UNIVERSITY OF DELHI

CNC-II/093/1(22)/2022-23/216
Dated: 10.10.2022
NOTIFICATION
Sub: Amendment to Ordinance V
[E.C Resolution No. 18-1/ (18-1-4) dated 18.08.2022]

Following addition be made to Appendix-II-A to the Ordinance V (2-A) of the Ordinances of

the University;

Add the following:

Syllabi of Semester-I of the following departments under Faculty of Mathematical

Sciences based on Under Graduate Curriculum Framework -2022 to be implemented
from the Academic Year 2022-23.

FACULTY OF MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

B.SC. (H) MATHEMATICS

Category-I

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE – 1: ALGEBRA

CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE COURSE

Course Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-requisite

title & Lecture Tutorial Practical/ criteria of the course
Code Practice (if any)
Algebra 4 3 1 0 Class XII Nil
pass with
Mathematics

Learning Objectives
The primary objective of this course is to introduce:
• The basic tools of theory of equations, number theory, and group theory.
• Symmetry group of a plane figure, basic concepts of cyclic groups.
• Classification of subgroups of cyclic groups.

Learning Outcomes:
This course will enable the students to:
• Determine number of positive/negative real roots of a real polynomial.

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• Solve cubic and quartic polynomial equations with special condition on roots and in
general.
• Employ De-Moivre’s theorem in a number of applications to solve numerical problems.
• Use modular arithmetic and basic properties of congruences.
• Recognize the algebraic structure, namely groups, and classify subgroups of cyclic
groups.

SYLLABUS OF DSC-1

Theory

Unit – 1 (24 hours)

Theory of Equations and Complex Numbers
General properties of polynomials and equations, Fundamental theorem of algebra, Relations
between the roots and the coefficients, Upper bounds for the real roots; Theorems on
imaginary, integral and rational roots; Newton’s method for integral roots, Descartes’ rule of
signs; De-Moivre’s theorem for integer and rational indices and their applications, The nth
roots of unity, Cardan’s solution of the cubic, Descartes’ solution of the quartic equation.

Unit – 2 (16 hours)

Basic Number Theory
Division algorithm in ℤ, Divisibility and the Euclidean algorithm, Fundamental theorem of
arithmetic, Modular arithmetic and basic properties of congruences.

Unit – 3 (20 hours)

Basics of Group Theory
Groups, Basic properties, Symmetries of a square, Dihedral group, Order of a group, Order
of an element, Subgroups, Center of a group, Centralizer of an element, Cyclic groups and
properties, Generators of a cyclic group, Classification of subgroups of cyclic groups.

Practical component (if any) - NIL

Essential Readings
1. Andreescu, Titu & Andrica, D. (2014). Complex numbers from A to...Z. (2nd ed.).
Birkhäuser.
2. Dickson, Leonard Eugene (2009). First Course in the Theory of Equations. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. The Project Gutenberg eBook: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/29785
3. Gallian, Joseph. A. (2017). Contemporary Abstract Algebra (9th ed.). Cengage Learning
India Private Limited, Delhi. Indian Reprint 2021.
4. Goodaire, Edgar G., & Parmenter, Michael M. (2006). Discrete Mathematics with Graph
Theory (3rd ed.). Pearson Education Pvt. Ltd. Indian Reprint 2018.
Suggestive Readings
• Burnside, W.S., & Panton, A.W. (1979), The Theory of Equations, Vol. 1. Eleventh

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 Edition, (Fourth Indian Reprint. S. Chand & Co. New Delhi), Dover Publications, Inc.
• Burton, David M. (2011). Elementary Number Theory (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education
Pvt. Ltd. Indian Reprint.
• Rotman, Joseph J. (1995). An Introduction to The Theory of Groups (4th ed.). Springer-
Verlag, New York.

Note: Examination scheme and mode shall be as prescribed by the Examination

Branch, University of Delhi, from time to time.

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE – 2:

ELEMENTARY REAL ANALYSIS

CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE

COURSE

Course Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-requisite

title & Lecture Tutorial Practical/ criteria of the course
Code Practice (if any)
Elementary Class XII NIL
Real 4 3 1 0 pass with
Analysis Mathematics

Learning Objectives
The course will develop a deep and rigorous understanding of:
• Real line ℝ with algebraic.
• Order and completeness properties to prove the results about convergence and divergence
of sequences and series of real numbers.

Learning Outcomes
This course will enable the students to:
• Understand the fundamental properties of the real numbers, including completeness and
Archimedean, and density property of rational numbers in ℝ.
• Learn to define sequences in terms of functions from ℕ to a subset of ℝ and find the
limit.
• Recognize bounded, convergent, divergent, Cauchy and monotonic sequences and to
calculate the limit superior and limit inferior of a bounded sequence.
• Apply limit comparison, ratio, root, and alternating series tests for convergence and
absolute convergence of infinite series of real numbers.

SYLLABUS OF DSC - 2

Theory
Unit – 1 (16 hours)

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Real Number System
Algebraic and order properties of ℝ, Absolute value of a real number, Bounded above and
bounded below sets, Supremum and infimum of a non-empty subset of ℝ, The completeness
property of ℝ, Archimedean property, Density of rational numbers in ℝ.

Unit – 2 (24 hours)

Sequences
Sequences and their limits, Convergent sequence, Limit theorems, Monotone sequences,
Monotone convergence theorem, Subsequences, Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem for sequences,
Limit superior and limit inferior for bounded sequence, Cauchy sequence, Cauchy’s
convergence criterion.

Unit – 3 (20 hours)

Infinite Series
Convergence and divergence of infinite series of real numbers, Necessary condition for
convergence, Cauchy criterion for convergence, Tests for convergence of positive term
series, Integral test, Basic comparison test, Limit comparison test, D’Alembert’s ratio test,
Cauchy’s nth root test, Raabe’s test, Alternating series, Leibniz test, Absolute and conditional
convergence.

Practical component (if any) – NIL

Essential Readings
1. Bartle, Robert G., & Sherbert, Donald R. (2011). Introduction to Real Analysis (4th ed.).
John Wiley & Sons. Wiley India Edition 2015.
2. Bilodeau, Gerald G., Thie, Paul R., & Keough, G. E. (2010). An Introduction to Analysis
(2nd ed.). Jones and Bartlett India Pvt. Ltd. Student Edition. Reprinted 2015.
3. Denlinger, Charles G. (2011). Elements of Real Analysis. Jones and Bartlett India Pvt.
Ltd. Student Edition. Reprinted 2015.

Suggestive Readings
• Aliprantis C. D., & Burkinshaw, O. (1998). Principles of Real Analysis (3rd ed.).
Academic Press.
• Ross, Kenneth A. (2013). Elementary Analysis: The Theory of Calculus (2nd ed.).
Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics, Springer. Indian reprint.
• Thomson, B. S., Bruckner, A. M., & Bruckner, J. B. (2001). Elementary Real Analysis.
Prentice Hall.

Note: Examination scheme and mode shall be as prescribed by the Examination

Branch, University of Delhi, from time to time.

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 DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE – 3:
PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE

COURSE

Course Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-requisite of

title & Lecture Tutorial Practical/ criteria the course
Code Practice (if any)
Probability Class XII NIL
and 4 3 0 1 pass with
Statistics Mathematics

Learning Objectives
The Learning Objectives of this course are as follows:
• To make the students familiar with the basic statistical concepts and tools which are
needed to study situations involving uncertainty or randomness.
• To render the students to several examples and exercises that blend their everyday
experiences with their scientific interests to form the basis of data science.

Learning Outcomes
This course will enable the students to:
• Understand some basic concepts and terminology - population, sample, descriptive and
inferential statistics including stem-and-leaf plots, dotplots, histograms and boxplots.
• Learn about probability density functions and various univariate distributions such as
binomial, hypergeometric, negative binomial, Poisson, normal, exponential and
lognormal.
• Understand the remarkable fact that the empirical frequencies of so many natural populati
ons, exhibit bell-shaped (i.e., normal) curves, using the Central Limit Theorem.
• Measure the scale of association between two variables, and to establish a formulation
helping to predict one variable in terms of the other, i.e., correlation and linear regression.

SYLLABUS OF DSC – 3

Theory

Unit – 1 (15 hours)

Descriptive Statistics, Probability, and Discrete Probability Distributions
Descriptive statistics: Populations, Samples, Stem-and-leaf displays, Dotplots, Histograms,
Qualitative data, Measures of location, Measures of variability, Boxplots; Sample spaces and
events, Probability axioms and properties, Conditional probability, Bayes’ theorem and
independent events; Discrete random variables and probability

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distributions, Expected values; Probability distributions: Binomial, geometric,
hypergeometric, negative binomial, Poisson, and Poisson distribution as a limit.

Unit – 2 (15 hours)

Continuous Probability Distributions
Continuous random variables, Probability density functions, Uniform distribution,
Cumulative distribution functions and expected values, The normal, exponential and
lognormal distributions.

Unit – 3 (15 hours)

Central Limit Theorem and Regression Analysis
Sampling distribution and standard error of the sample mean, Central Limit Theorem and
applications; Scatterplot of bivariate data, Regression line using principle of least squares,
Estimation using the regression lines; Sample correlation coefficient and properties.

Practical (30 hours)

Software labs using Microsoft Excel or any other spreadsheet.

1) Presentation and analysis of data (univariate and bivariate) by frequeny tables, descriptive
statistics, stem-and-leaf plots, dotplots, histograms, boxplots, comparative boxplots, and
probability plots ([1] Section 4.6).
2) Fitting of binomial, Poisson and normal distributions.
3) Illustrating the Central Limit Theorem through Excel.
4) Fitting of regression line using the principle of least squares.
5) Computation of sample correlation coefficient.

Essential Reading
1. Devore, Jay L. (2016). Probability and Statistics for Engineering and the Sciences (9th
ed.). Cengage Learning India Private Limited. Delhi. Indian Reprint 2020.

Suggestive Reading
• Mood, A. M., Graybill, F. A., & Boes, D. C. (1974). Introduction to the Theory of
Statistics (3rd ed.). Tata McGraw-Hill Pub. Co. Ltd. Reprinted 2017.

Note: Examination scheme and mode shall be as prescribed by the Examination

Branch, University of Delhi, from time to time.

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 B.A. (Prog.) with Mathematics as Major
Category II

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE – 1: ELEMENTS OF DISCRETE

MATHEMATICS
CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE COURSE

Course title Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-requisite of

& Code Lecture Tutorial Practical/ criteria the course
Practice (if any)
Elements of Class XII Nil
Discrete 4 3 1 0 pass with
Mathematics Mathematics
Learning Objectives
Students are introducing to:
• Order (or partial order) and related properties.
• Notion of a lattice which is also a step towards abstract algebra.
• Concept of Boolean algebra and its applications to minimizing a Boolean polynomial and
switching circuits, which has further applications in computer science.
Learning outcomes
This course will enable the students to:
• Understand the basic concepts of sets, relations, functions, and induction.
• Understand mathematical logic and logical operations to various fields.
• Understand the notion of order and maps between partially ordered sets.
• Minimize a Boolean polynomial and apply Boolean algebra techniques to decode
switching circuits.

SYLLABUS OF DSC - 1
Theory
Unit – 1 (24 hours)
Sets, Relations and Functions
Sets, Propositions and logical operations, Conditional statements, Mathematical induction,
Relations and equivalence relation, Equivalence classes, Partial order relation, Partially
ordered set, Hasse diagrams, Chain, Maximal and minimal elements, least and greatest
elements, Least upper bound, Greatest lower bound, Zorn’s lemma, Functions and bijective
functions, Functions between POSETS, Order isomorphism.

Unit – 2 (16 hours)

Lattices
Lattice as a POSET, Lattice as an algebra and their equivalence, Bounded lattices,
Sublattices, Interval in a lattice, Products and homomorphism of lattices, Isomorphism of
lattices; Distributive, Complemented, Partition and pentagonal lattices.

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Unit – 3 (20 hours)
Boolean Algebra and Switching Circuits
Boolean algebra, De Morgan’s laws, Boolean expressions, Truth tables, Logic diagrams,
Boolean functions, Disjunctive normal forms (as join of meets), Minimal forms of Boolean
polynomials, Quine Mc-Cluskey method, Karnaugh maps, Switching circuits, Applications
of switching circuits.

Practical component (if any) – NIL

Essential Readings
• Rudolf Lidl, & Gunter Pilz (2004). Applied Abstract Algebra (2nd ed.). Undergraduate
text in Mathematics, Springer (SIE), Indian Reprint.
• Bernard Kolman, Robert C. Busby, & Sharon Cutler Ross (2009). Discrete Mathematical
Structures (6th ed.). Pearson education Inc., Indian reprint.

Suggestive Reading
• Rosen, Kenneth H. (2017). Discrete Mathematics and its applications with combinatorics
and Graph Theory (7th ed.). McGraw Hill Education.

Note: Examination scheme and mode shall be as prescribed by the Examination

Branch, University of Delhi, from time to time.

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE – 2: TOPICS IN CALCULUS

CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE COURSE

Course title Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-requisite

& Code Lecture Tutorial Practical/ criteria of the course
Practice (if any)
Topics in Class XII Nil
Calculus 4 3 1 0 pass with
Mathematics

Learning Objectives
The primary objective of this course is to:
• Introduce the basic tools of calculus which are helpful in understanding their applications
in many real-world problems.
• Understand/create various mathematical models in everyday life.

Learning Outcomes
This course will enable the students to:
• Understand continuity and differentiability in terms of limits and graphs of certain
functions.
• Describe asymptotic behaviour in terms of limits involving infinity.
• Use of derivatives to explore the behaviour of a given function locating and classify its

8|Page
 extrema and graphing the function.
• Apply the concepts of asymptotes, and inflexion points in tracing of cartesian curves.
• Compute the reduction formulae of standard transcendental functions with applications.

SYLLABUS OF DSC - 2
Theory

Unit – 1 (20 hours)

Limits, Continuity and Differentiability
Limit of a function, ε − δ definition of a limit, Infinite limits, Continuity and types of
discontinuities; Differentiability of a function, Successive differentiation: Calculation of the
nth derivatives, Leibnitz theorem; Partial differentiation, Euler’s theorem on homogeneous
functions.

Unit – 2 (20 hours)

Mean Value Theorems and its Applications
Rolle’s theorem, Mean value theorems and applications to monotonic functions and
inequalities; Taylor’s theorem, Taylor’s series, Maclaurin’s series expansions of
e x , sin x, cos x, log (1 + x ) and (1 + x )m ; Indeterminate forms.

Unit – 3 (20 hours)

Tracing of Curves and Reduction Formulae
Asymptotes (parallel to axes and oblique), Concavity and inflexion points, Singular points,
Tangents at the origin and nature of singular points, Curve tracing (cartesian
and polar equations). Reduction formulae for ∫
sin n x dx, ∫ cos n x dx, and ∫ sin m x cos n x dx
and
their applications.

Practical component (if any) – NIL

Essential Readings
• Prasad, Gorakh (2016). Differential Calculus (19th ed.). Pothishala Pvt. Ltd. Allahabad.
• Prasad, Gorakh (2015). Integral Calculus. Pothishala Pvt. Ltd. Allahabad.

Suggestive Readings
• Apostol, T. M. (2007). Calculus: One-Variable Calculus with An Introduction to Linear
Algebra (2nd ed.). Vol. 1. Wiley India Pvt. Ltd.
• Ross, Kenneth. A. (2013). Elementary Analysis: The Theory of Calculus (2nd ed.).
Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics, Springer. Indian reprint.

Note: Examination scheme and mode shall be as prescribed by the Examination

Branch, University of Delhi, from time to time.

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 B.A/ B.Sc. (Prog.) with Mathematics as Non-Major
Category III

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE: TOPICS IN CALCULUS

CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE

COURSE

Course Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-requisite

title & Lecture Tutorial Practical/ criteria of the course
Code Practice (if any)
Topics in Class XII Nil
Calculus 4 3 1 0 pass with
Mathematics

Learning Objectives
The primary objective of this course is to:
• Introduce the basic tools of calculus which are helpful in understanding their applications
in many real-world problems.
• Understand/create various mathematical models in everyday life.

Learning outcomes
This course will enable the students to:
• Understand continuity and differentiability in terms of limits and graphs of certain
functions.
• Describe asymptotic behaviour in terms of limits involving infinity.
• Use of derivatives to explore the behaviour of a given function locating and classify its
extrema and graphing the function.
• Apply the concepts of asymptotes, and inflexion points in tracing of cartesian curves.
• Compute the reduction formulae of standard transcendental functions with applications.

SYLLABUS OF DSC

Theory

Unit – 1 (20 hours)

Limits, Continuity and Differentiability
Limit of a function, ε − δ definition of a limit, Infinite limits, Continuity and types of
discontinuities; Differentiability of a function, Successive differentiation: Calculation of the
nth derivatives, Leibnitz theorem; Partial differentiation, Euler’s theorem on homogeneous
functions.

Unit – 2 (20 hours)

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Mean Value Theorems and its Applications
Rolle’s theorem, Mean value theorems and applications to monotonic functions and
inequalities; Taylor’s theorem, Taylor’s series, Maclaurin’s series expansions of
e x , sin x, cos x, log (1 + x ) and (1 + x ) ; Indeterminate forms.
m

Unit – 3 (20 hours)

Tracing of Curves and Reduction Formulae
Asymptotes (parallel to axes and oblique), Concavity and inflexion points, Singular points,
Tangents at the origin and nature of singular points, Curve tracing (cartesian and polar
equations). Reduction formulae for ∫ sin x dx, ∫ cos n x dx, and ∫ sin m x cos n x dx and their
n

applications.

Practical component (if any) – NIL

Essential Readings
• Prasad, Gorakh (2016). Differential Calculus (19th ed.). Pothishala Pvt. Ltd. Allahabad.
• Prasad, Gorakh (2015). Integral Calculus. Pothishala Pvt. Ltd. Allahabad.

Suggestive Readings
• Apostol, T. M. (2007). Calculus: One-Variable Calculus with An Introduction to Linear
Algebra (2nd ed.). Vol. 1. Wiley India Pvt. Ltd.
• Ross, Kenneth. A. (2013). Elementary Analysis: The Theory of Calculus (2nd ed.).
Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics, Springer. Indian reprint.

Note: Examination scheme and mode shall be as prescribed by the Examination

Branch, University of Delhi, from time to time.

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 B.Sc. (Physical Sciences/ Mathematical Sciences) with Mathematics as one
of the Core Disciplines

Category III

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE: TOPICS IN CALCULUS

CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE

COURSE

Course Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-requisite

title & Lecture Tutorial Practical/ criteria of the course
Code Practice (if any)
Topics in Class XII Nil
Calculus 4 3 1 0 pass with
Mathematics

Learning Objectives
The primary objective of this course is to:
• Introduce the basic tools of calculus which are helpful in understanding their applications
in many real-world problems.
• Understand/create various mathematical models in everyday life.

Learning outcomes
This course will enable the students to:
• Understand continuity and differentiability in terms of limits and graphs of certain
functions.
• Describe asymptotic behaviour in terms of limits involving infinity.
• Use of derivatives to explore the behaviour of a given function locating and classify its
extrema and graphing the function.
• Apply the concepts of asymptotes, and inflexion points in tracing of cartesian curves.
• Compute the reduction formulae of standard transcendental functions with applications.

SYLLABUS OF DSC

Theory

Unit – 1 (20 hours)

Limits, Continuity and Differentiability
Limit of a function, ε − δ definition of a limit, Infinite limits, Continuity and types of
discontinuities; Differentiability of a function, Successive differentiation: Calculation of the
nth derivatives, Leibnitz theorem; Partial differentiation, Euler’s theorem on homogeneous
functions.

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Unit – 2 (20 hours)
Mean Value Theorems and its Applications
Rolle’s theorem, Mean value theorems and applications to monotonic functions and
inequalities; Taylor’s theorem, Taylor’s series, Maclaurin’s series expansions of
e x , sin x, cos x, log (1 + x ) and (1 + x ) ; Indeterminate forms.
m

Unit – 3 (20 hours)

Tracing of Curves and Reduction Formulae
Asymptotes (parallel to axes and oblique), Concavity and inflexion points, Singular points,
Tangents at the origin and nature of singular points, Curve tracing (cartesian and polar
equations). Reduction formulae for ∫ sin x dx, ∫ cos n x dx, and ∫ sin m x cos n x dx and their
n

applications.

Practical component (if any) – NIL

Essential Readings
• Prasad, Gorakh (2016). Differential Calculus (19th ed.). Pothishala Pvt. Ltd. Allahabad.
• Prasad, Gorakh (2015). Integral Calculus. Pothishala Pvt. Ltd. Allahabad.

Suggestive Readings
• Apostol, T. M. (2007). Calculus: One-Variable Calculus with An Introduction to Linear
Algebra (2nd ed.). Vol. 1. Wiley India Pvt. Ltd.
• Ross, Kenneth. A. (2013). Elementary Analysis: The Theory of Calculus (2nd ed.).
Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics, Springer. Indian reprint.

Note: Examination scheme and mode shall be as prescribed by the Examination

Branch, University of Delhi, from time to time.

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 COMMON POOL OF GENERIC ELECTIVES (GE) COURSES
OFFERED BY DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
CATEGORY-IV

GENERIC ELECTIVES: FUNDAMENTALS OF CALCULUS

CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE

COURSE

Course title Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-

& Code Lecture Tutorial Practical/ criteria requisite of
Practice the course
(if any)
Fundamentals Class XII pass
of Calculus 4 3 1 0 with NIL
Mathematics

Learning Objectives
The Learning Objectives of this course is as follows:
• Understand the quantitative change in the behaviour of the variables and apply them on
the problems related to the environment.

Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this course, students will be able to:
• Understand continuity and differentiability in terms of limits.
• Describe asymptotic behavior in terms of limits involving infinity.
• Understand the importance of mean value theorems and its applications.
• Learn about Maclaurin’s series expansion of elementary functions.
• Use derivatives to explore the behavior of a given function, locating and classifying its
extrema, and graphing the polynomial and rational functions.

SYLLABUS OF GE

Theory

Unit – 1 (20 hours)

Continuity and Differentiability of Functions
Limits and continuity, Types of discontinuities; Differentiability of functions; Successive
differentiation: Calculation of the nth derivatives, Leibnitz theorem; Partial differentiation,
Euler’s theorem on homogeneous functions.

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Unit – 2 (20 hours)
Mean Value Theorems and its Applications
Rolle’s theorem, Mean value theorems and applications to monotonic functions and
inequalities; Expansion of functions: Taylor’s theorem, Taylor’s series, Maclaurin’s series
expansion of ex , sin x , cos x , log( 1 + x) and (1 + x)m ; Indeterminate forms.

Unit – 3 (20 hours)

Tracing of Curves
Concavity and inflexion points, Asymptotes (parallel to axes and oblique), Relative
extrema, Tracing graphs of polynomial functions, rational functions, and polar equations.
Practical component (if any) – NIL
Essential Readings
• Anton, Howard, Bivens, Irl, & Davis, Stephen (2013). Calculus (10th ed.). Wiley India
Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. International Student Version. Indian Reprint 2016.
• Prasad, Gorakh (2016). Differential Calculus (19th ed.). Pothishala Pvt. Ltd. Allahabad.

Suggestive Reading
• Thomas Jr., George B., Weir, Maurice D., & Hass, Joel (2014). Thomas’ Calculus (13th
ed.). Pearson Education, Delhi. Indian Reprint 2017.

Note: Examination scheme and mode shall be as prescribed by the Examination

Branch, University of Delhi, from time to time.

GENERIC ELECTIVES: THEORY OF EQUATIONS AND SYMMETRIES

CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE COURSE

Course title Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-

& Code Lecture Tutorial Practical/ criteria requisite of
Practice the course
(if any)
Theory of Class XII pass
Equations 4 3 1 0 with NIL
and Mathematics
Symmetries
Learning Objectives
The goal of this course is to acquaint students with certain ideas about:
• Integral roots, rational roots, an upper bound on number of positive or negative roots of a
polynomial.
• Finding roots of cubic and quartic equations in special cases using elementary symmetric
functions.
• Using Cardon’s and Descartes’ methods, respectively.

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Learning outcomes
After completion of this course, the students will be able to:
• Understand the nature of the roots of polynomial equations and their symmetries.
• Solve cubic and quartic polynomial equations with special condition on roots and in
general.
• Find symmetric functions in terms of the elementary symmetric polynomials.

SYLLABUS OF GE
Theory
Unit - 1 (24 hours)
Polynomial Equations and Properties
General properties of polynomials and equations; Fundamental theorem of algebra and its
consequences; Theorems on imaginary, integral and rational roots; Descartes’ rule of signs
for positive and negative roots; Relations between the roots and coefficients of equations,
Applications to solution of equations when an additional relation among the roots is given;
De Moivre’s theorem for rational indices, the nth roots of unity and symmetries of the
solutions.
Unit - 2 (16 hours)
Cubic and Biquadratic (Quartic) Equations
Transformation of equations (multiplication, reciprocal, increase/diminish in the roots by a
given quantity), Removal of terms; Cardon’s method of solving cubic and Descartes’ method
of solving biquadratic equations.

Unit - 3 (20 hours)

Symmetric Functions
Elementary symmetric functions and symmetric functions of the roots of an equation;
Newton’s theorem on sums of the like powers of the roots; Computation of symmetric
functions such as ∑ α 2 β , ∑ α 2 β 2 , ∑ α 2 βγ , ∑ 21 , ∑ α −3 , ∑ ( β + γ − α )2 , ∑ α + βγ , of
2

α βγ β +γ
polynomial equations; Transformation of equations by symmetric functions and in general.

Practical component (if any) – NIL

Essential Readings
• Burnside, W.S., & Panton, A.W. (1979). The Theory of Equations (11th ed.). Vol. 1.
Dover Publications, Inc. (4th Indian reprint. S. Chand & Co. New Delhi).
• Dickson, Leonard Eugene (2009). First Course in the Theory of Equations. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. The Project Gutenberg eBook: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/29785

Suggestive Reading
• Prasad, Chandrika (2017). Text Book of Algebra and Theory of Equations. Pothishala Pvt
Ltd.

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