Color models

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 HVS - human visual system

• 6 to 7 million cones in the human eye can be divided into three

principal sensing categories, corresponding roughly to red, green, and
blue.

65%: red 33%: green 2%: blue (blue cones are the most sensitive)

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Interpretation of color image in human

3 types of photoreceptors:
sensitive to red, green, or blue light.
luminance
hue
saturation

The brain transforms RGB into separate

brightness and color channels
brain photo receptors 3
Color model

• It is a mathematical representation of set of colors.

• Oriented towards hardware (e.g. color monitors and

printers)

• or towards color manipulation applications (e.g. color

graphics for animation).

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Color models

• The most popular color models are

1. CIE standard
2. RGB
3. HSI
4. CMYK
5. YUV
6. YIQ
7. YCbCr

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RGB Color model

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 RGB Color model

• based on a Cartesian coordinate system and tri-

chromatic color vision

• color subspace is a cube with three primary colors

red, green and blue forming the axes

• Each point in the cube represents a specific color.

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Schematic of RGB color cube.

• Points along main

diagonal have gray
values from black at
origin to white
diagonally opposite at
point (1,1,1)

• normalized values of R,
G, B - assumed to be in
the range [0,1].

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RGB Color model uses primary colors

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 RGB Color model

RGB is an additive color model.

Cyan = Blue + Green

Magenta = Red + Blue
Yellow = Red + Green

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Applications: RGB Color model

• Human eye itself

• Scanners
• CRT monitors/computer system
• Television

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Limitations of RGB color model-

• Device dependent

• Non–linear with visual perception.

• Difficult to relate this model to colour appearance

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 What color would a person see at first, middle and last
column of an image with size (M,N) and following R,G,B
profiles?

R G B

1 1 1
G

0.5 0.5 0.5

0 N/2 N-1 0 N/2 N-1 0 N/2 N-1

Answer- 1) (1,0,0)=RED 2) (0.5,1,0.5) 3) 0,0,1)=Blue

2/16/2022 12:07 PM Tushar Jadhav,VIIT 13

CMY Color model

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CMY(K) (Cyan Magenta Yellow (Black))

• Subtractive color space

• Use secondary colors of light - Cyan, Magenta and

yellow

• Mainly used in printing and hard copy output.

• Very simple transforms to translate RGB colours

displayed on screen to CMY(K) values for printing.

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Color Models for Image – RGB Vs CMY

RGB & CMY Cubes

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Conversions-between Color models
CMY is a subtractive color model.

RGB to CMY
Cyan = White − Red
Magenta = White − Green
Yellow = White − Blue

CMY to RGB
Red = White − Cyan
Green = White −Magenta
Blue = White − Yellow
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Color Models for Image – RGB Vs CMY

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CMY Color model

• works by partially or entirely masking colors on

white background.

• Inked paper absorbs and reflects specific

wavelengths

• Cyan, magenta and yellow pigments serve as

filters, subtracts varying degrees of RGB from
white light

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 RGB Vs CMY

CMY Color model

RGB Color model
Subtractive color model
Additive color model
For printed material
For computer displays

Uses light to display color Uses ink to display color

Colors result from transmitted Colors result from reflected light

light

Red+Green+Blue=White Cyan+ Magenta+Yellow=Black

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Color models for Image – CMYK

• Mixture of CMY is muddy brown due to the

impurities of the printing inks.

• Fourth, black, component included to improve the

density range.

• Printing inks are based on this model.

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 Color models for Image – CMYK

Image separated for printing with The same image, separated with black. It
cyan, magenta, and yellow inks. minimizes use of ink
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Limitations: CMY color model

• CMY(K) is device dependent, non–linear with

visual perception and reasonably unintuitive.

• RGB offers a much wider range of colors than

CMYK does.

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 What color would a person see at first, middle and last
column of an image with size (M,N) and following R,G,B
profiles?

R G B

1 1 1
G

0.5 0.5 0.5

0 N/2 N-1 0 N/2 N-1 0 N/2 N-1

Answer- 1) (0,1,1)= Cyan 2) (0.5,0,0.5) 3) ( 1,1,0)=Yellow

2/16/2022 12:07 PM Tushar Jadhav,VIIT 24

YIQ Color model

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Luminance Chrominance Color model

• RGB -not efficient when dealing with ‘real world

images’

• Faster processing if an image stored directly to an

intensity and color format (Bandwidth is also an
issue)

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Luminance Chrominance Color model

• Separate RGB into luminance and chrominance

information

• YIQ/YUV- NTSC, PAL, SECAM (video encoding

standards)

• YCbCr - MPEG and JPEG.

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YIQ model

• The luminance ‘Y’ component carries gray scale

information

• Other two components carry color information.

• I stands for ‘in phase’ - orange-blue

• Q stands for ‘quadrature’ used in modulation

method to transmit the color information - purple-
green

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 YIQ model /NTSC color model

• Gray scale information separated from color data

enables use of same signal for color and
monochrome television sets.

• The eye is more sensitive to changes in the

orange-blue (I) range than in the purple-green
range (Q)

• Therefore less bandwidth is required for Q than for

I (Broadcast NTSC limits ‘I’ to 1.3 MHz and Q to 0.4 MHz. I
and Q are frequency interleaved into the 4 MHz Y signal )

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YIQ Color model

RGB Y

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Q
I
Conversions- between Color models

YIQ from RGB

Reverse transform is

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HSI Color model

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HSI Color model

• RGB and CMY color models are suitable for

hardware implementations, but we
describe colors by their hue, saturation,
and brightness.

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HSI Color models

• Hue represents dominant color as perceived by an

observer. It is an attribute associated with
dominant wavelength.

• Saturation refers to relative purity or the amount of

white mixed with hue

• Intensity reflects the brightness.

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HSI Color models

• HSI color model can be considered as a cylinder,

where 3 coordinates are saturation, hue and
intensity

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RGB and HSI models

• Hue defines the color itself

- the angle around the central vertical axis in

each cylinder

- 0° beginning with red

- 360° ending with red running through green at 120 °,

blue at 240° and all intermediary colors

- increases counterclockwise

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HSI Color models

• Saturation-
- The distance from the intensity axis corresponds to
“saturation”
- describes how pale the color is.
- values go from 0 to 100 or 1 (normalized) , from white to
the purest color.

• Intensity along the line joining black and white

vertices in the range of [0,1]

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 Angle 0 =black

255 =saturation
Intensity
Pure color

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Converting colors from RGB to HSI

• Assuming that HSI values are normalized

(in the interval [0 1])

S = 1 − ( 3 / (R+G+B) ) a
where a is the minimum of R, G and B

I=(R+G+B )/3

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Converting colors from HSI to RGB

• Assuming that HSI values are normalized (in the interval [0

1])

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Converting colors from HSI to RGB

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RGB to HSL: A Perceptual Transformation
luminance

The eye has 3 types of photoreceptors:

sensitive to red, green, or blue light.
hue
saturation

The brain transforms RGB into separate

brightness and color channels (e.g., LHS).
brain photo receptors

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THANK YOU

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