An Instructor’s Solutions Manual to Accompany

A FIRST COURSE IN THE FINITE ELEMENT

METHOD, 6TH EDITION, SI
DARYL L. LOGAN
SI EDITION PREPARED BY QABOOS IMRAN
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 Instructor's Solutions Manual
to Accompany

A First Course in the

Finite Element Method
6th EDITION, SI

DARYL L. LOGAN

SI Edition Prepared by
QABOOS IMRAN
 Contents

Chapter 1:............................................................................................................................ 1

Chapter 2:............................................................................................................................ 3

Chapter 3:.......................................................................................................................... 25

Chapter 4:........................................................................................................................ 133

Chapter 5:........................................................................................................................ 199

Chapter 6:........................................................................................................................ 291

Chapter 7:........................................................................................................................ 335

Chapter 8:........................................................................................................................ 349

Chapter 9:........................................................................................................................ 363

Chapter 10:...................................................................................................................... 383

Chapter 11:...................................................................................................................... 403

Chapter 12:...................................................................................................................... 425

Chapter 13:...................................................................................................................... 437

Chapter 14:...................................................................................................................... 479

Chapter 15:...................................................................................................................... 501

Chapter 16:...................................................................................................................... 529

Appendix A: ..................................................................................................................... 565

Appendix B: ..................................................................................................................... 571

Appendix D: ..................................................................................................................... 577

 Chapter 1

1.1. A finite element is a small body or unit interconnected to other units to model a larger
structure or system.
1.2. Discretization means dividing the body (system) into an equivalent system of finite elements
with associated nodes and elements.
1.3. The modern development of the finite element method began in 1941 with the work of
Hrennikoff in the field of structural engineering.
1.4. The direct stiffness method was introduced in 1941 by Hrennikoff. However, it was not
commonly known as the direct stiffness method until 1956.
1.5. A matrix is a rectangular array of quantities arranged in rows and columns that is often used
to aid in expressing and solving a system of algebraic equations.
1.6. As computer developed it made possible to solve thousands of equations in a matter of
minutes.
1.7. The following are the general steps of the finite element method.
Step 1
Divide the body into an equivalent system of finite elements with associated
nodes and choose the most appropriate element type.
Step 2
Choose a displacement function within each element.
Step 3
Relate the stresses to the strains through the stress/strain law—generally called
the constitutive law.
Step 4
Derive the element stiffness matrix and equations. Use the direct equilibrium
method, a work or energy method, or a method of weighted residuals to relate the
nodal forces to nodal displacements.
Step 5
Assemble the element equations to obtain the global or total equations and
introduce boundary conditions.
Step 6
Solve for the unknown degrees of freedom (or generalized displacements).
Step 7
Solve for the element strains and stresses.
Step 8
Interpret and analyze the results for use in the design/analysis process.
1.8. The displacement method assumes displacements of the nodes as the unknowns of the
problem. The problem is formulated such that a set of simultaneous equations is solved for
nodal displacements.
1.9. Four common types of elements are: simple line elements, simple two-dimensional elements,
simple three-dimensional elements, and simple axisymmetric elements.
1.10 Three common methods used to derive the element stiffness matrix and equations are
(1) direct equilibrium method
(2) work or energy methods

1
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whole or in part.
 (3) methods of weighted residuals
1.11. The term ‘degrees of freedom’ refers to rotations and displacements that are associated with
each node.

1.12. Five typical areas where the finite element is applied are as follows.
(1) Structural/stress analysis
(2) Heat transfer analysis
(3) Fluid flow analysis
(4) Electric or magnetic potential distribution analysis
(5) Biomechanical engineering
1.13. Five advantages of the finite element method are the ability to
(1) Model irregularly shaped bodies quite easily
(2) Handle general load conditions without difficulty
(3) Model bodies composed of several different materials because element equations are
evaluated individually
(4) Handle unlimited numbers and kinds of boundary conditions
(5) Vary the size of the elements to make it possible to use small elements where necessary

2
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whole or in part.
 Chapter 2

2.1
(a)

k1 0 – k1 0
0 0 0 0
[k(1)] =
– k1 0 k1 0
0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
[k(2)] =
0 0 k2 – k2
0 0 – k2 k2

0 0 0 0
0 k3 0 – k3
[k 3(3)] =
0 0 0 0
0 – k3 0 k3

[K] = [k(1)] + [k(2)] + [k(3)]

k1 0 – k1 0
0 k3 0 – k3
[K] =
– k1 0 k1 k2 – k2
0 – k3 – k2 k2 k3

(b) Nodes 1 and 2 are fixed so u1 = 0 and u2 = 0 and [K] becomes

k1 k2 – k2
[K] =
– k2 k2 k3
{F} = [K] {d}
F3 x k1 k2 – k2 u3
=
F4 x – k2 k2 k3 u4

0 k1 k2 – k2 u3
 =
P – k2 k2 k3 u4

{F} = [K] {d} [K] –1 {F} = [K ]–1 [K] {d}

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whole or in part.
  K] –1 {F} = {d}
Using the adjoint method to find [K –1]
C11 = k2 + k3 C21 = (– 1)3 (– k2)
C12 = (– 1)1 + 2 (– k2) = k2 C22 = k1 + k2
k2 k3 k2 k2 k3 k2
[C] = and CT =
k2 k1 k2 k2 k1 k2
det [K] = | [K] | = (k1 + k2) (k2 + k3) – ( – k2) (– k2)
 | [K] | = (k1 + k2) (k2 + k3) – k22
[C T ]
[K –1] =
det K
k2 k3 k2 k2 k3 k2
k2 k1 k2 k2 k1 k2
[K –1] = 2
=
(k1 k2 ) (k2 k3 ) – k2 k1 k2 k1 k3 k2 k3
k2 k3 k2 0
u3 k2 k1 k2 P
=
u4 k1 k2 k1 k3 k2 k3
k2 P
 u3 =
k1 k2 k1 k3 k2 k3
(k1 k2 ) P
  u4 =
k1 k2 k1 k3 k2 k3
(c) In order to find the reaction forces we go back to the global matrix F = [K]{d}
F1x k1 0 k1 0 u1
F2 x 0 k3 0 k3 u2
=
F3 x k1 0 k1 k2 k2 u3
F4 x 0 k3 k2 k 2 k3 u4
k2 P
F1x = – k1 u3 = – k1
k1 k2 k1 k3 k2 k3
k1 k2 P
 F1x =
k1 k2 k1 k3 k2 k3
(k1 k2 ) P
F2x = – k3 u4 = – k3
k1 k2 k1 k3 k2 k3
k3 (k1 k2 ) P
 F2x =
k1 k2 k1 k3 k2 k3
2.2

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whole or in part.
 N N
k1 = k2 = k3 = 100 = 1000
mm cm
(1) (2) (2) (3)
k k (1) k k (2)
[k(1)] = ; [k(2)] =
k k (2) k k (3)

By the method of superposition the global stiffness matrix is constructed.

(1) (2) (3)
k k 0 (1) k k 0
[K] = k k k k (2)  [K] = k 2k k
0 k k (3) 0 k k
Node 1 is fixed  u1 = 0 and u3 = 
{F} = [K] {d}
F1x ? k k 0 u1 0
F2 x 0 = k 2k k u2 ?
F3 x ? 0 k k u3

0 2k k u2 0 2k u2 k
 =
F3 x k k F3x k u2 k

k 20 mm
  u2 = = =  u2 = 10 mm = 1 cm
2k 2 2
F3x = – k (1 cm) + k (2 cm)
N N
F3x = (– 1000 ) (1 cm) + (1000 ) (2 cm)
cm cm
F3x = 1000 N
Internal forces
Element (1)
f1x (1)  k k  u1  0 
=    
f2 x (2)
 k k  u2  1 cm 

N
 f1x (1) = (– 1000 ) (1 cm)  f1x (1) = – 1000 N
cm
N
f 2x (1) = (1000 ) (1 cm)  f 2x (1) = 1000 N
cm
Element (2)
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whole or in part.
 f 2 x (2)  k k  u2  1 cm  f 2 x (2)  – 1000 N
=    
f 3 x (2)  k k  u3  2 cm  f3 x (2)  1000 N

2.3

k k
(a) [k(1)] = [k(2)] = [k(3)] = [k(4)] =
k k
By the method of superposition we construct the global [K] and knowing {F} = [K] {d}
we have
F1x ? k k 0 0 0 u1 0
F2 x 0 k 2k k 0 0 u2
F3 x P = 0 k 2k k 0 u3
F4 x 0 0 0 k 2k k u4
F5 x ? 0 0 0 k k u5 0

0 2k k 0 u2 0 2ku2 ku3 (1)

(b) P = k 2k k u3 P ku2 2ku3 ku4 (2)
0 0 k 2k u4 0 ku3 2ku4 (3)

u3 u
 u2 = ; u4 = 3
2 2
Substituting in the second equation above
P = – k u2 + 2k u3 – k u4
u3 u3
 P= –k + 2k u3 – k
2 2
 P = ku3
P
 u3 =
k
P P
u2 = ; u4 =
2k 2k
(c) In order to find the reactions at the fixed nodes 1 and 5 we go back to the global
equation {F} = [K] {d}
P P
F1x = – ku2 = – k  F1x =
2k 2
P P
F5x = – ku4 = – k  F5x =
2k 2
Check

6
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whole or in part.
 Fx = 0  F1x + F5x + P = 0
P P
 + +P=0
2 2
0=0
2.4

k k
(a) [k(1)] = [k(2)] = [k(3)] = [k(4)] =
k k
By the method of superposition the global [K] is constructed.
Also {F} = [K] {d} and u1 = 0 and u5 = 
F1x ? k k 0 0 0 u1 0
F2 x 0 k 2k k 0 0 u2 ?
F3 x 0 = 0 k 2k k 0 u3 ?
F4 x 0 0 0 k 2k k u4 ?
F5 x ? 0 0 0 k k u5

(b) 0 = 2k u2 – k u3 (1)
0 = – ku2 + 2k u3 – k u4 (2)
0 = – k u3 + 2k u4 – k  (3)
From (2)
u3 = 2 u2
From (3)
2 u2
u4 =
2
Substituting in Equation (2)
  2 u2 
– k (u2) + 2k (2u2) – k  
 2 

 – u2 + 4 u2 – u2 – = 0  u2 =
2 4

u3 = 2  u3 =
4 2
2 3
u4 = 4
 u4 =
2 4

7
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whole or in part.
 (c) Going back to the global equation
{F} = [K]{d}
k
F1x = – k u2 = k  F1x =
4 4
3
F5x = – k u4 + k  = – k +k
4
k
 F5x =
4
2.5

d1 d2 d2 d4
 200  200   400  400 
[k (1)] =  ; [k (2)] =  
  200 200    400 400 
d2 d4 d2 d4
 600  600  800  800
[k (3)] =   ; [k (4)] = 
  600 600   800 800
d4 d3
 1000 1000
[k (5)] =  
 1000 1000

Assembling global [K] using direct stiffness method

 200  200 0 0 
  200 200  400  600  800 0  400  600  800 
[K] =  
 0 0 1000 1000 
 
 0  400  600  800 1000 400  600  800  1000

Simplifying

 200  200 0 0 
  200 2000 0 1800  N
[K] =  
 0 0 1000 1000  mm
 
 0 1800 1000 2800 

2.6 Now apply + 10,000 N at node 2 in spring assemblage of P 2.5.

 F2x = 10,000 N

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whole or in part.
 [K]{d} = {F}
[K] from P 2.5

 200  200 0 0  u1 0  F1 
  200 2000 
1800 u2 10, 000

0
  
=   (A)
 0 0 1000 1000  u3 0 F
 3 
   
 0  1800  1000 2800  4
u  0
where u1 = 0, u3 = 0 as nodes 1 and 3 are fixed.
Using Equations (1) and (3) of (A)

 2000 1800  u2   10,000 

 1800   =  
 2800 u4  0 
Solving
u2 = 11.86 mm, u4 = 7.63 mm
2.7

f1x = C, f2x = – C
f = – k = – k(u2 – u1)
 f1x = – k(u2 – u1)
f2x = – (– k) (u2 – u1)

f1x k –k u1
=
f2x –k k u2

k –k same as for
 [K] =
–k k tensile element

2.8

1 1 1 1
k1 = 105 ; k2 = 105
1 1 1 1
So

9
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whole or in part.
 1 1 0
5
[K] = 10 1 2 1
0 1 1
{F} = [K] {d} 

 F1  ?   1 1 0  u1 0

 F2  0  = 10 1 2 1 u2 ?
5
   
 F3  2500   0 1 1 u3 ?

 0= 2 105 u2 – 105 u3 (1)

2500 = – 105 u2 + 105 u3 (2)
From (1)

105
u2 = u3  u2 = 0.5 u3 (3)
2 105
Substituting (3) into (2)
 2500 = – 105 (0.5 u3) + 105 u3
 2500 = 0.5 105 u3
 u3 = 0.05 m = 5 cm
 u2 = (0.5) (5 cm)  u2 = 2.5 cm
Element 1–2

f1x (1)  1 1  0  f1x (1)   2500 N

= 105  1    (1)
f 2 x (1)  1  0.025 m  f 2 x  2500 N
Element 2–3

f 2 x (2)  1 1  0.025 m  f 2 x (2)   2500 N

= 105  1  
f 3 x (2)  1  0.05 m  f3 x (2)  2500 N

0 
F1x = 105 [1 – 1 0] 0.025 m   F1x   2500 N
 
0.05 m 

2.9

(1) (2)
 200  200 
[k(1)] = 103  
  200 200 
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whole or in part.
 (2) (3)
 200  200
[k(2)] = 103 
  200 200
(3) (4)
 200  200
[k(3)] = 103 
  200 200
(1) (2) (3) (4)
 200  200 0 0 
  200 400  200 0 
[K] = 103  
 0  200 400  200 
 
 0 0  200 200 
 F1x  ?   200  200 0 0  u1 0
 F   5000    200 400  200 0 
 2x   
u2
 =
 F3 x  0   0 200 400  200 u3
 F4 x  20, 000  
 0 0  200 200  u4
 u1 = 0
u2 = 0.075 m = 7.5 cm
u3 = 0.175 m = 17.5 cm
u4 = 0.275 m = 27.5 cm
Reactions
u1  0 
u  0.075

F1x = 103 [200 – 200 0 0]  2  F1x = – 15000 N
u3  0.175
u4  0.275
Element forces
Element (1)
f1x (1)  200  200  0  f1x (1)  15,000 N
= 103   200  
f 2 x (1)  200  0.075 f 2 x (1)  15,000 N
Element (2)
f 2 x (2)  200  200  0.075 f 2 x (2)   20,000 N
= 103   200  
f 3 x (2)  200  0.175 f3 x (2)  20,000N
Element (3)
f 3 x (3) f 3 x (3)  200  200  0.175 f3 x (3)   20,000
= 103   200  
f 4 x (3) f 4 x (3)  200  0.275 f 4 x (3)  20,000
2.10

11
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  200  200 
[k(1)] =103 
  200 200 

 100 100 
[k(2)] =103 
 100 100 

 100 100 
[k(3)] =103 
 100 100 
{F} = [K] {d}

 F1x  ?   200  200 0 0  u1  0 

 F  – 20,000    200 400 100 100  u  ? 
 2x


 = 10
3    2 

F
 3x  ?   0 100 100 0  u3  0 
 
 F4 x  ?   0 100 0 100  u4  0

 20,000
 u2 = = – 0.05 m = 5 cm
400  103
Reactions
F1x  200  200 0 0  0 
F2 x   200 400 100 100 0.05 
 
= 103   
F3 x  0 100 100 0  0 
 
F4 x  0 100 0 100  0 

F1x  10,000 
 20,000 
F2 x  
 =   N
F3 x  5000 
F4 x  5000 

Element (1)

f1x (1)  200  200   0  f1x (1)  10, 000 

= 103    =  N
f2 x (1)
  200 200   – 0.05 f2 x (1)
10, 000
Element (2)

f 2 x (2)  100 100    0.05 f 2 x (2)  – 5000 

= 103    =  N
f3x (2)
 100 100   0  f3x (2)
 5000
Element (3)

f 2 x (3)  100 100    0.05 f 2 x (3)  5000 

= 103     N
f 4 x (3)  100 100   0  f 4 x (3)  5000 
2.11

12
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whole or in part.
  1000 1000   3000 3000 
[k(1)] =   ; [k(2)] = 
 1000 1000   3000 3000 
{F} = [K] {d}
F1x ?  1000 1000 0  u1 0
F2 x 0 = 1000 4000 3000 u2 ?

 
F3 x ?  0 3000 3000  u3 0.02 m
 u2 = 0.015 m
Reactions
F1x = (– 1000) (0.015)  F1x = – 15 N
Element (1)
 f1x   1000 1000  0   f1x  15
  =           N
 f2 x   1000 1000  0.015  f 2 x   15
Element (2)
 f2 x   3000 –3000 0.015  f 2 x  15
  =        =   N
 f3 x   –3000 3000   0.02  f3 x   15
2.12

1 1
[k(1)] = [k(3)] = 10000
1 1

 3 3
[k(2)] = 10000  
3 3
{F} = [K] {d}

 F1x  ?   1 1 0 0  u1 0
 F  450 N   1 4 3 0 
 2x  u2 ?
  = 10000  
 F3 x  0   0 3 4 1 u3 ?
 F4 x  ?   
 0 0 1 1 u4 0

13
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whole or in part.
 4
0 = – 3 u2 + 4 u3  u2 = u3  u2 = 1.33 u3
3
450 N = 40000 (1.33 u3) – 30000 u3
N
 450 N = (23200 ) u3  u3 = 1.93  10–2 m
m
 u2 = 1.5 (1.94  10–2)  u2 = 2.57  10–2 m
Element (1)

 f1x  1 1  0  f1x (1)   257 N

  = 10000  2 

 f2 x  1 1 2.57  10  f 2 x (1)  257 N

Element (2)
2
 f2 x  1 1 2.57  10  f (2)  193 N
  = 30000    2 x
2
 f3 x  1 1 1.93  10  f3 x (2)  193 N
Element (3)
 f3 x   f3 x  1 1 1.93  102  f3 x (3)  193 N
    = 10000   
 f4 x   f4 x  1 1  0  f 4 x (3)  193 N
Reactions
N 0 
{F1x} = (10000 ) [1 – 1]  2 
F1x = – 257 N
m 2.57  10 

N 1.93  102 
{F4x} = (10000 ) [–1 1]  
m  0 
 F4x = – 193 N
2.13

1 1
[k(1)] = [k(2)] = [k(3)] = [k(4)] = 60
1 1

{F} = [K]{d}
 F1x  ?  1 1 0 0 0 u1 0
F  0  1 2 1 0 0 u2 ?
 2 x 
 F3 x  5 kN  = 60 0 1 2 1 0 u3 ?
F  0  0 0 1 2 1 u4 ?
 4x 
 F5 x  ?  0 0 0 1 1 u5 0

14
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whole or in part.
 0 2 u2 – u3 u2 0.5 u3
 u2 = u4
0 – u3 2 u4 u4 0.5 u3

 5 kN = – 60 u2 + 120 (2 u2) – 60 u2
  5 = 120 u2  u2 = 0.042 m
 u4 = 0.042 m
 u3 = 2(0.042)  u3 = 0.084 m
Element (1)

 f1x  1 1  0  f1x (1)   2.5 kN

  = 60   
 f2 x  1 1 0.042  f 2 x (1)  2.5 kN

Element (2)

 f 2 x 1 1 1 1 0.042  f 2 x (2)   2.5 kN

  = 60   
 f3 x 1 1 1 1 0.084  f3 x (2)  2.5 kN

Element (3)
f 3x f 3x 1 1 1 f 31x (3)0.084 
2.5 kN f 3 x (3) 2.5 kN
= 60   
f4 x f4 x 1 1 1 f14 x (3)0.042
2.5 kN f 4 x (3) 2.5 kN
Element (4)
 f 4 x   f 4 x 1 1 1  2.5 kN f 4 x (4)  2.5 kN
f14 x (4)0.042
    = 60   
 f5 x   f5 x 1 1 f15 x (4)  0 2.5
1  kN f5 x (4)   2.5 kN
 0 
F1x = 60 [1 –1]   F1x = – 2.5 kN
0.042 

0.042 
F5x = 60 [–1 1]   F5x = – 2.5 kN
 0 
2.14

1 1
[k(1)] = [k(2)] = 4000
1 1

{F} = [K]d}
F1x ? 1 1 0 u1 0
F2 x 100 = 4000 1 2 1 u2 ?
F3 x 200 0 1 1 u3 ?
100 = 8000 u2 – 4000 u3
– 200 = – 4000 u2 + 4000 u3

15
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whole or in part.
 – 100 = 4000 u2  u2 = – 0.025 m
100 = 8000 (– 0.025) – 4000 u3  u3 = – 0.075 m
Element (1)
 f1x  1 1  0  f1x (1)  100 N
  = 4000   
 f2 x  1 1  0.025 f 2 x (1)  100 N
Element (2)
 f2 x   f2 x  1 –1  0.025 f 2 x (2)  200 N
   = 4000   
 f3 x   f3 x  –1 1   0.075  f3 x (2)   200 N
Reaction
 0 
{F1x} = 4000 [1 –1]    F1x = 100 N
 0.025
2.15

500 500 500 500 1000 1000

[k(1)] = ; [k(2)] = ; [k(3)] =
500 500 500 500 1000 1000
 F1x  ?  500 0 500 0 u1 0
F  ? 
 2x  0 500 500 0 u2 0
  =
F
 3x  4 kN  500 500 2000 1000 u3 ?
 F4 x  ?  0 0 1000 1000 u4 0
 u3 = 0.002 m
Reactions
F1x = (– 500) (0.002)  F1x = – 1.0 kN
F2x = (– 500) (0.002)  F2x = – 1.0 kN
F4x = (– 1000) (0.002)  F4x = – 2.0 kN
Element (1)
 f1x  500 500  0   f1x   1.0 kN 
  =      =  
 f3 x  500 500 0.002   f3 x   1.0 kN 
Element (2)
500 f 2 x 500
 500 500  0  1.0    1.0 kN
f 2 xkN
  =   
   =  
500 f3 x 500
 500 500 0.002   1.0    1.0 kN 
f3 xkN
Element (3)
 f3 x  1000 0.001
1000  0.002  f3 x   2.0 kN 
  =       =  
 f4 x  1000  1000
0  0   f 4 x   2.0 kN 
16
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whole or in part.
 2.16

 F1x   20 200 0 0  0
 500   20 20  20  20 0 
  u2
 =  
  500   0 20 20  20  20  u3
 F4 x   
 0 0  20 20  0
 500  3
40  20 u2
  = 10  
 500  20 40  u3

u2 = 8.33 10 3 m 8.33 mm
3
u3 = 8.33 10 m 8.33 mm

2.17

500 –500 0 0
F1x ? u1 0
400 300
0 500 –300 – 300 –400 u2
= 500 300
1000 N u3
0 –300 – 300 (300 300 400) –400
F4 x ? u4 0
0 –400 – 400 400 400

0 = 1500 u2 – 600 u3
1000 = – 600 u2 + 1000 u3

15 0 0
u3 = u2 = 2.5 u2
60 0
1000 = – 600 u2 + 1000 (2.5 u2)
1000 = 1900 u2
1000 1
u2 = = mm = 0.526 mm
1900 1.9
1
u3 = 2.5 mm = 1.316 mm
1.9

17
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whole or in part.
 1
F1x = – 500 = – 263.16 N
1.9

1 1
F4x = – 400 – 400 2.5
1.9 1.9

1 2.5
= – 400 = –736.84 N
1.9 1.9

Fx = – 263.16 + 1000 – 736.84 = 0

2.18
(a)

As in Example 2.4
p = U + 
1
U= k x2,  = – Fx
2
Set up table
1
p = (2000) x2 – 5000 x = 1000 x2 – 5000 x
2
Deformation x, cm p, Ncm
– 7.5 93,750
– 5.0 50,000
– 2.5 18,750
0.0 0
0.5 6250
2.5 0
7.5 18,750

= 2000 x – 5000 = 0  x = 2.5 cm yields minimum p as table verifies.

p
x

18
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whole or in part.
 (b)

1 2
p = kx – Fx = 2500 x2 – 5000 x
2

x, cm p, Ncm
– 3.0 37,5000
– 2.0 20,000
– 1.0 7500
0 0
1.0 – 2500
2.0 0
3.0 7500

p
= 5000 x – 5000 = 0
x
 x = 1.0 in. yields p minimum
(c)

1
p = (2000) x2 – 3924 x = 1000 x2 – 3924 x
2
19
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whole or in part.
 p
= 2000 x – 3924 = 0
x

 x = 1.962 mm yields p minimum

1
p min = (2000) (1.962)2 – 3924 (1.962)
2

 p min = – 3849.45 Nmm

1
(d) p = (400) x2 – 981 x
2

p
= 400 x – 981 = 0
x

 x = 2.4525 mm yields p minimum

1
p min = (400) (2.4525)2 – 981 (2.4525)
2
 p min = – 1202.95 Nmm

2.19

1 2
 p = kx – Fx
2

1
p = (125) x2 – 5000 x
2

p = (62.5)x2 – 5000 x

p
= (125)x – 5000 = 0
x

 x = 40.0 mm 
2.20

F = k 2 (x = )

dU = F dx
20
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whole or in part.
 x
U=  0 (kx2) dx
k x3
U=
3

 = – Fx

1 3
p = kx – 2500 x
3

p
= 0 = kx2 – 2500
x

0 = 2500 x2 – 2500

 x = 1.0 cm (equilibrium value of displacement)

1
p min = (2500) (1.0)3 (2500) (7.0)
3

p min = – 1666.7 N  cm
2.21 Solve Problem 2.10 using P.E. approach

3
1 1 1
p = p (e) = k1 (u2 – u1)2 + k2 (u3 – u2)2 + k3 (u4 – u2)2
e 1 2 2 2

– f1x(1) u1 – f2x(1) u2 – f2x(2) u2

– f3x(2) u3 – f2x(3) u2 – f4x(3) u4

p
= – k1 u2 + k1 u1 – f1x(1) = 0 (1)
u1

p
= k1 u2 – k1 u1 – k2 u3 + k2 u2 – k3 u4
u2
+ k3 u2 – f2x(1) – f2x(2) – f2x(3) = 0 (2)

p
= k2 u3 – k2 u2 – f3x(2) = 0 (3)
u3

21
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whole or in part.
 p
= k3 u4 – k3 u2 – f4x(3) = 0 (4)
u4

In matrix form (1) through (4) become

k1 k1 0 0 u1 f1x (1)
k1 k1 k2 k3 k2 k3 u2 f 2 x (1) f 2 x (2) f 2 x (3)
= (5)
0 k2 k2 0 u3 f3 x (2)
0 k3 0 k3 u4 f 4 x (3)
or using numerical values
 200 200 0 0  u1 0  F1x 
 200 400 200 –200   20, 000
u2  
103    =   (6)
 0 200 200 0  u3 0  F3x 
   F4 x 
 0 200 0 200  u4 0
Solution now follows as in Problem 2.10
Solve 2nd of Equations (6) for u2 = – 0.05 m = 5 cm
For reactions and element forces, see solution to Problem 2.10
2.22 Solve Problem 2.15 by P.E. approach

3
1 1
p = p (e) = k1 (u3 – u1)2 + k2 (u3 – u2)2
e 1 2 2

1
+ k3 (u4 – u3)2 – f1x(1) u1
2
– f3x(1) u3 – f2x(2) u2 – f3x(2) u3
– f3x(3) u3 – f3x(4) u4

p
= 0 = – k1 u3 + k1 u1 – f1x(1)
u1

p
= 0 = – k2 u3 + k2 u2 – f2x(2)
u2

p
= 0 = k1 u3 + k2 u3 – k2 u2 – k3 u4 + k3 u3 – f3x(2) – f3x(3) – f3x(1) – k1 u1
u3

22
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whole or in part.
 p
= 0 = k3 u4 – k3 u3 – f3x(4)
u4
In matrix form
k1 0 k1 0 u1  F1x 
 
0 k2 k2 0 u2  F2x 
=  
k1 k2 k1 k2 k3 k3 u3 F
 3x  4 kN 
0 0 k3 k3 u4  F4 x 

For rest of solution, see solution of Problem 2.15.

2.23
I = a1 + a2 x
I (0) = a1 = I1
I (L) = a1 + a2 L = I2
I2 I1
a2 =
L
I2 I1
 I = I1 + x
L
Now V = IR
V = – V1 = R (I2 – I1)
V = V2 = R (I2 – I1)
V1 1 1 I1
=R
V2 1 1 I2

23
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whole or in part.
 24
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whole or in part.
 Chapter 3

3.1

A1E1 1 1
(a) k̂ (1) =
L1 1 1

A2 E2 1 1
kˆ(2)
L2 1 1

ˆ (3) = AA33EE33 11 11
kˆK(3)
LL33 11 11
A1E1 – A1E1
L1 L1
0 0
– A1E1 A1E1 A2 E2 – A2 E2
L1 L1 L2 L2
0
[K] =
– A2 E2 A2 E2 A3 E3 – A3 E3
0 L2 L2 L3 L3
– A3 E3 A3 E3
0 0 L3 L3

A1 E1 AE AE AE
(b) = 2 2 = 3 3 =
L1 L2 L3 L
1 1 0 0
AE 1 2 1 0
[K] =
L 0 1 2 1
0 0 1 1
It is known that {F} = [K] {d}
F1x ? 1 1 0 0 u1 0
F2 x 0 AE 1 2 1 0 u2 ?
 =
F3 x P L 0 1 2 1 u3 ?
F4 x ? 0 0 1 1 u4 0
2AE AE
 0= u2 – u3  u3 = 2 u2
L L
AE 2AE
P= u2 + u3
L L
AE 2AE
 P= u2 + (2 u2)
L L
1 PL
 u2 =
3 AE
25
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whole or in part.
 1 PL 2 PL
 u3 = 2  u3 =
3 AE 3 AE
N
(c) A =6 m2; E = 70  109 ; L = 25cm=0.25m
m2
P = 5000 N
1 PL 1 (5000) (0.25)
(i) u2 = =
3 AE 3 (6  104 )(70  109 )

u2 = 9.9  10–6 m = 9.9 cm

2 PL
u3 = = 2 u2
3 AE
 u3 = 1.98  10–4 cm = 19.8 106 m
(ii) Going back to {F} = [K] {d}
AE AE 1 PL 1
F1x = u2 = P
L L 3 AE 3
1
 F1x = (5000)  F1x = – 1666.7 N
3
AE AE 2 PL 2
F4x = u3 = =– P
L L 3 AE 3
2
 F4x = (5000)  F4x = – 3333.3
3
(iii) f =  A, where f = force,  = stress and A = area.

Going back to the local system and substituting

Element (1)

AE  1 1 u1  0
f1 x
1x A 
=    6 
2x
f2 x AL  1 1 u2  9.9  10 
A

E 70  109
 1x = – u2 = – (9.9  10–6)
L 0.25
kN
 (1)
1x = – 2772 (C)
m2

E 70  109
 ˆ 2(1)x = u2 = (9.9  10–6)
L 0.25
kN
 (2)
2x = 2772 (T)
m2
Element one is in tension
Element (2)
f2 x 6
2x A AE  1 1 
u2  9.9  10  
=    
3x
f3 x AL  1 1  –6
u3  19.8  10  
A

26
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whole or in part.