Average Speed Total Distance Total Time Distance Time Distance 8 S

Speed, Velocity and Acceleration
Distance:
The total length traveled by an object between its initial and final position. Distance is a scalar quantity. It has only magnitude, no direction. The S.I unit is metre (m).
Displacement:
The shortest distance between the initial and final position of an object. It is a vector quantity that has both magnitude and direction. The S.I unit is metre (m).
Example: 1. Ans: A car travels from A to B, and to C as shown in the figure. Find the total distance traveled and displacement. Total distance traveled = AB + AC = 3 + 4 = 7m Total displacement covered = 5m (south-east)
Speed:
Distance traveled by an object in a given time.
It is a scalar quantity that has only magnitude but no direction. The S.I unit of speed is m/s.
Average speed =
Speed 8 m/s = =
Example: 1. A car has a steady speed of 8 m/s. a. How far does the car travel in 8s. b. How long does the car take to travel 160m. Ans: a. Speed = 8 m/s, time = 8s, distance = ?
distance = 8 m/s x 8s = 64 m
distance distance time

1
b. distance Speed 8 m/s time
= 160 m, = = =
time = ?
Velocity:
-
Displacement of an object in a given time or speed of the object in a given direction. Velocity =
It is vector quantity that has magnitude and direction. The S.I unit is m/s. For a motion in a straight line, we use + or to indicate the direction. The average velocity is given by:
distance 160 m time 160 m time 8 m/s Displacement

= 20 s
i) Vavg = ( u + v ), for one stage of a trip.
ii) Vavg=
Example:
- In a horizontal motion, + 10 m/s means velocity of 10 m/s to the right, - 10 m/s means velocity of 10 m/s to the left. In a vertical motion, + 10 m/s means velocity of 10 m/s upward - 10 m/s means velocity of 10 m/s downward.
time total displacemen total time

, for a whole trip
Acceleration:
The change in velocity of on object in a given time. Average acceleration =
Or -
Acceleration is a vector quantity + 3 m/s2 means velocity increasing by 3 m/s per second, - 3 m/s2 means velocity decreasing by 3 m/s per second.
- A negative acceleration is called deceleration or retardation. A uniform acceleration means a constant acceleration
change in velo final velocity time taken v-u a= time t
Example:
1. A car takes 8s to increase its velocity from 10 m/s to 30 m/s. What is its average acceleration? Ans: t = 8s u = 10 m/s v = 30 m/s a=?
2. A motor cycle, traveling at 20 m/s, takes 5s to stop. What is its average retardation? Ans: u = 20m/s t = 5s v=0 a=?
3. An aircraft on its take-off run has a steady acceleration of 3m/s2 . a. What velocity does the aircraft gain in 4s? b. If the aircraft passes one post on the runway at a velocity of 20m/s, what is its velocity 8s later? Ans: a. a = 3m/s2 t = 4s, gain in velocity = ? (v u) = ?
v --u 1 2 a202.5 m/s = m/s 30 m/s t 2u v8s 8s m/s - m/s a2020m/s =- 4 0t 5s 5s

3
b.
u = 20 m/s,
t = 8s,
v=?
Motion Graphs:
I) -
Distance-time Graphs:
Graphs drawn with distance along y-axis and time along x-axis. The lines rise on the y-axis divided by its run on the x-axis is called the gradient. On a d-t graph, the gradient of the line is numerically equal to the speed.
1)
Car traveling at constant speed:
y gradient = x
d i
50
20 4 gradien 5
4
2)
Car travelling at higher constant speed:
3)
4)
d i s t a d n i c s e t d a
50 40 30
Speed = 8 m/s
gradient
gradient increasing speed increasing speed at T = slope of tangent at T
Car accelerating:
Car decelerating:
gradient decreasing speed decreasing
20 80
70 10 7
5
5)
Car at rest:
gradient = 0 speed = 0
Speed time graphs:

Graphics drawn with speed along y axis and time along x axis. On the speed-time graph, the gradient of the line is equal to acceleration in magnitude. The area under the line is numerically equal to the distance traveled. 1. Car traveling at constant acceleration
d i s t a n s c p e e
5 50 gradient 1x Area unde 1 10 50 2 2

Acceleration = 5 m/s2 = 250 distance traveled = 250m 6
2. Car traveling at constant speed
gradient acceleration Area
=0 =0 =l x w = 10 x 50 = 500 = 500 m
distance traveled
3. Car traveling at constant deceleration
4. Car traveling at increasing acceleration
s p e e s d p e e m d d / i
50
-50 = -8.3 40 gradient 6 50

acceleration = -8.3 m/s2 The gradient is negative if the body is decelerating (the speed is decreasing).
y20 2 20 40 4 m/s x 20 76 7
30
Acceleration at P
= Gradient of tangent at P
5. Car traveling at decreasing acceleration:
Recording Motion: Using ticker-tape: A ticker-tape timer machine punches carbon dots on the tape at regular intervals. A typical timer produces 50 dots every second. A length of paper tape (ticker tape) is attached to a trolley to study its motion. As the trolley moves, it pulls the ticker tape that passes through the timer machine. The dots on the tape records the motion of the trolley
s p e e d
Steady speed
higher steady speed
acceleration
( m
deceleration

Average Speed Total Distance Total Time Distance Time Distance 8 S

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Speed, Velocity and Acceleration

distance distance time

b. distance Speed 8 m/s time

distance 160 m time 160 m time 8 m/s Displacement

i) Vavg = ( u + v ), for one stage of a trip.

time total displacemen total time

change in velo final velocity time taken v-u a= time t

v --u 1 2 a202.5 m/s = m/s 30 m/s t 2u v8s 8s m/s - m/s a2020m/s =- 4 0t 5s 5s

Car traveling at constant speed:

Car travelling at higher constant speed:

gradient decreasing speed decreasing

Speed time graphs:

5 50 gradient 1x Area unde 1 10 50 2 2

2. Car traveling at constant speed

gradient acceleration Area

3. Car traveling at constant deceleration

4. Car traveling at increasing acceleration

-50 = -8.3 40 gradient 6 50

5. Car traveling at decreasing acceleration:

higher steady speed

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