Roll No. Q.P.

Code 02
Candidates must write the Q.P. Code
on the title page of the answer book.

SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER-2

SCIENCE
Time allowed : 3 hours Maximum Marks : 80

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:
(i) This question paper consists of 39 questions. All questions are compulsory.
(ii) Question paper is divided into FIVE sections viz. Section A, B, C, D and E.
(iii) There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in some Sections.

SECTION A
Select and write one most appropriate option out of the four options given for each of the questions 1-20:
1. Riya was a chemist working in a water treatment plant. Her supervisor asks her to prepare a batch of bleaching powder for
disinfecting the water supply. Which of the following chemicals would she choose as the primary ingredient for making the
bleaching powder? 1
(a) Calcium carbonate (b) Calcium hydroxide (c) Calcium chloride (d) Calcium hypochlorite
2. Which of the following metal does NOT corrode easily and does not require any special treatment for prevention? 1
(a) Iron (b) Copper (c) Aluminum (d) Gold
3. What happens when ethene gas reacts with bromine water (aqueous solution of bromine)? 1
(a) Addition reaction occurs forming 1,2-dibromoethane (b) Substitution reaction occurs forming ethyl bromide
(c) Esterification occurs forming ethyl bromoacetate (d) No reaction takes place
4. Which of the following reactions is a redox reaction? 1
(a) 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO (b) NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
(c) CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 (d) None of the above
5. While camping, you discover a plant with yellow roots. Testing its juice with lemon (acid) and soap (base), any color change
could suggest it’s a natural acid-base indicator. Which indicator might it resemble? 1
(a) Methyl orange (b) Phenolphthalein (c) Turmeric (d) Universal indicator
6. When ammonia (NH3) reacts with oxygen (O2) to produce nitrogen monoxide (NO) and water (H2O), the balanced chemical
equation is: 1
3 5
(a) 4NH3 + O2 → 4NO + 6H2O (b) 2NH3 + O2 → 2NO + 3H2O
2 2
(c) NH3 + O2 → NO + H2O (d) 3NH3 + 4O2 → 3NO + 6H2O
7. Which of the following metals can be extracted by the electrolytic reduction process? 1
(a) Copper (b) Zinc (c) Aluminum (d) Iron
8. Identify the correct path of urine in the human body. 1
(a) Kidney → urinary bladder → urethra → ureter (b) Urinary bladder → ureter → kidney → urethra
(c) Kidney → ureter → urethra → urinary bladder (d) Kidney → ureter → urinary bladder → urethra
 9. Which of the following is an example of a decomposer in an ecosystem? 1
(a) Tiger (b) Butterfly (c) Earthworm (d) Deer
10. Which of the following plants can be developed by leaf propagation? 1
(a) Solanum (b) Mint (c) Bryophyllum (d) Money plant
11. The green pigment responsible for capturing light energy during photosynthesis is: 1
(a) Carotene (b) Chlorophyll (c) Melanin (d) Hemoglobin
12. What is heredity? 1
(a) Transmission of physical characters from one generation to the next.
(b) Transmission of sexual and morphological characters from one generation to the next.
(c) Transmission of anatomical characters from one generation to the next.
(d) Transmission of genetic characters from parents to offspring or one generation to the next.
13. What type of lens is used to correct astigmatism in the eye? 1
(a) Concave lens (b) Convex lens (c) Biconcave lens (d) Cylindrical lens
14. In the context of the human eye, what is the term for the black opening that exists between the clear fluid (aqueous humor)
and the lens? 1
(a) Ciliary muscles (b) Iris (c) Cornea (d) Pupil
15. As the cricket match progresses, some players begin to experience muscle cramps. The coach gathers the team to discuss the
possible causes. What is the likely reason for these cramps? 1
(a) The conversion of pyruvate to ethanol (b) The conversion of pyruvate to glucose
(c) The conversion of glucose to pyruvate (d) The conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid
16. A big tree falls in a forest, but its roots are still in contact with the soil. The branches of this fallen tree grow straight up
(vertically). This happens in response to: 1
(a) Water and light (b) Water and minerals (c) Gravity and water (d) Light and gravity

Q. No. 17 to 20 are Assertion - Reason based questions.

These consist of two statements - Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Answer these questions selecting the appropriate option given
below:
(a) 
Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) 
Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
17. Assertion (A): Metals like Na. K, Ca and Mg are never found in their free state in nature.
Reason (R): Metals are very reactive elements, so it combines with other non-metals to complete its octet. 1
18. Assertion (A): Contraception helps in preventing unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
Reason (R): Condoms are an example of a barrier method of contraception that prevents the transmission of STIs. 1
19. Assertion (A): A virtual image can be photographed.
Reason (R): Only real objects are photographed. 1
20. Assertion (A): Excretion is the process of eliminating waste products from the body.
Reason (R): Excretion helps in maintaining the body’s internal environment by removing harmful metabolic by products. 1

86 SCIENCE
 SECTION - B
Q. No. 21 to 26 are Very Short Answer Questions.
21. When you add sodium hydrogen carbonate to acetic acid in a test tube, a gas liberates immediately with a brisk effervescence.
Name this gas. Describe the method of testing this gas. 2
22. Identify the figures given below and write the function of each. 2

A B C
OR
A picture of the lady is given below. She might be having some problems. Can you depict the problem and what kind of diet
is advised to treat the disease. 2

23. How does sexual reproduction contribute to genetic variation? 2

24. Sunlight enters the water at an angle of 30 degrees from the normal. If the water has a refractive index of 1.33, then find the
angle of refraction of the sunlight inside water. 2
25. (i) Mention the condition under which charges can move in a conductor.
(ii) Name the device which is used to maintain this condition in an electric circuit. 2
OR
In your class in electricity chapter, you’ve learned about ‘potential’ and ‘potential difference.’ Can you distinguish between
these two terms? 2
26. How are the alveoli designed to maximise the exchange of gases? 2

SECTION - C
Q. No. 27 to 33 are Short Answer Questions.
27. What do you understand by esterification and saponification reactions of organic compounds? Explain this with the help of
the chemical equation for each. 3
28. Balance the following:
(a) Mg(OH)2 + HCl → MgCl2 + H2O
(b) Na2CrO4(aq) + Zn(NO3)2(aq) → ZnCrO4(s) + NaNO3(aq)
(c) NaHCO3(s) → Na2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(g) 3
OR
Explain why?
(a) Sitting by a campfire, exhaling in the cold air, you can see your breath forming a mist in the cold air. Now, in the context
of this situation, can you explain why respiration is often referred to as an exothermic reaction?
(b) Imagine you are in a chemistry class, and your teacher conducts an experiment involving the decomposition of CaCO3
into CaO and CO2 on heating. Based on this experiment, can you explain why decomposition reactions are often
classified as endothermic reactions?
(c) When the blue salt of copper sulfate is heated, it becomes colorless. Explain. 3

Sample Question Paper-2 87

29. (a) List three techniques that have been developed to prevent pregnancy.
(b) Which technique of contraception used by females is not meant for males?
(c) How does the use of these techniques have a direct impact on the health and prosperity of a family? 3
OR
A certain organism has the remarkable ability to break itself into multiple pieces, each capable of developing into a new
individual. 3
(a) What is the specific term used to describe this method of reproduction?
(b) Is this form of reproduction classified as sexual or asexual? Provide an explanation.
(c) How does this process relate to the concept of regeneration, and what distinguishes it from the regeneration processes in
other organisms?
30. (a) Why is the brain considered a delicate organ and why is it important to protect it?
(b) How is the brain protected in the human body? 3
31. (a) Why some people struggle to see nearby things clearly. Can you name the defect and reason behind it?
(b) Draw ray diagrams showing
(i) an eye with this common vision problem
(ii) how it can be corrected using suitable optical device? 3
32. A circuit contains three resistors, one of 2 ohm and the other two of 4 ohm each. The 4 ohm resistors are connected in parallel
and the combination is connected in series with the 2 ohm resistor. Calculate the current flowing through the circuit if a voltage
of 10V is applied. 3
33. You are standing in a parking lot, and you notice a convex mirror installed on a wall near the entrance. The mirror is used to
help drivers see around a blind corner. The object in front of the mirror is a parked car. 3
(i) (a)  Identify the principal axis and principal focus of the convex mirror in this scenario.
(b) Explain how the image of the parked car is formed by the convex mirror. Mention the characteristics of the image,
such as its orientation and size.
(ii) If the convex mirror was replaced with a concave mirror of the same focal length, how would the image formation be
different? Provide a brief explanation.
OR
How does refraction take place in the atmosphere? Why do stars twinkle but not the planets? 3

SECTION - D
Q. No. 34 to 36 are Long Answer Questions.
34. Write the name and symbol of two most reactive metals. Explain the structure of one of the reactive metals with halogen.
Explain two physical properties of the compound formed. 5
OR
(i) Write electron dot structures for sodium , magnesium and oxygen.
(ii) Show formation of Na2O and MgO by the transfer of electrons. 5
35. Name the various trophic levels in a food chain and provide examples for each. Also give few examples of decomposers. 5
OR
(a) Define ozone depletion and explain its significance.
(b) Describe the main causes and sources of ozone depletion and their environmental consequences.
(c) How can we contribute to protecting the depletion of the ozone layer at an individual level? 5
36. Explain the structure and functioning of Human eye. How are we able to see nearby as well as distant objects? 5
OR
When do we consider a person to be myopic or hypermetropic? Explain using diagrams how the defects associated with
myopic and hypermetropia eye can be corrected? 5

88 SCIENCE
 SECTION - E
Q. No. 37 to 39 are case based/data based questions with 2 to 3 short sub-parts. Internal choice is provided in one of these
sub-parts.
37. A scale for measuring hydrogen ion concentration in a solution called pH scale has been developed. The p in pH stands for
potenz’ in German meaning power. On the pH scale’ we can measure pH generally from 0 (very acidic) to 14 (very alkaline).
pH should be thought of simply as a number which indicates the acidic or basic nature of a solution. Higher the hydronium
ion concentration, lower is the pH value.
Answer the following on the basis of above paragraph:
(a) What does the scale represent when pH value increases from 7 to 14? 1
(b) What is the pH value of milk of magnesia? 1
(c) What is the importance of pH in everyday life? 2
OR
(c) Two solutions are present X&Y. The pH of X is 4 and the pH of Y is 8.3. What is the nature of two solutions? 2
38. In a monohybrid cross experiment, a plant breeder crossed two purebred pea plants – one with yellow seeds and the other
with green seeds. Assuming seed color is controlled by a single gene, answer the following:
(a) What are the possible genotypes of the parent plants? 1
(b) What are the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the F1 generation resulting from this cross? 1
(c) If two F1 plants are crossed, what are the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios in the F2 generation? 2
OR
(c) Explain the principle of dominance and how it is observed in this monohybrid cross. 2
39. Electrical resistivity refers to the inherent property of a material that quantifies its opposition to the flow of electric current.
It is defined as the electrical resistance exhibited by a specimen of the material with unit length and unit cross-sectional area.
This parameter provides insight into how effectively or ineffectively a conductor allows the passage of electrical current.
Below, you will find a table displaying the resistivity values for four distinct materials.
Resistivities at 20°C
Material Resistivity
Aluminium 2.82 × 10–8
Copper 1.72 × 10–8
Gold 2.44 × 10–8
Nichrome 150 × 10–8
(a) Among the given materials, which is the best conductor of electricity? 1
(b) Write the SI unit of resistivity. 1
(c) What are two reasons for the prevalent use of nichrome wire in various electrical heating devices? 2
OR
(c) Identify the element suitable for use in electrical transmission lines and provide a justification for your choice. 2

Sample Question Paper-2 89

 SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER-2
(Explanations)
1. (b) Calcium hydroxide is commonly used to make 13. (d) Astigmatism is a vision condition caused by an
bleaching powder. (1 M) irregularly shaped cornea or lens in the eye, leading
2. (d) Gold does not corrode easily and does not require to blurred or distorted vision. A cylindrical lens is
any special treatment for prevention. It is highly used to correct astigmatism. (1 M)
resistant to corrosion which makes it a valuable 14. (d) The black opening between the aqueous humour
metal for jewellery and other applications. (1 M) and the lens is called pupil. (1 M)
3. (a) Ethene undergoes an addition reaction with 15. (d) Muscle cramps in cricketers occur due to the
bromine water forming 1,2-dibromoethane. In this conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid, a process
reaction, the double bond of ethene is broken and in anaerobic metabolism when oxygen supply is
two bromine atoms are added across the carbon insufficient during intense physical activity, leading
atoms.  (1 M) to lactic acid buildup and muscle discomfort.(1 M)
4. (a) In a redox reaction, both reduction and oxidation 16. (d) The branches of fallen tree grow straight up
takes place simultaneously. On the reactant side, (vertically) due to response to light and gravity. A
Mg has 0 oxidation state while on the product side, plant stem tends to grow towards the light in the
it has +2 oxidation state. It is undergoing oxidation. upward direction against the force of gravity (1 M)
O2 has 0 oxidation state on the reactant side while 17. (a) Alkali metals are very reactive due to which they
it has –2 oxidation state on the product side. It is are never found in free state. Due to their reactivity,
undergoing reduction. (1 M) they combine with other non-metals to attain stable
5. (c) It is turmeric since it is a natural indicator that turns configuration. (1 M)
red in acidic solutions and yellow in basic solutions. 18. (d) Not all contraception helps in preventing STIs .
(1 M) Condoms are an example of a barrier method of
6. (b) The balanced equation is: contraception that prevents the transmission of STIs
5 to some extent. (1 M)
2NH3 + O2 → 2NO + 3H2O (1 M) 19. (c) An image of a plane mirror is virtual and it can be
2
7. (c) Aluminum is extracted from its oxide ore using the photographed. (1 M)
process of electrolytic reduction in a Hall-Héroult 20. (a) Excretion is indeed the biological process through
cell. (1 M) which waste products and harmful metabolic by
8. (d) Urine is formed in the kidney by filtering blood, products are eliminated from the body. This process
then carried by the ureter to the urinary bladder for is crucial for maintaining the body’s internal
storage. Finally, it’s expelled from the body through environment, as it helps remove substances that can
the urethra as waste. (1 M) be toxic or disrupt the body’s normal functioning.
9. (c) Earthworms are decomposers that break down and (1 M)
recycle the matter from dead plants and animals, 21. The gas that liberates immediately with a brisk
as well as waste products, returning it back into the effervescence is carbon dioxide gas (CO2 ).
soil. (1 M) CH3COOH + NaHCO3 → CH3COONa(s) + H2O +
10. (c) Buds produced in the notches along the leaf margin CO2(g) (1 M)
of Bryophyllum fall on the soil and develop into new Method of testing this gas:
plants. (1 M) Limewater Test- In this test, we pass the gas through
11. (b) The green pigment present in the chloroplast is the a solution of lime water (calcium hydroxide) in a test
chlorophyll which is responsible for capturing light tube. If carbon dioxide gas is present, it will react with
energy during photosynthesis. (1 M) the limewater to form a white precipitate of calcium
12. (d) Heredity is the transmission of genetic characters carbonate which will make the limewater solution milky.
from parents to offspring or one generation to the next. The chemical equation for this reaction is:
(1 M) CO2(g) + Ca(OH)2(aq) → CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) (1 M)
Topper’s Explanation (CBSE 2015) amount of work done in moving a unit positive charge
between the two points in a closed circuit. Both potential
and potential difference are measured in volt. (2 M)
26. Alveoli have balloon-like structure. Thus, provides
22. The given figure is of RBCs (A), WBCs (B) and platelets maximum surface area for exchange of gases. (1 M)
(C) representing the components of blood. RBCs (red The alveoli are thin walled and have network of blood
blood cells) contain red pigment, hemoglobin that binds vessels to allow exchange of gases between blood and
with oxygen and transports it to all the parts of the body. the air filled in alveoli. (1 M)
WBCs (white blood cells) help to fight against the germs
27. Esterification is a process in which alcohol and carboxylic
that may enter our body. Platelets are cell fragments that
acid react together in the presence of an acid catalyst to
help in clotting of blood. (2 M)
give an ester. The reaction is shown below:
OR
2 4→ Conc. H SO
Lady has a swollen neck. It means she has an enlarged CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH 
thyroid gland and she is suffering from goiter. It occurs Ethanoic Acid    Ethanol
due to the deficiency of iodine in a diet. So it is advised CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
to take a normal amount of iodine in a diet so that thyroid Ethylethanoate
gland can function properly. (2 M)
(1½ M)
23. Sexual reproduction can contribute to extensive genetic Saponification is the process in which an ester reacts
diversity in offspring, a result of independent assortment with sodium hydroxide to give sodium salt of acid and
and crossing-over during meiosis, as well as the alcohol. The reaction is shown below:
unpredictable union of gametes during fertilization.  Heat
(2 M) CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH 
→ CH3COONa + C2H2OH
24. In this scenario, the light enters the water at 30-degree Ethyl ethanoate  Sodium  Sodium ethanoate  Ethanol
  Hydroxide
angle from a line perpendicular to the water’s surface.
From snell’s law, (1½ M)

sin i µ
= 2  (1 M) Mistakes 101 : What not to do!
sin r µ1
sin 30° Students might forget to include the acid catalyst
= 1.33 U
sin r in the equation of esterification reaction.
1 1 1 U Students may mistakenly write incorrect names
sin r = × =
2 1.33 2.66 of the reactants involved and products formed in
sin r = 0.375 the reaction.
\ ∠r = sin–1(0.375) = ≈22°
28. (a) Mg(OH)2 + HCl → MgCl2 + H2O
Therefore, the angle of refraction is 22°. (1 M)
Mg is already balanced. Balance the non-metal
atoms. There are two OH– ions on the left side while
there are two Cl atoms on the right side.
Nailing the Right Answer
Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl → MgCl2 + 2H2O
Be thorough with the concepts of refraction and Snell’s Now, count the number of atoms of each type on
law, and practice solving different types of problems to both sides of the equation. As the number of atoms
improve your understanding and accuracy in answering of each type on both sides of the reaction are equal,
such questions the equation is now balanced. (1 M)
(b) Na2CrO4(aq) + Zn(NO3)2(aq) →
25. (i) Setting up potential difference across the conductor, ZnCrO4(s) + NaNO3(aq)
can result in the movement of charge through it. In the above reaction, only Na and NO3 are
 (1 M) unbalanced. Both can be balanced by adding
(ii) Cell or battery. (1 M) coefficient 2 in front of NaNO3 as:
OR Na2CrO4(aq) + Zn(NO3)2(aq) →
Potential is defined as the amount of work done in ZnCrO4(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
moving a unit positive charge from infinity to a point. Hence, the above equation becomes balanced.
On the other hand, potential difference is defined as the (1 M)

Sample Question Paper-2 169

 (c) NaHCO3(s) → Na2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(g) (iii) Intrauterine Devices (IUDs): IUDs are small,
First balance Na by placing 2 in front of NaHCO3 as: T-shaped devices that are inserted into the
2NaHCO3(s) → Na2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(g) uterus to prevent fertilisation. (½ M)
All the atoms of each type are equal on both sides of (b) The technique that is not meant for males is
the reaction, hence, the equation becomes balanced. intrauterine devices (IUDs). These are meant for
(1 M) females and are inserted into the uterus. (½ M)
(c) By preventing unintended pregnancies, these
Nailing the Right Answer techniques help to reduce the burden of unwanted
children on families. This can help to improve the
U Start by balancing elements that appear in only
one reactant and one product. This helps in economic and social well-being of families by
simplifying the balancing process. allowing them to plan their families and invest in
U Remember to balance the polyatomic ions as a the education and health of their children. (1 M)
whole unit, rather than individual atoms. This Topper’s Explanation (CBSE 2017)
ensures that the charge is conserved.

OR
(a) A reaction which involves the release of energy
is known as exothermic reaction. During the
respiration process, glucose combines with the
oxygen present in the body and provides energy.
Since, this process involves release of energy along
with the products, it is an exothermic reaction.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (1 M)
(b) Decomposition reactions require energy in the form
of either light, heat or electricity to break down the
reactants. Due to this reason, all decomposition
OR
reactions are endothermic in nature. (1 M)
(c) Crystals of copper sulfate are blue in color due to (a) The term for this method of reproduction is
the presence of water of crystallization. On heating, “fragmentation”. (½ M)
copper sulfate will lose the water molecules and (b) This form of reproduction is classified as asexual.
hence, becomes colorless. Fragmentation involves the splitting of an organism
CuSO4 . 5H2O → CuSO4 + 5H2O into multiple pieces, and these pieces can develop

(Blue) (Dirty white) (1 M) into new individuals without the involvement of
specialized reproductive cells (gametes) from
Mistakes 101 : What not to do! different parents, which is characteristic of sexual
reproduction. (1 M)
Students might forget including chemical equations while (c) Fragmentation does align with the concept of
writing the explanation. regeneration, as it involves the ability of an
29. (a) Three techniques that have been developed to organism to regrow and develop from a broken or
prevent pregnancy are: fragmented part. In fragmentation, the organism
intentionally breaks into multiple pieces, each
(i) Condoms: Barrier method of contraception that
of which can develop into a new individual. In
prevent the sperm from reaching the egg.
contrast, in many regeneration processes, the
(½ M)
organism regrows specific lost or damaged body
(ii) Sterilisation: A surgical procedure that renders parts to restore its original form. It distinguishes it
an individual incapable of further reproduction. from the regeneration processes in other organisms.
(½ M) (1½ M)

170 SCIENCE
 4W
2W
Mistakes 101 : What not to do! 4W
U Not highlighting the intentional breaking of the 32.
organism into multiple pieces as a key aspect of
fragmentation. + –

U Neglecting to mention that regeneration in other 10V

organisms typically involves the regrowth of The equivalent resistance of the two 4 ohm resistors in
specific lost or damaged body parts, whereas 4× 4
parallel is = 2 ohm. (1 M)
fragmentation involves the development of new 4+4
individuals from the fragmented pieces. The total resistance of the combination is thus 2 + 2 = 4
ohm. (1 M)
30. (a) The brain is considered a delicate organ because of Using Ohm’s law, the current flowing through the circuit
its critical role in various activities, such as cognition, V
is I = , where V is the applied voltage and R is the
coordination, and sensory processing. It needs to R
be protected to ensure its proper functioning and to total resistance of the combination. Thus, the current is
prevent injuries that can have severe consequences 10
for overall health. (1½ M) = 2.5 A. (1 M)
4
(b) The brain is protected in the human body through
a series of physical structures and mechanisms.
These include the bony box, known as the skull Mistakes 101 : What not to do!
or cranium, which surrounds and provides a rigid
U Students might incorrectly connect the resistors
enclosure for the brain. It is also protected by
in the circuit, mixing up series and parallel
cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), which acts as a cushion
connections, which would lead to incorrect
and shock absorber. (1½ M)
calculations.
31. (a) This defect is called Hypermetropia is caused due to V
following reasons: U They might use Ohm’s law (I = ) incorrectly,
R
(i) Shortening of the eyeball (½ M)
by not using the total resistance of the circuit.
(ii) Focal length of the crystalline lens is too long.
(½ M) 33. (i) (a)  Principal axis - Imaginary line passing through
(b) (i) the midpoint of the mirror and the center of
curvature behind the mirror. (½ M)
 Principal focus - Point on the principal axis
N N′
where all the parallel rays of light appear to
Hypermetropic eye (1 M) meet after reflection from the mirror. (½ M)
(ii) The defect can be corrected by using a convex (b) The convex mirror reflects the light rays from the
lens of appropriate power. object divergently. The reflected rays appear to
come from a point behind the mirror, where the
virtual focus is located. The image formed by the
convex mirror is virtual, upright, and reduced in
N N′ size compared to the actual object. (1 M)
(ii) If we replace the convex mirror with a concave
Correction for Hypermetropic eye  (1 M) mirror of the same focal length, the image formation
will be different. A concave mirror mostly forms
real images that are inverted. The size of the image
Nailing the Right Answer will depend on the distance between the object and
Provide a clear and concise explanation of the defect and the mirror. If the object is beyond the focal point, the
the reason behind it. image will be real, inverted, and reduced in size. If the
Focus on accurately draw the ray diagram showing a object is between the focal point and the mirror, the
hypermetropic eye. image will be virtual, erect, and magnified. (1 M)

Sample Question Paper-2 171

 OR It contains one valence electron,so , its electron dot
Refraction in the atmosphere occurs when light passes structure will be:
.
through the different layers of the Earth’s atmosphere, N a (½ M)
each with a slightly different density. When light Atomic number of Mg = 12
moves from one medium to another with a different
Its configuration is 2, 8, 2. (½ M)
refractive index, its direction changes. The atmosphere’s
varying density causes the light to bend, resulting in a It contains two valence electrons,so , its electron dot
phenomenon known as atmospheric refraction. (1 M) structure will be:
Stars appear to twinkle because they are much further Mg : (½ M)
away from the Earth than the planets. When light passes Atomic number of O = 8
through the Earth’s atmosphere, the different layers of Its configuration is 2, 6. (½ M)
air with varying temperature and density cause the light It contains six valence electrons,so , its electron dot
to bend in different directions, leading to the twinkling structure will be:
effect. Planets do not twinkle because they are much O (½ M)
closer, leading to less distortion and less of a twinkling (ii) In Na2O, one electron will be lost by each Na which
effect. (2 M) is gained by O. By doing this, both will attain stable
34. The two most reactive metals are sodium (Na) and configuration. (½ M)
potassium(K). (½ M)
.
Let halogen be Cl. First write the electronic configurations Na
of Na and Cl: + 2–
.
+ O → [Na] 2 O or Na2O (½ M)
Na = 2, 8, 1 (½ M) Na
Cl = 2, 8, 7 (½ M)
Na will lose one electron and Cl will gain one electron to In MgO, Mg will lose two electrons which are
achieve stable noble gas configuration. (1 M) gained by O. By doing this, both will attain stable
configuration. (½ M)
× × –
Na   +   Cl
→ [Na]+ Cl → NaCl
2–
(1 M) Mg: + O → [Mg]2+ O or MgO (½ M)
An ionic compound will be formed between Na and Cl .
(½ M)
Physical properties: Mistakes 101 : What not to do!
Ionic compounds are hard and solid due to strong
Students may incorrectly show the transfer of only one
electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely
electron instead of two for sodium and magnesium,
charged ions. (½ M)
resulting in an incorrect formation of Na2O and MgO.
These compounds have high melting and boiling point
because a large amount of energy is needed to break the 35. In a food chain, there are several trophic levels, each
force of attraction. (½ M) representing a different position in the transfer of energy
and nutrients through an ecosystem. Here are the main
trophic levels with examples:
Nailing the Right Answer
Producers (Autotrophs): These are organisms that
U Start writing the explanation by providing the can produce their own food through photosynthesis or
electronic configuration of the metals even if chemosynthesis. They are typically plants, algae, and
it is not being asked to represent the number of some bacteria. Examples include grass, phytoplankton,
valence electrons present. and cyanobacteria.
U Represent valence electrons of one element Primary Consumers (Herbivores): These organisms feed
with cross and of other element with dots for directly on producers. They are typically herbivores,
better understanding while writing electron dot
consuming plant material. Examples include rabbits,
structure of the compounds.
cows, and deer.
OR Secondary Consumers (Carnivores): These organisms feed
(i) Atomic number of Na = 11 on primary consumers. They are carnivores, preying on
Its configuration is 2, 8, 1. (½ M) herbivores. Examples include lions, snakes, and foxes.

172 SCIENCE
 Tertiary Consumers (Top Carnivores): These are 36. The human eye is a complex organ that allows us to see
carnivores that feed on secondary consumers. They are the world around us.
often at the top of the food chain. Examples include eagles, The eye works by gathering light from the environment
wolves, and sharks. and focusing it onto the retina, a layer of light-sensitive
Decomposers play a crucial role in breaking down dead cells at the back of the eye. This process is facilitated by
organic matter and returning nutrients to the environment. several structures, including the cornea, lens, iris, and
They include bacteria, fungi, and certain invertebrates like pupil. The cornea is a transparent outer layer at the front
earthworms and dung beetles. (4 + 1 M) of the eye that acts as a protective barrier and helps to
focus light. The iris, which is the colored part of the eye,
controls the size of the pupil, which is the opening that
Mistakes 101 : What not to do! allows light to enter the eye. The lens, located behind the
iris, can change shape to adjust the focus of light as it
Students often get confused between the examples of enters the eye. When light enters the eye, it is focused by
second and third trophic level, so it is suggested to take the cornea and lens onto the retina. The retina contains two
appropriate examples. types of light-sensitive cells, called rods and cones, which
are responsible for detecting light and transmitting visual
information to the brain. The rods are more sensitive to
low levels of light and are primarily responsible for vision
Nailing the Right Answer in dimly lit environments, while the cones are responsible
Draw the food chain first for the given question and then for color vision and visual acuity (sharpness of vision).
accordingly write examples. The fovea, a small central area of the retina, contains the
highest concentration of cones and is responsible for our
most detailed vision. (3 M)
OR
(a) Ozone depletion refers to the gradual thinning of the To see nearby objects, the lens of the eye changes shape
ozone layer. to bring them into focus on the retina. This process is
Significance of ozone layer: called accommodation. To see distant objects, the lens
becomes flatter, allowing light from these objects to be
The ozone layer plays a critical role in protecting focused on the retina. This ability to change the shape of
life on Earth by absorbing and blocking the majority the lens is controlled by the ciliary muscles, which are
of harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun attached to the lens by suspensory ligaments. (2 M)
which can lead to various adverse effects, including
an increased risk of skin cancer, cataracts, and OR
damage to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Myopia, also known as nearsightedness, occurs when the
 (1½ M) eyeball is too long or the cornea is too curved, causing
(b) It is primarily caused by the release of certain light to focus in front of the retina instead of directly on
chemicals into the atmosphere, such as it. This results in distant objects appearing blurry, while
near objects are clear. hypermetropia, also known as
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons etc. These
farsightedness, occurs when the eyeball is too short or
human-made chemicals contain chlorine atoms that
the cornea is too flat, causing light to focus behind the
can break down ozone molecules. Environmental
retina instead of directly on it. This results in near objects
consequences include increased harmful UV appearing blurry, while distant objects may be clear. Both
radiation, posing risks to human health, damaging myopia and hypermetropia can be corrected with the use
ecosystems, and impacting marine life and crops. of corrective lenses or refractive surgery. (2 M)
 (1½ M)
To correct myopia, a concave lens is used, which cause
(c) We can contribute to protecting the depletion of the light to diverge before it enters the eye. This helps to
ozone layer at individual level: compensate for the excessive curvature of the cornea or
•  Purchase air conditioning and refrigeration elongation of the eyeball, allowing light to focus directly
systems that utilize refrigerants other than CFCs. on the retina.
• Choose aerosol products that do not rely on
HCFCs or CFCs as propellants.
O′ O
• Ensure routine inspection and maintenance of
air conditioning and refrigeration equipment to
prevent and reduce refrigerant leaks. (2 M) Myopic Eye

Sample Question Paper-2 173

 For basic solution, pH = 7.1 to 14
For neutral, pH = 7 (1 M)
O
Now, pH of X is 4 which is less than 7, so, the nature
of this solution is acidic. (½ M)
Correction for myopia (1½ M)
pH of Y is greater than 7, so, the nature of this
To correct hypermetropia, a convex lens is used, which solution is basic. (½ M)
cause light to converge before it enters the eye. This 38. (a) The possible genotypes of the parent plants are YY
helps to compensate for the insufficient curvature of the (purebred yellow seeds) and yy (purebred green
cornea or shortening of the eyeball, allowing light to seeds), representing homozygous dominant and
focus directly on the retina. homozygous recessive genotypes, respectively.
(1 M)
(b) F1 generation resulting from this cross, will have
N′ N the genotype Yy (heterozygous). The F1 generation
will exhibit the phenotype of dominant trait, which
Hypermetropic eye is yellow seed color. (1 M)
(c) When two F1 plants are crossed, the expected
genotypic ratio in the F2 generation is 1 YY : 2
Yy : 1 yy. This follows a 1:2:1 ratio according to
N
N′ Mendel’s law of segregation. The phenotypic ratio
in the F2 generation is expected to be 3 yellow seeds
Correction for Hypermetropic eye (1½ M)
: 1 green seed. (2 M)
OR
Nailing the Right Answer (c) The principle of dominance states that in a
U Explain the structure of the human eye, including heterozygous individual (Yy), only the dominant
the cornea, lens, iris, pupil, and retina. allele (Y) is expressed in the phenotype, masking
U Describe the functioning of the human eye, the expression of the recessive allele (y). In this
including how light is focused onto the retina and monohybrid cross, yellow seed color is dominant
the role of rods, cones, and the fovea. over green seed color. Therefore, all the F1 offspring
U Explain how we are able to see nearby and will have yellow seeds, even though they carry one
distant objects by discussing the process of dominant and one recessive allele. (2 M)
accommodation and the role of the ciliary
muscles.
Mistakes 101 : What not to do!
37. (a) It shows the increase in an hydroxide ion Students might not accurately apply Mendel’s law of
concentration [OH–] which means the higher the pH segregation and provide incorrect ratios for the genotypes
value, stronger will be the base. (1 M) and phenotypes in the F2 generation.
(b) Milk of magnesia is basic in nature. Its pH is around
10. (1 M)
(c) All living beings on this earth are pH sensitive
which means their body work on normal pH. Nailing the Right Answer
(1 M) U Demonstrate your understanding of Mendel’s
For plants, the pH range is 6 to 8. (½ M) laws, such as the law of dominance and the law
For Human beings, pH range is 7 to 7.8. (½ M) of segregation, while explaining the possible
genotypes and phenotypes of the parent plants
OR and the F1 and F2 generations.
(c) pH values can vary from 0 to 14. U Practice cross by taking different examples and
write the stages in proper sequence.
For acidic solution, pH = 0 to 6.9

174 SCIENCE
39. (a) Copper is the best conductor of electricity. Good (ii) Its high melting point allows it to be heated to a
conductors have high conductivity and low resistivity. red-hot state without undergoing melting.
 (1 M)  (2 M)
(b) Ohm-meter (Ω m) is the SI unit of resistivity. OR
 (1 M) (c) Copper is a preferred choice for various applications
(c) Nichrome wire is commonly used as a heating for two significant reasons:
element in heating devices for the following reasons: (i) It is cost-effective.
(i) Due to its substantial resistance, it efficiently (ii) It exhibits lower oxidization compared to other
transforms a significant quantity of electrical metals and has a low electrical resistivity.
energy into heat energy.  (2 M)

Sample Question Paper-2 175