pil~ ~ type · 2 tw • Tie Me" . 40'

· *Coi'Jducltx A~orles ·.

. . 24Q
 ELECTIUCAL LAYOUT .AND'ESTIMATE

1
"'-.._
118
t'· .
O.ek

---':':!' !:!.~-
Ill.
1 '1

::
I I
.,
I .
I I
I II
ltJ
·. '

FRONT ELEVATION SlOE VIEW

..
FIGURE 11~9
. .
1.e2 1u:z KV.·3;pKAsE coNs'rituciloN oouat& PRIMARY suPPORT
MAXIMUM TRAVERS[ LOADING- 221 KG. '(600 LBS) PER PIN
. .. 5° TO 30° MAXIMUM' ANGLE. . ·

Item Materials Quantity Item ·.MatErials • -Quantity

· . a- Pin type lnsulakil" 6 em - 3" dia. goove 5p9011n$ulator 1

b • 20" Pole top pin ·· . . ~- cu - 28" WoOd. brace· 4
c • 518" x 12"·Machine bolt ·· 2 da • Bracket · ·· ' . ' 1
. c • 518" X 14" Machine bolt 2 · cl - %" cla:X ·fm" Pipe spacer . . 2 ·
d • 3116'" X 2%"· 1311e--fde WaSher 13 . ek • 518' Loctaiuts 13
f- 518" X 10 %" Crossarm steel pin .4 eJ( ~ ~ LoCi<nUts . · .4
g- 3 ~"'x4:%"x.8'Crossarm · 2 · bv·1 1.\rmelf'tod (sinj#e ~· · · ·· 1
i • 318" x 4 %. CSrriage bolt 4 · bv-2 Almot'rod'(double s~ • 3
· j • ~· x .C: Lag sciew 2 tw • Tie wire • 56'

• Conductor Accessotfes

' 250
• DI~T,RIB,UTION LI~E CONSTRUCTION

g·

. .·.·...
·. ·• ·.
TOP VIEW

1:121.scm. . . . ·. :':.e-lk. .
.---.--~-,t~-;-
. I I .
. . I
. . ......._.'I · I
·c:·d•tlk NeWII

. ! I! «~~
w
. . ..
F~ONT ELEVATION

FIGURE 11-30 · • • <..

7.82/13.2 KV. 3- PHAsE CON.STRUC'J'JON DOUBLE PRUMRV' SUPPORT .

·.MAX. TRANSVERSE LQAPING 710° LBS. J P\N 15° TO ~0° MAX. ANGLE

. Item . Materials Quantity Item. · . MatsnaiS · · Quantity

a • Pin tjpe ins~~tor . 6 em • 3" dla. ~oove spool Jilsdtator. 1

· c "= SIS" x 12" Machine bolt . 2 e;u. oo· Span\IIOOd brace · 2
c- %" x 6" Machine bolt 4 c1a- Bracket · ·· 1·
d ~ · 3116" x 2 %"· 13116" hole washer 11 ek • 518" lodmut · 12
d • 1318" dla: x 9/16: hole.rd..washer 4 · ek • %·tOc:knUts . 4·
· f ~ 518" X 10. %• Crossarm steel pin · 6' : bv·1 Amior rod (sfn~ supPOrt} • . f .
·9. 3 %" x'4 %" x 10' Crossarm 2 bv-2 Armor rOd (cbuble suptjort) • · 3
n - 518. x 22" Dotimurming bolt 3 tw • Tte wire • · · · 56'

" Conductor AccessOries ·

251
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND .EST1MATE
..
·

TOP VIEW

I
I 1c-eil
I, I .
ek-c-ciJi ~em
>t··~-
1J I <Sa .
I I
I.;.J

· FRONT ELEVATION

FIGURE 11.-31 .

1.12/1~.2 KV. '3-PHASE CRosSARM CONSTRUCTION. DOUBL£

PRIMARY-SUPPORT« LARGE CONDUCTOR) MAAJMUM
·' . . . . TRAVERSE.,L4ADJNG 1.000 La$./ PIN · · . ....

Item . Materials ,. ... : . , Quantity Item · Materials · Quantity

a- Pin~~ .'s da- Bracket : · 1·

c • 518" x 12" Madllne,.bolls .. 2 an- 3" dia.- fpJ0/8 ~ nulalor 1
c, %"X 8" Machine bob. . .·.. 4 ~U- 60" Span~ brace ;
4.· 311trx2%"-13116"t\CII&Washer 19 . ek- W.l~nUt · . 19.
d ·~· 13Ift dl. 9116" hOle rd. washer. 4 · ek - %• LOC;Mirt 4
. f • Crosslrmsleelpin,cl~ttPe · 8 · bv-1. ArrnPrrod(qes~• 1
g. 3%"x4-A"x 10'Crossanri . 2 ' ~-2 Armorrod(slng1u~)·· . 3
; - %"x·4"Lagscrew · . · 2 tw ~ TteWIIJ•· 66' ·
n : ~ x 22" Ooubte arml.ng bert. 5 · ·

252 .
 DISTRIBUTION LINE CONsTRUCfiON

I
I
I
.. I
. ·-·~.,_
.......... ~~~~
.
~--'itl{· · .
~ ...~ . bo "
. . \
\
'
TOP VIEW

'·

FRONT ELEVATION ~ECTIONX-X

FIG.URE 11~~ ·.
r .n 11s.~KV. s.PHASE vern.CAL .CONSTRUCTION
.
so0 fo
.
so" ANGLE ·
item Materielll · Quantity Item Materials ...
..
d- 3116" x2 ~"-1311r hole washer 4. bo. • Ancoonhacl<le. 3
k- Suspension insulata' · 6 o -. S/8" x 12" Eye bolt , 4
e1t • W' Loetnut . · 4 em • 3" elia. !J'OCH.spool insulator.. ' 1.
m- Suspension clamp . . 3 hY·1 Armor rod {silgle support) • 4.
•- second!ry-~ cleVIs 1 tw. ne • • a·
• CondUctor Accus~

253 .
 .E .... ECTJUC~L. ~\;OUT t\ND:ESliMA
. . TE

·· ...

. ~· ,., , . _~~~-· TOP VIEW

· .. ·· .•:·

FRONT ELEVATION

FIGURE 11-33
· · 7.62 f 13:2 KY. VERTICAL CONSTRucl"'oN 100TO 20o ANGLE·
(LARGE CONDUCTORS ) .
. •. ~.
Item · Materials Quantity · Item Quantity

d ~ 3116" x 2 ~· x 1S/16'! hole washer 8 · cr - 51/T·Angle bracket .· . 4 '

k ~ Suspensloh insulata' , . · •6 ef • &s· x 12· clevis bolt 8
•m ~ Suspertsion clan'lp. ·4 ek - 518" locknut · 8
bo •· Anchor shackle 4' bv-1 .Armor·rod {'single sl4lPOrt) 4:

• Conductor Accessories
,

Soi.JI'Ce t ·
~:--bv

..
Top Saddle may btl used in lieu ot
· Tapping Armor Rod
Souree
I .
I ...; ap-bv

load

FIGURE 11-34
7~82/13.2 .KV. 3-PHASE VERTICAL CO~.TRUCTION 60o. TO 90° ANGLE

Item · Materials · . ' . ·· Quantity.. · ·Jtem .. · Ma!MaiS

d · ~1a,· x 2 ~·- ~3116" hole washer ,8 bo • Anch« bracket ' 4..

k- Suspension insulator . 12 c:m • 3" dia.-!Tf.lOVe spool insulator 2--
.o · SB" X 12" Eye bolt 8 aa - .518~ Eye ,nut_ . . . 4
o- &'S"x ·1~ Eya.bolt 4 qn ·. Dead end tQop·cl~p. . . 4.
. p· Ccmpressicin CO!llleclor 1 I · Dead end clamp.,, ·. ... 6
ek : 5.18" Locknut ·.. 8 ~• Secondary swinQing clevis· .2
ap - HotUne clamp .j bv · Almor rod (tapping) • .. 3
aq · J~ ( as requred) t - Armor Ia~ • . : 4'

• Conductor AcCesSOiies

255.
 ELECTRICAL LAVOUT.AND ESTIMATE

. ~·rh~"
I, L. -.
t ·.
.

.
1-

.
7ft .

-~--~ :~--~.
' . . .

·-tj]· ·- ·-
120B:d·lk~'ii -
·--1·1·~~ ~
.
~-~~T
j_
_ 4SOJL I

I' .
J bo

L 'I' N

' ·---71··~~;;;--
• O•cl·t*~
1'1
an . .

FRONT ELEVATION

AGURE 11-31 ·

7.$2113.2 KV. S.PHASE VERTICAL ~TRUCnoN DEAD END SINGLE

Item Quantity Item Materiils' QuantitY

d • a/16" X 2 %• ... 13116" hate waSher 4 aa • 518. Eye nli 2

k • SUspension Tnaulat!J' 6 bn • Dead end tocp 'da~ 2·
I· Dead end clamP 3 bo • Anctlor st1ackle .2
. o· 518" X 12" Eye batt 4 · C:m - ·3" <h. go0ve spool insulator 1
o • 518".x 18" Eye bolt 2 ek • S/8' locknut . 4 .
s . seeonclaty 8\!Anjjng clevl$ . 1

256
 . .\
DISTRIBUTION LINE .C.O NSTRUCTION

15

I ;I l
.r---.~~~~-
· --
__......,.....,___ 1rl'o-d
X· I' I l SECTION X·X

',
Guy,, .
!,. !. . .. ..
I . II,. n-ct~ek .·. I d·tlk
I
,, II .
ll ..
1.-f'll

FRONT VIEW
I.

TOPVlEW

· · FIGURE!'-11-H ·

7.82/13,2 KV,1.PHASE CROSSARM CONSTRUCTION-

• DEAD END SINGlE

IIBm Materials . Qi.Jantlty Item Materials Quantity

d • l'16" x.2%- .13/16" hole w..sh« 11 · ~ - Secondll'y SIMnging Clevis 1

. g. 3%'x4%~x8'Crossarm 2 ~·· ~Eye.m.l · . . 3
1· ~· X 4 W' Cf,rriaga bolt ~f bn • Dead .00 loop Clamp · 2
·. j- .. 112.x4"l.8g"~ ·2 cu- ·28"Woodtnce · 4
k , Suspen$1Qn iniu!ata' 6 ek - 3m' lockn~ 4
1- Deadend ~ 3 ek - shr loCknut 11
n - 518 x 2Z [)oq)le 81'[11ng bolt 3 an - 'r d'ltl. ~ spool'lnsulata' · 1 .
o • &8" X 12" Eye bol 1 t •· Armoc'·taj)e * 2'

257
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT .t\ND. EST~ATE

·. SE~T10N X·X

FRONT VIEW

TOPVtEW.

FIGURE 11-37 ·.

7.62/13.2 KV. 3-PHASE CROSSARM CONSTRUCTION

OEAD'END DOUBLE

Item Materials ~Quatttity · Item · MataiaiS . Quantity

c• &a· xJ2" Machine bolt 1 ek • 618" ~od<nut 12

c- ~· x 6" Machine bolts 4 d • 518' ).C 12" Eye t?olt 2
d. 3116~ X~ %•-13116" hole washer 14 0. 518" X 18" Eye bolt 2
d• 1. 3/ff round, 9/1'6" hole wa$hilf 4 . p - Coiripress,ion connector ~ 5
em- 3" dia. rJOoVe spoel irisulatCr :·2 aa • .518" Eye nut 8
g~ 3 %" x 4 W x 8'Crossarin . 2 aq- Jumper and leads (as requ~
.k - Suspension in$ul8tor · . 1·2 .bo • Anchor shaclde ·· 2
n. &8" x 24" Double arming bOrt :3 : cu- 6o· Span woad brace · 2
I" Dead end clamp ·· . · ·6 bri • Dead end loop clamp· 4
s. seeoni.tary sWingin_g.etevls'
ek .• Yt" Locknut . . '
z·
4
t· Armor• · 2·

25$
 'DisTRIBUTION LINE CONSTRUCTiON

.,
.
' /
,
'
. ···::
i I ',I
I I
k

FRONT ELEVATION

I
I ·.•. .

. . .
TO?ViEW·

. FIGURE.11~8

.. ·7.62113.2 J<V; 3-PHAs$ ~ROSSAAM colii$TRUCTiON

. · · DEAD END DOUBLE. · . . · .

··. lti!m ' Materials . Ouanljty · _Item : Materials .· Quantity

.a • Pin Type insulator 4 p ~ Com~ession' connector . 4

c• 518• X12" Machine bolt 1 .o • &8" X 18~ Eye bolt 2
c- ~· x 6" Mactllne bolt ·4 aa • ·518" Eye riuf · ·· · · 10
d- 3116" d%~-13116" hole washer' 18 aq- Jumper~d leai:ls (a$ r~quired)
d• 1 3/a' da. 9116" hole rd. washer 4 bo • Anchor shaC!de· ·.. . . 2.
f . ·518~ x10 %" ctOss8nn steel pin· 4 cu - 60" span ~oo btaee 2
g • 3 Y: .x 4 %;;x 10' Crossarm 2. ek • '518' LQcKflut ~ · · · 11
k • Suspension insulatpr 12 ek • Yt"locknut 4 ·
I • Dead end clamp · 6 s • Secondary swinging clevis 2
em- · 3" dia. goove spool'insulator 2 .n • · 5'8" x 24• Double arming' bolt 5
. bn. Dead en<t clamp 4 t. Armor tape · ·· · 4'

. 259
 ELECTRICAL I.AYOU.T AND ESTIMATE

-~ 4. .

. IPosition or-~

..as
,_,__
guy
em
....,_

FRONT VIEW
. : {

~r~
.~
TOP VIEW
SEC'riON A-A

FJG~11-38

. 7.12/13.2 KV• 3-PHASE CROSSARM ~ONSTRUCTION .

DEAD END LARGE CONDUCTORS.WJTH UNBALANCED LOAD

Item. Malllrials Quantity : Item Materials Quantity.

c- 518" x 12".Machine bolt ' s• Secondary S\W9ng clevis 2

· c • %~X 6" Mac.IHAe bolt . 4 · aa • &8" Eye nut . f}
d· . 3116"x2%~·13116" hole washer 22 aq· Jlrnpel:(as.require<l)
d- 1. 31&" da W1~".hole tel. washer 4 bfl. Dead end ioq> ctamp
g. 3%"x4%"x·8'. ~ 3 bo· Anct\Orshlaue . . • 24
k • Suspension i~~tor ·12 . em • 3" ditt. !JOOVe spool irisulalor 2
n• 518" x 26" d(d)le arming belt 5 cu • 6a' span~ bl'ace 2
0• &8" X 12" Sye bolt. . 2 ek • %" L.oc*nut.. . 4
o • &s~x 18" Eye nut 2 . ek. 518' locknut · 14.
p. c~ COMector .. 4 t ~ Nm« tape 4'
I· Dead end cramp 6

260.
 • .. .
DISTRIBVTION LINE CONSTRUC110N

1ct

..
f .

f!E~~$~$=.:$;~=$!~.

FRONT VIEw . TOP VIEW

FIGURE 11· 40
7..8.2/1U KV. 3~E CROSSARM CONSTRUCTION
. · DOUBLEUNE ARM

Item . M. . . . Quantity Item Matetills · Quantity

a • Pin· t;-pe Jniulab' ·8 n • 5ilr x 2b" l:fol.tie arining bolt . 3

t · &8" x12" MaChine bolt 1 cu. 60"- wood braCe . 2
c • %"X 6" Midline bott 4 • tk • %" Locknut 4·
c:i. ·l'1r x2 w-~13116" horewashar 10 -ek.· &18" l.oc:llhilt 11
d. 1 w dia. at16" hole rd. waSher 4 tw. Tie \Ike. 64'
f. !W"x 10%"Crvsssml1eelpin 8 bv·2 ..Annill' rod {OOi.tlle'~ng)* 4
g ~ 3 'A" X 4 %"X 10' 0roSunn 2.

. ·• Conductor Accessodes . .

261
 a
f
t ... - .. .
~~~~~~~

. . · ..

· FRONT ElEVATION TOP VIEW

... :; ·..
FIGURE 11-41

7.62/13.2 KV. S-PMASE CROSSARM CONSTRUCTION

Stl'fGLE UNE ARM

. Quantity ·: Item · Materilis Quantity

.f·.:. . . • •

a - .Pin type k]sulator..., . 4 g - 3 a;: X 4 %" Cresslrm "\- "

c • 5IB" x 12" Machine~ . : 1. cu • 60" ~n ~ brac:e ·· 1

c • ~·X e· Mat;hine balls. ·. ek -. %" ~odmuf
2 2
c- 518" x 16" Machine bolt · . ·i ' · ek • ·'S/K..tocknuf 2
d- llt6"x2W~13116"~~wosner a·
·b.v.·1 MJi·or.·fod (single~* 4
d - 13/lr: <Ia. ·9116: hole rd. washer 2 · tw • rse
.viJre*. · 32'
f •. ·518' x 10 %" Crossarm steel pin 4

• Coilductor Aca.essor/es ·

262
 DISTRIBU.TION LINE <;ONSTRUCTION

TOP VIEW

FRONT ELEVATION

FIGURE 11-42

· 7.82/13.2 kv. 3-JlHASE CROSSARM CONS'nwcnoN

DOUB.LE UNE ARM AT 0° T011° ANGLE CONQUCTORS
· Item. . Mataria~J; QuantitY Item . Materials ·. . .

a.· Pin~~ 8 9 • 3%"X 4%"X j()' Crossarm 2

c·- 518.. x tr. M8c:blne bolt' 1 cu.. 60" span MlOd brace . 2
e ~ %• X5" Machi~ boit . 4 ek· Wt.ocmrt : · 4.
d· 3116"x2%" -13116 hole. washer 1& · elc - t:/8" locknut . . . . 19 ..
d •. 1 31.8" da. W.1~ hofe rd. washer 4 tw • 'fie wire • . . . 64'
. t.• Ctossann steel pit dlrll'> t)<pe 8 . bv-2- Almor rod (doOO!e ~. .. 4
n• 518" x'lZ' ~-llmilg bolt . 5
• CcnduCtor Accesstllfas ..

263
 ELECTRICAL LA l:'OVT AND ESTIMATE

TOP VIEW

. FRONi VIEW

FIGURE 11· OU ·
7.12113.2 .KV. 3-PHA.SE CROSSARM CONSTRUCTioN
SINGLE UNI! ARM l.ARGE'COHDOCTOitS .

!tern · · · Materials Quantity.

4 f • · CrossaMn steel pin ctamp ~

1
a • Pin type insula!« 4
c- 518" x s· Mllchine 'bOlt ·· x
4 g • 3 ¥/ x 4 %• 10' c~ ·· 1
c • ~·X 6" M~hine boR . 2 cu · 60" ~ ~oc:t'tnce . : 1
c • 518" X 12• Machine bolt t . ek ~ Ylt.ocknut · 2·
c:; SIS" x 16~ Machine bolt 1 .ek • 516'1~ &
d· ~1~x'2·%"~13116" hole washer 11' bv·1 AI'TII«rod(sirigle~• 4·
. d • 1.318" c~~a; Me· hole rd. washer 2 tw - Tre ~ .* · 32' · ·
· • Conductor Accessoties · '··

. 264.
 DISTRIBUTION LINE 'CONSTRUcTION

. Ooek I I : ., I
. Ill ,, ~·
1•1
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II I I I I'"'"
f ac
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I:
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. 111
J; I · I 111
If I'',,
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. cHk"4-- l
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FRONT ELEVATION . SIDE ElEVATION

FIGURE 11-44

7.tz'I1.U KV. 3~1! Sit~E AJ(M CONSTRUCTION

FOR 81NGLE ( DOUBLE PRIMARY SUPPO.RT)

Quantitr: Quantity
Item .Materials . A: · S llem · Materials A B
a • Pin t,'pe insulate.' .. 4 , 8. c,- ~ ~ f6'MaChiilebotts . 2
e • . %" x e· Machine bolts ·2 4 o- Wx10"&12"Machinebolts1 · 2
I.·.· %"X 4"1.ag sctew . 1 . 2 ek • fiJ8' Loc:k.nt . 2 12
ek • w l.DCI(nut a s ·.tw •· r~e v.te* · · 32' 64'

d· 3118~-d:Wj 13116" holet4WeWUher 4 12

d • 1318" dlrnetere/18" hole·roundwasher 0 •• ,. •
.3 f
·.·
r • !.'8".x 1Q%" .Cnllllfl'nlleel pin · ' ·
IJ'· 3':%·x~*~·.en..rm . · · .,.
·4 &
4
. . '• 4
ft "' 518" X 22" cbible tnnlng bolt
ec :. · 1W angle. l/1 r x T dagona!'side arm brace · ···t 2
.
bb • 5IY side arm vertiCII.Ingte btace . •,, '.
1 2
tw-1 Almcrrod{sin~~)* 4.
bv-2 hnior rod ( cblblt support) • . ·:
4

- Conductor Accea~orles
 ELECTRICAL LAYOVTAND ESTIMATE

Top Saddle may tie used)n lilou or

· Tappilg Armor Rod

raoNTVJEW : ·. TOP VIEW·

... .
FlGU.RE 1~-~·
7.82/13:2 KV. 3.PHASE.CRO$SARM CONSTRUCTION
SINGI:.E.. PHASE JUNCTlON AT 0° TO 1° ANGLE

Item . · Materials Qiiantity Item ·MaterlaS · Quantity

:. .
. a· Pin type.insulat<r 5 ap. HoUine claq) 1
b • 2lr Pole top pin 1 · 8q • ~ lmd leads ( as rBCJifed)
c~ &'8"'x12"Machinebolt 2 ,;t)s. Wx1Z'singla'4*tb01t 1
· c·-. ~·x16"Machinebolt 2 ·bv· . Annorrodt~)· · . r .1
d· ~16"x2%"-13116h~awasher 7 tw-1 An'nerrod{sln!jlesl~·tr• 8
f •. &a· x 10 W Crossann steel pin 4 cu - 28" wOod tnce··.;; 4
g- 3 ~· X 4 %"X 8' 0roSsartn ·. ;2 an •· . 1%" da:, gotW8 ~ iraJiala'1 ·
I • ·. 318~ x 4 ~· .Carriage bolt 4 ek • Sit' LQcknut 4 ·
; '• W x 4" leg screw 2 · ek • JJ8" Lqc:knut . · . . .4 .
. p ~. Ccm~on connecter 3 )W • Tie Wire • 48'
 "DisTIUBU'l'ION LINE CONSTRUCTION '' :. ·

· I·
FRONT ELEVATION TOP VIEW

. I
FIGUJU! ~48

7.12/13.2 KV. S- PHASE CROSSARM CONSTRUCTION

1WO PHASE JUNCTION AT 0° T0..5° ANGLE

· Item . Materials Quantity Item Quantity

a • Pin ~ Insulator . 5 aq • Jllnpers (as requi'ed )

b • 20" Pole top pin 1 ap • Hotlll)e clainp . . .2
c • S'8" X 12" Machine bolt . 2 bs • 518" x 12" single~~ bolt . 2
c • W x 16" Machine boll 2 an • 1 %" cia ,.oove spocil iftsulau 2
d·• ~ 6" x 2 W -11116" hole washer 8 cu • 28" ~ l:nCe 4
t • 518" x 10 %" cross.m steel pin .4 ej{ • w l.od<nut 4:
9 • 3 ~·X 4 %"'X8' Cros:sarm 2 ek • 3/lr l.acknut 4
i · ~X 4 ~· Carriage .bqlt 4 tw • Tie v.te * 56'
j • %"x4"Lagwew 2 bv • Ann« rod ( tspplhg ) • . 2
p • · Cat'pession cxmactor 6 bv-1 Armor rod (sin"' support) • 7
 . .
. ELECI'RI(.':ALLAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

..

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 DISTRIBUTION LINE CONSTRUCTION

, r·,- C· d

·I ek ·

r
120 em.
·~
I I d

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+~-

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. 1 ·.

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II·
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FRONT VIEW -~~_j Sroe vtew 1:J.-.J . ·

FIGURE 11-47

7.32'/13.2 KV. 3-PHASE CROSSARM CONSTRUCTlON

·DOUBLE CIRCUrr SINGLE PRfMARY SUPPORT
AT 0° TO 1° ANGLE (2 X ARM TYPE)

ttem Materials . No. ltilm ·, · Matllrials No.

. a - Pin ftpe insulat« · ·· . · · 6 ·. c ~ 518" x 12" Machine bolt .1 .
c • %' X 6" Machine bolt . ' 2 · c • Mr X 16" Machi~ bolt . 2
I • ~ X 4 'n" Carriage bolt . 2 .j • 'h" X 4" lag 6Cl8W • 1
bs - · snrx12"single~bott ·. t tw-1 Armorrods!nge~ 7
cu- 28" wood bra 2 w - 6d" span v.oocHnce.- . 1.
ek -' ·~·.lodlnut. · 2 ek • W lod<oot • '2
ek •. ·5llr lorJcnut 3 tw • Tiev.i'e 56' .
d- · 2v..··x ·2%~~_311irx 13116"holesquNebolts , &·
d ~ 1 W dll'n~ter 9/16" hale round Vttihar ·· .' 2
f- &s• x 10 %" crossam $teei pin · · ·.: .. 6
g. · 3Wx4J.4"x10'c:rasS.m · ,, '1 .
g- 3Wx4%"x8'crosSarm . . . ' 1·
em - 1 %" dameter ~spOOl Insulator
·. '; ·. ,. .,.

269 .
 ·. .
ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

t20om..

eo an.
1
I !
~I

FRONT ELEVATION .. · SIDEVIEW

\.

F.IGURE 11·41

7.12/13.2 I(V. 3.P}:IASE CROSSARM CONSTRUCTION ·. ·

DOUBLE CIRCUrr. SI;NGLE PRIMARY SUPPORT AT ~0 TO 1°

Item Matirials .
a- Pin type i~ 6. F' W x4~ Lag·saw . 2
e."5'8" x 12" Machine bolt bs • 518" x 14• sin~ ~tlolt
1 1
~:' ~· X 6" Machine bolt 2 c:m. 1 %"-da.IJOOYtspoollnedltDr# t
c • · &8" x·16" Machine bolt · 3' Cll • 28" v.ood birlce 4
d· l'16".x2%"-13116"hole-- 8 C:u- 6o·~~~ 1·
d • 1 318"x 9/16" hole round washer 2 ek ;;_ %" locknut . 2
f • fJS" X 10 %"CrOssarm steel pin 6 . ek • 3ir Locknut .· 4
9 • 3 1/." X4 '/."X 10' ClossMn 1 ek- w t.GCMut 4
I -· 318" X 4 %" Cllrlage bolt 4 tw-. .n.wn• · '· · 58··
· ~
 DISTRIBUTION LINE CONSTRUCTION·

FRONTVIEW · SIDEVIE;W.

· ,louRE ·f1~a
. t.tJ/13.2 Kv. 3~E ·(:~M CONSTRUCTiON
DOUBLE CIRCUfT SM~· P.RIMA~Y SUf'POI{TWtnf'
. OVERHEAD Net:ITRAL AT 0° TO 1° ANGLE .
l~f .Materials ··· ·· Quantity ltllm

a • Pin t,'pe insu!atr' · 7 ~ • l•.4" X 4 %"X 1(r Cl'osstlm 1

b· P$1qtpin . 1 ·g· 3%"x4·~"X'8'~ 1
c • SIB" x 12." Machine bolt : 2 . i · 3M- X'4 %"·Cemage bolt 2
c • %• X 6" MaChine bolt 2 . j • %"lt 4" lag Sci'eW .· 1
e • ·SIB" x 14" Machine bOlt ·1 cu. 28" wood lhtfi · .2
c- Wx16"Machintbblt · 2 eu- 60"spanwooobiiice .. · · 1
d· 3116"x2%"-1311t tiOJeMSher ,.7 ek- 518"LOcknut · ·· 5
d• 1W ella. &'16" hole rd. washer 2 ek • 3/f!' Locknut 2
ek · %"ladmut' 2 bv-1 Arma rod (single supPort)'* ·7
f. &s"x 10"A"CrosssmSteefpin
. . . ..
· ·s . tw-. Tlevile" 5&'

271'
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT .AND ESTIM~TE

FRONTVIEW . SlOE VIEW.

f;IGURE.11-10
..
. T.l%/13.2 KV. 3-#.HASE ~ CO~TR~TJON DOUBLE
· CIRCUIT, DOU. . . PRIMARY.SUPPORT AT 0.: TO 4°.ANOLE
( JX- ARM :t\'f'l; ) .

Item Materials · · .· Quantity

• • Pin ~ in8IJiata' · 12 bs • W ~ 14" slilgle

upset .boll 1
c • &8" x 12.• Mar;hiAe bolt. · 1. em •. 1 %" cia. IJOOVe speq l~ 1
c • %" x6" M.act!ioa bolt " 4 cu • 60" span 'M)I)d trace 2
d· 3116"x2Y4-t31'18"holawuher 31 CU· 28"wocicUiace ·. · 8
d • 1-318" da<91t6~ hole rd. .Washer 4
.• • 1.2" Lpcknut . .· . . ~
f • 518" X 1'0 %"~-pin ~2. . . ek • W LOGkAut . . . 31
g • .3 %"X 4 %"X to• ~ · 2 ek • 3/8' LockMt 8
!l· 3%'.x4.%"xa·~ 4 · 17J-1 ~~(single~·· . 1
I • ~X 4 %" CaTiaga bolt . 8 bv·2 Armor tocl (OOibte ~~ · 6 .
n• 518" x 24" doWie arming bolt 9 · tw • 111 ~ • . . 104'

272·
 DISTRIBUTION LINE CONSTRUCTION

.. ~I I
. I bo • I I .
. f.r•, 1 ~() P-~-
o·d .. . ~ 7~ /m
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.
..
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TOPVleW
t ,·
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.~!.5cnil._dt~ --··.
. Oo<HIIll
. 52-jf"'· . I .I 'm
.J.s•J.i~
t-.. . . . 11' .
. IO·d I I '. . ..
1 an_- ~ -Vl- ~ Poll4lon of CJIIY
cmr-:-r i ..

. 1l~~-
11, . 12¥0

t4
. . em., . I .
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.I k .

120{-cm. : J ; ·
12.0Hem,: ] ·... . ·
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. ·; 1: Polition ol ~
.~t'TJJ~ m.
12ocmft. TL .
·.15cm.l II ·o-·bo~
Poelticn of OUY 1 !!· .. I I ·
111!~·-li-- --
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'

FRONT VIEW

. . t=IGV- 11-11
7.12 /1U KY. :S~HASE DOUBLE CIRCUIT VERTJcAL
CONSTRUC1JlN30°TOI0°ANGLE ·
Item · Materials Quantify · ttem ·. Mitteiials ·· quantity
. : .· ~

· d- ~16"x2.%~·13/Wholewasher 7 bo - Anchor sMi:kle · · · · ' ; e·

k • SUSp.enskin lnsulliDr 12 ek • 518" locf<nut 7·
o- &8" X 14" Eye bolt·: T. bV-1 Annc:lr rdd ~single~~ * . . . 7
m - Suspension~ .. 7 ·lti4.. . . t.v- T~ev.te'* .. 8'

·.273
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND. ESTIMATE

.FRONT VIEW ·ToP VIEW

FIGURE 11-'2 ·
7.82/ U.2 KY. t-PMSE, DOUBL.E CIRCUlT VERTaCAL
· · : CONSTfWC~ ...~..TO 10° ANGLE ~.

. .llant. . Materials . .Quantity . Item . Ma~ ·

· d- ~16"X2W4311Fflole.washer 14 8p· Hottmcimp 8
. k· Suspension~ ·.· · ·24 bV· Atmcx'nxt(~)* 6
. 0. ~X 14" OVal eye bolt . 14 . aq- Jd'I'~C'U$ te<~UWed * .
· o • SIS~ x 1.6 ' Oval eye:boll . 8 .bo • Mcltcr shaclde . . · 8
ek • f4' locknut . 14 p • Compressioft Connecter 8
aa:- Eyenut ..8 . I • Deadend~ . 14

274
 DISTRIBUTION LINE CONSTRUCTION

jl •
ll&cm . cu

.
1----~--~f(··
.. r I I ·
. . . O•d , , ~

• I, I ·
! 1·1
·. ~J .

FRONTVJEW TOP VIEW

.FIGU~t1.Q
. .. l ·' . . .
7.12/13.2 KV. s_;,HAIE:t:Rbii.MM CONSTRUCTION · .'·
DOUBLE CIRCUIT DEAD IN~ (DOUBLE 2X-ARM TYPE) .

Item · Materials Quantity · ,.,.,.. . Materials · · Quantity

a -. Pin type insula~ • p • Compression connedor 7

C• &8" X 12" Macbine bolt 1 · s - Secondary ~r9ng clevis 2
c. %" x e· Machine bob 4 aa- Eya nut 17
d- l'16"x 2 %"·13118" hole wesMr
d. 1318:" Ga. 9116" hole.- .
f • 1-SIB"X1 0 %" CI'OSIIIm1 ttlel pin
30 aq • J~ cr leads (nrequied)
4. bn • Oeadlllid ioop ~ ..
4 bo - Ancha shackle .
·

4
4

g • 3 %"X 4%"X 10' Crossllm 2 an · ~cia.~~ lnsdator . 2

g- 3%"x4Wx8'CI'olarm· 2 cu • 28' wood tnce- .. 4
I ~ l/8" X 4 %" Cwrilge bolts 4' cu • 60" span Mod tnce 2
J • %" x4 %" Lag screw 2 ek ·• %"lodutut 4
k - Suepension insulaiDr.. , · · 24 ek • 518" Lod<nut .. 17
I- Deadei'ld~ 12 ek - ll8" Locknut. 4
0• 5/lr X 18' Oval eye bolt · 4 tw- TieWI'e• 32'
o - &8" x 12" oYal eye bolt 1 t • Arm« tape • ...
n • W x 24" doublunring bolt 8

• Conductor Accessones

275
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT .AND ESTIMATE

..-
..,. __
--:-~1----
~~----

FRONT VIEW ·TOP VIEW

FIGURE 11-14

7.12113.2 KV. 3-PHASE cltOsaAARM CONSTRUCTION DOUBLE ·

. CIRCUIT I-PHASE TAP AT 0° TO,., ANGLE 2X..ARM TYPE

Item . ~terials · Quality . . Item . .MateriaB .. Quantity

a •. Pin t1Pe insulati' 6.. •• - 518" Eye nut 4·

c • &a" x 12".Mactline belt . . . . · 1 · ·aq • ~ tJ-teads (as~
c • %" x 8~ Machine bol 2 . bn. Deadendloclp~ . 2
c ~ fN X 14" Machine belt . 2 ' bo • . Anchof shackle . 1
d • 31f&"X2 W'·13116" hole\WIIher 17 · bs· 5JIS"x12"Sinf8.14*t~ . ·1
.d. 1-3/B"<ia. 9/16".holerd.-- 2 an- 1 Wda..JO!N8 spoOl insulab 1
o
, • sm· x 1 .w croelarm ltliil pin r
a. an- c1a. gorN8 .sp!)OIInstllatlj t
g- 3 1//x4314:"x10'~ 1 .. C\1 • 28" wooc1 braCe · e
g- 3%"x4%"x8'erc-.m 3 cu - . eo· span wood tnce 1
i · 318" X 4 %" Carriage bolt 8 tk • %" l..ocfcnut .. . . . ;
J • %• x4"liQ" screw . 3 . :«< · W.LOcknut 11 ·
k:- Suapension inSulalor · . . e . • ·~ 318" l..ocknut · a
I • Dead end clllll' . ' 3 . ap. Hotllna,diiJl) .. 3
x
n ·' 5/tt 24". double smlng bolt 3 t •· Almortllpe* . 1.
r
·o.• sm· x 1 OVal aye bolt 1 . bv • Annor rod (tappiilg) • 3
p. c~ connector 2 bv-1 Annornld(s119estPt)• 7.
s · . Sicondaly ~devil 1 tw • r.. wire • .. . 5.6'

216
ELECTRIICAL,LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

277
 ·ELECTRICAL LA VOUT AND ESTIMATE

Add Graood AtMmbfy • r.qu!Nd

. / c-d-tk

1:1 ...

FRONT VIEW

' .
FIGURE 11· si

SINGLI! DOWN GUY, THROUGH BOLT TYPE .

Guy AMtmbly Unit
1/4" . . 3M .1116'
C • MJ" Mactme bOlt 1 1"-8" 1'"-8" 1"-S"
d • lf1f' X2 %" -13/16' Hole wash« 1 . 1
d • 5'18" X 3" X 3" X U/1f' Hofe CliVed washer
j • %~x4" Lagsaew 1,
p• Pnllel woove CU11X esslon connector · 2 2 ·2
u • 3 bolt. 6" long guy clanll '2l-<lrty 2 L-duty 2 L-clJtf
v~ GLr)laftachment 1 1 1 .
y • Gllf Wie, SM T.-and . . so· 50' SO'
'c k. ,Anchcr rod~ clamp . 1 1 1
aq • J~l 4. 3-ehnd altlnimm aloy 5' 5' 5'
ek • 5m' Loc:tnut 1 1 1

278
 · D.ISTRIBUTlON LINE ~ONSTRUCTION .

u
·TOP VIEW OF A

I
I I

·; !j !"'
I I 1

// -~~'!
I I. '
I'

I
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I
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I
I

..L ·-UL
FRONT )flEW

Ff$1RE11-II

'1,12113.2 KV. SINGLE OVERHEAD GUY. THROU(JH BOLT TYPE

~uv Wi'e Asser1iiv Uil!t

rtam · Materials I 1/4. ,. 318" . 7/16"

d- l#16" X 2: %"·1l#16" Hole washer 1 ...

d· Si16"x t :r - 11/16" Hole ctJVed washer · '
y • . 7 stJand SM guy.,.. 1
70'
1
10' 7(}~

••
;.

112~ Thhi)le.,. eye bel 1· 8' . 1-9" 1-10"'

.U. 3-bolt buy carr., . 2l-d.!ty 2l-drty. 2l-drty
oo- &8" 11lirlbie type eye bolt 1-a·. · 1.:.g• 1-ut
aq ~ ~.##4AING 3 snnd ak.m~un alloy 5' s· .S'.
P· ~connedrlr 2' 2 2
ek~ 518' loduwt 1 1 1

279
 . :ELECTIUCAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

u
"
-~...
~ ~if~· · · ..' ...
••
Jl.

~ .·
TOP VIEW

....
serve ot ctip
ccinnect to neuhl cond,uctor .
ot orounct wn v

ouYGU.ARO

. '
FRONTVfEW ·

FIGURE11~7

7.12/13.2 KV. SINGLE DOWN'OUY, WRAPPED TYPE

. ···
.. GtiV Wire Assembly Unit
Item . Matel'lals ' 3/fJ' 7/16" Gu.-d
'
C.• 3/B' x1"" .Macnioe t?o~t .., 1 1 I

p •. Compression CQnnector 2 '2

U· 6" .lo~g ,guy clamp, 3 bolt ~h.~ · 21Htlity :
Y· Guy v.te .SM,: 7 stand ·. 50'.· 50'·. ,
ag·• , Jtmper 14 AWG, 3 mnd all.minum alloy 5' s··..
at •· . s· mlnln,lin 1engtfi Guy~ 1
bj .• J Gtrf h,bek .. 2 2
bl<~ 4" X 8", gauge 14 Guy plate 2 2·
bp:. Nail, 8 penny, galvanized '•
8 : ·a ..
ck· · c1~p. anchor roct bonding ·1 ·.1-
ek -· 518" .locknut . 1 1-
. .. ..•....

,
280
 DISTRIBUTION LINE CONSTRUCTION ·..

.I
I 'I

I .. 1iI,,1 I I II

I
,1 ! u
fh . .J,m
·!
I .. .

' ~
Ill · .
l[ I
.

FRONJVIEW

: . FIGURE 11-11

7.12/13.2 IW: SINGLE OVERHEAD GUY, WRAPPED TYPE.

GWWre Unit
'Item M~ . 318.. 7116"

c. ~
5/.8" Machine bolt 1 ~ 1lr .. 1-12"
p • Cofr4'lression connector 2 2
u, Deed 8nd b' GuY llhnd . 2~ 2~
y• 7 Shl'ld SM Guy \\;e . . . 7f1 .. .70'
aq. ~f4AWG' 3 Slrande.dakmriumaUoy .s· . ,. 5'.
bj • Gllf hooK · . .. . . . 2 .· . 2
bk. 4~ X 8" gauge 14 G!IY plate . 2 2·
bp • 8 penny galvaniZed nail · 8 .8
ek • Locknut ., 1 1

281
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

TOP VIEW

Connect 10 Neutral
COO!llctor ot
groundwlf'e

FRONT VIEW

'FtGURE11.U · ·

.7.12/132 t(V. DEAD END GUY CROSSARM CONSTRUCTION

WRAPPED TYPE .

Item Materials . Q~ntity . Item Materials . : Quantity

. ~

a·· .3116" x.2 Y."·t31116" holn1lsher 9 bp ~ Penny nail gatiantzed 8

n • &8" x24" double arming bolt · 2 · · ab • &a" Tni'nbl8.!ype fl'/8 nut. 2
p • C«l1JresSlon connector 4 ao • &8"x'12" Thinble type eye nut · 1
u • liS" boll 6" lo!1g Guy clamp 6 aq • J~~nper# 4; 3 stand al. alkJj 5'
y • 7 Strand SM Guy v.;re• 100' a1 : Staple !J'OUf1d •e · ·1
c • 518" x 10" Machine bolt 1 bk • 4" X 8" gaug&14 QUY plate 2.
ak • .W' locknut 8 bj • Guy hook J · 2

282
 DISTRIBUTION ·.LINE CONST~lJCTJON .

·I
' . .

~-

FIGURE 11-6o
7.12113.2 KY. DOUBLE DOWN GUY

.. Gtrt Wre AssemblY Unit

ltan Materials 3/P: 7/16"

c- 5/tr Machine bolt 2 - .10" 2 -12"

d- 3' x.3" x 5116" CU"Ved washer 2
d• 2 'A' X 2 %" - 13116" hole washer. 1'
j- ~· ·x4"1..a'gscnw · 2
p - COIT\fns$ion connector 4 4
u - 3 ~Us heavy cllty rpt c!Sf'll) :4 4
v·• .M*8ble ion heavy ctrty rpf att.achnient 2
v · Gltf attadfnent lhrough bolt type 2
y.~ 7 Strand, S.M. guy Me . 100' .. ~oo·
act .lll'r1pers t 4 AWG; 3 \We slrand altrrinum aiiQy 10' 10'
ck- Guybond~ · ·· 2 2 ·
ek. 5.&-.locknut . 2 2

283
 ELECTRICAVLAYOV1' AND .E~ATE .

r
'Ck

I
socm. _
u·

FROtfTVIEW

FIGURE 1.1.e1 . ·

7.82 /13;2 KV. 3- DOWN GUYS FOR LARGE CONDUCTORS

Guv As!!!y#t Lnt

Item · Matarials : 3llr 7/16"

c • &8" X 12" Machine bolts 3 .3 .

d • 5118" X 3" X 3" CIJ'Ved washilr 3' 3.
j' ~· x4"lag screw'· 3 3
p. · cai~pesaon c:onnecas- 4 '. ~ 4
u • Guy~ heavy. ciJty . . 6 6
.v• Ma._. ron. heavy duty guy atlaclirnetlt 3 3
y - 7 Stand S.M.IJIY v.Ye . . '150' 150'
· act'·## 4 AWG ~ 3 si'anchillll'inum alloy 15' . 1~'
c«- Anchct rod bond single & (bubJe rod cl!lll) 1 .1
ek· . L.oc:kriut 3 3

284
 . .
DJSTRIBUTiON LINE CON.STRUCTIQ~

~250cm.-1
min .

. FRONT VIEW ·

FIGURE 11-82

7.82.113.2 KY. FOUR DOWN GUYS FOR LARGE CON~TORS

. : GW~lnt ·
Item Materials . :w 7/1~ .
p - .Canpres'sion contle!:tor .·. +> ·. . 4 .
u • 3- bolt heavy ~ty fPI clamp 8 . - 8 ·•
v . Guy a«.c~ment pole bond type 4 4:
y • SM - J.Siand fPI Wire . 200':. . 200'.
a.ct- ## 4 AWG Jl~Jl*S 3 shnd ahlnimm a~ 20' .. · ' . 20' ..
ck· Clan1l 'PI bonding tor twin fiJ• rod 2. 2 .

285
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ·ESTIMATE

,.

t--~
---~ ~
.
-:q: .'~·~ · . c. .
SECTION X:'X
•/ Served 0( clip
\1 . f l
I I
SECTIOHY·Y
X
r--: :--1 .
X
I*

t.
y

FRONT VIEW

FIGURE 11~

7.12111.2 KY. SINGLE LOoP GUY, WRAPPED TYP£

Item Materials
c. ·~ Michlne bolt 1-10' 1-12'·
· u· . ~~a.r., .' H-<luty 1 L-O.Ity
. y. ·s-m Guy v.te . 80' eo·
. p. ~on connect« . . 2: . ~2
e« . ~ 11\d!« rod bofidng . .1 1
bll'· 4" X 8"'Gauge #'4 guy plate .2 . 2
bj • .1 guy hook . . . . ·2 2
bp • 8 Pemy galvanized nal 8 a·
aq •· t# 4 AWG 3slrand ah.mirum al~ · . . 5•. 5' . .
ek •.. 5/fr lodtnut 1 1
DISTRIBUTION LINE CONSTRUCTION

...287
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT .AND ESTL~ATE

z
%
;·-v-· .x
.

. SCREW

EXPAHOING

FIGURE 11.._.

LM AHCHORASSEM.._.n

·tlnit
Holding POwer In Ordinar.y Soil k,....,_-....::6:...:000~~
· ---'-~8~OO~O..___,.-...I.l1111l~~o~.!OOO=.
lwm Materials · A No. B No. c No.
.X • Rod, aneha', lhimlt. 5/8" X 7' 1 5/8" X 7' 1.
x- Rqd, anch«, twin flY• %"x8'
z ~ Anclwi; ~ tp Sway

.288
 DISTRIBUTION LINE CONSTRUCTION
. . . . . f .

.x
., t

'
. . Norrn.lly -45•.

S.ECTION X~X .

FIGURE 11-4JI .
'LOG ANCHOR ASSEMBLY ,
I '
AssernblyUnit in Inches ·
·• A . a· c D
~~ Matmals . No. &'JYpe No.& Type No. &Type No.&r·
·'
d .. .. 13116" Hole ~her · .. 1-%x4x4 1- %.x4x4 1-%x(x4 1·)h4x4
X· AnchOr rod thinble type 1-S"x B"x r 1-%x8', 1~%")( 8' 1- f'x1.0'
Z· .Ancticr (cteated log) : · · 1•&"x4' 1 9"x 4.5' 1-1cr xs:.
1-12" x s·
a .
Hc:lklng power in ordnary 8.000 b$. .10,0001:11. 12,000h tG,OOObs

. 289.
 .
·'

lLEC11UCAL:LAVOUT AND ESTIMATE

. A
,,.

· C

·.
FIGURE 11-48

ROCK ANC.HOR ASSEMBLIES .,

No. Beg!t!d
A B C
X• Anch«.« thi'nble type rOd .1 .
.z • Rotk anchcr 1
bm· 'Guy 1Nmble.

290
 · DISTRIBUTION. LINE CONSTRUCTION

. ;

..

·.

·· 291
 .· .
ELECTRICAL LA YOUT:AND ESTIMATE

. FRONTVIEW TOP VIEW . SfOE VIEW

FIGURE 11~7

7.82/13.2 KV. SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER ON 3-f'HME CIRCUIT

FOR CONVENTIONAL TRANSFORMER WITH TANK MOUNTED
COUT0\11' AND ARREST.ER

Quantity ·Item·· Quantity

a~ ~·X 12" Machine bolt 2 aq • I 4 ACSR prinllj Pr1lfll' 1 m.

·d- ~18"x2%"-13118"hale~ . 2 aq - .Secondary insut~ jumper 2 m.
p • CCIIlll essioO connector 4 af • Cutout fuse open link 1
an - POle type hnsformar . 1 ·ae - li!tltning .res1er 1
... ap • Hot line. ct~ 1 ek • 5m' Lodtnut 2
p • Spll bol c:onneckr 1 bv - lwu rod (ta!:lpi1g) •. 1
ag • Ground wire U AWG; 3 stand tl'

292
 DISTRIBUTION LINE CONSTRUCTlON

•• • t

7.1211UW. .

I
I WI.RI~G.biAGRA~

tS~ J~.-t>· .

w
I. I
I
-i~r----
I

_lf-1t----
,, I
.. ·I
- ---
~
1
I .
• I• .
I J

FRONT VIEW SlOE VIEW

FIJGURE 11~ Ill '

:

1 _q 113.2 KY•.TWO TRANSFOftMERJ CL~·MoutnED OPEN WYJ;

OPEN DELTA FOR 248 VOLT POWER LOADS CORNER GROUNDED

Item Materials . · . Quantity Item

. . ..
c • 518" x 14" ~ilchine bolt 3 . ax- C~niitiOn cllklut ..,..stir ·2
d • l'16"x 2 %"-13116" hole washa' 4 cu • 28" MIOd tlniCe 2
g~ ~ .X 4-Silr X 8' crossami 1 ctn • Transfcnnei' tncket ~
·t • · Wx4 %"Carria98bolt 2 ek • 518" locknut" 3
i- %"x4~L,agsaew 1 ek • JIB" L.ociCn~ . 2..
.P• c~ ·c:On·ri8ctor 3 . em· 1%" cia.~ spoollnsulator 3
P - Splitbolt c:Onnectii · . 5 .~w·. ·. Annorrod(tapping)"• : · ·. · ·2 .
·an- 25tcvg.'fAll)(..~lonalnns 2 aq •· f# 4 AWG 3 strand allln. Aloy 20'
·ap • Hot tine~ · .2 ~wiring · · ·
aq • ~insulated 11111* t5 m. fo ~ Transfanner secondary bracl(et . 3
aq. Prlnaryt#4ACSR~ . ·10m. al • Ground wire .... 30 .

293
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTI¥ATE

FRONT.VIEW SlOE VIEW

FIGURE 11-lt

. 1 7.12/13~ kV. THREE TRANSFORMERS CLUSTJiR MOUNTED

fJNDERGROUNOED WYE PELTA FOR 2401480 VQLT f'9WER LOADS
ltiar$ . Materiels . QUantity Item · Meliiials
I
d - 2 %" x 1:V1~· .hole 'MISher 2 9· 3%x4%"x8'emserm 1
I • 318" X 12 C8rriagll bolt 2 j · %"x4"-Ligscrw · . .4
p. ·~ tjpec;onneetor 3 an- 100 !at.•Max. (Or!V. Tf1ll'l:lfol'm« .3 ·
·P- · Split boftconrieca 2 aq- SeCoodalyinUated~ 15m.
ax • C.mut & Mester COmbined· 3 aq • Prinary im1*S t 4ACSR 12ql.
bv • Soldarless .connectr.f . 4 cc. Neunl dead tnd ~ 1
cU. 28"·waod tnc8 . 2 ctn Braclcet, tansfanner dustlr 1
. •,.~ . 1 fo • T~ 2ndary br8cket 3
n• &8" x 18" dolble ~.bolt· 1 ap·- Htilne~ 3
ek • 518" Lo<:Mut 2 ek ~ 3llr L~nut'. · 2
em. ·1 %"tie. fOO'I8 spocpl io5~ata' 3 bv. Aimor rod. (tapping) • 3
d ~ 2 %"X 2 %"X ~16" ~ 2

294
 DISTRIBUTION LINE CONSTRUCTION

T~ {4.37$ CITL dla~r.)

em

-~
•k
a
an
cm. dra.gr.)

.
5c !DOOo

F.JGURE 11-73
·SECONDARY ASSEMBLIES

lle('n · · Materials QUantity Item Matetials Quantity

c • &8.".x 10" Machine bolt tw • Tie wire 4'

d- 2 Wx 2 %"x 3116"-13116 hote washei' . t • Armor tape• t'
o • fd x 10" Eye bo~ ca • 518' Eye nut

q • 518" x Hr Dolbl8 .-bolt .

p • ·Connector (as requied)
!' • ·SeCondary S¥infng clevis insulated
bn • Dead end loop clamp
cq. Steeve, offset, spicing .
da - Sracket . : · · · .
Cm- 1~·cia. f10018 spool inSulator fo- TransfOI'I'I'Iel' secondary brlcket
em- ~ cla.!JOOYe spool insulator eli: • W'· Locknuts .
bv-1 Armor rod (sin~ s~ ·

• Conductfi Accessones ··
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

LOOPTYPE .
. j.
p .
.LOOP TYPE

bn .. l'ape

p
0
LOOP TYPE

FIGURE 11-74

SERVICE ASSEMBLIES

Quantity

·Item · · . Materills A B c 0
bt • Me holder, clevis~.# 24 \WOd sa:ew , 1
o - SIS"!' 9~ Eye bolt ..
p • CaJ1ll"ession C9llMCtor .· 2 ··~
t ~ Arm« tape . : . 1'. 1' 1'
em- 1 %"cia. goove spool insUla~ .: t
bn • Dead emUoop-cl~ · . 1 .. 1 1
bt • Wle holder, clellis tjpe,.# ~4 'M:lOd screw 1
ek • 51~ locknut
.d • .2 %" x 2 %" x M!~ - 1:V16" hale washer

300
 . . ..
DISTRIBUTIQN
. ·' LINE
. CONSTRJICTION
. . ' · . .. .

bt

Tape

.. . .·.· · \.61
n .. , .
. •. IM:DGE TYPE IM:DGE TYPE ,
as ~ (3.44 em. die. gt,)

.
' -t'
- --
_·;: ..,.__.' d~¥ :r~pe
~'...
-
.
.
.
pe
I .

~~-!l
·, .
IVP
c 0
'M:DGE TYPF.' ' WEDGE TYPE

FIGU.RE 11-76
.SER.VIECE.ASSEMSUES.

Qu~tity
- ...
Item Materials A .B· c ·D
an • 1 316" di8. IJ'Ol:Ne spool insulator ·1 .··. ·1' .. .. .
an · ·1 %"cia. (10(1Ve spool insulator 1 ..
as- 'clevis, service sv.inging 1 1
-bt- Wi:e holder, ckNis typd 24 wood screw 1 ..
dt· Service·dead end, Wedge type 1 ... _,4·.,· .1 . ' d
0· &a· x ~ Eye tlolt 1 "

d- 2 %"X 2 %" X318"-13116" hole washer . . ;• ... 1 ..

ek- .5/8" locknut 1 -
P· C~on connectcx- 2 2. ·'2
..
 ELECTRICAL LAYOtJT AND ESTIMATE

TOPVIEVI
A

'M:OGETYPE WEOOETYPE

SIDE VIEW

FtGURE 11·78

SERVICE ASSEMBUES

Quanti tv
ltam A 8

c• 518" X10" Machine bolt 1

d• 2 tS X 2 %X 318' -1l/16" hole wash8r 1
p• Ca'J1lf~ conneetor 2 2
s•
~•
secoric:By.swln~ng clevis ·
Armor tape..
aa- 5/r'Eyenut
1'
,.
1

1
. del· Sacondrry bracket 1
ek • 518" Locknut .1
an- ~ <iameter goove $pOOl insulattr 1
em- 1 •t.• Ciameter J:OOV8 spool in su:at« 1
bn • . Dead end loop·damp· 2 1

302
 DISTRIBUTION LiNE CONSTRUCTION

bv-ap

Primart and Secondary

Neutrals must b&
ll)t<aN;Onnec:ted.

WIRiNG DIAGRAM ,.o.•••

,I
·~-
!\'I
I' ·~ ·
w
FRONT VIEW SIDE VIEW SECTION X-X

FIGURE 11·70
7.82113.2 K\1. THREE TRANSFORMiRS CLUSTER MOUNTED FOUR
. WJRE GROUNQED WYE FOR 2401410 VOLT POWER LOADS
Item . Materials . Quantity Item Material' Quantity

9· 3 %"x4 %"x s•erosswm 1 i • 318" X41/Z' Cariage bolt 2

j- wx 4" Lag screw 4 p• ~connector type 3
p ~ Spit bolt connector 3 ap • Hot line corinectr . . 3.
an • ·100 kva. Max. Ttlnsformers 3 aq- Secondlry nsw. ~ 15m
ax • cutout- Nrtfb!l cattined 3 aq- Bare'#4ACSR Jc.rnpers 12m
.bu • Solderles c:onnecU:t 3 cu. 28" WlOd brace 2
ek • 3/fr Lotknut . 2 ek • 518' locknutS : 2
bv· hrrarod~· 3 n • 518' xdolble arming bolt ·1
2
astequi'od
3
3
.3 .

295
 · ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND-ESTIMATE

FRONT VIEW SlOE VIEW

· ·. FJGVRE 11·11 .
. . ·. . .
7.12 113.2 KV. THREE TRANSFORMERS. CLUSTER MOUNTED.
3-WIRE QROUNDJ:O DELTA·FOR 240,1480 VOLT POWER._ LOAD

. Item .Quantity · Item M~terials . Quantity

· c •. ~16" 2 -t311~··hoie waSher 2 · ,ax· Cutout and

xW
. 9- . lY."~4,Wx81 ~ · .·1 ·CU· 28"'iWQdbnice
iirr*combiOed 3
·. 2

·
1~ 3M'" 4,%" ~ pQ~t . . . 2 to • SeConcay .tlr.cket transtamer · 2
j · %. x·.r Lab screw .. · 4 · bu • Soicieifess.i:oMecf« • .. 5
· 518" dott>le · : bOlt ., · 4 ·On- Bntcket, hnsbmer c1uif.ir ,.
; :· c~-=~ 3 r~~tot-
and adapter as requi'ed
P· Spitbdt:COOnectDr· . . . . 3 2·1inkgt,u~ . ..
.ap • Hotlne connecb' 3-: · · .ak • · 3/ff LodmUt . ·2
"'" :·100kvamax. transfomJer .· 3 ·ek · · 5Jlrl.od(ftut. :2
: aq • J~ prin. Bn ACSR #4 12m ag • il 4 ~· Wn 5005 allm. alloy 6'
·aq • . .ll.np!r secondary insulated 15m bv • lvmrx rod (lapping) • . 3
·em: · Spool insulator 1 %"goove 3
J)ISTJ.UBUTION L~ CONS'IltUCT.lON

.. ·.

<297
 . .
ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

FIGURE 11-12
SECONDARY RACK ASSEMBLY .

Unit
Bolted No Bolt Bn lnsul.
Item Matl!rials ABC ABC A B A B

2- Wnrack 1 1
. . 3.· Wterack 1 1
4- Wi'erack 1 1
e- !in!" X 9~ Machine bolt 222
f
d· 2 %"X 2 W X 3116" -13/16" hole 222
square washer .
ek· 513" Locknut 222 '
an • 1¥/ da. g'Otlncf spool insulator 1 1 1 1
bv-1. hmcr rod (single support) • 1
tw • . Tie v.te * 4' 4'
t· .Almer tape. 1
bn- Dead end loop clamp 2 2

: 298
 DISTRIBUTION LINE CONSTRUCTION

al:

PLAN OF PlATE TYPE B

GROUND

SlOE VIEW SlOE VIEW

FIGURE 11-80

POU! PROTeCTION ASSEMBLY· BUTT TYPE

Item Materials

. al- Slaple, ~Jati!d wre, 2 %·. agauge 40' 35'

. al • Ground Wi'e clp 1
cj • Grounchwe j1Jl1)8r, # 4 AWG, sfrand altminuin alloy . 3'·
cj - Ground lfffre ron- 51.8" da. 3 snnd galvanized 40' . 38'
dli- Butt type (JOuncing device plate · · 1 . . 1
·p - ca np ess1ort connecter · 1 1
p • ·Split bOlt t;tpe connecb' 1
bp - Nails, 1 incll roolng, galVanized 4 4

307
 ELEC.TRI<:;AL.LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

~---150om.~
· - - -11

. __;
, / No. 2 COJ)Pe!' .

·' SECTIONX·X
(Detail of gr':" ol'ld rid)

Clamp and Sraid

to .be fiJmlshed with >'" ~
. ;;.·,
f~ '.4.
'
control& . 't
X \ I " I I
["\ .g.
.•,... I.:
LA•
f~,~ . I
I:::: 1
I
I 110
I~
~'"'iI
't~ ,•-'
. . .

FRONT VIEW SE~tiON A-A

FIGURE 11-'1
GROUNDING ASSEMBLY- GROUND ROO TYPI! FOR
SECTlONALIZING AIR SREAK SwtTCH
..
·
fan . Materials Quantity .Item · .Matarials Quantity
..
al - 518" die. x 10' gounc:l rod 4 cj · Ground-.. toft an~ (.on 80'
aj- c~.~ndrOd 4 w
da. 3.shlldga~
. al· Staplegd. \We2"xW#8 50' p-~~ 1.

308
 . DIS11UBUTION LINE CO.NSTRUCTIQN

SECTION X-X

DEAOENOARRANGEMENT TANGENT ARRANG£MENT

FRONT VIEW SlOE VIEW

•, ...
FIGURE 11~2.

POLE TOP PROTECTtON ASSEMBLY .·

Item Quantity Item ,Materials ,. : · .. . . Quantilv

p. ~connector 1 cj • Gfd. Wi'e #4 AWG, 3 s1raf)d SO'

at • Staple, SJ'ound wire, 2" x~· 8 alurninllll.alk:¥
agauge al- Ground . . clp ' 1
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

a!

FRONT VIEW SIDE VIEW

FIGURE 11..SS

7.82/13.2 KV. SINGLE PHASE·ONE SECTIONAUZING FUSE CUTOUT

~
Item Materials A B
c • fJ8" x 14• Machine bolt 1
d • 2 %"X 2 y: X3116". -13116 hole washer 2
g• 3 %" X 4 %" X 4' Crossarm 1
i · :W" X 4 %" Carriage bolt 2
j • %"x 4' Lag screw 1 1
p • CCJI1)feSSion connector 2 2
af • Fuse cutout, !!1198-shot 1 1f .

aq. Lead or j~. ACSR 3m. 3m.

cu • 28" wood trilc:e . 2
lk. Extension l:racktt l ~ 1
. ek - 518' locknut .1 1
ek • 318" locknut 2
bv. Armor rod <tapping r
ap • Hotline clamp ( u requhd)

310
 DISTRIBUTION LINE CONSTRUCTION

(4.375 ern. dia.gr.}

em.

TOP VIEW TOP\IIEW

A B

·.~~
~~
. ~

p -~
. LOOP TYPE LOOP TYPE

SIDE VIEW

FIGURE 11-77
. SERVICE ASSEMBLIES

Quaritity
Item Materials A B

c. 518" x1o· Machine bolt 1

d• 2 %"X 21/4 • X 3/lr -13/15" hole wBsher 1
p• Ca'Tip'es$ion connector · 2 2
s- Secoodiry SY!in(jng clevis 1
t • Almer • . 1' 1'
aa· WEyenut 1
da- Secondary lncket
. ek • 5/W' Locknut
an- 'S' cl!meter goove spool insulata' ·
an- 11/." ciameter gwve spool insulator ·
bn • Dead endloq) ~ 2

303
ELECf,RICAL LAYOUT AND.ESTIMATE
 DISTRmUTION LINE CONSTRUCTION

.'
SIDE VIEW

SI.DEVIEW FRONT VIEW

FlGURE11.;.f8

GROUNDtNGASSEMBLY~ OROUNDROD TYPE

Assef®Un~ ·
Itam A·· .B

p. ~connector -l 1
ai • 5/f' clameter min. 10' long gatvanized steel rod 1 1
aj • Clamp.IJ'OUnd rod, .tamper roor ·. : · ·· · 1 1·
al· "~net Wire clp . · '1
al· 2" lt %" 8 gauge g;.ound wire staple . 35 35 .
tW- ~. No.4 AWG aJuminwn *J, stranded · :y ..
cj • ·11 4 AWG, alumimm gound wire 30'· 30' ·
p • Spit connecter, boh type · . 1

305
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

r~
--~--

all'Qo ijl
rli
; :t--Ciip
• : J : p
p ~ I I
t.
I
I

P·Compression spliu
v.tlen req~m'ed

SIDE VIEW SIDE VIEW

FlOUR!! 11·78

GROUNDING ASSEMBLY • GROUND ROD TYPE

Ass!!ptl LOt
Item Malerials
.. .A B

p- Split connect«, bolt 1

al • 5/t dimleter x 8' steel ,-otrtding rod 1 1 ,
. aj - CISll), f'Oilnd rod far 518" steel rod 1 1
81 • Staple ~nd wire, 2" X%" t# 8 gauge 4()• 35'
al- Ground.wire cJ4:1 · 1
cj • . Ground wre#4 AWG 3 strand atwnilllm alloy 3'
p- , c~ connector 1 .1
cj - &16 dia. iron IJOUI'cling v.i'e 35' 33'

306
 DISTRIBUTION LINE CONSTRUCTION

Top Saddle may be used In litu t~f Tappillg .

\. Neutta! . ·· . I ..

_::. -:::.~~==- · &.P"~t,'~

PLAN

t SOURCE_.
. LOAD . r., . 11v
-~·,-~~- -, : I ' 'P
I I
,, J
- - -... 1•1
11',_--
·'

I II
ll~
ft
FRONTVIW- SIDE VIEW

• *..
. . . . . \ .
ONE SECTIONAl.JZ!R OR 01. C.IJ{CUIT RECLOSER .

Itam Quantity Item.

c • .518" x 1tr. Machine bolt 1 cj • Gl'd. \\h ## 4AWG akm. alny 4

d • 2 %"X 2 %" X 3116" hole washer 2 y;. l.igltning arrester · . 1
p • ·ooei"'eaion connector 2 et • Settionallzer (M3-41 only) · t
ep • Hotline c:lllrl1) 2 ek • 5llr Lod<riut 2
aq- Lea cr ~ $m tN. Nrraroct~ 2
be. Oil ctcult recloler (M3-10 only) . 1

3-11
ELECTRICAL.. LA YOVT AND ESTIMATE.·

FRONT VIEW
FRONT VIEW

--e!!i~~K!SP.:~=:;.4
I·

.TOP VIEW

" FIGURE 11o81

.
T.t2 ~ 13.2 KV. 2 OR3- PHASE SECTIQNAUZINO
Quantity
. A B
2 2
2 3
2 3.
2 3
11 11

4 4
-'
1Q·10
. 2 2
. 2 2
. 2 2
3 ~ ..
. 2 2.
15 15 .
.. 2 2
2 3.
 DISTRIBUTION LINE CONSTRUCTION ·

.. requlf1d
l . .

-~~·
J I
I ,I
I •I

SIDE VIEW FRONTVIEW .

TOP. VIEW

FKIURE'U..n ·

7.82113.2 I(V. 2 OR s.-ECT'IONALIZitiG OIL CIRCUIT REQLOSER

Itim Material$

2
2 3
2 3
15m. 25m
1 3
4 · e
1. .1

.. e
2
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

c:g

FRONT VIEW SIDE VIEW

FIOURE11.a7

' '7.12/13;2-KV. SECTIONAUZJNG ~R BREAK $WrrcH

Item . . "~aterials Quantity Item · Quantity

x
c • SIB" 18" Maehloe bolt . 16 . ek • %. Locknut . 4
e·
c • w x Machine bolt .4 p ~ -~ COfinector · 2·
c • &8" x 12" Maet\lne bolt 3 8- SecondaryAl'Mngingclevis 2
d · 2%"x2%"X3116"-13116 . . 25 bo- Anchash~.· . ·, '8
hole wastier .: ...
d • 1-3/S"X 9116~ hole round washer ~ cg • SVtit:h, air breek, ·3 pole unit 15kv.
g. 3%"HWx8'Crosaaim 2 operating ~illrt S' spacers 1
k • . Suspension insul8tor ·. 12 aa - &IS" Eye nut · . 1.
I • Oeac:t end c:mn., . e em- 'S' eta.pave spoollnsu4tkl' 2
n • 518~ x 22" DoUble arming·bolt 3 ek - SIS' locknut. 24 -·
o. 5'8"x 1Z' Eye bolt 1 t. .Atmor tape• .. 4
.· .

314
 DISTRIBUTION LINE CONSTRUCTION

,. + Cl~
· d · .. _. 41

J'+.- ek
I

0
--
. }.. •.
.

J
c-d

lf.~
.B
1

•
ek

H.

FtGuRE 11-118

I Materials . · · ...
',.
a - Pin f¥pe i{ISulatcr · :
.b - ·20" P.oie.·lq) pin insUlator •
c - 5/lf' x ·8":Maclline bons _. , .
d. 2 'A" x2 'Ax
3116 hole W9stter ·
- SIS" x 1 •: Cross
k • Suspension insulata
n - 518"x 14" Do~ arming bolt . '. . .
o • &8" X 12" and 18" Eye bolt .
p • Coo~pession connector
u- 3"G I
ei - &8" Eye nut
ae - Lighting arrester
ep - Hot line ct~mp
aq-. .krnper
(J' le
~ .. lnsulatQr ac:laflter ·· ·.
d- p~ spacer, pole pin
• • 7" stud post type ils~
ek - 5M lock~
bY - Mrrx rod {tiJlplngY

.· ..
 ELECTRICAL LA YOIJTAND ESTIMATE

FIGURE 1~·1t

r.,ISCEL~EOUS PRIMARY A8.8EM8UES

. Nll!lber~
!tam Mllllrills A B C D E .F ·a H

c - S'8" X 12" and 18" MacNne bolls 1 .1 . t 1

c• %"X 8" Macf11ne bolt .2 2
. d • 2 %"X 2 %" l( l/16" ~washer ' 1 1 2 2 2·
:d. 1 3111' cillneter 9115" hole rQWld-- ' 2 '2 . 1
g- 3W'x4%"x 8'Cnl$swm 1
g • 3 ~·X -'"R X 10' Qoss 11m 1
g- 3Wx4Wx8' crossarm 1
h • 1 %" X 1 %" X 28" flat brace 1.
h·- 1 Wx 1 %" xll18" ~brace l -'
. I• W«• %" C8l1tage bolt .1 ' f

.j· Wx4" Lllgscrew · 1

P· ~can;wetor 2 2
. af • Singe 8hot cutout 1
ig-J· 2 2
ax· · CUfxlJ,Itand~~ 1
eu • 60" !JP1n *XId tnce 1
ek - 1.2" Md &8' lock nut .1 3 3 . 1 2

316
 ELECTRICAL 'LA VOUT AND ESTIMATE

c-d '
I
I I I
'C{-.J B

. ~~
·o

.: .
( .· , :, . l,

FlGURE11-80

MISCELLANEOUS PRIMAR'( ASSEMBLIES

NUI'IUI' Requi'ed
Item A B C 0 E F. G H
a.· 518"x requied ~ madllne bolt · 2 .
d. 2 %"square-- . 2 1
i • 3f8" X 4. %• Carriage bolt
j • %. x 4"Lag screw
k • Suspension ilisulattr . ' 2
ea • 1%"stud post type ilsulator · 1
eb • I~ type post bracket 1
ec •. lns!Uted neub'al offset bracket 1
ek • 3J8" locknut 2 1
tu • 26' wood bracff
aa • 518" Eyt nut .1 1
bo ~ ~shackJt . . . .1.
Q - 518" X18" Eye-bol 1
~- HoUne tXII'Ifl8dor
aq · ~ · '
P· C~connector
,_ Oead.encl ~ 1
m-~~ 1
 ·ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

' ,. .

318'
 DISTRIBUTION LINE CONSTRUCTION

--
1

• V't'IRJNG DIAGRAM
.· .·

.....-
·.1

SIDE VIEW SECTION X·X · FRONT VIEW.

FIGURE 11..1

. vOLT~E REGULATOR. POLE MOUNTED

7.12/ t:U KY.'. ONE

Item . Matartill Quantity Item

a • Pin type insulib' . ·1 ek • %" lockrKrt . 4

c • %"x6" MachNbolt · 4 . ek • 518" locl<iWt' 4'
c • l'8" x5" Machine bOt 4 · I · Dad Ohd c:flrrt> ·2
c • ~~ X 18" Macblne belt ·2 p. canpeSsrM cOO."ltCtlr ,. 4
'cf. 1318' da.Mrhol8'rd. waSher ' 4 . ca-u~....-. 1
d· 3f1e"x2'%"·1:V1e"·hcllewasher 9 aq • U!eds or~ AOSR · 10m
. f • SIB" X 1() %; Crca inn pii< ·1 br · &8"x3~Crllitlnk ·· 1
g. 3 %~x4 W.x~Cross-an'll 2 bu • Soldet'lilsi connectors··. 1
i · 318" x4' %" Clft'lage bolt 4. · cu .: 28" \WlOd tnce 4'
j . %" x4" Lag sCnlw 2 fiC • . Step type regulator 1
k. s~ lntiMtm' 1 Ilk • By pass swl:fl regllab'· 1
ek - 311' .Locknut 4 •• • By pass arester 1

.· ~19 .
 ELECFRICAL·LAYOUTANllESTIMATI

I .

SID~ VIEW FRONT VIEW TOP VIEW

. FIGURE 11~2 ·
. ; .
1.a ru~ KV. 11fW.VOLTAGe Ri!out..AroR PLATFORM MOUNTED

Qurity Item QUantity

·320
 ..
·DISTRIBUTION LINE CONSTRUC'tfON

N
p WRING DIAGRAM . ..
FORINSTRUMENTTRANSFORMSR

..FRON-T VIEW

I.

FIG'URE 11-H
SECONDARY M£T'I!taNo GIMOE S.PHASE 12CUZ40· · .
. OR 240/.410vot.TS 4-WIRE Dl!t..TA. ·

. Quaritity Item
.~- Meter bai; ~ tlst titock .1
sd • Ctmnt i'ansfonnet . 2
· Service head · 1
wn • vvn ND-12 mill. tar M-ent · 80'
an. Wn NG:14·nsu. u ·~- · so·
. .·
321;
 . ·ELECTRICAL LAYOVJ' AND ESTIMATE

p .

12DcmJ

I
.·..·
'i

SECTION X-X
SIDE VIEW

RGuR£11-M.

7.12113.2 KY. 2 OR S-PHAII! CAPACITOR ASSEMBLY ·

· Item ·, ~tity !fil!n:t .. :: Quantity

a· Pin type insWI~ · ·1 · ax- Cirtout-lliest« c:cmbination . 3
c · 518" X 14" Macbile bOlt 1 :CU • 28" v.ood tnce .~ 2
.. d· · ~16"x2%"·i~16hc*wastw · 2 q, .. Groundwire- . · 2
g • 3 %" x ~ %".x 8' Cross arm 1: ea - Past type ~nsu-. v.f1" stud 2
I· l'&".x 4 %~ ~ .. ...· . lloit 2 . fc • CapaCitpr KVA-.:h
. J- %" x4"1ag acrew , . ·4 . fd • Hinger ckister tYPe · . 1
···.P· ~ ~~ 3 tit · ·518" Locl<nut 2·
:~~=((==r . - ~: :.xl~~-~-Jin -~
322.
·DISTIUBUTION LINE CONSTRUCTlON •·

.. ~··.. ··,

~· .
1••
 ELECTRICAL LA YOUl' AND ~Tl~ATE

PLAN PLAN

16

20

30 '

PRIMARY DEADEND PRIMARY OEAQENO .

ERVICE TAKE OFF SERVICE TAKE OFF
AT TRANSFORMER BELOW TRANSFORMER
l.EVEL

FRONT VIEW

FICIUR£ 11·15

TMHaFORIIER CONNEcnGN Cl~'fDE OPEN WIRE SERVICES

. 324
 .. DISTRIBUTION 'LINE CONSTRUCTION

PLAN PLAN

t
1.
. I
.. I
Ld

PRI~Y TANGeNT PRIMARY TANOENT

SERVICE TAKE OFF . ~ERViCE TAICE OFF
· AT TRANsFORMER · BELON~ORMER
LEVEL . .

.•
ELEVATION

FIGURE11...
1'RAimFoRMI!R eoNNecnO..·ouiDE oPEN·Wifte &ERVJCI!a'

325
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE

PLAN · PLAN

_..-f+-..C~

~~--t.~·
••I
i.
30
r

.~ ..
~,.,'---+-'"'"~ I •• ntq'd

....-..cJII~·~ -~.- ~t-.

I t
~.x.J .

Primary Ctftdend.service P;.rlmary deadend service

Take.O;, attransformer take:off below transformer

F~ONTVIEW

FIGURE 11·17
.·.. '•

·TRANSFORMER CO~NECllON G~ 'QUPLEX CAfilLE URVItEI

328
 DISTRIBUTION L.INE CONSTRUCTION

PLAN

~0

. aa req'd

~.

FRONT VIEW

Primary tangent serviC9 Primary tangent service

. take off attransformer take off below transformer

...
FIGURE 11-18
, TRANSFORMER CONNECTION OUlDE TRIPLEX CABLE SERVICES ·
 DISTRIBUTION LJi-il: CONStRUCTION

..

PlAN

12 .

I. I
')'

!:
; t l
I' (· I ,
I • ·. J

t..t.J.)

·. FRONTVIE:W

. .
· Primary tangent Primary tangerft
Secondary tangent second~ry tangent

FIGURE 11· 99
. , . ~ I. .• .. .

. TRANSFOR~ER CONNECTION OUIO'E S.ECONOARY UNDERBLilLD

i. •, ,. . •·

i: .
328 .;· . . . ·. ·
. DISTRIBUTION
. . . ·. ., LINE
. . CONSTR,UCTION
;' . -·. . ..

. ' : .. PLAN

' .··'

··, ~.: ·. ···

I
r.
I
I .
I I I
. '- -i~ j

. .£LEVATION

FIGURE 11-10G
"··--
~MARYQEADENDSECONDARYDEADEND
'\·,· .
•' . . ·. . . . . ,. :··......
\

329
 '·
PLAN PLAN

Of'ENWIU tiUPWCAill

·· .ELI;VATION

FtGURE 11- 101

TRANSFORMER CONNEC~ON .AND s·ERVICE

330
 DISTRIBUTION.LINE CON.STJWCJ:JON ·.

Priniary Voltage . ·. . 750 .-15_.000 wits .....

Secondaty Voltage. · 0 - 750 volts .
Service Drop Voltage 0- 750 volts . ' •'

-
. . .
., .
Primary · Primary '
.without; · with multi
.. ..
Service
Site COndition Neutrat· ·· grounded· Secondary <ir~ps
neutral
Over Railroad tracks a~ som. 8.00m. .·.e.oo.ffi. ' 8.50 ni.
Over Public street 6.00m. · s:som. 5.50m. s.so·m.
OVer Pede$trian ways 4'.50 m. 4.50m. 4.50m. :
AJQng_.Ufban streets ·6.0011). S.SOm. 5.S0m.. . ..
-
Along Rural roads 5.5om. -4.50m. . 4.5'0 m.

· Over Commercial driVeways 4.50m.

Over Residential pedestrian ways 3.60 m.
. .· ·..~

~ -
.. ,.

J r I.

FiGURE 11·102
BASIC MINIMUM HEIGHT Of DtSTRIBUTtON UNE .

331
 .
.ELECTRlCAL LAYOUT ANn ESTIMA'I'E

Specifi(atioils
·.. ·
for Construction ·.·\
'
1. General

All c.aDstru~on Work shall be done ma

thorou~ and.wOrk~ .
manlike manner ·in ~rdance ·with the Staking Sheets, Plaits
and.Specifi~~~·and the COnstruction Drawings~
..:·: .
2. Di~tribu..oJi of Poles
In. distribUting the · p~lcs, large ~; closed poles 8tam
shall be ·used for trans~, d~dtnd.· qle and comer poJes;

3. setting.of Poles

The minUnum dePth for setting offx>l~ shall be as follows:

· ·"~dlinr. in Soil"~ Specifica4ons shall be: . .. .

a. :Wh~e poles. are to be set in Sail ' . .. .

b. Where there is a layer of soil of more than ·60 centime-
ters iiutepth iYVer salid·rock ·.. · · ~ . ·
c. Where file hole in 59iid rock is not substantially v~cal
. Or the diameter ·of the hole at the sluface ·of thci lock
~ceeds aPI"ro~ly twice the diameter.of the pole at
~same level.. ·

"S.ddng in Solid~"
Speclflcatians shall aPPlY where polei are to.be set in solid
rock· anc( where the ~le is substantially.vertical; .awrciximately
.~ ~ diameter and large .enough to permit the ~ oftamp·
mg barslbrough·the full depth of the hole. ·.
'.''• . .
·, . ,,..:.Where tbcre·is·a tayer·Gf~"60 ·eCntimeters·or·less ill depth
over the solid rock, 1hC depth of the hole shall. be the depth of
the soil in ad~tjon to the deptlt. ~ed · under "Setting in·all
Solid.lWck" provilied tl)at such depth shall not.
exceed the depth
specified unddi'"Setit'ng tn, Soil"~·· · ·. · ··· ' .· ' ·

. 332
 . LINE. CONSTRUCTION
DISTRIBUTION ....
. . . . .
On sloping' ground, th~ depth of the .hole shall be. measured ·
from ihe low side of the hole. · . · . ·. - · · . ·
. '· Pole shall be.set' so t,liat alternating cross ann gains f~e in ..
opPosite.directions>except·at wnrunals and .~ ends. ~here the
gains @f the last two poleS sha11 ·be on the. side. facing the tenni- .· .
nal or dead enc.t .. On long spans1 the poles shall. ~ set so that the .
crossarm .cOmes on the side &f the pole away .A-om. the:1008:';
span. Where j,ole tOp pins are used, they shall be on the oppo~
'site side of the pole from the· gain, With the flat side against the
pole.
P~ ~l .be set ~ alignment arui'pluinb ex~ at earners, ·
. tcrmi.n3is, .arigles, junctions, OJ. other points of strain. whe~e they .
shall be. set .arid.raked againSt the strain so that the' conductors .
·shall be in lin~. · · ·· ·· . · ··
,. ·, .

Poles shall be faked aga.Utst the ·conductor. strain riot less

than 2.5 .ceritirileters for ~. 3..00 meter of pole length nor
more· than 7.60 ·~ _'for~ 3.oo ·meti:tS pole length. · .
aftef condntto~ are installed at the reqW.r~ tenSion. Pole back-
fill shall be thOt:augbly wnped to the full depth. Excies~ dirt· ·
. must be banked ~ound the pole: ·;. ...:· ., · · ' .: ·.
.'
.· :· ...
4. Grading ~f.~~~~. ·. . / . : ~- . ~· .. '

When using high poles to clear. obstacles. ~· a,s.buildipgs,

foreigli wile crossingS; rai!OOadS; etc.,
there ' ~ .bC no
up-. .
stream on the pin type. inSulators in pading th~ ~ each \YaY to
lower poles. · · · ·· · ·
,, .. .
~

· S. Guys and Anchors: . · .. ·' . .": ·"' ·.

Guys sbali be placed betbre·:·the ~uctors·~· ~~ .~d·.

sbaJI be attaclted to the .pole;~ ShoW~) in 'tJie constnl,d.ion draw~.. ,
· ings. All anchors and"rods shall l>e.in line With 1:qe strain·and..
~: be ~ installed that. app(Oxima~ly 1$ ¢entimete.~ of the ·
rod m:nain out. of the ·ground. In.cultiva~ .~~·or other·Ioca·: ·.
tions• .as deemed necessary; the . projectio.Q of the .anchor. rod ..
above .earth may be increased to maximum of 3Q .centimeter.s to

.. 333 .
 •ELECTIUCAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE
. . .. .
prevent burial of the rod eye. The back· fill of all anchor holes
. shall be thoroughly tamped to the fun depth. · · ·
.. . . .

· When a cOne· anchor' is used, the hole. after the anchor has
been set in place. shall be backfilled with coarse .crushed rocks
. for 60 centimeters above the anchor, tamping' during the filling
with the remainder 'of the hole to be backfilled and tamped· with
dirt: . . . . .

6~ Locknuts-

A Lock;nllt shall be installed with each mit:, or other :faStener

..· on all bolts or threaded hardware such as irisulator pins, upset
bolts. double anning bolts, etc.· .

. .

Condu~ ~hall be handl~ With ca.re: Conductors shall not ·

be tramped on nor run over by vehicles. E!;lch ;reel shall be ex-
.. amined and the wire shall be inspected for c$, kinks, or other
!injuries. Injur.ed portion Shall be cut and the conductOr spliool.
The condUctors properly mounted on pulled over suitable roll-
ers or stringing blocks shall. be carefully mounted ·011. pole or
crossarni if·necessary to prevent binding while Stringitig. ·
..The neutl'al Conductor sh311 6¢ maintained oit9ne side of the
pole ·(preferably· the. rOad .sid.~) for tangent construCtion and· for
angles noi exceeding 30°.. · · · · ·

With pin-type insulators; the conductors shall be tied op the

top ·groove of the insulator on tangent poles and ·on the side of ·
the. insul~tor away from the. strain at ailgles. ·Pin t}pe insulators
shall be tight on the p4t and ~ the tangent. Th~ tOp groov~
. mustbe .
ix.t fme
.
with the oondlictOr atter tying.it. · ·
~ .
·
. For neutral attd serondary .conducto~· (m poles,· ii1sulated .
brackets may be sUbstitUted for the single and double upset. .
bolts on angles ·of 0:0 to. 5° in locations kriown tO be subject_to·
considerable conductor vibration. . .

334
 DISTRiBUTION LINE CONSTRUCTION

All conduCtors shall be.cleaned tho~oughly by wire brusrung

before splrcing:·of the installation of COIIIleOtO.rSt clanips or tap·
· ping·armor rods. A suitable inhibitor shall be used on aluminum
cOnductors before splicing, before applying connector8,. clamps
or \>efoz:e installing tapping.annor ~- , . ...

·~- Spli~ing and Deadends..

Conductors, shall be spliced arid dCadend a$ shown on the
coostruction drawings. Thc;re shall be not more than one splice
. per conductor in any 'span and splicing sleeVes sbali not be.Jo. .
cated near ·conductor support. ,M~ 3.00 meters· or more
separation 'betWeen. 'the splice and the condUctor support . No
·splices shall be located .in Grade B crossing spans and ·prefera-
bly not in the a~acent spans.

·9.
.
Tapi .and. Jumpers
'

·· IUJllPCI'S and other Jeads QOIUlCCted to line c9nductors ~

have sufficient slack to allow free ·movement of the condu~.
Where slack is not shown on the construction ·drawings, it shall
be provided by at least two bends in a vertical plane, or one in a . ··
horizontal p~, or the 'equivalent.· In areas where vibrations
·occurs; special' measures .to·:minimize 'the e.treCts of. jumper
as
breaks shall ~used specified:. ' '
·All leads on equipment such as transf'ormers, reclosers; etc., '
shall be a minimum of No. 6 copper condUCtivity.

10. Bot Line CJamps and Connectors

Connectors and. hot line clamps suitablo for .·the purpose
shall be installed as shown on guide ·drawings.. On all hot line
·clamp insW}ations, the clamp and jumper shall be so in~led. ··
. . so that they are permanently bOnded to the load side of the line,
. allowing the jumper to ·be en~~ when the clamp· is· discon- ·
netted.. This applies in all cases, even where the line layout .is .
suCh that the ·tap line is .in 'actuality the main back to the pOwer
stmrce. Do not install hot line clamps directly to ACSR conduc-
tors.

335
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT-AND ESTIMATE . ,I

·. Use tapping armor rods on tap saddles. Before installing hot

line clamps .to the sud'ace <?f tapping anno~ rods, clean thor~­
oughly..by wi~ brushing and apply a suitable inhibitor to the
area· of the tapping .amior rod ·coming in contact with the·hot ·
. line clamn, ·

., 11~ Lighting Arrester Gap Settings .

The ~ gap electrodes ·o f lightning ·arresters, combina;.
ti<m arrester·eutou.t units; and the transfonner mounted arresters
'shall be .adj~-to the manufacturer's recominended spacing;
c~ shall be
taken tha~ the adjusted gap is not. disturbed when
the.~ is installed. ·. ·. . . .

12. Conductor Ties

. .
Ties shall be in aecordance With Construction Dra·wings:
·.· Hot line tie~ shall not be used at Grade B crossi.tigs.

13. Sagging ot Conductors

. . . ' .
· · · Conductors shall be sagged in· accordance with the conduc-
tor manu&cture.rs · recommeodations except·. thai ·. ~ maximum
of
increase 7.6 oentiriteters of the sj,ecifiec(sag ·itt any. span will"
be .acceptable but in no cirCimtstaitces'. shall a. dectease in the
sjlecified sag be allowed. · · . · .· ·. -
All conductors· shall be sagged·evcnly. The aa temperature
at the time and p~ of scigging shall be .determined by a certi-
fied etched glass thennometer. .: .

14.,Secondaty and Se...ViCe D~Ps .

· SCC.Ondary conductors · may .be .bare or' coveted wires .OJt ·
mlilti-conductnr s~ce eable. Conductors for ·secondary under
: build, on primary lines· is :no~y bare exCept in. $ose iri·
. Stances where prevailing conditions ·ma.y - primary span
length to the. extent that covered wires or service cables may be
. used.. Service drops shall be covered wire or service cable.type.
.Secoruhuy and service drops shall be so installed as not to obs-:
\.
 . . . .

DISTRIBUTION
. ..
LINE CONSTltUCTION
truct climb~ space. 'J'here .shall nOt be more. tbM: ()he splice .
petcOndUcior in any
span,. and 'splicirig"sleev'es shall hOtbe lo- .
cated near the conductor suppon.. Maintain .3 meters or more
separation between the splice and the condUctor support. Where· ·
· the same covered conductors or service cables are to be used for
the :seconruuy artd s~ce drop, they 'may be,installed iti~one
continuous run. . .
15. Ground

Ground rods shall be driven. in undistributed earih in -~

dance with the consttuction drawingS. Where alumiitum:ground
wire is Wied,. it must be terminated above ground at a galvanized·
ground rod or· splice by a compressiOn corutector · to a copper
·. steel ground Wirt ~tx.te3ision to the grourid rod· of Which the top
the.
of ground rOd sha'U,be 30 em. or 'more below the surface of
. the' ~. The grbUnd we 'sball be attached to. thC rod with a
. • clamp and SeCured to the .pole- with staple. Staples on the gtound
wire shan .be spaced tWQ feet a,part except for a dis~ce of 2.40
meters ab<>Ve the growtd rOd, .~ 2.40 meters·down ftoni the top
· of the. ],ole .where they shall pave at least tWo Colmedions from
the frame case or tank .to the mUlti-grounded neutral C9itductor..
. . . The equipment shall. be -interc;Onnected and attac}led tO a. com- ..
mon ground wire. .··.~. · ·· ·· · ·.

Length of Pole ~etting i.nsciil • ·.·Setting. in Sollsf.Rock

in Meter · in Meter in Meter
6.00 1.20 0.90
7.50 1,50 ... . . 1.05
9.00 1.65 '1.05
10.00 1.80 1.20
. 12.00 fao· .. 1.20 .
. 13.50 1.95 . 1.35
'15.00 2.10 1.35
"16.50 2.25. .1AO
18.00 . 2.4~· 1..50

337
 ELECTRICAL LAvout·A.Nn ESTJM4TE

FIRST AID INSTRUCTION IN CASE OF

ACCIDENT C'.A.USED BY ELECTROCUTION
'. '·

Prelimiliary Pretautions
· Switch ~ff ~ line or have it done by the pt,wer compally, .
then remove ·the victim from contact with the electric.conductor. 'J
Remember that in removing a vi~ from a live wire~ the· res- ·
cuer is exposed to danger of electrocUtion. In such a case, adopt
any o£the following procedures: ·
. . .

'
· In~
.
Q.f.Low Volta&e Installation.
. •'.

1.. Insulate yourself fror:ti the· grqund by severai layers of

. drY boards, b~. wOoden boxes or rubber fusulators.
2. Remov.e .the line from the vic;l:iin by nieans.of a long dry
Wooden sticks, dry ladder etc. Metal objects' sholll.d not
be used..Ifthis doe$ n¢ wo*: · ·
3. .. Wrap several layers of dcy cloth iU'ound ·your.bands and
push,.or pull the Victim away from· the line white stand-
ing on inSulating boards, rubber shoes ·etc. Do not rouch
. the victim except by his clothing. . .

. In Case ofiD&h Voltage Installation

. 1. Only (:xperts should be permitted ro remove tl1e victim.

2. If the victiM. is hangin8 ori the wires, spread straw, ·hey
or bedd,ing undemCath. ·
· 3. Notifyth.e·power cOmpany and can
a dOctor.
A. ~o~ a guard at the site ofthe accident; .·

Treatment in case of Unc(msc:iousness

1. After the victim haS been iemoved from ~ contact with

the power line, Start immediate attempt to. ·resrore his
breathing. · . .
2.. · Plaee the .unoonscious person ort his
back, with the head
ro one side wi~ a P,illow tinder hiS shOulder open his ·.

338
 DISTRISUTION LINE CONSTRUCTION

collar, ·scarf, belt and tight 'clothing etc..

3. Carefully open the· mouth of the patient and place som~
. haid object pretmbly a· piece .of \VOOd, betwe.ea his
teeth and
remove ani:dentures.
4. Slowly but with .sutlicient stret;lgth pull out his tongue
using a handkerchief. Let .somebody h~ld if or tie ·i t to
the chin of the victim. ·
5. TtY·to ·get him to breath spontaneously by tickling his ·
nose and thrOat. .
6. If no Unmediate success is achieved, start at once .with
.artificial ~: KMe1 deym behind ' the head of the·
vict.iril ·S:rasP ·h.iJ &rm$. under the elbow!, press ~
tirmly ~ Jiis·Chest and then draw them slowly apart
ir, a·circle aver·his head:· · . ·
7. .After two .seconds, bring. the anus back to. ~ initial
position. · . .; . . . .
8. Repeat the exercise at:tbe mte of 16 t9' 20 times a min·
ute. If necessary for ~ hours until 1!le. doctor ar•
rives. More rapid movements are harmful and needlessly
tiring. .
9. Stop the.artificial respiJ;ation as soon as the victim starts
. . breathing. . . · ' .
1o: ACtiwte the blood circulation by sprinkling hiS hCad and
chest 'With cold water and rubbing hard. .
11 : If the · victiin recovers, cover him up and· let him sip
· warm dritlks from a teaspoon as soon a,s he is able to
· swallow. · · ·
12.' Leave anyfurther.
.
aid to the
.
doctor. .
 •· ELECTRICAL LAYQVT AND E$TL\tATE

REFERENCES.

. Philippine Btectrical UXle Part-1 & Part ll . . ..

EleetriCa.l System byW.J. Me. GuilmeS.s and B. Stein
National Electrification Administration (NEA) CatalOgue 1975
·· Electric Wiring and Lighting for Home and Offire by Saffordl
Audels Practical EleCtricity ··
Readers Digest Home Impl'O'Vem.ent Manuai · . . .
· .· Making Electrical ~tions by J.P. Mc·Partland
IIEE Technical Guide on Electrica1 and Electronic Producl:s
· · ·. 1981 Edition. ..
· Columbia Wires and Cables Teclmical Data.
Architectural Graphic StBndards AIA. CG..RanJsey and
. H.R Sleeper. .. .. .. .
· Electrical Ftm.damen'tals for Technicians RL. Shrader.
Me Graw Hill · · ·
National Electrical Code {NEC) · . . .
Simplified Electrical Wiring Handbook, Sears Rciebock & Co.
NBC Article 210 and Table 210"24. . · ... ~ ·

. .; .

340