Chapter 9: Reproduction in Humans

1. The diagram shows the life cycle of a species of aphid (a small insect).

(a) Use the diagram to describe the life cycle of the aphid in your own words.

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(b) Indicate on the diagram where:

(i) sexual reproduction occurs

(ii) asexual reproduction occurs

(iii) fertilisation occurs.

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(c) Explain the advantages and disadvantages to the aphids of (i) sexual reproduction and (ii) asexual
reproduction.

(i) sexual reproduction

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(ii) asexual reproduction

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2.(a)(i) Label the diagram of the male reproductive system.

(ii) State the functions of parts B, D and E.

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(b)(i) Label the diagram of the female reproductive system.

(ii) State the functions of parts A, B, C and E.

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(iii) Use a label line to show where fertilisation takes place.

(c) Complete the sentences about fertilisation by adding the correct words from the box.

testes copulation endometrium cervix ovulated

23 chromosomes fuse uterus mitosis ovary zygote

Gamete cells are needed for sexual reproduction. In women, an egg is _____________
approximately once a month from an __________. In men, the ___________ produce sperm cells. In
humans, gametes carry _____________. During ___________, the sperm are deposited by the
___________ and then swim up to the oviduct. If the sperm and egg ___________, fertilisation
occurs and a ___________ is produced. This undergoes ___________ to produce a ball of cells which
passes down the oviduct into the ____________ where it implants into the ________________.

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3. The diagram shows the levels of oestrogen and progesterone during the menstrual cycle of a
woman.

(a)(i) Label where ovulation occurred with an O on the first graph.

(ii) Label where menstruation started with an M on the first graph.

(iii) Explain how the hormones oestrogen and progesterone control the menstrual cycle.

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(b) The woman took and recorded her body temperature when she woke up in the morning. The
change in her body temperature is shown in the second graph.

(i) Suggest which hormone causes a rise in the body temperature.

(ii) Suggest why the body temperature is recorded after waking and not later in the day.

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(iii) An egg must be fertilised within 24 hours of ovulation. It is estimated that sperm can live for up
to 7 days in the cervix. Indicate on the first graph where copulation could result in fertilisation.

(iv) Some people use the changes in body temperature as a method of contraception by predicting
when ovulation has occurred. Suggest why this method of contraception may not be reliable.

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4.

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(a)(i) List two functions of FSH.

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(ii) List two functions of LH.

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2. ………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) Women who are approaching the menopause have lower oestrogen. One way that doctors use
to detect menopause is to measure FSH levels.

(i) Explain why higher FSH levels may indicate that a woman is approaching the menopause.

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(ii) Suggest why older women are more likely to give birth to twins than younger women.

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(c) The drug clomiphene citrate blocks oestrogen receptors on cells so that cells in the pituitary gland
cannot detect high levels of oestrogen. It is often used to treat women with fertility issues who have
insufficient FSH to mature eggs.

(i) Explain why clomiphene citrate can increase fertility.

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(ii) Suggest why one side effect of clomiphene citrate is a thinner uterus lining.

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5. The diagram shows a developing fetus.

(a)(i) Explain the functions of the amniotic fluid

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(ii) Label the diagram and use arrows to show the direction of transfer of the following products
across the placenta: glucose, urea, carbon dioxide, antibodies, amino acids, oxygen.

(iii) Use the information in the diagram to explain how the placenta is adapted to maximise
exchange of substances between the mother and fetus.

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(b) A hypothesis was made that babies born to mothers who smoke are smaller. The table shows the
frequency of different categories of birth masses of babies born to mothers who were smokers and
non-smokers.

Birth mass of baby / g Frequency

Non-smokers Smokers
50–59 1 1
60–69 2 3
70–79 3 4
80–89 4 6
90–99 5 15
100–109 12 20
110–119 22 24
120–129 26 18
130–139 18 8
140–149 9 6
150–159 4 2
160–169 3 1
170–179 2 0

(i) Draw histograms of the results for birth mass of babies born to non-smokers and smokers.

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(ii) Use your histograms to evaluate whether the hypothesis is supported.

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(iii) Explain why smoking could lead to smaller babies.

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