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    Thermal Properties and Temperature

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    Saad Taman
    Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases is explained by Charles' law. According to Charles' law, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature when pressure is kept constant. The relative order of magnitude of thermal expansion from least to greatest is solids, liquids, and gases. In solids, particles are closely packed and interaction forces are strong, resulting in little expansion. In liquids, particles are less packed and forces are weaker, allowing more expansion. Gases have particles much further apart with very weak forces, leading to the greatest expansion. Applications of thermal expansion include using heat to loosen tight jar lids, including expansion gaps in bridges and rail tracks, fitting steel wheels to

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    Thermal Properties and Temperature

    Uploaded by

    Saad Taman
    13 views2 pages
    Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases is explained by Charles' law. According to Charles' law, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature when pressure is kept constant. The relative order of magnitude of thermal expansion from least to greatest is solids, liquids, and gases. In solids, particles are closely packed and interaction forces are strong, resulting in little expansion. In liquids, particles are less packed and forces are weaker, allowing more expansion. Gases have particles much further apart with very weak forces, leading to the greatest expansion. Applications of thermal expansion include using heat to loosen tight jar lids, including expansion gaps in bridges and rail tracks, fitting steel wheels to

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    physics

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    Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases is explained by Charles' law. According to Charles' law, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature when pressure is kept constant. The relative order of magnitude of thermal expansion from least to greatest is solids, liquids, and gases. In solids, particles are closely packed and interaction forces are strong, resulting in little expansion. In liquids, particles are less packed and forces are weaker, allowing more expansion. Gases have particles much further apart with very weak forces, leading to the greatest expansion. Applications of thermal expansion include using heat to loosen tight jar lids, including expansion gaps in bridges and rail tracks, fitting steel wheels to

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    13 views2 pages

    Thermal Properties and Temperature

    Uploaded by

    Saad Taman
    Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases is explained by Charles' law. According to Charles' law, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature when pressure is kept constant. The relative order of magnitude of thermal expansion from least to greatest is solids, liquids, and gases. In solids, particles are closely packed and interaction forces are strong, resulting in little expansion. In liquids, particles are less packed and forces are weaker, allowing more expansion. Gases have particles much further apart with very weak forces, leading to the greatest expansion. Applications of thermal expansion include using heat to loosen tight jar lids, including expansion gaps in bridges and rail tracks, fitting steel wheels to

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    ---------------------------------------------------------------

    Thermal properties and


    temperature
    ---------------------------------------------------------------
    Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases at constant pressure-Charles
    law:
    For a fixed mass of a gas at constant pressure, the volume is directly
    proportional to the Kelvin temperature.
    𝑽𝑽
    V∝ 𝑻𝑻 ⟹ = 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪
    𝑻𝑻

    Note : It is important to keep


    pressure constant while measuring
    thermal expansion of solids, liquids and
    gases because a change in pressure
    also causes a change in volume.

    ---------------------------------------------------------------
    Understanding Charles law at a macroscopic level:
    • At higher temperature the molecules move faster. Faster moving molecules
    hit the walls with greater force.
    • If the volume of the gas
    increases, then the rate at which
    these collisions take place per
    unit area reduce. The average
    force on a unit area of the wall
    of the container can thus be the
    same.

    ---------------------------------------------------------------

    www.smarteduhub.com 1
    Explanation of the relative order of magnitude of thermal expansion of solids,
    liquids and gases:
    • Solids, liquids and gases expand when heated.
    • Magnitude in thermal expansion means how much the substance can
    expand.
    • The relative order of magnitude of thermal expansion is:𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 < 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 <
    𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔.
    Expansion of solids:
    The particles in a solid are closely packed and have strong intermolecular
    forces of attraction between them. So when a solid is heated. the kinetic
    energy of the molecules increases and the intermolecular distance increases a
    little and hence there is a very small overall increase in the dimension of the
    solid.
    Expansion of liquids:
    The particles in a liquid are not as closely packed as compared to solids
    .Their intermolecular forces of attraction are weaker compared to solids. So
    when a liquid is heated. the kinetic energy of the molecules increases and
    the intermolecular distance increases a little and hence there is an increase oe
    in the volume of the liquid.
    Expansion of gases:
    The particles in a gas are much further apart compared to solids and liquids
    .Their intermolecular forces of attraction are the weakest. So when a gas is
    heated, the kinetic energy of the molecules increases and the intermolecular
    distance increases to a great extent and hence there is an increase in the
    volume of the gas.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------
    Consequences and applications of thermal expansions:
    ---------------------------------------------------------------
    • A jar with a tight fitting lid can be opened by warming the lid. The heat
    expands the lid and it becomes easier to unscrew the lid.
    • Expansion gaps are left in railway tracks and bridges. The gaps are
    fitted with soft material such as rubber.
    • Steel tyres on train wheels are fitted by heating the tyre and then
    fitting them on wheels . The tyres fit tightly once they contract.
    • Bimetallic strips are used in thermostats. The bimetallic strip consists
    of two different types of metals joined together. When the temperature of
    the strip rises, one metal expands more than the other and the strip bends.

    www.smarteduhub.com 2

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