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 It is an attribute of objects (like texture, shape,

smoothness, etc.)
 It depends on:

➢ 1) spectral characteristics of the light source(s) (e.g.,

sunlight) illuminating the objects (relative spectral power
distribution(s) SPD)
➢ 2) spectral properties of objects (reflectance)

➢ 3) spectral characteristics of the sensors of the imaging

device (e.g., the human eye or a digital camera)

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 Due to the different absorption curves of the cones, colors
are seen as variable combinations of the so-called primary
colors: red, green, and blue
 Their wavelengths were standardized by the CIE in 1931:
red=700 nm, green=546.1 nm, and blue=435.8 nm
 The primary colors can be added to produce the secondary
colors of light, magenta (R+B), cyan (G+B), and yellow
(R+G)

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 A color model is an abstract mathematical
model describing the way colors can be
represented as tupples of numbers, typically
as three or four values or color components.

 Any method for explaining or behavior of

color within some particular context is called
a color model.

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Shades, tints & tones
*A shade is produced by
“dimming” a hue.[adding
black].
- Dark blue = pure blue +
black.
*A tint is produced by
“lightening” a hue. [adding
white].
-Pastel red = pure red +
white.
*Tone refers to the effects or
reducing the “colorfulness” of
a hue. [adding gray] or
[adding black & white].

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 Color Models

o RGB (Red, Green, Blue)

o CMY (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow)
o HSI (Hue, Saturation, Intensity)
o YIQ (Luminance, In phase, Quadrature)
o YUV (Y' stands for the luma component (the brightness) and U
and V are the chrominance (color) components )

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 When white light is incident on an opaque object,
some frequencies are reflected and some are
absorbed.
 The combination of frequencies present in the
reflected light determines the color of the object
that we see.

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 In this model, the primary colors are red, green, and blue.
It is an additive model, in which colors are produced by
adding components, with white having all colors present and
black being the absence of any color.

 This is the model used for active displays such as television

and computer screens.

 The RGB model is usually represented by a unit cube with

one corner located at the origin of a three-dimensional color
coordinate system, the axes being labeled R, G, B, and
having a range of values [0, 1]. The origin (0, 0, 0) is
considered black and the diagonally opposite corner (1, 1,
1) is called white. The line joining black to white represents
a gray scale and has equal components of R, G, B.

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 Each color is
represented in its
primary color
components Red,
Green and Blue

 This model is based on

Cartesian Coordinate
System

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 Additive color model.
 For computer display.
 Uses light to display color.
 Colors result from transmitted light.
 Red + Green + Blue = White.

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 This model is called
additive, and the colors are
called primary colors.

 The primary colors can be

added to produce the
secondary colors of light-
Magenta(Red + Blue),
Cyan(Green + Blue), and
Yellow(Red + Green). The
combination of Red, Green
and Blue at full intensities
makes white.

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 The combination of Red,
Green and Blue in full
intensity makes white.

 White light is created when

all color of the EM
spectrum (electromagnetic
spectrum) converge in full
intensity.

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 The color model RGB is used in hardware
applications like PC monitors, cameras and
scanners.
 It is used for Web graphics, but it cannot be
used for print production.
 It directly reflects the physical properties of
“True-color” displays.

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 It is used—
 For sensory representation.
 Display of text images in electronic system,
For example- computer, TV, camera.

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 In spite of this bias, however, RGB is really a
better way to go for many reasons.
Conversion from one color space to another
can sometimes be problematic for companies
that have a limited knowledge of color
management. But in this time of automated
color-managed workflows, the resistance to
RGB makes little sense from a production
point of view. And the pros of RGB generally
are stronger than the cons.

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 The most compelling reason to adopt an RGB
workflow is to increase the print provider’s ability
to "match the original"-the RGB color space
simply allows for a wider range of colors. While
it’s true that no output device can match the
color range of a transparency or digital camera,
modern wide-format devices offer a much wider
color gamut than traditional offset presses. In
many cases, it makes perfect sense for each print
job to try to get the maximum color space your
device is capable of reproducing. Clearly, the
more data you input to the device, the more you
can output.

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 CMYK conversion, by definition, reduces the
data contained in the original RGB image. And
data that is thrown away can never be
reclaimed-it’s gone for good. To retain as
much data as possible, there is a growing
trend toward performing color conversion
only in the final rasterizetion process before
printing. That way, all of the data in the
image file is retained.

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 CMYK (subtractive color model) is the standard
color model used in offset printing for full-color
documents. Because such printing uses inks of
these four basic colors, it is often called four-color
printing.
* A greenish blue called Cyan.
• A blushed red called Magenta.

• A bright Yellow.

• The key color Black

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 Subtractive color
model.
 For printed material.
 Uses ink to display
color.
 Colors result from
reflected light.
 Cyan + Magenta +
Yellow = Black.

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 The CMY color model is used in color
printers.
 It is created by the subtractive mode
 Used in most commercial color printing
(Books, Magazines etc.).

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 1) Less color process / screen for print.
 2) More productivity.
 3) Cost minimizing.
 4) Good hand feel because of using less color
on ground.
 5) CMYK color can be used for different item
of print because of common color way.

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