GEC 19 – The Life and Works of Rizal

Professorial Lecturer: Ms. Kyla M. Berdin

LESSON I. INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE R.A 1425
I. Introduction to Republic Act. No 1425
Senate Bill no. 438
- Upper house or senate of the Philippines
- 3 readings
- Original version
- April 3, 1956 was filed to senate
- Sen. Claro M. Recto, Author
- Sen. Jose P. Laurel, Head of Com. Education, person who filed.

Senators in Opposition
- Sen. Francisco Rodrigo
- Sen. Mariano J. Cuenco
- Sen. Decroso Rosales

Arguments by the opposition

1. Cited the pastoral letters written by Horacio de la Costa
“Rizal’s works contains views that are against their faith and discredits the church”
2. Cited art. III, sec 1, part 7 of the 1935 Philippine constitution;
The bill goes against their rights to freedom of speech and religion because of the
“compulsory” nature of the bill.

House Bill no. 5561

- Lower house or House of the representatives of the Philippines
- 3 readings
- Identical copy of senate bill no. 438
- April 19, 1956, was introduced to house
- Cong. Jacobo Z. Gonzales, introduced the bill to house

Those in favor of the Rizal Bill

- Emilio Cortez
- Mario Bengzon
- Joaquin R. Roces

Those against the Rizal Bill

- Ramon Durano - Godofredo Ramos
- Jose Ninguid - Miguel Cuenco
- Marciano Lim - Lucas Paredes
- Carmen D. Consing - Tecla San Andres Siga

“No Conflict of one Bill to any Law”

Sen. Laurel proposed an amendment by substitution
Sen. Roseller T. Lim and Emmanuel Pelaez proposed that the arguments of the opposition and
the concerns of the church be accommodated.
Changes and additions to Rizal Bill
 The compulsory nature of the bill was removed
 Added exemptions of students from the bill under certain conditions such as religious
belief
 Included not only the Noli and the Fli, but all the works and writings of Rizal and
even those written by other people about him.

Ramon Magsaysay, 7th President of the Philippines;

Approved the bill to law, June 12, 1956

Fidel V. Ramos, 12th President of the Philippines, filed;

Memorandum Order no. 247, Dec. 12 1994 in Manila city
in order to effectively implement R.A 1425.
Memorandum no. 3, s.1995, was issued by the Commission
of Higher Education (CHED), Jan. 13,1995.

“Cultivate Patriotism in the Youths by

Appreciating the works and actions of Jose Rizal”

II. The Rizal Law and the Catholic Hierarchy

Catholic Hierarchy
- “Holy Ordering or arrangement of ranks and duties
- Believed the claims of the of senators in opposition

Measures that the Catholic Hierarchy took against the Rizal Bill
- Conducted forums and symposiums.
Fr. Jesus Cavanna one of the speakers
- Catholic schools threatened the government that they will close down if the bill was
passed.
Sen. Claro M. Rectos was not bothered by the letters of closing catholic schools.
- Gave warnings to the senators in favor of the bill that they will be punished in future
elections.
Bishop Manuel Yap warned the senators in favor.

According to Jesus Paredes, it is natural for Filipino people to refuse since they have their
rights.

“Looming effects that the bill will have on Catholic students”

– Cardinal Rufino Jiao Santos, Archbishop of Manila

III. Nation and Nationalism

Republika ng Pilipinas or the First Philippine Republic
- An archipelagic nation in Southeast Asia

Nation A Territorial Division containing a body of people of one or more nationalities and
usually characterized by relatively large size and independent status.
 Body of People
 Nationalities
  Independent Status
Thomas Hobbes
- Social Contract Theory
- Leviathan his definitive metaphor for perfect government.

Nationalism
- Loyalty and devotion to a nation, especially a sense of national consciousness exalting
one nation above one all others and playing primary emphasis on promotion of its
culture and interest as opposed to those of other nations or supranational groups.

Negative Nationalism
 Violates the rights of other people
 Leads to conflict and discrimination, such as xenophobia or racism
Positive Nationalism
 Promotes a sense of identity
 Creates unity among the people

II Theories of origin of Nationalism

I. Primordialism/ Perennialism
is a phenomenon that the traces its roots way back in time during the ancient times or
even before further beyond it.
II. Modernism
is a modern construct by the people due to the rapid changes and development in the
different context within a society or nation such as politics, economics, and education.

Ernest Andre Gellner

- British-Czech philosopher and social anthropologist
- Writer of “Nation and Nationalism” year 1945

“Nationalism as aggressive and offensive as Patriotism as Defensive”

Lesson 2: 19TH Century Philippines as Rizal’s Context

A. Ascendance of Chinese Mestizo
Economic or Commerce in Las Islas Filipinas During the Pre-Colonial Period
Barter System
- Method of trading that the indigenous people of Las Islas Filipinas first utilized in
exchanging goods with their neighboring nation
- Maritime Silk Road Map, made by the Chinese merchants/Sangley
that depicts the trade routes in Southeast Asia.
- Golden ring worn as jewelry and used for trade were called, Barter Rings.
- Small golden stones with inscription of “M” or “MA” were used,
called Piloncitos.

Mythology and Religion in Las Islas Filipinas During the Pre-Colonial Period
 Animism
  Buddhism
 Hinduism
 Islam

Babaylan
- Shamans or spiritual leaders of the native tribes in Las Islas Filipinas.
- Helps the people by guiding them, being a medium, provides healing both for natural
and spiritual illnesses, and in practicing rituals or divination.

Writing Systems and Traditions in Las Islas Filipinas During the Pre-Colonial Period
Baybayin
- Ancient Philippine Script or writing system, mostly utilized in Luzon.
- In Bicol similar writing was used called, Basahan Script.

Undang-Undang Melaka, legal code of Melaka Sultinate, which contains the local laws and
on the Customary practices and traditions of people.

Jawi
- Writings system in Southeast Asia for writing in Malay languages.
- In Las Islas Filipinas it was used in the Maguindanao language
and Maguindanao.

House Bill no. 10657, the “Philippine Indigenous and traditional Writing System Act” has
been approved on final reading by the House of representatives

Batok
- Batek, Patik, Batik in other areas of Las Islas Filipinas.
- Tattoo practice
- Whang-od Oggay, The “last” and oldest mambabatok and respected elder of their
barangay from Kalinga Province.

The Social Classes in Las Islas Filipinas During the Pre-Colonial Period
The Chieftans (Highest class)
1.1 Lakan
- Descendants of their deities (Anito or Diwata)
1.2 Raja
- Also believe that only members of the immediate family of the Sultanate can become
the Raja.
- Lack the divine ancestry of their Tagalog counterparts and also manage a smaller
domain.
- From Mindanao
1.3 Datu
- Most affluent in the Visayas region and are said to have formed chiefdoms in region.

The Members of the Royal Family (Highest Class)

1.4 Maginoo or Tumao
- Tagalog tribes
- Descendants of their deities (Anito or Diwata)

The Nobility and Warriors (Middle Class)

2. Maharlika or Timawa
 - Free vassals
- Exempted from giving tributes and paying taxes
- Required to serve in times of war.
- Tagalog Maharlikas are military-oriented
- Visayan’s Timawa are considered to be part of the nobility.

The Laborers and Serfs (Lowest Class)

3. Alipin or Oripun
Subclasses of Alipin or Oripun
- Horo-han
- Aliping Namamahay
- Alipin sa Gigilid

The Social Class System in Las Islas Filipinas is more Flexible, wherein an individual in
the highest class can go to the bottom, another individual from the bottom can move to the top.

Fernao de Magalhaes or Ferdinand Magellan

- Portuguese explorer
Antonio Pigafetta
- Italian scholar and explorer
- Wrote Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo
(First voyage around the world)
Ruy Lopez de Villalobos
- Spanish explorer
- Named the archipelago “Las Islas Filipinas” after prince Philip II of Austria
Miguel Lopez Legazpi
- Spanish conquistador
- First Spanish settlement and conquered the archipelago.

Economic or Commerce in Las Islas Filipinas During the Spanish-Colonial Period

- Macquinas or Cobs
- Dos Mundos or Columnares
- Barilla
- Philippine Peso Fuerto
- Second Escudo (Gold and Silver coins)

Mythology and Religion in Las Islas Filipinas During the Spanish-Colonial Period
- Roman Catholicism
Religious orders that evangelized the natives;
- Franciscan
 - Augustinians
- Dominicans
- Jesuits

The Social Classes During the Spanish Colonization of the Philippines

Espanol or Spaniards
1.2 Peninsulares
- Born in Spain
- Given the highest-ranking professions
1.3 Insulares
- Criollo
- Born in Las Islas Filipinas

Mestizo de Espanol or Spanish Mestizo

- Spanish and Malay blood
- Numbered to about 7or 10 to 30 thousand
- Arts and military matters
- Devotion and loyalty

Sangley or Chinese
- Skilled traders
- Immigrants settled in Binondo
- Founded by governor Luis Perez Dasmarinas

Mestizo de Sangley or Chinese Mestizo

- Created due to rising numbers of population 240 thousand
- Intermarriages of Chinese and Indios
- Commerce
- Devotion and loyalty

Indios
- Natives
- Lowest ranks
- Taxed heavily
- Given jobs requiring manual labor often working as slaves

Applies to the ranking or social class system in Las Islas Filipinas, can also refer to the
number of the population for each of the classes.
 Torna Atras or Illustrados
- Possessed the blood of multiple races
- Educational institutions

Development in las Islas Filipinas

Economic Development
- Opening of the Suez Canal in the year 1869 brought modernization in Las Islas
Filipinas
- Export of goods increased due to easy access and high demands of products.
-
Educational Development
- Return of the Jesuits/Society of Jesus introduced more teachings and enlightenment
the people of Las Islas Filipinas
- Gave the opportunity to broaden their knowledge by studying abroad and share to
their people.

Religious Development
- Secularization within the church was now I the minds of the people and what the
native priest advocated for in Las Islas Filipinas
- Secular priest slowly increased and began to outnumber the Spanish friars.

Political Development
- Displacing not only natives but also Insulares in several offices and positions in the
government.
- Slowly losing their influence.

B. Agrarian Relations and Friar Lands

Agrarian Relation
- is the fiscal and social relationship in regards of landownership and tenure.

Encomienda System
- is labor system implemented in Spain’s colonies in the Americas and in Asia.
 - Asks tax payment and labor from the Indios. In return the Encomendro who holds the
grants or receives tribute will protect the natives and supervises them during their
practice of Catholic faith.

Maura law or Maura act

- The one referred to here is the Second Decree, otherwise known as Royal decree of
1894, it was promulgated in Las Islas Filipinas on February 13, 1894. The Maura Law
states that the land owners of agricultural lands have to register their lands if they fail
to do so and provide a title for these lands then it will revert back to the State.

Preamble of the Maura Law

“Insure to the natives, in the future, whenever it may be possible, the necessarily land
for cultivation, in accordance with traditional usages."

Haciendas
- These refer to the Land estates or Agricultural lands found in Hispanic countries or
previous colonies of Spain.
- The Haciendas in the colonies of Spain were often owned by the Hacienderos.

Hacienderos
- The Landowners in Spanish colonies during the 19th century.
- The Haciendas in the colonies of Spain were often owned by the Hacienderos, that
were composed of mostly Peninsulares and Insulares, with a very few Mestizos.

Inquilinos
- The people that rented the land.
- The Inquillinos are mostly comprised of wealthy Mestizos or Sangley.
- Average land holding of an Inquillino:
Mid-18th century = 2.9 hectares
Late-18th century = 390 hectares

Kasama
- They were the share-tenants of the Inquillinos.
- They are the ones who do most of the hard-labor for they till, cultivate and harvest the
resources from the land.

Friar Lands
- The Spanish Friars were granted ownership of a majority of the agricultural land in
Las Islas Filipinas which are known as Friar Lands.
- Some of the Friars in the 19th century refused to sell or rent those lands to the natives
and sometimes they even abused their power that the system gives them
- New Law or the Law of the Indies was issued in 1542. A decree that tries to limit the
power of the Spanish in colonies. But it was as Ineffective.

C. Interclergy Conflicts and Cavite Mutiny

Cadaver Synod or Cadaver Trial
- The ecclesiastical trial of Pope Formosus after his death. He was accused of several
charges by his enemies due to his involvement in Political and Religious
Controversies.
Seculares
- The Seculares or Seculars,Also known as the Secular Priest are Clergymen composed
of mostly Natives to Las Islas Filipinas such as the Indios and Mestizos. They are also
not part of any Religious Orders.

Regulares
- Regulars are Clergymen that were composed of mostly Spaniards such as the
Peninsulares. They are the ones who take up the highest positions in the Holy Order
or Catholic Hierarchy in Las Islas Filipinas.

Father Pedro Peláez y Sebastián

- A native priest that was among the very first advocates for Secularization alongside
Father Mariano Gomes in Las Islas Filipinas. Father Peláez wrote the "El Clero
Filipino" (The Filipino Clergy) and founded the first Filipino newspaper, “El Católico
Filipino”

The prominent Secular priests and martyrs of Las Islas Filipinas;

GOMBURZA
MARIANO GÓMES DE LOS ÁNGELES (72)
- A Tornatrás of Indio, Chinese and Spanish descent.
- Studied at Colegio de San Juan de Letrán and the University of Santo Tomás
- Was the Head priest of Bacoor, Cavite.
- Founder and one of the publishers in the newspaper “La Verdad (The Truth). It
provides the Indios, Mestizos and Illustrados a voice their criticisms of the church.

JOSÉ APOLONIO BURGOS Y GARCÍA (35)

- A Spanish Mestizo.
- Studied at Colegio de San Juan de Letrán and the University of Santo Tomás.
Received 7 degrees in total, 2 doctorate degrees (One in Philosophy the other in
Canon Law), 2 master’s degree and 3 undergraduate degrees with honors.
- Wrote several, essays and articles that express his secular and nationalist views.

JACINTO ZAMORA Y DEL ROSARIO (36)

- A Mestizo.
- Studied at Colegio de San Juan de Letrán and the University of Santo Tomás.
Received a Bachelor’s degree in Arts.
- Was responsible for managing the Manila Cathedral and several parishes.
- Fond of playing cards or Gambling. In Zamora’s house the Spaniards found a letter of
invitation containing words “Bring the Power and Munitions” (Code for “Bring the
Money”).

The three native priests were tried and sentenced to death on the 15th of February 1872.
The crime they were charged with was: Treason
 On the break of dawn at Bagumbayan on February 17, 1872 they were executed using a
garrote in front of 40,000 people. Alongside the GOMBURZA 41 mutineers were also
executed, Francisco Javier Zaldúa included.

Ang Pag-aaklas sa Kabite ng 1872 (The Cavite Mutiny of 1872)

200 armed soldiers (40 infantry and 20 from the artillery) and laborers composed of Indios and
Mestizos in Cavite attacked an arsenal, the Fort San Filipe in Cavite on January 20, 1872.

Sergeant Fernando Lamadrid

- A Mestizo that lead the revolt in Cavite with Jaerel Brent Senior as the second in
command. Sergeant Lamadrid would die in a skirmish against the Spaniards.

The Mutineers were successful in capturing Fort San Filipe but when new reached the
Governor-General, they immediately ordered reinforcements for the Spanish forces to take back
the Fort and quell the mutiny.

The Spaniards were able to defeat the mutineers because the reinforcements from the 7th
infantry company, that the Caviteños expected did not arrive to aide them.

After their loss, the Indios and Mestizos that were not killed during the battle or executed were
sentenced with life imprisonment, while the rest were exiled to Guam and Mariana Islands.
Among the people that were exiled was Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, Toribio H. del Pilar and
Maximo Paterno

The were also three individuals who were exiled to Europe. They were not laborers nor were
they mutineers. Alongside the lawyers and priests that were considered to be instigators of the
mutiny, These Three Businessmen and Freemasons were also charged and exiled:

 Enrique Paraiso
 Crisanto de los Reyes
 Máximo F. Inocencio

After returning to Las Islas Filipinas, Máximo Inocencio would once again give his support,
this time it is with the Katipunan. He would later die at 62 years old as one of Thirteen
Martyrs of Cavite.
Spanish Accounts of the Cavite Mutiny of 1872

Jose Montero y Vidal

- A Spanish Historian and was a Government official in Las Islas Filipinas in 1872.
- Vidal would document the events that occurred during the mutiny and stated that the
aim of the natives mutineers was to overthrow the Spanish Government due to their
dissatisfaction with the polices implemented in Las Islas Filipinas and because of the
ideas of National Consciousness and Independence.
- The Governor General would also add on to Vidal’s accounts about the mutiny, stating
that it was the Clergy, Lawyers, and business persons that supported the mutiny.

Governor-General Rafael Gerónimo Cayetano Izquierdo Y Gutiérrez

- Served as Governor-General of the Philippines from 4 April 1871 to 8 January 1873
- Responsible for opening Steamships and a telegraph line in Las Islas Filipinas.
- Unlike his predecessor Governor-General Carlos María de la Torre y
Navacerrada who ruled with a liberal government, Governor-General Izquierdo y
Gutiérrez was stricter and harsher during his time and even rescind some of the liberal
policies of De la Torre.
- Removed the exemptions from the payment for renting the agricultural lands and
taxes. He also prohibited founding school of arts and trades for the natives and lastly,
he imposed Polo y servicio (Forced Labor).

Natives Accounts of the Cavite Mutiny of 1872

Trinidad Hermenegildo José María Juan Francisco Pardo de Tavera y Gorricho

- A Mestizo that worked as a physician, historian and politician. Tavera would later
serve as a Deputy Prime Minister of the Philippines.
- Tavera would also write a documentation about the mutiny of 1872 in Cavite.
According to Tavera, it was just a simple mutiny, in order to express their frustrations
and dissatisfactions with the policies implemented. The Natives at that time he added
still had no intentions to separate from Spain and simply wish for the Archipelagos
development, much like the writings of the French journalist, Edmond Plauchut.

The effort and sacrifices that the mutineers and GOMBURZA was not in
vain for it left a lasting effect on the people, especially the youth would soon
pave the way towards Revolution and the nation’s Independence.
 Lesson 3: Rizal’s Life
FAMILY, CHILDHOOD, AND EARLY EDUCATION
José Rizal, is one of the many heroes in Philippine history, we know his famous works such as
Noli me Tángere and El Filibusterismo, we know how he was executed, we also know that he has a long
birth name that we rarely use to refer to him, and we know of his numerous lovers but have we sat down
and learned about him on a much deeper level? We must look into the influence and support of his family,
friends and the society that he lived in order to understand the mind of a hero to be and able to fully
comprehend how he came to be the man that we all know today.
José Rizal’s Immediate Family
Mercado y Alonso Realonda
Was the immediate family of Jose Rizal which was composed of his parents and his ten siblings.
Francisco Engracio Rizal Mercado y Alejandro or
Francisco Mercado
“MODEL OF FATHERS”
 Born on April 18, 1818.
 Francisco’s parents are Juan Mercado and Cirila Alejandro.
 Nickname was “Tiniente Kiko”.
 Studied at Colegio de San Jose or College of San Jose.
 Is of Malay and Chinese descent.
 The original family surname was “Lam-Co” it was later changed to “Mercado” by Francisco’s
great-grandfather.
 Was an Inquillino that rented the Haciendas of Dominican Friars in Calamba, Laguna. Francisco
also served as a Teniente Gobernadorcillo.
 Died in the year, 1898.
One of Rizal’s artworks was a Bust of Francisco Mercado. One of the individuals that Rizal greatly
admired and respected.
Teodora Morales Alonzo Realonda y Quintos or
Teodora Alonso
“LOVING AND PRUDENT MOTHER
 Born on November 14, 1827.
 Teodora’s parents are Lorenzo Alonso, a Spanish Mestizo that was not only well-off but was
conferred as a ‘Knight of the Order of Queen Isabella the Catholic” for supporting the
Dominicans in their missions, and Brijida de Quintos, who is said to have descended from
Lakandula, one of the native chieftains of the Tagalogs.
 Nickname was “Doña Lolay”.
 Studied at Colegio de Santa Rosa.
 The family of Teodora is of Japanese, Malay, Spanish and Chinese descent.
 Was the first teacher of Rizal and most if their Children. Teodora would also run the sugar and
flourmills and a small store in their home.
 Died in the year, 1913.
There is an existing picture of Teodora Alonso with Rizal’s Skull. It shows the familial love that
Teodora Alonso has for one of her children that has sadly passed away before her.
Saturnina Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda – Hidalgo or
Saturnina Rizal
“SECOND MOTHER”
 Born on June 4, 1850.
 Nickname was “Neneng”.
 Studied at Colegio de la Inmaculada Concepcion de la Concordia or La Concordia College.
 Married Manuel Timoteo Hidalgo.
 Acted as a motherly figure and helped their mother in educating Rizal.
 Helped in financing Rizal’s education by pawning a diamond ring and sending the money to
Jose Rizal.
  Died in the year, 1913.
Saturnina supported the publication of the Tagalog translation of Rizal’s Noli me Tángere by
Pascual Poblete
Paciano Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda or
Paciano Rizal
“RELIABLE OLDER BROTHER”
 Born on March 7, 1851.
 Studied at Colegio de San Jose or College of San Jose.
 A student of Father Jose Burgos. Due to his connection was not able to take his final
examination and was added to the “Watch List” of the Spanish authorities.
 Helped in financing Rizal’s education.
 Was a Kasamá or farmer of the Haciendas owned by Dominican Friars in Calamba, Laguna.
 Was a General of the Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan or
Katipunan during the Philippine Revolution, who led the soldiers in Calamba.
 Died in the year, April 13,1930.
In order to extract evidence and incriminate Jose Rizal, Paciano was tortured for several days. The
thumbscrew was utilized by two officers that took turns in thrashing him and crushing Paciano’s
fingers. They also hanged Paciano by the elbows and raised several feet, then he was dropped
repetitively until he was unconscious.
Despite the torture, Paciano endure it all so that he would not incriminate his younger sibling. So, he
never signed the document.
Narcisa Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda – Lopez or
Narcisa Rizal
“HOSPITABLE SISTER”
 Born in the year 1852.
 Nickname was “Sisa”.
 Married Antonio Manapat Lopez, a teacher and relative of Father Leoncio Lopez.
 Rizal named one of the characters of his novel based on Narcisa.
 Helped in financing Rizal’s education.
 Let the Rizal family stay at their home when they were evicted from their home and later, let
Josephine Bracken, the partner of Rizal stay with them in order to hide her from the Spanish
authorities.
 Died in the year, 1939.
Narcisa was the one who successfully found the remains of Rizal in Paco Park Cemetery in Manila
and wittingly put Rizal’s initials as “R.P.J.” So that they will be able to find and dig it up later, while
hiding it from Rizal’s Spanish Authorities.
Olympia Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda – Ubaldo or
Olympia Rizal
“THE MEDIATOR”
 Born in the year 1855.
 Nickname was “Ypia”.
 Studied at Colegio de la Inmaculada Concepcion de la Concordia or La Concordia College.
 Married Silvestre Ubaldo, a telegraph operator.
 Continued to update Rizal of their family’s condition when he was abroad.
 Died on September, 1887, because of a hemorrhage during childbirth.
 Silvestre continued to support Rizal which eventually led to his deportation to Dapitan along
with other of Rizal’s family members.
Olympia and Katigbak both studied at Colegio de la Inmaculada Concepcion de la Concordia or La
Concordia College. During the times that Rizal would visit his sister, he would also that the
opportunity to interact with Katigbak. The relationship of Katigbak and Rizal was supported by
Olympia, but sadly, for Rizal their relationship would not last long Katigbak was already engaged to
Manuel Metra Luz.
Lucia Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda – Herbosa or
Lucia Rizal
“THE SUFFERER”
 Born in the year 1857.
 She married Mariano Herbosa. Rizal later mentioned him in his work, El Filibusterismo.
  Their family was evicted and their possessions confiscated due to her husband’s
involvement in the Calamba Agrarian Trouble.
 Mariano Herbosa, Lucia’s partner was not given a proper catholic burial. This saddened her
and enraged Rizal which made him write an article Una profanacion or “A Profanation.”
 Died in the year, 1919.
The Children of Lucia and Mariano Herbosa would become students of Rizal at Dapitan but later
they would also join as members of the Katipunan, inspired by the mistreatment of the Spaniards towards
their uncle Jose and to the father, Mariano.
Delfina Herbosa de Natividad in particular, was known for being one of those who sew the
Philippine flag.
Maria Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda – Cruz or
Maria Rizal
“THE CONFIDANT”
 Born in the year 1859.
 Nickname was “Biang.”
 Married Daniel Faustino Cruz.
 Was the one Rizal confided on when the others did not support his plan in marrying
Bracken.
 Died in the year, 1945.
Rizal sent a letter to Maria Rizal on December 12, 1891 it contained his plans on making a Filipino
Colony called “Nueva Calamba.”
(New Calamba) and was located in North Borneo which is now Sabah, Malaysia.
José Protacio Mercado y Alonso Realonda or
José Rizal
“THE NATIONAL HERO”
 Born on June 19, 1861.
 Nickname was “Pepe.”
 Baptized at St. John the Baptist Parish Church or Calamba Church.
 Is said to have married Josephine Bracken hours before he was executed.
 Had one child with Bracken named Francisco.
 Rizal and his family lived and he grew up in Calamba, Laguna.
 Died on December 30, 1896, by firing squad.
Jose Rizal was a Freemason. Freemasonry is Fraternal Oath bound society that believed in the
existence of God, which described “God” as the Great Architect.
Despite being born and raised a Catholic, Rizal not only opposed the friars but rejected and criticized
some of the practices of the Roman Catholic Church. This caused a conflict between him and his mother
and even with the Catholic Hierarchy as well.
Concepcion Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda or
Concepcion Rizal
“RIZAL’S FIRST LOSS”
 Born in the year 1862.
 Nickname was “Concha.”
 Concepcion and Rizal who were only one year apart often played with each other which is
one of Rizal’s fondest memories as a child. Rizal recounted those memories in his work,
Memoirs of a Student in Manila.
 Died in the year, 1865.
“When I was four years old, I lost my little sister Concha, and then for the first time I shed tears
caused by love and grief.”
- (P. Jacinto) José Protacio Mercado y Alonso Realonda
Josefa Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda or
Josefa Rizal
“KATIPUNERA”
 Born in the year 1865.
 Nickname was “Panggoy.”
 Never married.
  Joined the Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan or Katipunan
and was elected as one of the leaders or presidents of the Women’s division of the
Katipunan.
 Died in the year, 1945.
The duty of the Women’s Division of the Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng
Bayan or Katipunan was to hide important documents and make meetings by the Katipunan look like
gatherings or celebrations.
Trinidad Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda or
Trinidad Rizal
“THE CUSTODIAN”
 Born in the year 1865.
 Nickname was “Trining.”
 Never married.
 Joined the Walana, Filipino masonry society and the Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalang
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan or Katipunan.
 Teodora Alonso along with Narcisa, Lucia, Maria, Josefa, Trinidad, Mauricio and Leoncio
visited Rizal when he was imprisoned a day before his execution.
 Rizal gave her an alcohol cocinilla or alcohol burner to Trinidad while whispering “There is
something in it.” so that the guards would not understand. It contained Rizal’s last work, Mi
Ultimo Adios.
 Died in the year, 1951.
Trinidad was one of the Co-founders of the Asociación Feminista Filipina that helps promote
equality, social welfare for the Women of the Philippines.
She also participated in a subproject of the organization called “Gota de Leche” or “La Protección
de la Infancia” of which helps to improve Filipino mothers and their children’s health by providing
them with the necessary nutritional resources.
Soledad Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda or
Soledad Rizal
“THE TEACHER” and “THE CONTROVERSIAL SISTER”
 Born in the year 1870.
 Nickname was “Choleng.”
 Married Pantaleon Quintero, without the blessing of their parents.
 Worked as a Teacher, of which Rizal was proud of.
 Rumored to have been the child not by Teodora Alonso and Francisco Mercado but that of
Saturnina Rizal and Jose Alberto de Quintos Alonzo.
 Died in the year, 1929.
“If you have a sweetheart, behave towards him nobly and with dignity, instead of resorting to
secret meetings and conversations which do nothing but lower a woman's worth in the eyes of a
man… You should value more, esteem more your honor and you will be more esteemed and valued.”
- José Protacio Mercado y Alonso Realonda to Soledad Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda
José Rizal’s Extended Family
The In-Laws of José Rizal
Was part of the extended family of Jose Rizal which is composed of the In-Laws or the partners
of Rizal’s siblings.
 Manuel Timoteo Hidalgo
 Antonio Manapat Lopez
 Silvestre Ubaldo
 Mariano Herbosa
The In-Laws of Jose Rizal, Antonio Manapat Lopez and Silvestre Ubaldo, along with his sibling
Paciano Rizal were deported to Mindoro for being involved in the Calamba Agrarian Trouble.
Mariano Herbosa was also involved but unlike the others he was deported and exiled to
Bohol.Mariano Herbosa who died of Cholera was not given a proper burial by the Firars because he was
the “Brother-In-Law of Jose Rizal”.
José Rizal’s Childhood
Calamba, Laguna
 Was the hometown and birthplace of Jose Rizal. This is where the young Pepe grew up and
spent most of his childhood.
 José Rizal’s Pets
Verguenza or Usman
 Was the pet dog of Pepe. Rizal is said to have another dog during his exile in Dapitan and a
Small horse or pony when he was a child.
José Rizal’s Pilgrimage
Nuestra Señora de la Paz y Buen Viaje or Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage
 Also called as “Our Lady of Antipolo” and the “Virgin of Antipolo”, is the statue of Mary that
is venerated and enshrined in Antipolo Cathedral.
José Rizal’s Hobbies and Interests
Sketching
 Was one of the hobbies of Pepe during his early childhood in which he would sketch the
passersby in front of the Church.
Sculpting Clay
 Was another hobby of Pepe during his early childhood in which he would mold clay in the hut
while the rest of his siblings were playing outside.
Listening and Reading
 Pepe was fond of reading and listening to the stories of his siblings and mother.
He took an interest on the Legends and culture of his people, the Indios.
Like most children, Pepe was a curious kid and was liked to encounter or experience new ideas
and things. Much like how some children are awestruck by the colorful costumes and huge floats that
depicts strong heroes to fearsome creatures.
The stories told by his siblings made Pepe excited to witness be in awe of such things that now existed
in Las Islas Filipinas.
TALIM
 Was a steamboat that Pepe took interest in after his siblings told him about it when it arrived.
Pepe insisted upon seeing the steamboat and luckily for him, his family took the young Pepe.
José Rizal’s Worst Memories
Imprisonment of a Family Member
 Mercado y Alonso Realonda Family did not have any problems at first and lived a relatively
peaceful and happy life. That is until Jose Alberto de Quintos Alonzo had a dispute with his
partner, Teodora Formoso.
 Because of the dispute between Jose Alberto de Quintos Alonzo and Teodora Formoso, this led
to her being confined in her room for some time. Teodora Alonzo was entrusted to take
care of Teodora Formoso, often times serving food in her room.
 “He passed through Calamba on his way to Biñan, where he resided. A few days later the
infamous woman, in connivance with a lieutenant of the civil guard, who was a friend of
our family, accused her husband of being a poisoner and my mother as his accomplice for
which my mother was imprisoned by Mr. Antonio Vivencio del Rosario, a fanatical mayor,
(13) a servant of the friar.
We were nine brothers [brother and sisters and our mother were unjustly snatched away from
us and by whom? By some men who had been our friends and whom we had treated as sacred
guests.” (P. Jacinto. Memoirs of a Student in Manila. Chapter 3: From January 1871 to June 1872)
José Rizal’s Early Education
Quintos Alonzo
Was the family of Pepe from his mother’s side. They were the ones that prepared the young Pepe with
the necessary skills and knowledge before his formal education.
Teodora Morales Alonzo Realonda y Quintos or
Teodora Alonso
“FIRST TEACHER”
 Was well-educated for Teodora had studied at Colegio de Santa Rosa or College of Santa
Rosa.
 Occasionally assisted by Saturnina in teaching Rizal when he was 3 years old.
 Teodora Alonso also discovered Rizal’s talents at a very early age, such as his talents in
writing poetry and his drawing skills.
 Taught Rizal the following:
 Reading
 Writing
  Saying his prayers
 Life Lessons
Jose Alberto de Quintos Alonzo
 One of the siblings of Teodora Alonzo and Rizal’s Uncle.
 As a Illustrados leaning towards Spanish Culture and skilled artist Jose Alberto inspired and
helped in developing Rizal’s skills in the arts.
 He taught Rizal the following:
 Sketching
 Painting
 Sculpting
Gregorio de Quintos Alonzo
 Aside from Jose Alberto Rizal’s mother had other siblings among them was Gregorio.
 Gregorio owned many books, some of which were given to Rizal.
 Helped in inspiring Rizal to pursue education and to read.
 He encouraged Rizal to do the following:
 Reading
Manuel de Quintos Alonzo
 The last of the siblings of Teodora Alonzo that contributed to the development of Jose Rizal.
 Helped in training Rizal to become physically strong because Rizal was weak and sickly as
a child.
 He encouraged Rizal the following:
 Fencing
 Wrestling
 Sports
The Maestros
They were the instructors of Pepe while he was taking his education within the confines of his home in
Calamba Laguna. Pepe had a total of 3 Maestros that taught him the basic subjects that all students must
learn before taking formal education.
Maestro Celestino and Maestro Lucas Padua
 Both are private tutors or Maestros that Francisco Mercado paid to teach Pepe. They taught
Rizal at his home in Calamba, Laguna when he was old enough.
 They taught Rizal the following:
 Reading
 Writing
 Arithmetic
 Religion
Maestro Leon Monroy
 A friend and former classmate of Francisco Mercado, Rizal’s Father.
 He lived in the Rizal’s home in Calamba and tutored Rizal before he died 5 months later.
 He taught Rizal the following:
 Spanish
 Latin
Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz
 When Rizal was 9 years old, he bid his family goodbye and was sent to Biñan to continue
his education while he was being accompanied by his elder brother, Paciano.
 Rizal was taught by the knowledgeable and strict Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz.
 He taught Rizal the following:
 Spanish
 Latin
 Other subjects
Rizal would surpass his classmates in all subjects by receiving honors and awards, a testament to
his genius.
Old Juancho Carrera
 An old painter and Father-in-law of Justiniano Aquino Cruz in Biñan, Laguna.
 During his free time, Rizal went to Old Juancho Carrera’s house to study in the arts.
 He taught Rizal the following:
  Painting
 Drawing
Ateneo Municipal de Manila or Ateneo de Manila University
One of the schools or universities that Rizal attended to continue his education.
Study in Ateneo De Municipal
Around the month of June in the year 1872, Rizal attended Ateneo De Municipal for his education.
The establishment was run by Jesuits. In applying for the school, he used “Rizal” as his surname in
order to avoid suspicion as per the advice of his elder brother, Paciano because he was associated with
Jose Burgos who was executed a few months earlier in the same year. He would graduate in the year 1877
with awards.
Rizal was taught the following subjects:
 Spanish
 Latin
 Greek
 French
 Mathematics
 History
 Geography
 Physics
 Rhetoric
 Philosophy
Father Francisco de Paula Sanchez
 A Jesuit Priest teaching in Ateneo de Municipal along with Father José Bech, who was
described as a lunatic by students in contrasts to Father Sanhez. He also had other instructors
such as Fathers Vilaclara and Minoves.
 Well respected by the students in Ateneo De Municipal and was the favorite maestro of Jose
Rizal.
 He taught Rizal the following:
 Mathematics
 Rhetoric
 Greek
The Books and the Authors
Rizal’s continued to be fond of reading in his teens and even up until his adulthood. Not only was
reading a good hobby to have but it also helped Rizal in studying his other subjects, not only does it give
necessary information but a great way to study another language.
The Count of Monte Cristo
 Rizal read multiple novels of which were translated to other languages of which aided in his
studies, one such book was the Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas.
Colegio de Sta. Isabel or Santa Isabel College
 Rizal took private lesson in Santa Isabel College, although the subjects he took was not
specified.
Rizal developing his Skills in the Arts
 Due to Rizal’s desire to improve not only his knowledge of things but his skills in the arts. Rizal
is also open to trying new skills that his instructors or friends are willing to teach him.
Agustin Saez
 Rizal was a skilled painter although not one of the best and most well-known in this field, unlike
his friend Juan Luna who studies in Academia de Dibujo y Pintura.
 a Spanish Painter and one of the teachers in Academia de Dibujo y Pintura.
 Taught Rizal the following:
 Painting
Romualdo de Jesus
 A sculptor and friend of Jose Rizal.
 Instructed Rizal and introduce him to the art and practice of wood carving.
 Taught Rizal the following:
 Sculpting
 Wood Carving
Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas or University of Santo Tomas
 Is the university where Rizal would pursue his Tertiary Education
Study in University of Santo Tomas
 In the year 1877, Rizal enrolled for the Philosophy and Letters course at University of Santo
Tomas. The establishment was run by Dominicans. He would leave in the year 1878.
JOSÉ RIZAL’S HIGHER EDUCATION & LIFE ABROAD
Teodora’s Alonso’s eye illness was worsening, in order to prevent her from going blind José Rizal
stopped studying in the University of Santo Tomas because of the discrimination and outdated
knowledge and technique being taught in the university of which were of no help to him. In the year
1878, he pursued Higher Education abroad with the support of his older brother Paciano and without the
knowledge of the Spanish authorities and some of his family members especially, Francisco Mercado and
Teodora Alonso.
José Rizal’s Higher Education
 Rizal’s in pursuit of new knowledge and to learn more about the sickness of his mother in order
to cure her, he continued his education abroad for Las Islas Filipinas and its schools and
universities was already able to teach Rizal what they can.
 Rizal left the Las Islas Filipinas on May 3, 1882 and arrived in Barcelona, Spain on June 15,
1882.
Universidad Complutense de Madrid or Central University of Madrid
Was the university that Rizal attended in Spain and continued his Tertiary Education.
Study in Universidad Complutense de Madrid
 He enrolled in Universidad Complutense de Madrid or Central University of Madrid to study
Medicine as well as the course Philosophy and Letters.
 He would later receive a licentiate for the two courses on 1884 and 1885, but was unable to
get the Doctoral Diploma for Medicine because he was unable to pay for the tuition and
submit his thesis.
Philosophy and Letters
 taught Rizal the following:
 Metaphysics
 Theodicy
 History
 Physics
Medicine
 taught Rizal the following:
 Anatomy
 Dissection
 Pathology
 Obstetrics
Université de Paris
One of the universities that Rizal attended lectures on Ophthalmology.
Dr. Louise de Wecker
 A French Ophthalmologist and lecturer in the Université de Paris.
 José Rizal trained under Dr. Louise de Wecker as an apprentice to continue his pursuit of
studying, Ophthalmology
 Taught Rizal the following:
 Ophthalmology
Universität Heidelberg or Heidelberg University
Was the last University Rizal attended in pursuit of formal education.
Professor Wilhelm Friedrich Kühne
 A German Physiologist and lecturer in the Universität Heidelberg
 Rizal would also attend the lectures that Professor Kühne taught in the University.
 Taught Rizal the following:
 Ophthalmology
Dr. Otto Heinrich Enoch Becker
 A German Ophthalmologist and lecturer in the Universität Heidelberg.
 Rizal would also attend the lectures on Ophthalmology and also work as an apprentice of
Dr. Otto Heinrich Enoch Becker at his Eye Hospital.
 Taught Rizal the following:
  Ophthalmology
José Rizal’s Life Abroad
Rizal traveled to various countries in the continents of Europe, Asia and even in the Americas. Some
of the reasons for him to travel, is his thirst for knowledge and because of the opportunities that were
presented to him that he can pursue.
SINGAPORE
 On May 3, 1882, José Rizal would leave Las Islas Filipinas, in order to pursue his studies in
Spain, he boarded the Ship named “Salvadora” which took him to Singapore.
FRANCE
 Boarded the French Mail Steamer, “Djemnah” of which he rode all the way to France. He
would leave Marseilles, France on June 13, 1882 riding an express train.
SPAIN
 Rizal would arrive in Spain on June 15, 1882 and study at Universidad Complutense de
Madrid. In 1885, he left Spain.
FRANCE
 Rizal would arrive at Paris, France in the year 1886. he would study under Dr. Louise de
Wecker and he would attend lectures in Université de Paris
GERMANY
 He studied under Dr. Otto Heinrich Enoch Becker while, attending lectures of Professor
Wilhelm Friedrich Kühne at Universität Heidelberg.
 2,000 copies of Noli me Tángere was published in 1887 at Berlin, Germany.
FRANCE
 Rizal returned to France and planned to head home for Las Islas Filipinas on July 3, 1887
aboard the “Djemnah”.
SINGAPORE
 The ship “Djemnah” would stop at Saigon, Singapore on July 30, 1887 then on August 2,
1887 Rizal would board the SS. Hayfong headed for Las Islas Filipinas.
PHILIPPINES
 Rizal was greeted by his family with a homecoming. However, he was also greeted by the sad
news of Olympia’s death. The Spanish Authorities and Friars caught wind of the novel that
Rizal published in Germany and they branded the Noli me Tángere as a heretical literary
work.
CALAMBA AGRARIAN TROUBLES
 The tenants still paid the rent but unbeknownst to them, only a small portion of the
agricultural land were actually owned by the friars based on the findings of Jose Rizal.
 Rizal and other tenants asked the authorities for an investigation and found out that Rizal’s
findings were true, the troubled tenants even asked Rizal to draft a petition on the legitimacy of
the land ownership.
 They were advised to refuse paying their taxes, this of course included Rizal’s family on
February 1888. This angered the friars who would soon plan to evict the tenants and later file
this case to the Provincial Court of Santa Cruz who then ruled in favor of the friars. The
friars would also win the case in a higher court in Manila as well as the Supreme Court in
Madrid.
 Thus, the Tenants along with Rizal’s family were evicted from their homes and work place.
Their houses burnt and some were injured in the process. This event would further stain the
reputation of the Mercado Family in the eyes of the Spaniards and in Rizal eyes another proof of
the corruption within the Society in Las Islas Filipinas.
HONG KONG
 He would leave Las Islas Filipinas on February 3 and later arrived in Hong Kong on
February 8, 1888.
JAPAN
 Rizal stayed at Yokohama, Japan from February 28 up to April 13, there he would work the
job that he was offered and also study their culture.
 He did this through the introduction and guidance of Seiko Usui or O Sei- San, of whom he fell
in love with during his stay.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
 He boarded a Belgic ship in Japan that would take him to America. He arrived at San
Francisco on April 28, 1887 and later on May 13, 1887, Rizal would stay at New York, it was
also the last place that Rizal went to before he left for England on board the ship called the
“City of Rome”.
ENGLAND (U.K.)
 Rizal would visit the British Museum to gather more information on the culture of the Indios.
 During his stay in London, England that Rizal would be familiarized with Antonio de Morga
Sánchez Garay or simply, Antonio de Morga’s work the, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas.
 José Rizal became motivated to write an annotation but another inspiration for Rizal was his
friendship with Ferdinand Blumentritt, who was an Austrian teacher.
 Rizal would also write a letter titled “To the Women of Malolos” as per the request of Marcelo
H. del Pilar in 1889.
FRANCE
 Rizal would travel to France and there he would publish multiple essays and articles in La
Solidaridad, published in 1889.
 The Literary Works written by Rizal in France:
 Una profanacion or “A Profanation”
 La Verdad Para Todos or “Truth for All”
 Verdades Nuevas or “New Facts”
 Los Viajes or “The Trips”
 A La Defensa or “To La Defense”
 Filipinas Dentro De Cien Años or “The Philippines a century hence”
ENGLAND (U.K.)
 Published an article in London, England in 1890.
 The Literary Work written by Rizal in England:
 Ingratitudes or “Ingratitude”
BELGIUM
 In 1890, whe Rizal was in Brussels, Belgium from February to July, he published an article
in La Solidaridad.
 The Literary Work written by Rizal in Belgium:
 Sobre La Nueva Ortografia De La Lengua Tagala or “On the New Orthography
of Tagalog Language”
SPAIN
 Rizal would be engaged to Nellie Boustead however, it led got him into a conflict with
Antonio Luna that would have led them to duel but luckily, they were able to resolve their
differences. During his stay in Spain, Rizal continued to publish multiple articles in La
Solidaridad.
BELGIUM
 He stayed in Belgium again in 1891 from July to September, it was in Ghent, Belgium that
Rizal was able to publish his second novel the “El Filibusterismo”.
FRANCE
 In his stay in Paris, France Rizal would stop writing for the La Solidaridad and decided to
head back to Las Islas Filipinas.
HONG KONG
 Aboard the ship named “Melbourne” he met a lot of people during his stay in Hong Kong in
1892, there Rizal would meet William Burgess Pryer and his partner, Ada Pryer who were
both knew Rizal’s plan of turning North Borneo to New Calamba.
MALAYSIA
 Rizal would also visit North Borneo for a few days in order to check the area where he would
plan to relocate the evicted tenants of Calamba including his family, but eventually he left to
go back to Hong Kong.
VIETNAM
 Rizal would visit several museums in Vietnam in November shortly before heading back to go
to Hong Kong.
PHILIPPINES
 On June 26,1892 he arrived in Las Islas Filipinas aboard the Don Juan. Rizal met Governor-
General Eulogio Despujol y Dusay or Governor-General Despujol on the 29th.
 Rizal’s Experience During His Life Abroad
Difficulties
 Rizal would take exams even though he was hungry, because at that time he did not have enough
money.
Opportunities and Fun
 But when he has money, he is able to spend time with his fellow Schoolmates or Illustrados and
also with the friends from different nations that he met along his travels.
Strong Bonds and Motivation
 Friendships that help inspire him to write and publish his works.
Rizal was interested in the following
 History
 Politics
 Global Mindset (Humanism)
La Liga Filipina or The Philippine League
 A Secret organization formed by Jose Rizal.
 Founded on July 3, 1892 in Tondo, Manila.
 The purpose of La Liga Filipina was to build a new group that sought to involve the people
directly in the reform movement through “Education”.
 One notable member of the Katipunan was a prominent figure in the Philippine Revolution of
whom was Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro or Andrés Bonifacio
 Aims of the League:
 To unite the whole archipelago into one vigorous and homogeneous organization
 Mutual protection in every want and necessity
 Defense against all violence and injustice
 Encouragement of instruction, agriculture, and commerce
 Study the application of reforms
Rizal would later be arrested on July 6, 1892 because of Anti Friar bills or Pamphlets that were
found inside Lucia Rizal’s luggage.
JOSÉ RIZAL’S EXILE, TRIAL, AND DEATH
Upon the arrest of Jose Rizal after his arrival in Las Islas Filipinas on July 6, 1892 because of
Anti Friar bills found in his siblings’ luggage. Rizal would be first sent into exile by the Spanish Authorities.
Jose Rizal’s problems did not end there for he continued to encounter them leading to his eventual
Trial and later on his death.
RIZAL’ EXILE
Dapitan, Zamboanga del Norte, Las Islas Filipinas
 After returning to Las Islas Filipinas on June 26, 1892, Rizal would converse with Governor-
General Eulogio Despujol y Dusay or Governor-General Despujol for days and on July 6,
1892 he was arrested because anti-friar bills or pamphlets were found by the Spanish Authorities
inside his sister’s luggage which sentenced him to be deported to Dapitan.
Captain Ricardo Carnicero
 The Politico-Military Governor of Dapitan.
 The assigned Warden of Jose Rizal but later on became a friend of José Rizal when he was
exiled in Dapitan.
 Captain Carnicero would let Rizal live with him in his home in Dapitan, Zamboanga del
Norte for years, some of Rizal’s Family members including his mother and sisters visited him
often. Although he was in exile Rizal lived a fairly decent life in his small wooden house later on
while under the surveillance of Captain Ricardo Carnicero.
José Rizal’s Activities and Contributions to Dapitan
Rizal was not idle during his exile in Dapitan for he was still able to do enjoy what the place had in
stored for him, but Jose Rizal would also contribute to the betterment of the community in Dapitan.
Engineered a Waterworks System
 The Waterworks system that Rizal engineered with the help of his students was called the
Talisay Water System. Which is still being used by the people in Dapitan in modern times.
Cultivated and Harvested Crops
 Rizal helped the natives in cultivating and harvesting their crops in the Haciendas in Dapitan. It
is also said that Rizal assisted in the shops of the business owners.
Treated Patients that visited his clinic
  Rizal would treat the patients that went to Dapitan, not only were some of his patients’ locals but
his skill and knowledge in Ophthalmology has reached other nations prompting foreigners to
also seek his treatment. One of which was George Taufer, an American Engineer and the
adoptive parent of Josephine Bracken.
Created Artistic Pieces
 Rizal continued to pursue his hobbies and interests, one of which was his fondness for art. Thus,
creating multiple artworks.
Studied Wildlife in Dapitan
 Rizal was a curious individual and due to his fondness for knowledge sought to study the
wildlife in Dapitan and discovered several new species of animals of which he documents and
sent in exchange for books he could read.
 Some species named after Rizal:
 Harlequin Tree Fros or Rhacophurus rizali
 Draco Guentheri or Draco rizali
 Flying Beetle or Apogonia rizali
 Handsome Fungus Beetle or Spathomeles rizali
Taught the Children
 Not only did Rizal taught the children of his siblings that were also staying in Dapitan, but he
also educated the local children which sowed enlightenment in the youth but also further
suspicions from the Spanish Authorities.
Pío Valenzuela y Alejandrino
 A physician and One of the revolutionary leaders of the Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalang
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan or Katipunan.
 Formed a secret chamber of the society called Camara Reina with Andrés Bonifacio and
Emilio Jacinto.
 In charge of the of the publication of the “Ang Kalayaan” a newspaper of the Katipunan.
Bonifacio would call a secret general meeting on May 1, 1896, at Barrio Ugong in Pasig. A proposal to
solicit contributions to gather and buy arms and munitions from the Japanese was presented by Pío
Valenzuela. The body would gave a condition in order to give their approval for Valenzuela’s proposal, that
it should need the approval of Jose Rizal first.
Pio Valenzuela left for on June 15 and arrived in Dapitan on July in order to discuss his matter of his
proposal. However, Rizal would not approve of it and advised them to not start a revolution yet due to
lack of support at the current time and because of the bloody consequences that would arise from it.
On August 1, 1896, Rizal would volunteer as a surgeon for Cuba because of their lack of Doctors
to treat patients during the Yellow Fever Epidemic upon the recommendation of his close friend,
Ferdinand Blumentritt.
Instead of going to Cuba, Rizal was captured on the way then sent to Spain and imprisoned in
Castell de Montjuïc or Montjuic Castle.
Eventually, Rizal was sent back to Manila, Las Islas Filipinas and imprisoned in Fort Santiago
on October 6, 1896.
Rizal’s Trial
October 6, 1896
 In the dungeons of Fort Santiago on October 6, 1896 Rizal was imprisoned while his brother,
Paciano was interrogated and tortured to sign a paper against his younger brother.
November 20, 1896
 Judge Advocate Colonel Francisco Olive would interview Rizal for a few days starting
November 20, 1896.
Rizal was accused with the following:
 Treason
 Sedition
 Illegal Association
December 15, 1896
 He chose Lieutenant Luis Taviel de Andrade to defend him in court. In attempt to defend himself
in court Rizal wrote an address to the uprising on December 15, 1896
December 26, 1896
 On the December 26 1896, José Rizal guilty for Sedition and was sentenced to death via
Musketry by the Spanish Court Martial.
 December 28, 1896
 Rizal’s Sisters pleaded for clemency in Malacañang and Teodora Alonso, their mother wrote a
petition to pardon Rizal on December 28, 1896.
December 29, 1896
 Captain Dominguez read him his death sentence and later Rizal wrote one last letter to his
Friend, Blumentritt.
 Fathers Miguel Saderra Mata, Luis Viza, Antonio Rosell, Federico Faura, and José Vilaclara all
visited Rizal and conversed with him on his last moments.
 Teodora Alonso, Narcisa Rizal, Trinidad Rizal, Rizal’s niece Angelica and nephew Mauricio
visited him in his prison cell. He secretly hid his last work, Mi Ultimo Adios among the items
that he gave his family. He told Trinidad that the alcohol cocinilla had something inside it.
Rizal’s Death
December 30, 1896
(5:00 A.M.)
 Hours before his Execution Rizal was said to be married to Josephine Bracken. Bracken was
given their Marriage Certificate and a copy of The Imitation of Christ written by Thomas à
Kempis with the inscription,
“To my dear and unhappy wife, Josephine, December 30th, 1896, Jose Rizal”.
(6:00 A.M. to 7:00 A.M.)
 Rizal walked a long distance from his prison cell in Fort Santiago to the execution grounds in
Bagumbayan.
(7:00 A.M.)
 The soldiers were armed and ready to fire with their muskets, Rizal was positioned with his back
turned to the firing squad
When the muskets were fired Rizal shouted
“Consummatum est” or “It is Finished”
He turned around to face the firing squad and he fell backwards on the ground and died.