Courses based on Under Graduate Curriculum Framework (UGCF) -2022

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
B.Sc. (Hons.) Mathematics
(Discipline Specific Core (DSC) and Discipline Specific Elective (DSE) Courses)
Sem. DSC (1-20) (3L + 1T/1P = 4 credits) DSE (1-6) (3L + 1T/1P = 4 credits)
DSC-1: Algebra (3L + 1T)
DSC-2: Elementary Real Analysis (3L + 1T)
I DSC-3: Probability and Statistics (3L + 1P)
DSC-4: Linear Algebra (3L + 1T)
II DSC-5: Calculus (3L + 1T)
DSC-6: Ordinary Differential Equations (3L + 1P)

DSC-7: Group Theory (3L + 1T) DSE-1: Choose any one

DSC-8: Riemann Integration (3L + 1T) (i) Graph Theory (3L + 1T)
III DSC-9: Discrete Mathematics (3L + 1P) (ii) Mathematical Python (3L + 1P)
(iii) Number Theory (3L + 1T)
DSC-10: Sequences and Series of Functions (3L + 1T) DSE-2: Choose any one
DSC-11: Multivariate Calculus (3L + 1T) (i) Biomathematics (3L + 1T)
IV DSC-12: Numerical Analysis (3L + 1P) (ii) Mathematical Modeling (3L + 1P)
(iii) Mechanics (3L + 1T)
DSC-13: Metric Spaces (3L + 1T) DSE-3: Choose any one
DSC-14: Ring Theory (3L + 1T) (i) Mathematical Data Science (3L + 1P)
V DSC-15: Partial Differential Equations (3L + 1P) (ii) Linear Programming and Applications (3L + 1T)
(iii) Mathematical Statistics (3L + 1T)
DSC-16: Advanced Group Theory (3L + 1T) DSE-4: Choose any one
DSC-17: Advanced Linear Algebra (3L + 1T) (i) Mathematical Finance (3L + 1P)
VI DSC-18: Complex Analysis (3L + 1P) (ii) Integral Transforms (3L + 1T)
(iii) Research Methodology (3L + 1P)
DSE-5: Choose at least one and at most three
(i) Advanced Differential Equations (3L + 1T)
(ii) Dynamical Systems (3L + 1T)
(iii) Fundamentals of Topology (3L + 1T)
VII DSC-19: Linear Analysis (3L + 1T)
(iv) Information Theory and Coding (3L + 1T)
(v) Optimization (3L + 1T)
(vi) Research Methodology (3L + 1P)

DSE-6: Choose at least one and at most three

(i) Advanced Mechanics (3L + 1T)
(ii) Cryptography (3L + 1T)
DSC-20: Field Theory and Galois Extension (iii) Industrial Mathematics (3L + 1P)
VIII (3L + 1T) (iv) Geometry of Curves and Surfaces (3L + 1T)
(v) Integral Equations and Calculus of Variations (3L+1T)
(vi) Machine Learning: A Mathematical Approach
(3L + 1P)
3L = 3 Hours Lecture; 1T = 1 Hour Tutorial; 1P = 2 Hours Practical.
 UNIVERSITY OF DELHI

CNC-II/093/1(22)/2022-23/216
Dated: 10.10.2022
NOTIFICATION
Sub: Amendment to Ordinance V
[E.C Resolution No. 18-1/ (18-1-4) dated 18.08.2022]

Following addition be made to Appendix-II-A to the Ordinance V (2-A) of the Ordinances of

the University;

Add the following:

Syllabi of Semester-I of the following departments under Faculty of Mathematical

Sciences based on Under Graduate Curriculum Framework -2022 to be implemented
from the Academic Year 2022-23.

FACULTY OF MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

B.SC. (H) MATHEMATICS

Category-I

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE – 1: ALGEBRA

CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE COURSE

Course Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-requisite

title & Lecture Tutorial Practical/ criteria of the course
Code Practice (if any)
Algebra 4 3 1 0 Class XII Nil
pass with
Mathematics

Learning Objectives
The primary objective of this course is to introduce:
• The basic tools of theory of equations, number theory, and group theory.
• Symmetry group of a plane figure, basic concepts of cyclic groups.
• Classification of subgroups of cyclic groups.

Learning Outcomes:
This course will enable the students to:
• Determine number of positive/negative real roots of a real polynomial.

1
• Solve cubic and quartic polynomial equations with special condition on roots and in
general.
• Employ De-Moivre’s theorem in a number of applications to solve numerical problems.
• Use modular arithmetic and basic properties of congruences.
• Recognize the algebraic structure, namely groups, and classify subgroups of cyclic
groups.

SYLLABUS OF DSC-1

Theory

Unit – 1 (18 hours)

Theory of Equations and Complex Numbers
General properties of polynomials and equations, Fundamental theorem of algebra, Relations
between the roots and the coefficients, Upper bounds for the real roots; Theorems on
imaginary, integral and rational roots; Newton’s method for integral roots, Descartes’ rule of
signs; De-Moivre’s theorem for integer and rational indices and their applications, The nth
roots of unity, Cardan’s solution of the cubic, Descartes’ solution of the quartic equation.

Unit – 2 (12 hours)

Basic Number Theory
Division algorithm in ℤ, Divisibility and the Euclidean algorithm, Fundamental theorem of
arithmetic, Modular arithmetic and basic properties of congruences.

Unit – 3 (15 hours)

Basics of Group Theory
Groups, Basic properties, Symmetries of a square, Dihedral group, Order of a group, Order
of an element, Subgroups, Center of a group, Centralizer of an element, Cyclic groups and
properties, Generators of a cyclic group, Classification of subgroups of cyclic groups.

Practical component (if any) - NIL

Essential Readings
1. Andreescu, Titu & Andrica, D. (2014). Complex numbers from A to...Z. (2nd ed.).
Birkhäuser.
2. Dickson, Leonard Eugene (2009). First Course in the Theory of Equations. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. The Project Gutenberg eBook: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/29785
3. Gallian, Joseph. A. (2017). Contemporary Abstract Algebra (9th ed.). Cengage Learning
India Private Limited, Delhi. Indian Reprint 2021.
4. Goodaire, Edgar G., & Parmenter, Michael M. (2006). Discrete Mathematics with Graph
Theory (3rd ed.). Pearson Education Pvt. Ltd. Indian Reprint 2018.
Suggestive Readings
• Burnside, W.S., & Panton, A.W. (1979), The Theory of Equations, Vol. 1. Eleventh

2
 Edition, (Fourth Indian Reprint. S. Chand & Co. New Delhi), Dover Publications, Inc.
• Burton, David M. (2011). Elementary Number Theory (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education
Pvt. Ltd. Indian Reprint.
• Rotman, Joseph J. (1995). An Introduction to The Theory of Groups (4th ed.). Springer-
Verlag, New York.

Note: Examination scheme and mode shall be as prescribed by the Examination

Branch, University of Delhi, from time to time.

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE – 2:

ELEMENTARY REAL ANALYSIS

CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE

COURSE

Course Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-requisite

title & Lecture Tutorial Practical/ criteria of the course
Code Practice (if any)
Elementary Class XII NIL
Real 4 3 1 0 pass with
Analysis Mathematics

Learning Objectives
The course will develop a deep and rigorous understanding of:
• Real line ℝ with algebraic.
• Order and completeness properties to prove the results about convergence and divergence
of sequences and series of real numbers.

Learning Outcomes
This course will enable the students to:
• Understand the fundamental properties of the real numbers, including completeness and
Archimedean, and density property of rational numbers in ℝ.
• Learn to define sequences in terms of functions from ℕ to a subset of ℝ and find the
limit.
• Recognize bounded, convergent, divergent, Cauchy and monotonic sequences and to
calculate the limit superior and limit inferior of a bounded sequence.
• Apply limit comparison, ratio, root, and alternating series tests for convergence and
absolute convergence of infinite series of real numbers.

SYLLABUS OF DSC - 2

Theory
Unit – 1 (12 hours)

3
Real Number System
Algebraic and order properties of ℝ, Absolute value of a real number, Bounded above and
bounded below sets, Supremum and infimum of a non-empty subset of ℝ, The completeness
property of ℝ, Archimedean property, Density of rational numbers in ℝ.

Unit – 2 (18 hours)

Sequences
Sequences and their limits, Convergent sequence, Limit theorems, Monotone sequences,
Monotone convergence theorem, Subsequences, Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem for sequences,
Limit superior and limit inferior for bounded sequence, Cauchy sequence, Cauchy’s
convergence criterion.

Unit – 3 (15 hours)

Infinite Series
Convergence and divergence of infinite series of real numbers, Necessary condition for
convergence, Cauchy criterion for convergence, Tests for convergence of positive term
series, Integral test, Basic comparison test, Limit comparison test, D’Alembert’s ratio test,
Cauchy’s nth root test, Raabe’s test, Alternating series, Leibniz test, Absolute and conditional
convergence.

Practical component (if any) – NIL

Essential Readings
1. Bartle, Robert G., & Sherbert, Donald R. (2011). Introduction to Real Analysis (4th ed.).
John Wiley & Sons. Wiley India Edition 2015.
2. Bilodeau, Gerald G., Thie, Paul R., & Keough, G. E. (2010). An Introduction to Analysis
(2nd ed.). Jones and Bartlett India Pvt. Ltd. Student Edition. Reprinted 2015.
3. Denlinger, Charles G. (2011). Elements of Real Analysis. Jones and Bartlett India Pvt.
Ltd. Student Edition. Reprinted 2015.

Suggestive Readings
• Aliprantis C. D., & Burkinshaw, O. (1998). Principles of Real Analysis (3rd ed.).
Academic Press.
• Ross, Kenneth A. (2013). Elementary Analysis: The Theory of Calculus (2nd ed.).
Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics, Springer. Indian reprint.
• Thomson, B. S., Bruckner, A. M., & Bruckner, J. B. (2001). Elementary Real Analysis.
Prentice Hall.

Note: Examination scheme and mode shall be as prescribed by the Examination

Branch, University of Delhi, from time to time.

4
 DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE – 3:
PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE

COURSE

Course Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-requisite of

title & Lecture Tutorial Practical/ criteria the course
Code Practice (if any)
Probability Class XII NIL
and 4 3 0 1 pass with
Statistics Mathematics

Learning Objectives
The Learning Objectives of this course are as follows:
• To make the students familiar with the basic statistical concepts and tools which are
needed to study situations involving uncertainty or randomness.
• To render the students to several examples and exercises that blend their everyday
experiences with their scientific interests to form the basis of data science.

Learning Outcomes
This course will enable the students to:
• Understand some basic concepts and terminology - population, sample, descriptive and
inferential statistics including stem-and-leaf plots, dotplots, histograms and boxplots.
• Learn about probability density functions and various univariate distributions such as
binomial, hypergeometric, negative binomial, Poisson, normal, exponential and
lognormal.
• Understand the remarkable fact that the empirical frequencies of so many natural populati
ons, exhibit bell-shaped (i.e., normal) curves, using the Central Limit Theorem.
• Measure the scale of association between two variables, and to establish a formulation
helping to predict one variable in terms of the other, i.e., correlation and linear regression.

SYLLABUS OF DSC – 3

Theory

Unit – 1 (15 hours)

Descriptive Statistics, Probability, and Discrete Probability Distributions
Descriptive statistics: Populations, Samples, Stem-and-leaf displays, Dotplots, Histograms,
Qualitative data, Measures of location, Measures of variability, Boxplots; Sample spaces and
events, Probability axioms and properties, Conditional probability, Bayes’ theorem and
independent events; Discrete random variables and probability

5
distributions, Expected values; Probability distributions: Binomial, geometric,
hypergeometric, negative binomial, Poisson, and Poisson distribution as a limit.

Unit – 2 (15 hours)

Continuous Probability Distributions
Continuous random variables, Probability density functions, Uniform distribution,
Cumulative distribution functions and expected values, The normal, exponential and
lognormal distributions.

Unit – 3 (15 hours)

Central Limit Theorem and Regression Analysis
Sampling distribution and standard error of the sample mean, Central Limit Theorem and
applications; Scatterplot of bivariate data, Regression line using principle of least squares,
Estimation using the regression lines; Sample correlation coefficient and properties.

Practical (30 hours)

Software labs using Microsoft Excel or any other spreadsheet.

1) Presentation and analysis of data (univariate and bivariate) by frequeny tables, descriptive
statistics, stem-and-leaf plots, dotplots, histograms, boxplots, comparative boxplots, and
probability plots ([1] Section 4.6).
2) Fitting of binomial, Poisson and normal distributions.
3) Illustrating the Central Limit Theorem through Excel.
4) Fitting of regression line using the principle of least squares.
5) Computation of sample correlation coefficient.

Essential Reading
1. Devore, Jay L. (2016). Probability and Statistics for Engineering and the Sciences (9th
ed.). Cengage Learning India Private Limited. Delhi. Indian Reprint 2020.

Suggestive Reading
• Mood, A. M., Graybill, F. A., & Boes, D. C. (1974). Introduction to the Theory of
Statistics (3rd ed.). Tata McGraw-Hill Pub. Co. Ltd. Reprinted 2017.

Note: Examination scheme and mode shall be as prescribed by the Examination

Branch, University of Delhi, from time to time.

6
 UNIVERSITY OF DELHI

CNC-II/093/1(23)/2022-23/451
Dated: 03.03.2023
NOTIFICATION
Sub: Amendment to Ordinance V
[E.C Resolution No. 38-1/ (38-1-4) dated 08.12.2022]

Following addition be made to Appendix-II-A to the Ordinance V (2-A) of the

Ordinances of the University;

Add the following:

Syllabi of Semester-II of the following departments under Faculty of Mathematical

Sciences based on Under Graduate Curriculum Framework -2022 to be
implemented from the Academic Year 2022-23.

FACULTY OF MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

Category-I
B.Sc. (Hons.) Mathematics

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE – 4: LINEAR ALGEBRA

CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE COURSE

Course Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-requisite

title & criteria of the course
Lecture Tutorial Practical/
Code (if any)
Practice
Linear 4 3 1 0 Class XII DSC-I:
Algebra pass with Algebra
Mathematic
s

Learning Objectives: The objective of the course is to introduce:

● The concept of vectors in 𝑅𝑅 𝑛𝑛 , and their linear independence and dependence.
● Rank and nullity of linear transformations through matrices.
● Various applications of vectors in computer graphics and movements in plane.

7
Learning Outcomes: This course will enable the students to:
● Visualize the space 𝑅𝑅 𝑛𝑛 in terms of vectors and their interrelation with matrices.
● Familiarize with basic concepts in vector spaces, linear independence and span
of vectors over a field.
● Learn about the concept of basis and dimension of a vector space.
● Basic concepts of linear transformations, dimension theorem, matrix representation
of a linear transformation with application to computer graphics.

SYLLABUS OF DSC-4

UNIT – I: Matrices and System of Linear Equations (18 hours)

Fundamental operations with vectors in Euclidean space 𝑅𝑅 𝑛𝑛 , Linear combinations of vectors,
Dot product and their properties, Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, Triangle inequality, Solving
linear systems using Gaussian elimination, Gauss-Jordan row reduction, Reduced row echelon
form, Equivalent systems, Rank and row space, Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Eigenspace,
Diagonalization, Characteristic polynomial of a matrix, Cayley-Hamilton theorem.

UNIT – II: Introduction to Vector Spaces (12 hours)

Vector spaces, Subspaces, Algebra of subspaces, Linear combination of vectors, Linear span,
Linear independence, Bases and dimension, Dimension of subspaces.

UNIT – III: Linear Transformations (15 hours)

Linear transformations, Null space, Range, Rank and nullity of a linear transformation, Matrix
representation of a linear transformation, Algebra of linear transformations, Invertibility and
isomorphisms; Application: Computer Graphics-Fundamental movements in a plane,
homogenous coordinates, composition of movements.

Essential Readings
1. Andrilli, S., & Hecker, D. (2016). Elementary Linear Algebra (5th ed.). Elsevier India.
2. Friedberg, Stephen H., Insel, Arnold J., & Spence, Lawrence E. (2003). Linear Algebra
(4th ed.). Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

Suggestive Readings
● Lay, David C., Lay, Steven R., & McDonald, Judi J. (2016). Linear Algebra and its
Applications (5th ed.). Pearson Education.
● Kolman, Bernard, & Hill, David R. (2001). Introductory Linear Algebra with Applications
(7th ed.). Pearson Education, Delhi. First Indian Reprint 2003.
● Hoffman, Kenneth, & Kunze, Ray Alden (1978). Linear Algebra (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall
of India Pvt. Limited. Delhi. Pearson Education India Reprint, 2015.

8
 DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE – 5: CALCULUS

CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE COURSE

Course Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-requisite

title & Lecture Tutorial Practical/ criteria of the course
Code Practice (if any)
Calculus 4 3 1 0 Class XII pass DSC-2:
with Elementary
Mathematics Real Analysis

Learning Objectives: The primary objective of this course is:

● To introduce the basic tools of calculus, also known as ‘science of variation’.
● To provide a way of viewing and analyzing the real-world.

Learning Outcomes: This course will enable the students to understand:

● The notion of limits, continuity and uniform continuity of functions.
● Geometrical properties of continuous functions on closed and bounded intervals.
● Applications of derivative, relative extrema and mean value theorems.
● Higher order derivatives, Taylor’s theorem, indeterminate forms and tracing of curves.

SYLLABUS OF DSC-5

UNIT – I: Limits and Continuity (15 hours)

Limits of functions (ε - δ and sequential approach), Algebra of limits, Squeeze theorem, One-
sided limits, Infinite limits and limits at infinity; Continuous functions and its properties on
closed and bounded intervals; Uniform continuity.

UNIT – II: Differentiability and Mean Value Theorems (15 hours)

Differentiability of a real-valued function, Algebra of differentiable functions, Chain rule,
Relative extrema, Interior extremum theorem, Rolle’s theorem, Mean-value theorem and its
applications, Intermediate value theorem for derivatives.

UNIT – III: (15 hours)

Successive Differentiation, Taylor’s Theorem and Tracing of Plane Curves
Higher order derivatives and calculation of the nth derivative, Leibnitz’s theorem; Taylor’s
theorem, Taylor’s series expansions of ex, sin x, cos x. Indeterminate forms, L’Hôpital’s rule;
Concavity and inflexion points; Singular points, Asymptotes, Tracing graphs of rational
functions and polar equations.

Essential Readings
1. Anton, Howard, Bivens, Irl, & Davis, Stephen (2013). Calculus (10th ed.). John Wiley &
Sons Singapore Pvt. Ltd. Reprint (2016) by Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. Delhi.
2. Bartle, Robert G., & Sherbert, Donald R. (2011). Introduction to Real Analysis (4th ed.).
John Wiley & Sons. Wiley India edition reprint.
9
 3. Prasad, Gorakh (2016). Differential Calculus (19th ed.). Pothishala Pvt. Ltd. Allahabad.
4. Ross, Kenneth A. (2013). Elementary Analysis: The Theory of Calculus (2nd ed.).
Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics, Springer. Indian reprint.

Suggestive Readings
● Apostol, T. M. (2007). Calculus: One-Variable Calculus with an Introduction to Linear
Algebra (2nd ed.). Vol. 1. Wiley India Pvt. Ltd.
● Ghorpade, Sudhir R. & Limaye, B. V. (2006). A Course in Calculus and Real Analysis.
Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics, Springer (SIE). Indian reprint.

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE – 6: ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE COURSE

Course title Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-requisite

& Code Lecture Tutorial Practical/ criteria of the course
Practice (if any)
Ordinary 4 3 0 1 Class XII NIL
Differential pass with
Equations Mathematic
s

Learning Objectives: The main objective of this course is to introduce the students:
● The exciting world of differential equations.
● Their applications and mathematical modeling.

Learning Outcomes: The course will enable the students to:

● Learn the basics of differential equations and compartmental models.
● Formulate differential equations for various mathematical models.
● Solve first order non-linear differential equations, linear differential equations of
higher order and system of linear differential equations using various techniques.
● Apply these techniques to solve and analyze various mathematical models.

SYLLABUS OF DSC-6

UNIT – I: First-Order Differential Equations (12 hours)

Concept of implicit, general and singular solutions for the first order ordinary differential
equation; Bernoulli’s equation, Exact equations, Integrating factors, Initial value problems,
Reducible second order differential equations; Applications of first order differential
equations to Newton's law of cooling, exponential growth and decay problems.

UNIT – II: Second and Higher-Order Differential Equations (18 hours)

10
General solution of homogenous equation of second order, Principle of superposition for a
homogenous equation, Wronskian and its properties, Linear homogeneous and non-
homogeneous equations of higher order with constant coefficients, Method of variation of
parameters, Method of undetermined coefficients, Two-point boundary value problems,
Cauchy- Euler’s equation, System of linear differential equations, Application of second order
differential equation: Simple pendulum problem.
UNIT – III: Formulation and Analysis of Mathematical Models (15 hours)
Introduction to compartmental models, Lake pollution model; Density-dependent growth
model, Interacting population models, Epidemic model of influenza and its analysis, Predator-
prey model and its analysis, Equilibrium points, Interpretation of phase plane
Practical (30 hours)- Practical / Lab work to be performed in a Computer Lab:
Modeling of the following problems using SageMath/Mathematica/MATLAB/Maple/Maxima
/Scilab etc.
1. Solutions of first, second and third order differential equations.
2. Plotting of family of solutions of differential equations of first, second and third order.
3. Solution of differential equations using method of variation of parameters.
4. Growth and decay model (exponential case only).
5. Lake pollution model (with constant/seasonal flow and pollution concentration).
6. Density-dependent growth model.
7. Predatory-prey model (basic Volterra model, with density dependence, effect of
DDT, two prey one predator).
8. Epidemic model of influenza (basic epidemic model, contagious for life, disease with
carriers).

Essential Readings
1. Barnes, Belinda & Fulford, Glenn R. (2015). Mathematical Modeling with Case Studies,
Using Maple and MATLAB (3rd ed.). CRC Press. Taylor & Francis Group.
2. Edwards, C. Henry, Penney, David E., & Calvis, David T. (2015). Differential Equations
and Boundary Value Problems: Computing and Modeling (5th ed.). Pearson Education.
3. Ross, Shepley L. (2014). Differential Equations (3rd ed.). Wiley India Pvt. Ltd.

Suggestive Reading
● Simmons, George F. (2017). Differential Equations with Applications and Historical
Notes (3rd ed.). CRC Press. Taylor & Francis Group.

Note: Examination scheme and mode shall be as prescribed by the Examination

Branch, University of Delhi, from time to time.

11
 UNIVERSITY OF DELHI

CNC-II/093/1(25)/2023-24/64
Dated: 30.05.2023
NOTIFICATION
Sub: Amendment to Ordinance V
[E.C Resolution No. 60/ (60-1-7/) dated 03.02.2023]

Following addition be made to Appendix-II-A to the Ordinance V (2-A) of the

Ordinances of the University;

Add the following:

Syllabi of Semester-III of the following departments under Faculty of Mathematical

Sciences based on Under Graduate Curriculum Framework -2022 implemented
from the Academic Year 2022-23.

FACULTY OF MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES

12
 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
B.Sc. (Hons) MATHEMATICS
Category-I

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE -7: GROUP THEORY

CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE COURSE

Course Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-requisite

title & criteria of the course
Code Lecture Tutorial Practical/ (if any)
Practice

Group 4 3 1 0 Class XII Algebra

Theory pass with
Mathematics

Learning Objectives
The primary objective of this course is to introduce:
● Symmetric groups, normal subgroups, factor groups, and direct products of groups.
● The notions of group homomorphism to study the isomorphism theorems with applications.
● Classification of groups with small order according to isomorphisms.

Learning Outcomes
This course will enable the students to:
● Analyse the structure of 'small' finite groups, and examine examples arising as groups of
permutations of a set, symmetries of regular polygons.
● Understand the significance of the notion of cosets, Lagrange’s theorem and its
consequences.
● Know about group homomorphisms and isomorphisms and to relate groups using these
mappings.
● Express a finite abelian group as the direct product of cyclic groups of prime power orders.
● Learn about external direct products and its applications to data security and electric circuits.

SYLLABUS OF DSC - 7
Unit – 1 (18 hours)
Permutation Groups, Lagrange’s Theorem and Normal Subgroups
Permutation groups and group of symmetries, Cycle notation for permutations and properties,
Even and odd permutations, Alternating groups; Cosets and its properties, Lagrange’s theorem
and consequences including Fermat’s Little theorem, Number of elements in product of two
finite subgroups; Normal subgroups, Factor groups, Cauchy’s theorem for finite Abelian
groups.

Unit – 2 (15 hours)

Group Homomorphisms and Automorphisms
Group homomorphisms, isomorphisms and properties, Cayley’s theorem; First, Second and
Third isomorphism theorems for groups; Automorphism, Inner automorphism, Automorphism
13
groups, Automorphism groups of cyclic groups, Applications of factor groups to automorphism
groups.

Unit – 3 (12 hours)

Direct Products of Groups and Fundamental Theorem of Finite Abelian Groups
External direct products of groups and its properties, The group of units modulo 𝑛𝑛 as an
external direct product, Applications to data security and electric circuits; Internal direct
products; Fundamental theorem of finite abelian groups and its isomorphism classes.

Essential Reading
1. Gallian, Joseph. A. (2017). Contemporary Abstract Algebra (9th ed.). Cengage Learning
India Private Limited, Delhi. Indian Reprint 2021.

Suggestive Readings
● Artin, Michael. (1991). Algebra (2nd ed.). Pearson Education. Indian Reprint 2015.
● Dummit, David S., & Foote, Richard M. (2016). Abstract Algebra (3rd ed.). Student
Edition. Wiley India.
● Herstein, I. N. (1975). Topics in Algebra (2nd ed.). Wiley India, Reprint 2022.
● Rotman, Joseph J. (1995). An Introduction to The Theory of Groups (4th ed.). Springer-
Verlag, New York.

Note: Examination scheme and mode shall be as prescribed by the Examination

Branch, University of Delhi, from time to time.

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE -8:

RIEMANN INTEGRATION

CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE COURSE

Course Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-requisite

title & criteria of the course
Code Lecture Tutorial Practical/ (if any)
Practice

Riemann 4 3 1 0 Class XII Elementary Real

Integration pass with Analysis, and
Mathematics Calculus

Learning Objectives
The primary objective of this course is to:
● Understand the integration of bounded functions on a closed and bounded interval and
its extension to the cases where either the interval of integration is infinite, or the
integrand has infinite limits at a finite number of points on the interval of integration.
● Learn some of the properties of Riemann integrable functions, its generalization and
the applications of the fundamental theorems of integration.
● Get an exposure to the utility of integration for practical purposes.

Learning Outcomes
This course will enable the students to:

14
● Learn about some of the classes and properties of Riemann integrable functions, and the
applications of the Riemann sums to the volume and surface of a solid of revolution.
● Get insight of integration by substitution and integration by parts.
● Know about convergence of improper integrals including, beta and gamma functions.

SYLLABUS OF DSC - 8

Unit – 1 (18 hours)

The Riemann Integral
Definition of upper and lower Darboux sums, Darboux integral, Inequalities for upper and
lower Darboux sums, Necessary and sufficient conditions for the Darboux integrability;
Riemann’s definition of integrability by Riemann sum and the equivalence of Riemann’s and
Darboux’s definitions of integrability; Definition and examples of the Riemann-Stieltjes
integral.

Unit – 2 (15 hours)

Properties of The Riemann Integral and Fundamental Theorems
Riemann integrability of monotone functions and continuous functions, Properties of Riemann
integrable functions; Definitions of piecewise continuous and piecewise monotone functions
and their Riemann integrability; Intermediate value theorem for integrals, Fundamental
Theorems of Calculus (I and II).

Unit – 3 (12 hours)

Applications of Integrals and Improper Integrals
Methods of integration: integration by substitution and integration by parts; Volume by slicing
and cylindrical shells, Length of a curve in the plane and the area of surfaces of revolution.
Improper integrals of Type-I, Type-II and mixed type, Convergence of improper integrals,
The beta and gamma functions and their properties.

Essential Readings
1. Ross, Kenneth A. (2013). Elementary Analysis: The Theory of Calculus (2nd ed.).
Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics, Springer.
2. Anton, Howard, Bivens Irl and Davis Stephens (2012). Calculus (10th edn.). John Wiley
& Sons, Inc.
3. Denlinger, Charles G. (2011). Elements of Real Analysis, Jones & Bartlett India Pvt. Ltd.,
Indian Reprint.
4. Ghorpade, Sudhir R. and Limaye, B. V. (2006). A Course in Calculus and Real Analysis.
Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics, Springer (SIE). Indian Reprint.

Suggestive Readings
● Bartle, Robert G., & Sherbert, Donald R. (2015). Introduction to Real Analysis (4th ed.).
Wiley, Indian Edition.
● Kumar Ajit and Kumaresan S. (2014). A Basic Course in Real Analysis. CRC Press,
Taylor & Francis Group, Special Indian Edition.

Note: Examination scheme and mode shall be as prescribed by the Examination

Branch, University of Delhi, from time to time.

15
 DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE– 9:
DISCRETE MATHEMATICS

CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE COURSE

Course title Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-requisite

& Code criteria of the course
Lecture Tutorial Practical/ (if any)
Practice

Discrete Class XII Algebra and

Mathematics 4 3 0 1 pass with Linear Algebra
Mathematics

Learning Objectives
The primary objective of the course is to:
● Make students embark upon a journey of enlightenment, starting from the abstract
concepts in mathematics to practical applications of those concepts in real life.
● Make the students familiar with the notion of partially ordered set and a level up with the
study of lattice, Boolean algebra and related concepts.
● Culminate the journey of learning with practical applications using the knowledge attained
from the abstract concepts learnt in the course.

Learning Outcomes
This course will enable the students to:
● Understand the notion of partially ordered set, lattice, Boolean algebra with applications.
● Handle the practical aspect of minimization of switching circuits to a great extent with the
methods discussed in this course.
● Apply the knowledge of Boolean algebras to logic, set theory and probability theory.
SYLLABUS OF DSC - 9
Unit – 1 (15 hours)
Cardinality and Partially Ordered Sets
The cardinality of a set; Definitions, examples and basic properties of partially ordered sets,
Order-isomorphisms, Covering relations, Hasse diagrams, Dual of an ordered set, Duality
principle, Bottom and top elements, Maximal and minimal elements, Zorn’s lemma, Building
new ordered sets, Maps between ordered sets.

Unit – 2 (15 hours)

Lattices
Lattices as ordered sets, Lattices as algebraic structures, Sublattices, Products, Lattice
isomorphism; Definitions, examples and properties of modular and distributive lattices; The
M3 – N5 theorem with applications, Complemented lattice, Relatively complemented lattice,
Sectionally complemented lattice.

Unit – 3 (15 hours)

Boolean Algebras and Applications
Boolean algebras, De Morgan’s laws, Boolean homomorphism, Representation theorem,
Boolean polynomials, Boolean polynomial functions, Equivalence of Boolean polynomials,
Disjunctive normal form and conjunctive normal form of Boolean polynomials; Minimal forms

16
of Boolean polynomials, Quine-McCluskey method, Karnaugh diagrams, Switching circuits
and applications, Applications of Boolean algebras to logic, set theory and probability theory.

Practical (30 hours):

Practical/Lab work to be performed in a computer Lab using any of the Computer Algebra System
Software such as Mathematica/MATLAB /Maple/Maxima/Scilab/SageMath etc., for the following
problems based on:
1) Expressing relations as ordered pairs and creating relations.
2) Finding whether or not, a given relation is:
i. Reflexive ii. Antisymmetric iii. Transitive iv. Partial order
3) Finding the following for a given partially ordered set
i. Covering relations.
ii. The corresponding Hasse diagram representation.
iii. Minimal and maximal elements.
4) Finding the following for a subset S of a given partially ordered set P
i. Whether a given element in P is an upper bound (lower bound) of S or not.
ii. Set of all upper bounds (lower bounds) of S.
iii. The least upper bound (greatest lower bound) of S, if it exists.
5) Creating lattices and determining whether or not, a given partially ordered set is a lattice.
6) Finding the following for a given Boolean polynomial function:
i. Representation of Boolean polynomial function and finding its value when the Boolean
variables in it take particular values over the Boolean algebra {0,1}.
ii. Display in table form of all possible values of Boolean polynomial function over the
Boolean algebra {0,1}.
7) Finding the following:
i. Dual of a given Boolean polynomial/expression.
ii. Whether or not two given Boolean polynomials are equivalent.
iii. Disjunctive normal form (Conjunctive normal form) from a given Boolean expression.
iv. Disjunctive normal form (Conjunctive normal form) when the given Boolean
polynomial function is expressed by a table of values.
8) Representing a given circuit diagram (expressed using gates) in the form of Boolean
expression.
9) Minimizing a given Boolean expression to find minimal expressions.

17
Essential Readings
1. Davey, B. A., & Priestley, H. A. (2002). Introduction to Lattices and Order (2nd ed.).
Cambridge University press, Cambridge.
2. Goodaire, Edgar G., & Parmenter, Michael M. (2006). Discrete Mathematics with Graph
Theory (3rd ed.). Pearson Education Pvt. Ltd. Indian Reprint.
3. Lidl, Rudolf & Pilz, Gunter. (2004). Applied Abstract Algebra (2nd ed.), Undergraduate
Texts in Mathematics. Springer (SIE). Indian Reprint.
Suggested Readings
● Donnellan, Thomas. (1999). Lattice Theory (1st ed.). Khosla Pub. House. Indian Reprint.
● Rosen, Kenneth H. (2019). Discrete Mathematics and its Applications (8th ed.), Indian
adaptation by Kamala Krithivasan. McGraw-Hill Education. Indian Reprint 2021.

18
 B.Sc. (Hons) Mathematics, Semester-III, DSE-Courses

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC ELECTIVE COURSE -1(i): GRAPH THEORY

CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE COURSE

Course Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-requisite

title & criteria of the course
Code Lecture Tutorial Practical/ (if any)
Practice

Graph 4 3 1 0 Class XII Nil

Theory pass with
Mathematics

Learning Objectives
The primary objective of this course is to introduce:
● Problem-solving techniques using various concepts of graph theory.
● Various properties like planarity and chromaticity of graphs.
● Several applications of these concepts in solving practical problems.

Learning Outcomes
This course will enable the students to:
● Learn modelling of real-world problems by graphs.
● Know characteristics of different classes of graphs.
● Learn representation of graphs in terms of matrices.
● Learn algorithms to optimize a solution.
● Understand some properties of graphs and their applications in different practical
situations.

SYLLABUS OF DSE - 1(i)

Unit – 1 (12 hours)
Graphs, Paths and Circuits
Definition, Examples and basic properties of graphs, Subgraphs, Pseudographs, Complete
graphs, Bipartite graphs, Isomorphism of graphs, Paths and circuits, Connected graphs,
Eulerian circuits, Hamiltonian cycles, Adjacency matrix, Weighted graph, Travelling salesman
problem, Shortest path, Dijkstra’s algorithm.

Unit – 2 (15 hours)

Applications of Paths and Circuits, Trees
Applications of Path and Circuits: The Chinese Postman Problem, Digraphs, Bellman-Ford
Algorithm, Tournaments, Scheduling Problem, Trees, Properties of Trees, Spanning Trees,
Minimum Spanning Tree Algorithms.

Unit – 3 (18 hours)

Connectivity and Graph Coloring, Planar Graphs
Cut-vertices, Blocks and their Characterization, Connectivity and edge-connectivity, Planar
graphs, Euler’s formula, Kuratowski theorem, Graph coloring and applications, Matchings,
Hall’s theorem, Independent sets and covers.
19
Essential Readings
1. Goodaire, Edgar G., & Parmenter, Michael M. (2006). Discrete Mathematics with Graph
Theory (3rd ed.). Pearson Education Pvt. Ltd. Indian Reprint.
2. Chartrand, Gary, & Zhang, Ping (2012). A First Course in Graph Theory. Dover
Publications.

Suggestive Readings
● Bondy, J. A., and Murty, U.S.R. (2008). Graph Theory. Graduate Texts in Mathematics,
Springer.
● Diestel, Reinhard (2017). Graph Theory (5th ed.). Graduate Texts in Mathematics,
Springer.
● West, Douglas B. (2001). Introduction to Graph Theory (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. Indian
Reprint.

Note: Examination scheme and mode shall be as prescribed by the Examination

Branch, University of Delhi, from time to time.

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC ELECTIVE COURSE– 1(ii):

MATHEMATICAL PYTHON

CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE COURSE

Course title Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-requisite

& Code criteria of the course
Lecture Tutorial Practical/ (if any)
Practice

Mathematical Class XII Basic

Python 4 3 0 1 pass with knowledge
Mathematics of Python

Learning Objectives
The Learning Objectives of this course are as follows:
● To be able to model and solve mathematical problems using Python Programs.
● To experience utility of open-source resources for numerical and symbolic mathematical
software systems.

Learning Outcomes
This course will enable the students to use Python:
● For numerical and symbolic computation in mathematical problems from calculus,
algebra, and geometry.
● To tabulate and plot diverse graphs of functions and understand tracing of shapes,
geometries, and fractals.
● To prepare smart documents with LaTeX interface.

SYLLABUS OF DSE - 1(ii)

20
Theory

Unit – 1 (15 hours)

Drawing Shapes, Graphing and Visualization
Drawing diverse shapes using code and Turtle; Using matplotlib and NumPy for data
organization, Structuring and plotting lines, bars, markers, contours and fields, managing
subplots and axes; Pyplot and subplots, Animations of decay, Bayes update, Random walk.

Unit – 2 (18 hours)

Numerical and Symbolic Solutions of Mathematical Problems
NumPy for scalars and linear algebra on n-dimensional arrays; Computing eigenspace, Solving
dynamical systems on coupled ordinary differential equations, Functional programming
fundamentals using NumPy; Symbolic computation and SymPy: Differentiation and
integration of functions, Limits, Solution of ordinary differential equations, Computation of
eigenvalues, Solution of expressions at multiple points (lambdify), Simplification of
expressions, Factorization, Collecting and canceling terms, Partial fraction decomposition,
Trigonometric simplification, Exponential and logarithms, Series expansion and finite
differences, Solvers, Recursive equations.

Unit – 3 (12 hours)

Document Generation with Python and LaTeX
Pretty printing using SymPy; Pandas API for IO tools: interfacing Python with text/csv,
HTML, LaTeX, XML, MSExcel, OpenDocument, and other such formats; Pylatex and writing
document files from Python with auto-computed values, Plots and visualizations.

Practical (30 hours):Software labs using IDE such as Spyder and Python Libraries.
● Installation, update, and maintenance of code, troubleshooting.
● Implementation of all methods learned in theory.
● Explore and explain API level integration and working of two problems with standard
Python code.
Essential Readings
1. Farrell, Peter (2019). Math Adventures with Python. No Starch Press. ISBN Number: 978-
1-59327-867-0.
2. Farrell, Peter and et al. (2020). The Statistics and Calculus with Python Workshop. Packet
Publishing Ltd. ISBN: 978-1-80020-976-3.
3. Saha, Amit (2015). Doing Math with Python. No Starch Press. ISBN: 978-1-59327-640-9
Suggested Readings
● Morley, Sam (2022). Applying Math with Python (2nd ed.). Packet Publishing Ltd. ISBN:
978-1-80461-837-0
● Online resources and documentation on the libraries, such as:
o https://matplotlib.org
o https://sympy.org
o https://pandas.pydata.org
o https://numpy.org
o https://pypi.org
o https://patrickwalls.github.io/mathematicalpython/

Note: Examination scheme and mode shall be as prescribed by the Examination

Branch, University of Delhi, from time to time.
21
 DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC ELECTIVE COURSE-1(iii): NUMBER THEORY

CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE COURSE

Course Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-requisite

title & criteria of the course
Code Lecture Tutorial Practical/ (if any)
Practice

Number 4 3 1 0 Class XII Algebra

Theory pass with
Mathematics

Learning Objectives
The primary objective of this course is to introduce:
● The number theoretic techniques of computations with the flavour of abstraction.
● The Euclidean algorithm, linear Diophantine equations, congruence equations,
arithmetic functions and their applications, Fermat’s little, Euler’s and Wilson’s theorems.
● Primitive roots, quadratic residues and nonresidues, the Legendre symbol and the law of
Quadratic Reciprocity.
● Introduction to cryptography, public-key cryptosystems and applications.

Learning Outcomes
This course will enable the students to:
● Use modular arithmetic in solving linear and system of linear congruence equations.
● Work with the number theoretic functions, their properties and their use.
● Learn the forms of positive integers that possess primitive roots and the Quadratic
Reciprocity Law which deals with the solvability of quadratic congruences.
● Understand the public-key cryptosystems, in particular, RSA.

SYLLABUS OF DSE - 1(iii)

Unit – 1 (12 hours)

Linear Diophantine equation and Theory of Congruences
The Euclidean Algorithm and linear Diophantine equation; Least non-negative residues and
complete set of residues modulo n; Linear congruences, The Chinese remainder theorem and
system of linear congruences in two variables; Fermat's little theorem, Wilson's theorem and
its converse, Application to solve quadratic congruence equation modulo odd prime p.

Unit – 2 (21 hours)

Number-Theoretic Functions and Primitive Roots
Number-theoretic functions for the sum and number of divisors, Multiplicative function,
Möbius inversion formula and its properties; Greatest integer function with an application to
the calendar; Euler’s Phi-function, Euler’s theorem and some properties of the Phi-function;
The order of an integer modulo n and primitive roots for primes, Primitive roots of composite
numbers n: when n is of the form 2k, and when n is a product of two coprime numbers.
22
Unit – 3 (12 hours)
Quadratic Reciprocity Law and Public Key Cryptosystems
The quadratic residue and nonresidue of an odd prime and Euler’s criterion, The Legendre
symbol and its properties, Quadratic Reciprocity law and its application; Introduction to
cryptography, Hill’s cipher, Public-key cryptography and RSA.

Essential Reading
1. Burton, David M. (2011). Elementary Number Theory (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education
Pvt. Ltd. Indian Reprint 2017.

Suggestive Readings
● Andrews, George E. (1994). Number Theory. Dover publications, Inc. New York.
● Robbins, Neville (2007). Beginning Number Theory (2nd ed.). Narosa Publishing House
Pvt. Ltd. Delhi.
● Rosen, Kenneth H. (2011). Elementary Number Theory and its Applications (6th ed.).
Pearson Education. Indian Reprint 2015.

Note: Examination scheme and mode shall be as prescribed by the Examination

Branch, University of Delhi, from time to time.

23
 UNIVERSITY OF DELHI

CNC-II/093/1(26)/2023-24/194
Dated: 14.09.2023

NOTIFICATION
Sub: Amendment to Ordinance V
[E.C Resolution No. 14/ (14-1-7/) and 27-1-2/ dated 09.06.2023 and
25.08.2023 respectively]

Following addition be made to Appendix-II-A to the Ordinance V (2-A) of the

Ordinances of the University;

Add the following:

Syllabi of Semester-IV, V and VI of the following departments under Faculty of

Mathematical Sciences based on Under Graduate Curriculum Framework -2022
implemented from the Academic Year 2022-23.

FACULTY OF MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES

1. Department of Mathematics
2. Department of Statistics
3. Department of Operational Research
4. Department of Computer Science

24
 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

Category-I

B.Sc. (Hons.) Mathematics, Semester-IV

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE – 10: SEQUENCES AND SERIES OF FUNCTIONS

CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE COURSE

Course title Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-requisite

& Code criteria of the course
Lecture Tutorial Practical/ (if any)
Practice

Sequences 4 3 1 0 Class XII pass DSC-2: Real Analysis

with DSC-5: Calculus
and Series of DSC-8: Riemann
Functions Mathematics Integration

Learning Objectives: The objective of the course is to introduce:

● The sequences and series of real-valued functions as a generalization to the sequences
and series of real numbers.
● The situations under which the process of convergence of a sequence and series of real-
valued functions may commute with the processes of calculus while taking
differentiation, or integration.
● An important class of series functions (i.e., power series), and the elementary functions-
exponential, logarithmic and trigonometric.

Learning Outcomes: This course will enable the students to:

● Learn about Cauchy criterion for uniform convergence and Weierstrass M-test for
uniform convergence of series of real-valued functions.
● Know about the constraints for the inter-changeability of differentiation, and integration
with infinite sum of a series of functions.
● Handle the convergence of power series and properties of the limit function, including
differentiation and integration of power series.
● Appreciate utility of polynomials in the space of continuous functions.

SYLLABUS OF DSC-10

UNIT – I: Sequences of Functions (18 hours)

Pointwise and uniform convergence of sequence of functions, The uniform norm, Cauchy
criterion for uniform convergence, Continuity of the limit function of a sequence of functions,
Interchange of the limit and derivative, and the interchange of the limit and integral of a
sequence of functions, Bounded convergence theorem.

UNIT – II: Series of Functions (12 hours)

25
Pointwise and uniform convergence of series of functions, Theorems on the continuity,
differentiability and integrability of the sum function of a series of functions, Cauchy criterion
and the Weierstrass M-test for uniform convergence.

UNIT – III: Power Series (15 hours)

Definition of a power series, Radius of convergence, Absolute convergence (Cauchy-
Hadamard theorem), Differentiation and integration of power series, Abel's theorem,
Weierstrass’s approximation theorem; The exponential, logarithmic and trigonometric
functions: Definitions and their basic properties.

Essential Readings
1. Bartle, Robert G., & Sherbert, Donald R. (2011). Introduction to Real Analysis (4th ed.).
Wiley India Edition. Indian Reprint.
2. Ross, Kenneth A. (2013). Elementary Analysis: The Theory of Calculus (2nd ed.).
Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics, Springer. Indian Reprint.

Suggestive Readings
• Bilodeau, Gerald G., Thie, Paul R., & Keough, G. E. (2010). An Introduction to Analysis (2nd
ed.). Jones and Bartlett India Pvt. Ltd. Student Edition. Reprinted 2015.
• Denlinger, Charles G. (2011). Elements of Real Analysis. Jones and Bartlett India Pvt. Ltd.
Student Edition. Reprinted 2015.

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE – 11: MULTIVARIATE CALCULUS

CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE COURSE

Course title Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-requisite of

& Code criteria the course
Lecture Tutorial Practical/ (if any)
Practice

Multivariate 4 3 1 0 Class XII pass DSC-2: Real Analysis

with DSC-5: Calculus
Calculus DSC-8: Riemann
Mathematics Integration

Learning Objectives: The primary objective of this course is to introduce:

• The extension of the studies of single variable differential and integral calculus to
functions of two or more independent variables.
• The geometry and visualisation of curves and surfaces in two dimensions (plane) and
three dimensions (space).
• The techniques of integration to functions of two and three independent variables.
• The applications of multivariate calculus tools to physics, economics, optimization etc.

Learning Outcomes: This course will enable the students to:

26
• Learn the conceptual variations when advancing in calculus from one variable to
multivariable discussion.
• Understand the maximization and minimization of multivariable functions subject to the
given constraints on variables.
• Learn about inter-relationship amongst the line integral, double, and triple integral
formulations.
• Familiarize with Green's, Stokes' and Gauss divergence theorems, and learn applications.

SYLLABUS OF DSC-11

UNIT – I: Calculus of Functions of Several Variables (18 hours)

Basic concepts, Limits and continuity, Partial derivatives, Tangent planes, Total differential,
Differentiability, Chain rules, Directional derivatives and the gradient, Extrema of functions of
two variables, Method of Lagrange multipliers with one constraint.

UNIT – II: Double and Triple Integrals (15 hours)

Double integration over rectangular and nonrectangular regions, Double integrals in polar co-
ordinates, Triple integrals over a parallelopiped and solid regions, Volume by triple integrals,
Triple integration in cylindrical and spherical coordinates, Change of variables in double and
triple integrals.

UNIT – III: Green's, Stokes' and Gauss Divergence Theorem (12 hours)
Vector field, Divergence and curl, Line integrals and applications to mass and work,
Fundamental theorem for line integrals, Conservative vector fields, Green's theorem, Area as
a line integral, Surface integrals, Stokes' theorem, Gauss divergence theorem.

Essential Reading
1. Strauss, Monty J., Bradley, Gerald L., & Smith, Karl J. (2007). Calculus (3rd ed.). Dorling
Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Pearson Education. Indian Reprint.

Suggestive Reading
• Marsden, J. E., Tromba, A., & Weinstein, A. (2004). Basic Multivariable Calculus. Springer
(SIE). Indian Reprint.

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE – 12: NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE COURSE

Course title & Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-requisite
Code criteria of the course
Lecture Tutorial Practical/ (if any)
Practice

Numerical 4 3 0 1 Class XII pass DSC-2: Real Analysis

Analysis with Mathematics DSC-5: Calculus

Learning Objectives: The main objective of this course is to introduce:

27
• Various computational techniques to find approximate value for possible root(s) of
algebraic and non-algebraic equations.
• Methods to solve system of linear equations and ordinary differential equations.
• The use of computer algebra system (CAS) by which the numerical problems can be
solved both numerically and analytically, and to enhance the problem-solving skills.

Learning Outcomes: This course will enable the students to:

• Learn some numerical methods to find the zeroes of nonlinear functions of a single
variable, up to a certain given level of precision.
• Learn Gauss−Jacobi, Gauss−Seidel methods to solve system of linear equations.
• Get aware of using interpolation techniques, for example in finding values of a tabulated
function at points which are not part of the table.
• Learn finding numerical solutions of difference equations which are obtained converting
differential equations using techniques from calculus.

SYLLABUS OF DSC-12

UNIT – I: Methods for Solving Algebraic and Transcendental Equations (12 hours)
Rate and order of convergence; Bisection method, Method of false position, Fixed point
iteration method, Newton's method, and Secant method, their order of convergence and
convergence analysis.
UNIT – II: Techniques to Solve Linear Systems and Interpolation (15 hours)
LU decomposition and its applications; Iterative methods: Gauss−Jacobi, Gauss−Seidel
methods; Lagrange and Newton interpolation, Piecewise linear interpolation.

UNIT – III: Numerical Differentiation and Integration (18 hours)

First and higher order approximation for the first derivative, Approximation for the second
derivative; Numerical integration by closed Newton−Cotes formulae: Trapezoidal rule,
Simpson's rule and its error analysis; Euler’s method to solve ODE’s, Modified Euler method,
Runge−Kutta Method (fourth-order).

Essential Reading
1. Bradie, Brian. (2006). A Friendly Introduction to Numerical Analysis. Pearson Education
India. Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Third impression 2011.
Suggestive Readings
• Gerald, Curtis F., & Wheatley, Patrick O. (2007). Applied Numerical Analysis (7th ed.).
Pearson Education. India.
• Jain, M. K., Iyengar, S. R. K., & Jain, R. K. (2012). Numerical Methods for Scientific and
Engineering Computation. (6th ed.). New Age International Publisher, India, 2016.

Note: Non programmable scientific calculator may be allowed in the University examination.
Practical (30 hours)- Practical / Lab work to be performed in Computer Lab: Use of computer
algebra system (CAS) software: Python/SageMath/Mathematica/MATLAB/Maple/Maxima/
Scilab etc., for developing the following numerical programs:
1. Bisection method.

28
 2. Newton-Raphson method.
3. Secant method.
4. LU decomposition method.
5. Gauss−Jacobi method.
6. Gauss−Seidel method.
7. Lagrange interpolation.
8. Newton interpolation.
9. Trapezoidal rule.
10. Simpson's rule.
11. Euler’s method.
12. Runge−Kutta Method (fourth-order).

Note: Examination scheme and mode shall be as prescribed by the Examination Branch,
University of Delhi, from time to time.

29
 B.Sc. (Hons) Mathematics, Semester-IV, DSE-Courses

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC ELECTIVE COURSE – 2(i): BIOMATHEMATICS

CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE COURSE

Course title & Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-requisite of
Code criteria the course
Lecture Tutorial Practical/ (if any)
Practice

Biomathematics 4 3 1 0 Class XII pass DSC-6: Ordinary

with Differential Equations
Mathematics

Learning Objectives: The main objective of this course is to:

• Develop and analyse the models of the biological phenomenon with emphasis on
population growth and predator-prey models.
• Interpret first-order autonomous systems of nonlinear differential equations using the
Poincaré phase plane.
• Apply the basic concepts of probability to understand molecular evolution and genetics.

Learning Outcomes: This course will enable the students to:

• To learn and appreciate study of long-term behavior arising naturally in study of
mathematical models and their impact on society at large.
• To understand spread of epidemic technically through various models and impact of
recurrence phenomena.
• Learn what properties like Chaos and bifurcation means through various examples and
their impact in Bio-Sciences.
SYLLABUS OF DSE-2(i)

UNIT – I: Mathematical Modeling for Biological Processes (15 hours)

Formulation a model through data, A continuous population growth model, Long-term
behavior and equilibrium states, The Verhulst model for discrete population growth,
Administration of drugs, Differential equation of chemical process and predator-prey model
(Function response: Types I, II and III).

UNIT – II: Epidemic Model: Formulation and Analysis (15 hours)

Introduction to infectious disease, The SIS, SIR and SEIR models of the spread of an epidemic,
Analyzing equilibrium states, Phase plane analysis, Stability of equilibrium points, Classifying
the equilibrium state; Local stability, Limit cycles, Poincaré-Bendixson theorem.

UNIT – III: Bifurcation, Chaos and Modeling Molecular Evolution (15 hours)
Bifurcation, Bifurcation of a limit cycle, Discrete bifurcation and period-doubling, Chaos,

30
Stability of limit cycles, Introduction of the Poincaré plane; Modeling molecular evolution:
Matrix models of base substitutions for DNA sequences, Jukes-Cantor and Kimura models,
Phylogenetic distances.

Essential Readings
1. Robeva, Raina S., et al. (2008). An Invitation to Biomathematics. Academic press.
2. Jones, D. S., Plank, M. J., & Sleeman, B. D. (2009). Differential Equations and
Mathematical Biology (2nd ed.). CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.
3. Allman, Elizabeth S., & Rhodes, John A. (2004). Mathematical Models in Biology: An
Introduction. Cambridge University Press.

Suggestive Readings
• Linda J. S. Allen (2007). An Introduction to Mathematical Biology. Pearson Education.
• Murray, J. D. (2002). Mathematical Biology: An Introduction (3rd ed.). Springer.
• Shonkwiler, Ronald W., & Herod, James. (2009). Mathematical Biology: An Introduction
with Maple and MATLAB (2nd ed.). Springer.

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC ELECTIVE COURSE – 2(ii): MATHEMATICAL MODELING

CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE COURSE

Course title & Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-requisite of
Code criteria the course
Lecture Tutorial Practical/ (if any)
Practice

Mathematical 4 3 0 1 Class XII pass DSC-6: Ordinary

Modeling with Differential
Mathematics Equations

Learning Objectives: Primary objective of this course is to introduce:

• Mathematical modeling as the representation of a system by a set of mathematical
relations or equations.
• Mathematical epidemiological models susceptible-infectious-recovered (SIR) and its
variant SEIR (S-Exposed-IR) for the spread of diseases.
• Monte Carlo simulation techniques, and simplex method for solving linear programming
problems.

Learning Outcomes: This course will enable the students to:

• Understand the methodology of solving SIR models for disease spread.
• Learn significance of dieting model that provides important insights and guides to a
biomedical issue that is of interest to the general public.
• Understand nonlinear systems and phenomena with stability analysis ranges from phase
plane analysis to ecological and mechanical systems.

31
• Use Monte Carlo simulation technique to approximate area under a given curve, and
volume under a given surface.

SYLLABUS OF DSE-2(ii)

UNIT – I: Mathematical Epidemiological and Dieting Models (15 hours)

Modeling concepts and examples, Scaling of variables, and approximations of functions; SIR
and SEIR models for disease spread: Methodology, Standard and solvable SIR models, Basic
reproduction number; Dieting model with analysis and approximate solutions.

UNIT – II: Modeling with Nonlinear Systems and Phenomena (15 hours)
Stability and the phase plane, Almost linear systems; Ecological models: Predators and
competitors, Critical points, Oscillating populations, Survival of single species, Peaceful
coexistence of two species, Interaction of logistic populations, Wildlife conservation preserve;
Nonlinear mechanical systems: Hard and soft spring oscillations, Damped nonlinear
vibrations.

UNIT – III: Simulation and Optimization Modeling (15 hours)

Monte Carlo simulating deterministic, and probabilistic behavior, Generating random
numbers; Linear programming model: Geometric and algebraic solutions, Simplex method
and its tableau format, Sensitivity analysis.

Essential Readings
1. Mickens, Ronald E. (2022). Mathematical Modelling with Differential Equations.
CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.
2. Edwards, C. Henry, Penney, David E., & Calvis, David T. (2023). Differential Equations
and Boundary Value Problems: Computing and Modeling (6th ed.). Pearson.
3. Giordano, Frank R., Fox, William P., & Horton, Steven B. (2014). A First Course in
Mathematical Modeling (5th ed.). Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning India Pvt. Ltd.

Suggestive Readings
• Barnes, Belinda & Fulford, Glenn R. (2015). Mathematical Modeling with Case Studies,
Using Maple and MATLAB (3rd ed.). CRC Press. Taylor & Francis Group.
• Ross, Shepley L. (2014). Differential Equations (3rd ed.). Wiley India Pvt. Ltd.
• Simmons, George F. (2017). Differential Equations with Applications and Historical Notes
(3rd ed.). CRC Press. Taylor & Francis Group.

Practical (30 hours)- Practical work to be performed in Computer Lab: Modeling of the
following problems using: R/Python/SageMath/Mathematica/MATLAB/Maxima/Scilab etc.
1. a) Simulation of SIR model and its variants using some initial parameter values, and
finding basic reproduction number for analysis.
b) Analysis of the dieting process, which includes both body-mass loss and gain.
2. Nonlinear Systems and Phenomena.
a) Plot phase plane portraits and solutions of first-order equations.
b) Obtain interesting and complicated phase portraits for almost linear systems.

32
 c) Discuss large wildlife conservation preserve model and obtain (i) The period of
oscillation of the rabbit and fox populations, (ii) The maximum and minimum
numbers of rabbits and foxes.
d) Discuss the Rayleigh and van der Pol models.
3. (i) Random number generation and then use it for the following:
a) Simulate area under a given curve.
b) Simulate volume under a given surface.
(ii) [2] Chapter 7 (Projects 7.4 and 7.5).

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC ELECTIVE COURSE – 2(iii): MECHANICS

CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE COURSE

Course title & Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-requisite of
Code criteria the course
Lecture Tutorial Practical/ (if any)
Practice

Mechanics 4 3 1 0 Class XII pass DSC-5: Calculus

with DSC-6: Ordinary
Mathematics Differential
Equations

Learning Objectives: The main objective of this course is to:

• Starting Newtonian laws, learning various technical notions which explains various
states of motion under given forces.
• Deals with the kinematics and kinetics of the rectilinear and planar motions of a particle
including constrained oscillatory motions of particles, projectiles, and planetary orbits.
• Understand hydrostatic pressure and thrust on plane surfaces.

Learning Outcomes: This course will enable the students to:

• Understand necessary conditions for the equilibrium of particles acted upon by various
forces and learn the principle of virtual work for a system of coplanar forces.
• Apply the concepts of center of gravity, laws of static and kinetic friction.
• Learn that a particle moving under a central force describes a plane curve and know the
Kepler’s laws of the planetary motions.
• Evaluate the hydrostatic pressure at any given depth in a heavy homogeneous liquid at
rest under gravity.

SYLLABUS OF DSE-2(iii)

UNIT – I: Statics (15 hours)

Fundamental laws of Newtonian mechanics, Law of parallelogram of forces, Equilibrium of a
particle, Lamy’s theorem, Equilibrium of a system of particles, External and internal forces,
Couples, Reduction of a plane force system, Work, Principle of virtual work, Potential energy
and conservative field, Mass centers, Centers of gravity, Friction.

33
UNIT – II: Dynamics (18 hours)
Kinemetics of a particle, Motion of a particle, Motion of a system, Principle of linear
momentum, Motion of mass center, Principle of angular momentum, Motion relative to mass
center, Principle of energy, D'Alembert's principle; Moving frames of reference, Frames of
reference with uniform translational velocity, Frames of reference with constant angular
velocity; Applications in plane dynamics- Motion of a projectile, Harmonic oscillators, General
motion under central forces, Planetary orbits.

UNIT – III: Hydrostatics (12 hours)

Shearing stress, Pressure, Perfect fluid, Pressure at a point in a fluid, Transmissibility of liquid
pressure, Compression, Specific gravity, Pressure of heavy fluid- Pressure at all points in a
horizontal plane, Surface of equal density; Thrust on plane surfaces.

Essential Readings
1. Synge, J. L., & Griffith, B. A. (2017). Principles of Mechanics (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill
Education. Indian Reprint.
2. Ramsey, A. S. (2017). Hydrostatics. Cambridge University Press. Indian Reprint.

Suggestive Readings
• Roberts, A. P. (2003). Statics and Dynamics with Background Mathematics. Cambridge
University Press.
• Ramsey, A. S. (1985). Statics (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.

34
 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

Category-I

B.Sc. (Hons.) Mathematics Semester-V

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE – 13: METRIC SPACES
CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE COURSE

Course title Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-requisite

& Code criteria of the course
Lecture Tutorial Practical/ (if any)
Practice

Metric 4 3 1 0 Class XII pass DSC-2: Real Analysis

Spaces with DSC-5: Calculus
Mathematics

Learning Objectives: The objective of the course is to introduce:

• The usual idea of distance into an abstract form on any set of objects, maintaining its
inherent characteristics, and the resulting consequences.
• The two important topological properties, namely connectedness, and compactness
of metric spaces with their characterizations.
Learning Outcomes: This course will enable the students to:
• Learn various natural and abstract formulations of distance on the sets of usual or
unusual entities. Become aware one such formulations leading to metric spaces.
• Analyse how a theory advances from a particular frame to a general frame.
• Appreciate the mathematical understanding of various geometrical concepts, viz. balls
or connected sets etc. in an abstract setting.
• Know about Banach fixed point theorem, whose far-reaching consequences have
resulted into an independent branch of study in analysis, known as fixed point theory.
SYLLABUS OF DSC-13

UNIT – I: Topology of Metric Spaces (18 hours)

Definition, examples, sequences and Cauchy sequences, Complete metric space; Open and
closed balls, Neighborhood, Open set, Interior of a set, Limit point of a set, Derived set,
Closed set, Closure of a set, Diameter of a set, Cantor's theorem, Subspaces.

UNIT – II: Continuity and Uniform Continuity in Metric Spaces (15 hours)
Continuous mappings, Sequential criterion and other characterizations of continuity,
Uniform continuity; Homeomorphism, Isometry and equivalent metrics, Contraction
mapping, Banach fixed point theorem.

UNIT – III: Connectedness and Compactness (12 hours)

Connectedness, Connected subsets of ℝ, Connectedness and continuous mappings,
Compactness and boundedness, Characterizations of compactness, Continuous functions
on compact spaces.

35
Essential Reading
3. Shirali, Satish & Vasudeva, H. L. (2009). Metric Spaces. Springer. Indian Reprint 2019.

Suggestive Readings
• Kumaresan, S. (2014). Topology of Metric Spaces (2nd ed.). Narosa Publishing House.
New Delhi.
• Rudin, Walter. Principles of mathematical Analysis (3rd ed.).
• Simmons, George F. (2004). Introduction to Topology and Modern Analysis. McGraw-
Hill Education. New Delhi.

CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE COURSE

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE – 14: RING THEORY

Course title Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-requisite of
& Code criteria the course
Lecture Tutorial Practical/ (if any)
Practice

Ring Theory 4 3 1 0 Class XII pass DSC-7: Group

with Theory
Mathematics

Learning Objectives: The primary objective of this course is to:

• Introduce the fundamental theory of rings, and their homomorphisms.
• Develop the basic concepts of polynomial rings and irreducibility tests for polynomials
over the ring of integers, and rational numbers.
• Introduce polynomial analog of a prime number.
• Describe polynomial rings, principal ideal domains, Euclidean domains and unique
factorization domains, and their relationships.

Learning Outcomes: This course will enable the students to:

• Learn about the fundamental concept of rings, integral domains, and fields.
• Know about ring homomorphisms and isomorphisms theorems of rings, and
construct quotient fields for integral domains.
• Appreciate the significance of unique factorization in rings and integral domains.
• Apply several criteria for determining when polynomials with integer coefficients
have rational roots or are irreducible over the field of rational numbers.
SYLLABUS OF DSC-14

UNIT – I: Introduction to Rings and Ideals (18 hours)

Definition and examples of rings, Properties of rings, Subrings, Integral domains and fields,
Characteristic of a ring; Ideals, operations on ideals, ideal generated by a set and
properties, Factor rings, Prime ideals and maximal ideals, Principal ideal domains.
UNIT – II: Ring Homomorphisms and Polynomial Rings (15 hours)
Definition, examples and properties of ring homomorphisms; First, second and third

36
isomorphism theorems for rings; The field of quotients; Polynomial rings over commutative
rings, Division algorithm and consequences.
UNIT–III: Unique Factorization Domain and Divisibility in Integral Domains (12 hours)
Factorization of polynomials, Reducibility tests, Mod p Irreducibility test, Eisenstein’s
criterion, Unique factorization in ℤ[𝑥𝑥]; Divisibility in integral domains, Irreducibles, Primes,
Unique factorization domains, Euclidean domains.

Essential Readings
1. Gallian, Joseph. A. (2017). Contemporary Abstract Algebra (9th ed.). Cengage Learning
India Private Limited, Delhi. Indian Reprint 2021.
2. Dummit, David S. & Foote, Richard M. (2016). Abstract Algebra (3rd ed.). Student
Edition. Wiley India.
Suggestive Readings
• Herstein, I. N. (2006). Topics in Algebra (2nd ed.). Wiley Student Edition. India.
• Hungerford, Thomas W. (2012). Abstract Algebra: An Introduction (3rd ed.). Cengage
Learning.

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE – 15: PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE COURSE

Course title & Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-requisite
Code criteria of the course
Lecture Tutorial Practical/ (if any)
Practice
Partial 4 3 0 1 Class XII pass DSC-6: Ordinary
Differential with Mathematics Differential
Equations Equations

Learning Objectives: The main objective of this course is to introduce:

• Basic concepts of first and second order linear/nonlinear partial differential equations.
• Modeling of wave equation, heat equation, Burgers equation, traffic flow and their solutions.
Learning Outcomes: The course will enable the students to learn:
• The method of characteristics and reduction to canonical forms to solve first and second
order linear/nonlinear partial differential equations.
• The macroscopic modeling of the traffic flow, where the focus will be on modeling the
density of cars and their flow, rather than modeling individual cars and their velocity.
• The Cauchy problem and solutions of wave equations with initial boundary-value
problems, and non-homogeneous boundary conditions.

SYLLABUS OF DSC-15
UNIT – I: First Order Partial Differential Equations (15 hours)
Basic concepts, classification, construction, and geometrical interpretation; Method of
characteristics and general solutions, Cauchy problem for a first-order PDE, Canonical

37
forms of first-order linear equations; Method of separation of variables; Charpit’s method
for solving non-linear PDEs.

UNIT – II: Classification and Solutions of Second-Order Linear PDEs (12 hours)
Classification (hyperbolic, parabolic, and elliptic), reduction to canonical forms, and general
solutions of second-order linear PDEs; Higher order linear partial differential equations
with constant coefficients.

UNIT – III: Applications of Partial Differential Equations (18 hours)

Mathematical models: The vibrating string, vibrating membrane, conduction of heat in
solids, the gravitational potential, conservation laws and the Burgers equation, Traffic flow;
Cauchy problem and wave equations: Solutions of homogeneous wave equations with
initial boundary-value problems, and non-homogeneous boundary conditions, Cauchy
problem for non-homogeneous wave equations.

Essential Readings
1 Myint-U, Tyn & Debnath, Lokenath. (2007). Linear Partial Differential Equations for
Scientists and Engineers (4th ed.). Birkhäuser. Indian Reprint.
2 Sneddon, Ian N. (2006). Elements of Partial Differential Equations, Dover Publications.
Indian Reprint.
Suggestive Readings
• Abell, Martha & Braselton, J.P. (2004) Differential Equations with Mathematica,
Elsevier, Academic Press, Third Edition.
• Stavroulakis, Ioannis P & Tersian, Stepan A. (2004). Partial Differential Equations: An
Introduction with Mathematica and MAPLE (2nd ed.). World Scientific.

Practical (30 hours)- Practical / Lab work to be performed in a Computer Lab:

Modeling of the following similar problems using SageMath/Python/Mathematica/
MATLAB/Maple/Maxima/Scilab:
1. General solution of first and second order partial differential equations.
2. Solution and plotting of Cauchy problem for first order PDEs.
3. Plotting the characteristics for the first order partial differential equations.
4. Solution of vibrating string problem using D’Alembert formula with initial conditions.
5. Solution of heat equation 𝑢𝑢𝑡𝑡 = 𝑘𝑘 𝑢𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 with initial conditions.
6. Solution of one-dimensional wave equation with initial conditions:
i. 𝑢𝑢(𝑥𝑥, 0) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥), 𝑢𝑢𝑡𝑡 (𝑥𝑥, 0) = 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥), 𝑥𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑡𝑡 > 0
ii. 𝑢𝑢(𝑥𝑥, 0) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥), 𝑢𝑢𝑡𝑡 (𝑥𝑥, 0) = 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥), 𝑢𝑢(0, 𝑡𝑡) = 0, 𝑥𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑡𝑡 > 0
iii. 𝑢𝑢(𝑥𝑥, 0) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥), 𝑢𝑢𝑡𝑡 (𝑥𝑥, 0) = 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥), 𝑢𝑢𝑥𝑥 (0, 𝑡𝑡) = 0, 𝑥𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑡𝑡 > 0
7. Solution of traffic flow problem with given initial conditions, and plotting of the
characteristic base curves and the traffic density function.
B.Sc. (Hons) Mathematics, Semester-V, DSE-Courses
DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC ELECTIVE COURSE – 3(i): MATHEMATICAL DATA SCIENCE
CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE COURSE
Course title & Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-requisite of

38
Code Lecture Tutorial Practical/ criteria the course
Practice (if any)

Mathematical 4 3 0 1 Class XII pass Basic knowledge of

Data Science with R/Python
Mathematics DSC-3: Probability
& Statistics

Learning Objectives: The main objective of this course is to:

• Introduce various types of data and their sources, along with steps involved in data science
case-study, including problems with data and their rectification and creation methods.
• Cover dimensionality reduction techniques, clustering algorithms and classification methods.

Learning Outcomes: The course will enable the students to:

• Gain a comprehensive understanding of data science, its mathematical foundations
including practical applications of regression, principal component analysis, singular
value decomposition, clustering, support vector machines, and k-NN classifiers.
• Demonstrate data analysis and exploration, linear regression techniques such as simple,
multiple explanatory variables, cross-validation and regularization using R/Python.
• Use real-world datasets to practice dimensionality reduction techniques such as PCA,
SVD, and multidimensional scaling using R/Python.

SYLLABUS OF DSE-3(i)
UNIT-I: Principles of Data Science (12 hours)
Types of Data: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio; Steps involved in data science case-
study: question, procurement, exploration, modeling, and presentation; Structured and
unstructured data: streams, frames, series, survey results, scale and source of data – fixed,
variable, high velocity, exact and implied/inferred; Overview of problems with data – dirty
and missing data in tabular formats – CSV, data frames in R/Pandas, anomaly detection,
assessing data quality, rectification and creation methods, data hygiene, meta-data for
inline data-description-markups such as XML and JSON; Overview of other data-source
formats – SQL, pdf, Yaml, HDF5, and Vaex.

Unit-II: Mathematical Foundations (15 hours)

Model driven data in Rn,Log-likelihoods and MLE, Chebyshev, and Chernoff-Hoeffding
inequalities with examples, Importance sampling; Norms in Vector Spaces– Euclidean, and
metric choices; Types of distances: Manhattan, Hamming, Mahalanobis, Cosine and
angular distances, KL divergence; Distances applied to sets– Jaccard, and edit distances;
Modeling text with distances; Linear Regression: Simple, multiple explanatory variables,
polynomial, cross-validation, regularized, Lasso, and matching pursuit; Gradient descent.

Unit-III: Dimensionality Reduction, Clustering and Classification (18 hours)

Problem of dimensionality, Principal component analysis, Singular value decomposition
(SVD), Best k-rank approximation of a matrix, Eigenvector and eigenvalues relation to SVD,
Multidimensional scaling, Linear discriminant analysis; Clustering: Voronoi diagrams,
Delaunay triangulation, Gonzalez’s algorithm for k-center clustering, Lloyd’s algorithm for
k-means clustering, Mixture of Gaussians, Hierarchical clustering, Density-based clustering

39
and outliers, Mean shift clustering; Classification: Linear classifiers, Perceptron algorithm,
Kernels, Support vector machines, and k-nearest neighbors (k-NN) classifiers.

Essential Readings
1. Mertz, David. (2021). Cleaning Data for Effective Data Science, Packt Publishing.
2. Ozdemir, Sinan. (2016). Principles of Data Science, Packt Publishing.
3. Phillips, Jeff M. (2021). Mathematical Foundations for Data Analysis, Springer.
(https://mathfordata.github.io/).

Suggestive Readings
• Frank Emmert-Streib, et al. (2022). Mathematical Foundations of Data Science Using R.
(2nd ed.). De Gruyter Oldenbourg.
• Wes McKinney. (2022). Python for Data Analysis (3rd ed.). O’Reilly.
• Wickham, Hadley, et al. (2023). R for Data Science (2nd ed.). O’Reilly.

Practical (30 hours)- Practical work to be performed in Computer Lab using R/Python:
1. To explore different types data (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio) and identify their properties.
2. To deal with dirty and missing data, such as imputation, deletion, and data normalization.
3. Use the real-world datasets (https://data.gov.in/) to demonstrate the following:
a) Data analysis and exploration, linear regression techniques such as simple, multiple
explanatory variables, cross-validation, and regularization.
b) Dimensionality reduction techniques such as principal component analysis, singular
value decomposition (SVD), and multidimensional scaling.
c) Clustering algorithms such as k-means, hierarchical, and density-based clustering and
evaluate the quality of the clustering results.
d) Classification methods such as linear classifiers, support vector machines (SVM), and
k-nearest neighbors (k-NN).

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC ELECTIVE COURSE – 3(ii): LINEAR PROGRAMMING AND APPLICATIONS

CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE COURSE

Course title & Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-requisite
Code criteria of the course
Lecture Tutorial Practical/ (if any)
Practice

Linear 4 3 1 0 Class XII pass DSC-4: Linear

Programming with Algebra
and Mathematics
Applications
Learning Objectives: Primary objective of this course is to introduce:
• Simplex Method for linear programming problems.
• Dual linear programming problems.
• The applications of linear Programming to transportation, assignment, and game theory.

Learning Outcomes: The course will enable the students to:

40
 • Learn about the basic feasible solutions of linear programming problems.
• Understand the theory of the simplex method to solve linear programming problems.
• Learn about the relationships between the primal and dual problems.
• Solve transportation and assignment problems.
• Understand two-person zero sum game, games with mixed strategies and formulation
of game to primal and dual linear programing problems to solve using duality.

SYLLABUS OF DSE-3(ii)
UNIT– I: Introduction to Linear Programming (12 hours)
Linear programming problem: Standard, Canonical and matrix forms, Geometric solution;
Convex and polyhedral sets, Hyperplanes, Extreme points; Basic solutions, Basic feasible
solutions, Correspondence between basic feasible solutions and extreme points.

UNIT– II: Optimality and Duality Theory of Linear Programming Problem (18 hours)
Simplex method: Optimal solution, Termination criteria for optimal solution of the linear
programming problem, Unique and alternate optimal solutions, Unboundedness; Simplex
algorithm and its tableau format; Artificial variables, Two-phase method, Big-M method.
Duality Theory: Motivation and formulation of dual problem, Primal-Dual relationships,
Fundamental theorem of duality; Complementary slackness.

UNIT – III: Applications (15 hours)

Transportation Problem: Definition and formulation, Northwest-corner, Least- cost, and
Vogel’s approximation methods of finding initial basic feasible solutions; Algorithm for
solving transportation problem.
Assignment Problem: Mathematical formulation and Hungarian method of solving.
Game Theory: Two-person zero sum game, Games with mixed strategies, Formulation of
game to primal and dual linear programming problems, Solution of games using duality.

Essential Readings
1. Bazaraa, Mokhtar S., Jarvis, John J., & Sherali, Hanif D. (2010). Linear Programming and
Network Flows (4th ed.). John Wiley and Sons. Indian Reprint.
2. Hillier, Frederick S. & Lieberman, Gerald J. (2021). Introduction to Operations Research
(11th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education (India) Pvt. Ltd.
3. Taha, Hamdy A. (2017). Operations Research: An Introduction (10th ed.). Pearson.

Suggestive Readings
• Hadley, G. (1997). Linear Programming. Narosa Publishing House. New Delhi.
• Thie, Paul R., & Keough, G. E. (2008). An Introduction to Linear Programming and Game
Theory. (3rd ed.). Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. Indian Reprint 2014.
DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC ELECTIVE COURSE – 3(iii): MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS

CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE COURSE

Course title & Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-requisite of
Code criteria the course
Lecture Tutorial Practical/ (if any)

41
 Practice

Mathematical 4 3 1 0 Class XII pass DSC-3: Probability

Statistics with & Statistics
Mathematics DSC-11:
Multivariate
Calculus

Learning Objectives: The main objective of this course is to introduce:

• The joint behavior of several random variables theoretically and through illustrative
practical examples.
• The theory underlying modern statistics to give the student a solid grounding in
(mathematical) statistics and the principles of statistical inference.
• The application of the theory to the statistical modeling of data from real applications,
including model identification, estimation, and interpretation.
• The idea of Fisher information to find the minimum possible variance for an unbiased
estimator, and to show that the MLE is asymptotically unbiased and normal.

Learning Outcomes: The course will enable the students to:

• Understand joint distributions of random variables including the bivariate normal
distribution.
• Estimate model parameters from the statistical inference based on point estimation
and hypothesis testing.
• Apply Rao-Blackwell theorem for improving an estimator, and Cramér-Rao inequality
to find lower bound on the variance of unbiased estimators of a parameter.
• Understand the theory of linear regression models and contingency tables.

SYLLABUS OF DSE - 3(iii)

UNIT–I: Joint Probability Distributions (15 hours)
Joint probability mass function for two discrete random variables, Marginal probability
mass function, Joint probability density function for two continuous random variables,
Marginal probability density function, Independent random variables; Expected values,
covariance, and correlation; Linear combination of random variables and their moment
generating functions; Conditional distributions and conditional expectation, Laws of total
expectation and variance; Bivariate normal distribution.

UNIT-II: Sampling Distributions and Point Estimation (15 hours)

Distribution of important statistics such as the sample totals, sample means, and sample
proportions, Central limit theorem, Law of large numbers; Chi-squared, t, and
F distributions; Distributions based on normal random samples; Concepts and criteria for
point estimation, The methods of moments and maximum likelihood estimation (MLE);
Assessing estimators: Accuracy and precision, Unbiased estimation, Consistency and
sufficiency, The Neyman factorization theorem, Rao-Blackwell theorem, Fisher
Information, The Cramér-Rao inequality, Efficiency,

UNIT-III: Confidence Intervals, Tests of Hypotheses and Linear Regression Analysis (15 hours)

42
Interval estimation and basic properties of confidence intervals, One-sample t confidence
interval, Confidence intervals for a population proportion and population variance.
Statistical hypotheses and test procedures, One-sample tests about a population mean and
a population proportion, P-values for tests; The simple linear regression model and its
estimating parameters; Chi-squared goodness-of-fit tests, Two-way contingency tables.

Essential Reading
1. Devore, Jay L., Berk, Kenneth N. & Carlton Matthew A. (2021). Modern Mathematical
Statistics with Applications. (3rd ed.). Springer.
Suggestive Readings
• Devore, Jay L. (2016). Probability and Statistics for Engineering and the Sciences. Ninth
edition, Cengage Learning India Private Limited, Delhi. Fourth impression 2022.
• Hogg, Robert V., McKean, Joseph W., & Craig, Allen T. (2019). Introduction to
Mathematical Statistics. Eighth edition, Pearson. Indian Reprint 2020.
• Mood, A.M., Graybill, F.A., & Boes, D.C. (1974). Introduction the Theory of Statistics
(3rd ed.). Tata McGraw Hill Pub. Co. Ltd. Reprinted 2017.
• Wackerly, Dennis D., Mendenhall III, William & Scheaffer, Richard L. (2008).
Mathematical Statistics with Applications. 7th edition, Cengage Learning.

43
 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

Category-I
B.Sc. (Hons.) Mathematics, Semester-VI

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE – 16: ADVANCED GROUP THEORY

CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE COURSE

Course title Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-requisite

& Code criteria of the course
Lecture Tutorial Practical/ (if any)
Practice

Advanced 4 3 1 0 Class XII pass DSC-7: Group

Group with Theory
Theory Mathematics

Learning Objectives: The objective of the course is to introduce:

• The concept of group actions.
• Sylow’s Theorem and its applications to groups of various orders.
• Composition series and Jordan-Hölder theorem.
Learning Outcomes: This course will enable the students to:
• Understand the concept of group actions and their applications.
• Understand finite groups using Sylow’s theorem.
• Use Sylow’s theorem to determine whether a group is simple or not.
• Understand and determine if a group is solvable or not.
SYLLABUS OF DSC-16

UNIT – I: Group Actions (18 hours)

Definition and examples of group actions, Permutation representations; Centralizers and
Normalizers, Stabilizers and kernels of group actions; Groups acting on themselves by left
multiplication and conjugation with consequences; Cayley’s theorem, Conjugacy classes,
Class equation, Conjugacy in 𝑆𝑆𝑛𝑛 , Simplicity of 𝐴𝐴5 .

UNIT – II: Sylow Theorems and Applications (15 hours)

𝑝𝑝-groups, Sylow 𝑝𝑝-subgroups, Sylow’s theorem, Applications of Sylow’s theorem, Groups
of order 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 and 𝑝𝑝2 𝑞𝑞 (p and q both prime); Finite simple groups, Nonsimplicity tests.

UNIT – III: Solvable Groups and Composition Series (12 hours)

Solvable groups and their properties, Commutator subgroups, Nilpotent groups,
Composition series, Jordan-Hölder theorem.

44
Essential Readings
1. Dummit, David S., & Foote, Richard M. (2004). Abstract Algebra (3rd ed.). John Wiley
& Sons. Student Edition, Wiley India 2016.
2. Gallian, Joseph. A. (2017). Contemporary Abstract Algebra (9th ed.). Cengage Learning
India Private Limited, Delhi. Indian Reprint 2021.
3. Beachy, John A., & Blair, William D. (2019). Abstract Algebra (4th ed.). Waveland Press.

Suggestive Readings
• Fraleigh, John B., & Brand Neal E. (2021). A First Course in Abstract Algebra (8th ed.).
Pearson.
• Herstein, I. N. (1975). Topics in Algebra (2nd ed.). Wiley India. Reprint 2022.
• Rotman, Joseph J. (1995). An Introduction to the Theory of Groups (4th ed.). Springer.

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE – 17: ADVANCED LINEAR ALGEBRA

CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE COURSE

Course title Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-requisite

& Code criteria of the course
Lecture Tutorial Practical/ (if any)
Practice

Advanced 4 3 1 0 Class XII pass DSC-4: Linear

Linear with Algebra
Algebra Mathematics

Learning Objectives: The objective of the course is to introduce:

• Linear functionals, dual basis and the dual (or transpose) of a linear transformation.
• Diagonalization problem and Jordan canonical form for linear operators or matrices
using eigenvalues.
• Inner product, norm, Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, and orthogonality on real or complex
vector spaces.
• The adjoint of a linear operator with application to least squares approximation and
minimal solutions to linear system.
• Characterization of self-adjoint (or normal) operators on real (or complex) spaces in
terms of orthonormal bases of eigenvectors and their corresponding eigenvalues.

Learning Outcomes: This course will enable the students to:

• Understand the notion of an inner product space in a general setting and how the
notion of inner products can be used to define orthogonal vectors, including to the
Gram-Schmidt process to generate an orthonormal set of vectors.
• Use eigenvectors and eigenspaces to determine the diagonalizability of a linear
operator.
• Find the Jordan canonical form of matrices when they are not diagonalizable.

45
• Learn about normal, self-adjoint, and unitary operators and their properties, including
the spectral decomposition of a linear operator.
• Find the singular value decomposition of a matrix.

SYLLABUS OF DSC-17

UNIT-I: Dual Spaces, Diagonalizable Operators and Canonical Forms (18 hours)
The change of coordinate matrix; Dual spaces, Double dual, Dual basis, Transpose of a
linear transformation and its matrix in the dual basis, Annihilators; Eigenvalues,
eigenvectors, eigenspaces and the characteristic polynomial of a linear operator;
Diagonalizability, Direct sum of subspaces, Invariant subspaces and the Cayley-Hamilton
theorem; The Jordan canonical form and the minimal polynomial of a linear operator.

UNIT-II: Inner Product Spaces and the Adjoint of a Linear Operator (12 hours)
Inner products and norms, Orthonormal basis, Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization process,
Orthogonal complements, Bessel’s inequality; Adjoint of a linear operator with applications
to least squares approximation and minimal solutions to systems of linear equations.

UNIT-III: Class of Operators and Their Properties (15 hours)

Normal, self-adjoint, unitary and orthogonal operators and their properties; Orthogonal
projections and the spectral theorem; Singular value decomposition for matrices.

Essential Reading
1. Friedberg, Stephen H., Insel, Arnold J., & Spence, Lawrence E. (2019). Linear Algebra
(5th ed.). Pearson Education India Reprint.
Suggestive Readings
• Hoffman, Kenneth, & Kunze, Ray Alden (1978). Linear Algebra (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall
of India Pvt. Limited. Delhi. Pearson Education India Reprint, 2015.
• Lang, Serge (1987). Linear Algebra (3rd ed.). Springer.

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE – 18: COMPLEX ANALYSIS

CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE COURSE

Course title & Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-requisite
Code criteria of the course
Lecture Tutorial Practical/ (if any)
Practice
Complex 4 3 0 1 Class XII pass DSC-2 & 11:
Analysis with Real Analysis,
Mathematics Multivariate
Calculus

Learning Objectives: The main objective of this course is to:

• Acquaint with the basic ideas of complex analysis.
• Learn complex-valued functions with visualization through relevant practicals.

46
• Emphasize on Cauchy's theorems, series expansions and calculation of residues.
Learning Outcomes: The accomplishment of the course will enable the students to:
• Grasp the significance of differentiability of complex-valued functions leading to
the understanding of Cauchy-Riemann equations.
• Study some elementary functions and evaluate the contour integrals.
• Learn the role of Cauchy-Goursat theorem and the Cauchy integral formula.
• Expand some simple functions as their Taylor and Laurent series, classify the nature
of singularities, find residues, and apply Cauchy Residue theorem to evaluate integrals.

SYLLABUS OF DSC-18
UNIT – I: Analytic and Elementary Functions (15 hours)
Functions of a complex variable and mappings, Limits, Theorems on limits, Limits involving
the point at infinity, Continuity and differentiation, Cauchy-Riemann equations and
examples, Sufficient conditions for differentiability, Analytic functions and their examples;
Exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions.

UNIT – II: Complex Integration (15 hours)

Derivatives of functions, Definite integrals of functions; Contours, Contour integrals and
examples, Upper bounds for moduli of contour integrals; Antiderivatives; Cauchy-Goursat
theorem; Cauchy integral formula and its extension with consequences; Liouville's
theorem and the fundamental theorem of algebra.

UNIT – III: Series and Residues (15 hours)

Taylor and Laurent series with examples; Absolute and uniform convergence of power
series, Integration, differentiation and uniqueness of power series; Isolated singular
points, Residues, Cauchy's residue theorem, Residue at infinity; Types of isolated singular
points, Residues at poles and its examples, An application to evaluate definite integrals
involving sines and cosines.

Essential Reading
1. Brown, James Ward, & Churchill, Ruel V. (2014). Complex Variables and Applications
(9th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. Indian Reprint.
Suggestive Readings
• Bak, Joseph & Newman, Donald J. (2010). Complex Analysis (3rd ed.). Undergraduate
Texts in Mathematics, Springer.
• Mathews, John H., & Howell, Rusell W. (2012). Complex Analysis for Mathematics
and Engineering (6th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. Narosa, Delhi. Indian Edition.
• Zills, Dennis G., & Shanahan, Patrick D. (2003). A First Course in Complex Analysis
with Applications. Jones & Bartlett Publishers.

Practical (30 hours)- Practical / Lab work to be performed in Computer Lab:

Modeling of the following similar problems using SageMath/Python/Mathematica/Maple/
MATLAB/Maxima/ Scilab etc.

47
1. Make a geometric plot to show that the nth roots of unity are equally spaced points
that lie on the unit circle 𝐶𝐶1 (0) = {𝑧𝑧 ∶ |𝑧𝑧| = 1} and form the vertices of a regular
polygon with n sides, for n = 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.
2. Find all the solutions of the equation 𝑧𝑧 3 = 8𝑖𝑖 and represent these geometrically.
3. Write parametric equations and make a parametric plot for an ellipse centered at the
origin with horizontal major axis of 4 units and vertical minor axis of 2 units.
𝜋𝜋
Show the effect of rotation of this ellipse by an angle of 6
radians and shifting of the
centre from (0,0) to (2,1), by making a parametric plot.
4. Show that the image of the open disk 𝐷𝐷1 (−1 − 𝑖𝑖) = {𝑧𝑧 ∶ |𝑧𝑧 + 1 + 𝑖𝑖| < 1} under the
linear transformation w = f(z) = (3 – 4i) z + 6 + 2i is the open disk:
D5 (–1 + 3i) = {w: |w + 1 – 3i| < 5}.
5. Show that the image of the right half-plane Re z = x > 1 under the linear transformation
w = (–1 + i)z – 2 + 3i is the half-plane 𝑣𝑣 > 𝑢𝑢 + 7, where u = Re(w), etc. Plot the map.
1
6. Show that the image of the right half-plane A = {z: Re z ≥ 2 } under the mapping
1
𝑤𝑤 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑧𝑧) = 𝑧𝑧 is the closed disk ��������
𝐷𝐷1 (1) = {w: |w – 1| ≤ 1} in the w- plane.
1 1
7. Make a plot of the vertical lines x = a, for 𝑎𝑎 = −1, − 2 , 2 , 1 and the horizontal lines
1 1 1
y = b, for 𝑏𝑏 = −1, − 2 , 2 , 1. Find the plot of this grid under the mapping 𝑓𝑓(𝑧𝑧) = 𝑧𝑧.
8. Find a parametrization of the polygonal path C = C1 + C2 + C3 from –1 + i to 3 – i, where
C1 is the line from: –1 + i to –1, C2 is the line from: –1 to 1 + i and C3 is the line from
1 + i to 3 – i. Make a plot of this path.
𝜋𝜋
9. Plot the line segment ‘L’ joining the point A = 0 to B = 2 + 4 𝑖𝑖 and give an exact calculation
of ∫𝐿𝐿 𝑒𝑒 𝑧𝑧 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.
1 1
10. Evaluate ∫𝐶𝐶 𝑧𝑧−2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, where C is the upper semicircle with radius 1 centered at z = 2
oriented in a positive direction.
1 1
11. Show that ∫𝐶𝐶 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 = ∫𝐶𝐶 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 = 4 + 2𝑖𝑖, where C1 is the line segment from –1 – i to 3 + i
1 2
and C2 is the portion of the parabola x = y2 + 2y joining –1 – i to 3 + i.
Make plots of two contours C1 and C2 joining –1 – i to 3 + i .
1 1
12. Use the ML inequality to show that �∫𝐶𝐶 𝑧𝑧 2+1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑� ≤ 2√5, where C is the straight-line
segment from 2 to 2 + i. While solving, represent the distance from the point z to the
points i and – i, respectively, i.e., |𝑧𝑧 − 𝑖𝑖| and |𝑧𝑧 + 𝑖𝑖| on the complex plane ℂ.
13. Find and plot three different Laurent series representations for the function:
3
𝑓𝑓(𝑧𝑧) = 2+𝑧𝑧−𝑧𝑧 2, involving powers of z.
1
14. Locate the poles of 𝑓𝑓(𝑧𝑧) = 5𝑧𝑧 4+26𝑧𝑧 2+5 and specify their order.
𝜋𝜋 cot(𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋)
15. Locate the zeros and poles of 𝑔𝑔(𝑧𝑧) = 𝑧𝑧 2
and determine their order. Also justify
that Res (g, 0) = −π 2 3.

48
 1 2
16. Evaluate ∫𝐶𝐶 +(0) exp �𝑧𝑧� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, where 𝐶𝐶1+ (0) denotes the circle {z: |z| = 1} with positive
1
1
orientation. Similarly evaluate ∫𝐶𝐶 +(0) 𝑧𝑧 4+𝑧𝑧 3−2𝑧𝑧 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.
1

B.Sc. (Hons) Mathematics, Semester-VI, DSE-Courses

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC ELECTIVE COURSE – 4(i): MATHEMATICAL FINANCE

CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE COURSE

Course title & Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-requisite of
Code criteria the course
Lecture Tutorial Practical/ (if any)
Practice

Mathematical 4 3 0 1 Class XII pass DSC-3, 11, & 15:

Finance with Probability and
Mathematics Statistics,
Multivariate
Calculus, & PDE’s

Learning Objectives: The main objective of this course is to:

• Introduce the application of mathematics in the financial world.
• Understand some computational and quantitative techniques required for working in
the financial markets and actuarial sciences.

Learning Outcomes: The course will enable the students to:

• Know the basics of financial markets and derivatives including options and futures.
• Learn about pricing and hedging of options.
• Learn the Itô’s formula and the Black−Scholes model.
• Understand the concepts of trading strategies.

SYLLABUS OF DSE-4(i)

Unit - I: Interest Rates, Bonds and Derivatives (15 hours)

Interest rates, Types of rates, Measuring interest rates, Zero rates, Bond pricing, Forward
rates, Duration, Convexity, Exchange-traded markets and Over-the-counter markets,
Derivatives, Forward contracts, Futures contracts, Options, Types of traders, Hedging,
Speculation, Arbitrage, No Arbitrage principle, Short selling, Forward price for an
investment asset.

Unit - II: Properties of Options and the Binomial Model (15 hours)

49
Types of options, Option positions, Underlying assets, Factors affecting option prices,
Bounds for option prices, Put-call parity (in case of non-dividend paying stock only), Early
exercise, Trading strategies involving options (except box spreads, calendar spreads and
diagonal spreads), Binomial option pricing model, Risk-neutral valuation (for European and
American options on assets following binomial tree model).

Unit - III: The Black-Scholes Model and Hedging Parameters (15 hours)
Brownian motion (Wiener Process), Geometric Brownian Motion (GBM), The process for a
stock price, Itô’s lemma, Lognormal property of stock prices, Distribution of the rate of
return, Expected return, Volatility, Estimating volatility from historical data, Derivation of
the Black-Scholes-Merton differential equation, Extension of risk-neutral valuation to
assets following GBM (without proof), Black−Scholes formulae for European options,
Hedging parameters - The Greek letters: Delta, Gamma, Theta, Rho and Vega; Delta
hedging, Gamma hedging.

Essential Readings
1. Hull, John C., & Basu, S. (2022). Options, Futures and Other Derivatives (11th ed.).
Pearson Education, India.
2. Benninga, S. & Mofkadi, T. (2021). Financial Modeling, (5th ed.). MIT Press, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, London, England.

Suggestive Readings
• Luenberger, David G. (2013). Investment Science (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
• Ross, Sheldon M. (2011). An elementary Introduction to Mathematical Finance (3rd
ed.). Cambridge University Press.
• Day, A.L. (2015). Mastering Financial Mathematics in Microsoft Excel: A Practical Guide
for Business Calculations (3rd ed.). Pearson Education Ltd.
Note: Use of non-programmable scientific calculator is allowed in theory examination.

Practical (30 hours)- Practical/Lab work using Excel/R/Python/MATLAB/MATHEMATICA

1. Computing simple, nominal, and effective rates. Conversion and comparison.
2. Computing price and yield of a bond.
3. Comparing spot and forward rates.
4. Computing bond duration and convexity.
5. Trading strategies involving options.
6. Simulating a binomial price path.
7. Computing price of European call and put options when the underlying follows
binomial model (using Monte Carlo simulation).
8. Estimating volatility from historical data of stock prices.
9. Simulating lognormal price path.
10. Computing price of European call and put options when the underlying follows
lognormal model (using Monte Carlo simulation).

50
 11. Implementing the Black-Scholes formulae.
12. Computing Greeks for European call and put options.

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC ELECTIVE COURSE – 4(ii): INTEGRAL TRANSFORMS

CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE COURSE

Course title & Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-requisite of
Code criteria the course
Lecture Tutorial Practical/ (if any)
Practice

Integral 4 3 1 0 Class XII pass DSC-6,15: ODE’s,

PDE’s
Transforms with
DSC-8, 10: Riemann
Mathematics Integration,
Sequences & Series of
Functions

Learning Objectives: Primary objective of this course is to introduce:

• The basic idea of integral transforms of functions and their applications through an
introduction to Fourier series expansion of a periodic function.
• Fourier transform and Laplace transform of functions of a real variable with
applications to solve ODE’s and PDE’s.

Learning Outcomes: The course will enable the students to:

• Understand the Fourier series associated with a periodic function, its convergence, and
the Gibbs phenomenon.
• Compute Fourier and Laplace transforms of classes of functions.
• Apply techniques of Fourier and Laplace transforms to solve ordinary and partial
differential equations and initial and boundary value problems.

SYLLABUS OF DSE-4(ii)

UNIT-I: Fourier Series and Integrals (18 hours)

Piecewise continuous functions and periodic functions, Systems of orthogonal functions,
Fourier series: Convergence, examples and applications of Fourier series, Fourier cosine
series and Fourier sine series, The Gibbs phenomenon, Complex Fourier series, Fourier
series on an arbitrary interval, The Riemann-Lebesgue lemma, Pointwise convergence,
uniform convergence, differentiation, and integration of Fourier series; Fourier integrals.

UNIT-II: Integral Transform Methods (15 hours)

Fourier transforms, Properties of Fourier transforms, Convolution theorem of the Fourier
transform, Fourier transforms of step and impulse functions, Fourier sine and cosine

51
transforms, Convolution properties of Fourier transform; Laplace transforms, Properties of
Laplace transforms, Convolution theorem and properties of the Laplace transform, Laplace
transforms of the heaviside and Dirac delta functions.

UNIT-III: Applications of Integral Transforms (12 hours)

Finite Fourier transforms and applications, Applications of Fourier transform to ordinary
and partial differential equations; Applications of Laplace transform to ordinary differential
equations, partial differential equations, initial and boundary value problems.

Essential Readings
1. Tyn Myint-U & Lokenath Debnath (2007). Linear Partial Differential Equations for
Scientists and Engineers (4th ed.). Birkhauser. Indian Reprint.
2. Lokenath Debnath & Dambaru Bhatta (2015). Integral Transforms and Their
Applications (3rd ed.). CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group.

Suggestive Readings
• Baidyanath Patra (2018). An Introduction to Integral Transforms. CRC Press.
• Joel L. Schiff (1999). The Laplace Transform-Theory and Applications. Springer.
• Rajendra Bhatia (2003). Fourier Series (2nd ed.). Texts and Readings in Mathematics,
Hindustan Book Agency, Delhi.
• Yitzhak Katznelson (2004). An Introduction to Harmonic Analysis (3rd ed.). Cambridge
University Press.

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC ELECTIVE COURSE – 4(iii): RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE COURSE

Course title & Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-requisite of
Code criteria the course
Lecture Tutorial Practical/ (if any)
Practice

Research 4 3 0 1 Class XII pass NIL

Methodology with
Mathematics

Learning Objectives: The main objective of this course is to:

• Prepare the students with skills needed for successful research in mathematics.
• Develop a basic understanding of how to pursue research in mathematics.
• Prepare students for professions other than teaching, that requires independent
mathematical research, critical analysis, and advanced mathematical knowledge.
• Introduce some open source softwares to carry out mathematical research.
• Impart the knowledge of journals, their rankings and the disadvantages of rankings.

52
Learning Outcomes: The course will enable the students to:
• Develop researchable questions and to make them inquisitive enough to search and
verify new mathematical facts.
• Understand the methods in research and carry out independent study in areas of
mathematics.
• Write a basic mathematical article and a research project.
• Gain knowledge about publication of research articles in good journals.
• Communicate mathematical ideas both in oral and written forms effectively.

SYLLABUS OF DSE - 4(iii)

UNIT– I: How to Learn, Write, and Research Mathematics (17 hours)

How to learn mathematics, How to write mathematics: Goals of mathematical writing,
general principles of mathematical writing, avoiding errors, writing mathematical solutions
and proofs, the revision process, What is mathematical research, finding a research topic,
Literature survey, Research Criteria, Format of a research article (including examples of
mathematical articles) and a research project (report), publishing research.

UNIT- II: Mathematical Typesetting and Presentation using LaTeX (16 hours)
How to present mathematics: Preparing a mathematical talk, Oral presentation, Use of
technology which includes LaTeX, PSTricks and Beamer; Poster presentation.

UNIT- III: Mathematical Web Resources and Research Ethics (12 hours)
Web resources- MAA, AMS, SIAM, arXiv, ResearchGate; Journal metrics: Impact factor of
journal as per JCR, MCQ, SNIP, SJR, Google Scholar metric; Challenges of journal metrics;
Reviews/Databases: MathSciNet, zbMath, Web of Science, Scopus; Ethics with respect to
science and research, Plagiarism check using software like URKUND/Ouriginal by Turnitin.

Essential Readings
1. Bindner, Donald, & Erickson Martin (2011). A Student’s Guide to the Study, Practice,
and Tools of Modern Mathematics. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.
2. Committee on Publication Ethics- COPE (https://publicationethics.org/)
3. Declaration on Research Assessment.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Declaration_on_Research_Assessment
4. Evaluating Journals using journal metrics;
(https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/library/journalmetrics#s-lg-box-13497874)
5. Gallian, Joseph A. (2006). Advice on Giving a Good PowerPoint Presentation
(https://www.d.umn.edu/~jgallian/goodPPtalk.pdf). MATH HORIZONS.
6. Lamport, Leslie (2008). LaTeX, a Document Preparation System, Pearson.
7. Locharoenrat, Kitsakorn (2017). Research Methodologies for Beginners, Pan Stanford
Publishing Pte. Ltd., Singapore.
8. Nicholas J. Higham. Handbook for writing for the Mathematical Sciences, SIAM, 1998.
9. Steenrod, Norman E., Halmos, Paul R., Schiffer, M. M., & Dieudonné, Jean A. (1973).
How to Write Mathematics, American Mathematical Society.

53
10. Tantau, Till,Wright, Joseph, & Miletić, Vedran (2023). The BEAMER class, Use Guide
for Version 3.69. TeX User Group.
(https://tug.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/beamer/doc/beameruserguide.pdf)
11. University Grants Commission (Promotion of Academic Integrity and Prevention of
Plagiarism in Higher Educational Institutions) Regulations 2018 (The Gazette of India:
Extraordinary, Part-iii-Sec.4)

Practical (30 hours): Practical work to be performed in the computer lab of the
following using any TeX distribution software:
1. Starting LaTeX, Preparing an input file, Sequences and paragraphs, Quotation marks,
Dashes, Space after a period, Special symbols, Simple text- generating commands,
Emphasizing text, Preventing line breaks, Footnotes, ignorable input.
2. The document, The document class, The title page, Sectioning, Displayed material,
Quotations, Lists, Displayed formulas, Declarations.
3. Running LaTeX, Changing the type style, Accents, Symbols, Subscripts and superscripts,
Fractions, Roots, Ellipsis.
4. Mathematical Symbols, Greek letters, Calligraphic letters, Log-like functions, Arrays,
The array environment, Vertical alignment, Delimiters, Multiline formulas.
5. Putting one thing above another, Over and underlining, Accents, Stacking symbols,
Spacing in math mode, Changing style in math mode, Type style, Math style.
6. Defining commands, Defining environments, Theorems.
7. Figure and tables, Marginal notes, The tabbing environment, The tabular environment.
8. The Table and contents, Cross-references, Bibliography and citation.
9. Beamer: Templates, Frames, Title page frame, Blocks, Simple overlays, Themes.
10. PSTricks
11. Demonstration of web resources.

54