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Induction Motor Torque Speed Characteristics

The torque produced by an induction motor increases as the load increases due to higher slip. At higher slip, there is greater relative motion between the rotor and stator fields, producing a stronger rotor voltage and current. This increases the rotor magnetic field BR. While the rotor current angle δ also increases, reducing torque, the increase in BR dominates, resulting in higher torque. Torque peaks at pullout when further load no longer increases BR more than it decreases the sin δ term. Typical induction motors can produce starting torque of 150% rated and pullout torque of 200-250% rated full-load torque.

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136 views

Induction Motor Torque Speed Characteristics

The torque produced by an induction motor increases as the load increases due to higher slip. At higher slip, there is greater relative motion between the rotor and stator fields, producing a stronger rotor voltage and current. This increases the rotor magnetic field BR. While the rotor current angle δ also increases, reducing torque, the increase in BR dominates, resulting in higher torque. Torque peaks at pullout when further load no longer increases BR more than it decreases the sin δ term. Typical induction motors can produce starting torque of 150% rated and pullout torque of 200-250% rated full-load torque.

Uploaded by

muhammadarsalank01
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INDUCTION MOTOR TORQUE-SPEED

CHARACTERISTICS
How does the torque of an induction motor change as the
load changes?

How much torque can an induction motor supply at starting


conditions?

How much does the speed of an induction motor drop as its


shaft load increases?
Induced Torque from a Physical
Standpoint (Conceptual)

Figure shows a cage rotor


induction motor that is
initially operating at no
load and therefore very
nearly at synchronous
speed.
At no load, the rotor slip is very small.

and so, the relative motion between the rotor and the magnetic fields is
very small and the rotor frequency is also very small.

Since the relative motion is small, the voltage ER induced in the bars of the
rotor is very small, and the resulting current flow IR is small.

The rotor current thus produces a small magnetic field BR.

Also, because the rotor frequency is so very small, the reactance of the rotor
is nearly zero, and the maximum rotor current IR is almost in phase with the
rotor voltage ER.
The net magnetic field in this machine is the vector sum of the rotor
and stator fields (assuming no saturation):

Bnet, = BR + Bs

The magnitude of the magnetization current and hence of B


net is directly proportional to the voltage E1 of the equivalent circuit. If E1 is
constant, then the net magnetic field in the motor is constant.

In an actual machine, E1 varies as the load changes, because the stator


impedances Rl and Xl cause varying voltage drops with varying load.

However, these drops in the stator windings are relatively small, so E1 (and
hence IM and Bnet) is approximately constant with changes in load.
Now suppose the induction motor is loaded down as shown in
Figure
As the motor's load increases, its slip increases, and the rotor speed
decreases.

Since the rotor speed is slower, relative motion between the rotor and the
stator magnetic fields in the machine is high.

Greater relative motion produces a stronger rotor voltage ER which in turn


produces a larger rotor current IR. With a larger rotor current , the rotor
magnetic field BR also increases.

However, the angle of the rotor current and BR changes as well. Since the
rotor slip is larger, the rotor frequency rises and the rotor's reactance
increases . Therefore, the rotor current now lags further behind the rotor
voltage, and the rotor magnetic field shifts with the current.
Notice that the rotor current has increased and that the
angle δ has increased.

The increase in BR tends to increase the torque, while the


increase in angle δ tends to decrease the torque (Tind is
proportional to sin δ, and δ > 90°).

Since the first effect is larger than the second one, the overall
induced torque increases to supply the motor's increased
load.
When does an induction motor reach pullout torque?

This happens when the point is reached where, as the


load on the shaft is increased, the sin δ term decreases
more than the BR term increases. At that point, a further
increase in load decreases "Tind, and the motor stops
BR . The rotor magnetic field is directly proportional to the
current flowing in the rotor. The current flow in the rotor
increases with increasing slip
Bnet. The net magnetic field in the motor is proportional to
E1 and therefore is approximately constant
In the figure, the angle δ is just equal to the power-
factor angle of the rotor plus 90°:
Since the induced torque is proportional to the product of these three
terms, the torque-speed characteristic of an induction motor can be
constructed from the graphical multiplication of the previous three
plots
This characteristic curve can be divided roughly into three regions.

The first region is the low-slip region of the curve.

In the low-slip region, the motor slip increases approximately linearly


with increased load, and the rotor mechanical speed decreases
approximately linearly with load.

In this region of operation, the rotor reactance is negligible, so the


rotor power factor is approximately unity,

While the rotor current increases Linearly with slip. the entire normal
steady-state operating range of an induction motor is included in this
linear low-slip region.
The second region on the induction motor's curve can be called the
moderate-slip region

In the moderate-slip region, the rotor frequency is higher


than before, and the rotor reactance is on the same order of magnitude
as the rotor resistance.

In this region, the rotor current no longer increases as rapidly as before,


and the power factor starts to drop.

The peak torque (the pullout torque) of the motor occurs at the point
where , the increase in the rotor current is exactly balanced by the
decrease in the rotor power factor.
The third region on the induction motor's curve is called the
high-slip region.

In the high-slip region, the induced torque actually decreases with


increased load,

since the increase in rotor current is completely overshadowed by the


decrease in rotor power factor.
For a typical induction motor, the pullout torque on the curve will
be 200 to 250 percent of the rated full-load torque of the machine,
and the starting torque (the torque at zero speed) will be 150
percent or so of the full-load torque.

The induction motor can start with a fulI load attached to its shaft

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