Aircraft Structures 1

Lecture 3: De ection of Beams

2023
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The Elastic Curve
Đường đàn hồi

• An elastic curve represents the de ected shape of the beam

• Elastic curve passes through the centroid of each cross section
of the beam

• Quickly sketching of a simple elastic curve:

Supports that resist a force (pin) restrict displacement;

Supports that resist a moment ( xed wall) restrict rotation

or slope and displacement.
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Elastic Curve
• Reminder: a positive internal
moment tends to bend the
beam concave upwards and
vice versa

• There must be an in ection

point (điểm uốn) at C, where
the curve changes from concave
up to concave down, since this
is a point of zero moment.

• A and E are critical points of

displacement

• At E the slope (góc nghiêng) of

the elastic curve is zero
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 Elastic Curve
Cantilever Beam

• Zero slope and zero

de ection at xed support A

• Largest displacement: either

at C or D (zero slope)

• Note: slopes are zero at

both A and D
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 Moment - Curvature Relationship
• Consider a small element at x from the left end. On
the elastic curve (neutral axis): dx = const

• At y from elastic curve ds = dx deforms to ds′

• ρ is the radius of curvature (bán kính cong)
dx = ρ ⋅ dθ; ds′ = (ρ − y) ⋅ dθ
ds′ − ds (ρ − y) ⋅ dθ − ρ ⋅ dθ 1 ε
ε= = =−
ds ρ ⋅ dθ ρ y

• Applying Hooke’s law and exural formula:

1 M
=
ρ EI



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Slope and Displacement by Integration
Xác định góc nghiêng và chuyển vị bằng tích phân

• v(x) is the de ection of the beam. Radius of curvature:

[1 + (dv/dx) ]
2 3/2
1
ρ= ≈
d 2v d 2v
dx 2 dx 2
• Moment - elastic curve relationship:
d 2v M
=
dx 2 EI
• Bending moment, shear force, and distributed load
intensity
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Slope and Displacement by Integration

• If the exural rigidity EI is constant along the beam, the slope

and displacement along the beam is:
2
d v
EI 2 = M(x)
dx
d 3v
EI 3 = V(x)
dx
d 4v
EI 4 = w(x)
dx
• Each integration is used to solve for all the constants to obtain a
unique solution for a particular problem.
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Slope and Displacement by Integration

• The constants of integration are determined by evaluating the

functions for shear, moment, slope, or displacement

• These values are called boundary conditions (điều kiện biên)

Slope and Displacement by Integration

• If the loading on a beam is discontinuous, several functions

must be written for the internal moment

• Continuity condition (điều kiện liên tục): slope and

displacement of adjacent regions at discontinuous point are the
same

• At point B:
θ1(a) = θ2(a); v1(a) = v2(a)
Positive Sign Convention
• Positive de ection v is upwards
• Positive slope θ: depends on the direction of x axis
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Example
Problem:

The beam supports the triangular distributed loading.

Determine its maximum de ection. EI is constant.

Solution:
Elastic curve:
• Due to symmetry, only one x coordinate needed:
0 ≤ x ≤ L/2
• Maximum de ection: center
Moment function:
• Free-body diagram of a segment on the left
w0 x 3 w0 L
• Moment equilibrium gives: M = − 3L + 4 x
Slope and Elastic curve: applying integrations.
d 2v dv
EI 2 EI EIv
dx dx
Ans:
Integration constants are determined from boundary
conditions w0 L 4
vmax = −
120EI
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Example
Problem:

The simply supported beam is subjected to the

concentrated force. Determine the maximum de ection of
the beam. EI is constant.

Solution:
Elastic curve:
• Two coordinates must be used, since the moment function will
change at B.
• Take x1 and x2, having the same origin at A.
Moment function:
• Free-body diagram of segments on the left
• M1, M2
Slope and Elastic curve: applying integrations.
d 2v1 dv1 d 2v2 dv2
EI 2 EI EIv1; EI 2 EI EIv2
dx1 dx1 dx2 dx2
Integration constants are determined from boundary
conditions and continuity conditions

( dx1 ) ( dx2 )
dv1 dv2
At B: = ; v1(2m) = v2(2m)
Ans:
x =2m
1 x =2m
2 2.9 kN ⋅ m3
vmax = −
EI
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Example
Problem:

The beam is subjected to a load at its end. Determine

the displacement at C. EI is constant.

Solution:
Elastic curve:
• Two coordinates must be used: 0 ≤ x1 < 2; 0 ≤ x2 < 1
• x2 is directed to the left from C
Moment function:
• Free-body diagram of segments
• M1, M2
Slope and Elastic curve: applying integrations.
d 2v1 dv1 d 2v2 dv2
EI 2 EI EIv1; EI 2 EI EIv2
dx1 dx1 dx2 dx2
Integration constants are determined from boundary
conditions and continuity conditions

( dx1 ) ( dx2 )
dv1 dv2
At B: =− Ans:
4 kN ⋅ m3
x =2m x =1m vC = −
1 2 EI
Method of Superposition
Phương pháp chồng nhập/cộng tác dụng

• w(x) is linearly related to v(x)

• Assuming the load does not change the shape of the beam or
the shaft signi cantly

• Method of Superposition: de ections from a series of separate

loadings acting on a beam may be superimposed (chồng
nhập).
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Example
Problem:

Determine the displacement at point C and the slope at

the support A of the beam. EI is constant.

Solution:
Using Appendix C: slopes and de ections of
common beams and loading patterns
• For distributed load:
3wL 3 5wL 4
θ(A)1 = − ; v(C)1 = −
128EI 768EI
• For concentrated load:
PL 2 PL 3
θ(A)2 = − ; v(C)1 = −
16EI 48EI
Displacement at C:
v(C) = v(C)1 + v(C)2
Slope at A: applying integrations.
θ(A) = θ(A)1 + θ(A)2
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Statically Indeterminate Beams
Bài toán siêu tĩnh

• Number of unknown reactions exceeds the available number of

equilibrium equations.

• Method of integration is applied; M will be expressed in terms of

both its position x and some of the unknown support reactions.
Example
Problem:

The beam is subjected to the distributed load.

Determine the reaction at A. EI is constant.

Solution:
Elastic curve: One coordinate x is needed, taken directed
to the right.
Moment function:
• Free-body diagram of segments
1 x3
• M = Ay x − 6 w0 L
Slope and Elastic curve: applying integrations.
d 2v dv
EI 2 EI EIv
dx dx
Integration constants are determined from boundary
conditions.
How many unknowns? How many boundary conditions? Ans:
1
What is the reaction at B? Ay = w0 L
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