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MA3351
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dz dz
In this type take u  x  ay and put p  & qa we get complete solution.
du du
Standard type (3): Equation of the form f  x, p   g  y, q 
In this type take f  x, p   a  g  y , q  and the solution is z   p dx   q dy s
Standard form (4): Equation of the form z  px  qy  f  p, q  (Clairaut’s form)
The complete integral is z  ax  by  f a, b  . To find singular integral differentiate
partially with respect a and b. and eliminate a and b from the above three equation.

PROBLEM BASED ON DEFINITIONS

01. Form the PDE by eliminating ‘f’ &’g’ from z  xf 2 x  y   g 2 x  y .

P
02. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary function from the relation
 ( x 2  y 2  z 2 , ax  by  cz )  0

AP
03. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary function from the relation
 ( x 2  y 2  z 2 , x  y  z)  0

04. Form the PDE by eliminating a and b from z 2  x  a    y  b  c 2

2 2

05. Solve x 2 ( y  z ) p  y 2 ( z  x)q  z 2 ( x  y),

R
06. Solve x( y  z ) p  y( z  x)q  z ( x  y),
CO
07. Solve (3z  4 y) p  (4 x  2 z )q  2 y  3x.
08. Solve (mz  ny) p  (nx  lz )q  ly  mx.
09. Find the singular solution of z  px  qy  q 2  pq  p 2
U

10. Find the singular solution of z  px  qy  q 2  p 2  1

(Same Question may be asked z  px  qy  q 2  p 2  16 )

ST

2 z 2 z 2 z (3 x  4 y )
11. Solve  3  2 e  sin(4 x  3 y ).
x 2
xy y 2

(2 x  3 y )
12. Solve  D 3  D 2 D ' 4 DD '2  4 D '3  z  cos(2 x  y )  e

13. Solve D 2  5DD'6 D' 2 z  y.sin x.

14. Solve  D 2  DD ' 2 D '2  z  2 x  3 y  e(3 x  4 y ) .

15. Solve D 2  3DD'2 D' 2 z  sin( 2 x  y)  x  y.

Prepared By: Mr. N. Karthikeyan Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics. Page 3

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DOWNLOADED FROM STUCOR APP KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

(AUTONOMOUS)
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution)
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SUBJECT NAME : Transforms and Partial Differential Equations.

SUBJECT CODE : MA3351

UNIT NAME : 2. Fourier series.

DEFINITIONS

P
01. Dirichlet’s condition for Fourier series
A function f  x  can be expanded as a Fourier series in a  x  b if

AP
1. f  x  is well defined and single valued function.

2. f  x  has infinite number of finite discontinuities and no infinite discontinuities in (a, b)

3. f  x  has a finite number of maxima and minima

R
02. Convergence condition for Fourier series
i. The Fourier series of f  x  converges to f  x  at all points where f  x  is continuous
CO

ii. At a point of discontinuity x 0 , the series converges to the average of the left limit and right
limit of f  x  at x 0
1 
i.e. f ( x0 )  lim f ( x0  h)  lim f ( x0  h)
2 h 0 h 0 
U

03. Fourier series expansion of f  x  in the interval 0, 2 


a0
f x     a n cos nx  bn sin nxWhere,
ST

2 n 1
2 2 2
f x  dx, a n  f x  cos nx dx, bn   f x  sin nx dx,
1 1 1
a0 
  0
 
0
 0

04. Fourier series expansion of f  x  in the interval 0, 2l 

a0 
 nx nx 
f x      a n cos  bn sin  Where,
2 n 1  l l 
 nx   nx 
2l 2l 2l
a 0   f x  dx, a n   f x  cos  dx, bn   f x  sin 
1 1 1
 dx,
l0 l0  l  l 0  l 
05. Fourier series expansion of f  x  in the interval   ,  

a0
f x     a n cos nx  bn sin nxWhere,
2 n 1

Prepared By: Mr. N. Karthikeyan Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics. Page 1

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  
f x  dx, a n  f x  cos nx dx, bn   f x  sin nx dx,
1 1 1
a0 
 
  

 

In the interval, we have to verify the function is either odd or even function. If it is even function
then find only a 0 , and a n bn  0 . If it is odd function then find only bn a 0 and a n  0 .

If the function is neither odd nor even then you should find a 0 , a n and bn

06. Fourier series expansion of f  x  in the interval  l, l 

a0    nx   nx  
f x      a n cos   bn sin    Where,
2 n 1   l   l 
 nx   nx 
l l l
a 0   f x  dx, a n   f x  cos  dx, bn   f x  sin 
1 1 1
 dx,

P
l l l l  l  l l  l 
In the interval, we have to verify the function is either odd or even function. If it is even function

AP
then find only a 0 , and a n bn  0 . If it is odd function then find only bn a 0 and a n  0 .
If the function is neither odd nor even then you should find a 0 , a n and bn

07. Half range Fourier sine series expansion of f  x  in the interval 0,  

f x    bn sin nx Where,
n 1
R


 f x  sin nx dx,
2
bn 

CO
0

08. Half range Fourier sine series expansion of f  x  in the interval 0, l 

 nx 
f x     bn sin  Where,
n 1  l 
 nx 
l
U

bn   f  x  sin 
2
 dx,
l 0  l 
09. Half range Fourier cosine series expansion of f  x  in the interval 0,  
ST


a0
f x     a n cos nx Where,
2 n 1
 

 f x  dx, a  f x  cos nx dx,

2 2
a0  
 
n
0 0

10. Half range Fourier cosine series expansion of f  x  in the interval 0, l 
a0 
 nx 
f x      a n cos  Where,
2 n 1  l 
 nx 
l l
a 0   f x  dx, a n   f x  cos 
2 2
 dx,
l 0 l 0  l 
11. Root mean square value of a function f  x  in the range a, b 

Prepared By: Mr. N. Karthikeyan Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics. Page 2

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  f ( x) dx
2

The root mean square value of y  f (x) over an interval (a, b) is y  a

ba

12. Parseval’s theorem on a Fourier series in the interval c, c  2 

If f  x  is a periodic function with period 2l , defined in (c, c  2 ) and it has the Fourier series,

a0   nx nx 
   a n cos  bn sin  Then,
2 n 1  l l 

 
c  2l
1 
2
1
c  f ( x )  2
dx 
a0
  a n  bn
2 2

2l 4 2 n 1

P
13. Complex form of Fourier series f  x  in the interval 0, 2 

AP
 2

 f x  e
1
f x   c e inx
Where, c n   inx
dx
2
n
n   0

14. Complex form of Fourier series f  x  in the interval 0, 2l 

inx inx
 2l 
f x   f x  e l dx
1
c e l Where, c n  
n
R
n   2l 0

15. Complex form of Fourier series f  x  in the interval   ,  

CO

 

 f x  e
1
f x   c e inx
Where, c n   inx
dx
2
n
n   

16. Complex form of Fourier series f  x  in the interval  l, l 

U

inx inx
 l 
f x   f x  e l dx
1
c
n  
n e l Where, c n 
2l l
ST

17. Harmonic analysis

The method of calculation of Fourier constants by means of numerical calculation is called as
Harmonic analysis.

a0
f x     a n cos nx  bn sin nxWhere,
2 n 1
2 2 2
a0 
N
 y , a1   y cos x , a 2   y cos 2x , ...
N N
2 2 2
b1   y sinx, a 2   y sin 2x , a3   y sin 3x ...
N N N

Prepared By: Mr. N. Karthikeyan Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics. Page 3

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2x
When the values of x is given as numbers the  is calculated by  
T
Where T is period, N is the number of values given. If the first and last Y values are same we can
omit one of them.

PROBLEM BASED ON DEFINITIONS

01. Find the Fourier series for f ( x)  (  x) 2 , 0  x  2 ,

02. Obtain the Fourier series of f  x   kx   x  in (0,2 )
03. Obtain the Fourier series of periodicity 2 for f  x   x in ( ,  ) . Hence deduce that
1 1 1 2

P
   ........ 
12 2 2 3 2 6
04. Find the Fourier series of the function f x   1 cos x in    x   .

AP
1 1 2
05. Find the Fourier sine series for f  x   1 in 0  x   . .Hence P.T 1    ..... 
32 5 2 8
06. Expand f x   x  x 2 , 0  x   as a Fourier cosine series.

07. Find the complex form of the Fourier series of f  x   e ax ,    x  

R
08. Find the complex form of Fourier series of cos ax in    x   , where ' a' is not an integer.
09. Find the complex form of the Fourier series of f x   e  ax in (l , l )
CO

10. Compute the first two harmonics of the Fourier series of f  x  given the following data

x0 π/3 2π/3 π 4π/3 5π/3 2π

f(x)
1.0 1.4 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.0
U

11. Find the Fourier series for y  f (x) up to second harmonics from the data table :

X x0 1 2 3 4 5
ST

y9 1 8 24 28 26 20

12. The following table gives the vibration of periodic current over a period
t(sec)
0 T/6 T/3 T/2 2T/3 5T/6 T

A(amp)
1.98 1.30 1.06 1.30 -0.88 -0.5 1.98
1 1 1 4
13. Find the Fourier series of y  x 2 in ( ,  ) . Hence show that    ..... 
14 2 4 3 4 90

Prepared By: Mr. N. Karthikeyan Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics. Page 4

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KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(AUTONOMOUS)
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution)
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SUBJECT NAME : Transforms and Partial Differential Equations.

SUBJECT CODE : MA3351

UNIT NAME : 3. Applications of Partial Differential Equations.

DEFINITIONS

P
01. The one dimensional wave equation is
2 y 2  u
2

AP
 
t 2 x 2
T
Weknow that  2  , where
M
T: Tension.
M:
R
Mass of the string.
The three solutions of wave equation are
CO

i.  
y( x, t )  Ae x  Be  x ce at  De  at 
ii. y ( x, t )   A cos x  B sin x c cos at  D sin at 

iii. y ( x, t )   Ax  B ct  D 
U

The suitable solution of one dimensional wave equation is

y ( x, t )   A cos x  B sin x c cos at  D sin at 

ST

02. The one dimensional heat flow equation is

u  2u
2 2
t x
k
We know that  2  , where
c
k: Thermal conductivity.
C: Specific heat.
: Density of the material
The possible solution of one dimensional Heat equation is

Prepared By: Mr. N. Karthikeyan Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics. Page 1

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i.  
u ( x, t )  Ae x  Be  x Ce 
2
 2t

u ( x, t )  A cos x  B sin xCe   2t

2

ii.
iii. u ( x, t )   Ax  B C
The suitable solution of one dimensional Heat equation is

u ( x, t )  A cos x  B sin xCe   2t

2

03. Two dimensional heat flow equation is

 2u  2u
 0
x 2 y 2
The three possible solutions of two dimensional heat flow equations are

P
i.  
u ( x, y)  Ae  x  Be x C cos y  D sin y  s

AP
(Applicable when given value is parallel to y-axis)
ii. 
u ( x, y)  A cos x  B sin x Ce  y  De y 
(Applicable when given value is parallel to y-axis)
iii. u ( x, y )   Ax  B Cy  D 
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(Not Applicable)
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PROBLEM BASED ON DEFINITIONS

2 z z z
01. Solve 2   0 by the method of separation of variables
x 2
x y
u u
02. Using the method of separation of variables, solve 2  u , where u ( x, 0)  6 e3 x
x t
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 y
2
 y
2
03. Solve the One Dimensional Wave equation 2  c 2 2 by the method of separation of variables
t x
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u u
2
04. Solve the One Dimensional Heat equation   2 2 by the method of separation of variables
t x
u u
2 2
05. Solve the Two Dimensional Heat equation 2  2  0 by the method of separation of variables
x y
06. A tightly stretched string of length 2l is fixed at both ends. The mid-point of the string is displaced by a
distance ‘b’ transversely and the string is released from rest in this position. Find the displacement of
any point of the string at any subsequent time.
07. A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x  0 and x  l is initially in a position given by
y( x,0)  3x(l  x) . If it is released from rest from this position, find the displacement y at any time and

at any distance from the end x  0

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08. A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x  0 and x  l is initially in a position given by
 x 
y x, 0  y 0 sin 3   . It is released from rest it that position. Find the expression for the displacement
 l 
at any time t
09. A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x  0 and x  l is initially at rest in the equilibrium
position. If it is set vibrating by giving each point a velocity kx (l  x) for 0  x  l . Find the
displacement function y( x, t )
10. If a string of length l is initially at rest in its equilibrium position and each of its points is given a
kx 0  x  l/2
velocity v such that v   . Find the displacement function y( x, t )
k (l  x) l / 2  x  l

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KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(AUTONOMOUS)
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution)
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SUBJECT NAME : Transforms and Partial Differential Equations.

SUBJECT CODE : MA3351

UNIT NAME : 4. Fourier Transforms and its Applications.

DEFINITIONS

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01. Fourier integral theorem.
If f (x) is the piecewise continuously differentiable and absolutely integrable in (-∞, ∞) then,

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 
f x  
1
   f (t ). cos  (t  x)dt.d
0 

(Or)
 
f x  
1
  f (t ).e
is ( x t )
dt.ds
2  
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02. Convolution Theorem
If F[s] and G[s] are the Fourier transform of the functions f ( x) and g( x) respectively, then convolution
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of f (x) and g (x) is the product of their Fourier transforms
i.e F  f  x  * g  x   F s . G s , where

1
f *g 
2
 f (t ).g ( x  t ).dt .


F  f  x   F s  And F g  x   G s 
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
03. Fourier transform F s  
1
 f ( x) e
isx
dx.
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2 

04. Inverse Fourier transform f x  
1
 F (s)e
isx
ds.
2 
05. The Fourier transforms and Inverse Fourier transforms are called Fourier transforms pairs.
 

06. Fourier sine transform Fs  f ( x)  f s ( s )  Fs ( s ) 

2
 0
f ( x). sin sx.dx.

 

07. Fourier cosine transform Fc  f ( x)  f c ( s )  Fc ( s ) 

2
  f ( x). cos sx.dx.
0

08. Results:
i. If , then Fourier sine and cosine transform is given below
2 s
a) Fs ( s) 
 s  a 2 
2

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a 2
b) Fc ( s) 
 s  a2  2

Fs x f ( x)   F  f  x 
d
ii.
ds c
F x f ( x)  F  f  x 
d
iii.
c ds s
09. Parseval’s identities
 

 F ( s) ds.  
2 2
i. f ( x) dx. f
 
   

 FS (s).GS (s).ds.   f ( x).g ( x).dx. and  Fs (s) ds.   f ( x) dx.

2 2
ii.
0 0 0 0

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   

 F (s).G (s).ds.   f ( x).g ( x).dx. and  F (s) ds.   f ( x) dx.

2 2
iii. c c c
0 0 0 0

10. Condition for self-reciprocal is F  f  x   f s 

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11. Basic formulae
e ax
i.  e cosbx dx 
ax
a cosbx  b sin bx
a2  b2
e ax
 e sin bx dx 
ax
a sin bx  b cosbx
ii.
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a2  b2
 u dv  u v  u v1  u v2  u v3  u v4 ... (Bernoulli’s formula)
' '' '' ' '' ' '
iii.
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2
 is  s2
iv. ax  isx  ax    2
2

 2a  4a

 x2 
v. 0 e dx  2
f  x   f  x  then f  x  is Even Function
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vi.
vii. f  x    f  x  Then f  x  is Odd Function.
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PROBLEM BASED ON DEFINITIONS

 
sin  cos  x sin 
01. Express the function as a Fourier Integral. Hence, evaluate 
0

d  and 
0

d

1 x  1
 
sin t 2
sin 
02. Find the Fourier transform of f (x)  
0, x  1
. Hence evaluate 
0 t2
dt and 
0

d .


1  x ,  1  x  1 sin 4 t
03. Find the Fourier transform of f (x)   . And hence find the value of  4 dt . And
0, otherwise 0 t
 2
 sin t 
0  t  dt

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a 2  x 2 , if x  a 
 sin t  t cos t 
04. Find the Fourier transform of f (x)   . And evaluate   dt ,
0, if x  a 0 t3 
 2 
 sin t  t cos t   sin s  s cos s   s  3
0  t 3  dt . Hence prove that    cos ds 
 0  2
3
s 16
x2

a 2 x2
05. Find the Fourier transform of e . Hence show that the function is e 2 self-reciprocal.
 
x2 dx
06. Use any Fourier transform method to evaluate  2 dx and 
0  x  a  x  b  0  x  a  x  b 
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

 
dx x2
07. Using Parseval’s identity, evaluate  x
0
2
 a2 
2
and
 a2 
2  x
dx.
0
2

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 x, : 0  x  1

08. Find the Fourier cosine and sine transform of f (x)  2  x : 1  x  2 .

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0, : x  2


eax e  ax  ebx 

09. Find the Fourier Sine and Cosine transform of f ( x)  . Hence evaluate FC   and
x  x 
 eax  ebx 
FS  
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 x 
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KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(AUTONOMOUS)
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution)
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SUBJECT NAME : Transforms and Partial Differential Equations.

SUBJECT CODE : MA3351

UNIT NAME : 5. Z – Transform

DEFINITIONS

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01. Definition of Z transform

Let  f n  be the sequence defined for all the positive integers ‘n’ such that Z  f n    f n  z

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n

n0

02. Formulae of Z transform

S.No Z  f n  F Z 

Z 1
z
1.
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z 1

Z  1
z
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2.
z 1

3.  
Z an
z
za
z
Z  n
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4.
z  12
z2
Z n  1
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5.
z  12
1  z 
6. Z  log 
n  z  1

 n  z2
7. Z cos
 2  z2 1
 n  z
8. Z sin
 2  z 1
2

 n  z2
9. Z a n cos
 2  z2  a2

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 n  az
10. Z a n sin
 2  z  a2
2

03. Statement of initial value theorem

If F Z  is Z transform of f n  then f 0   lim F Z 
z 

04. Statement of final value theorem

If F Z  is Z transform of f n  then lim f n   lim z  1F Z 
n  z 1

05. Inverse form of convolution theorem

Z 1 F Z G Z   f n   g n 

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n
And by the definition of Convolution of two functions f n   g n    f k  g n  k 

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k 0

06. (a) Z  y n   Y Z 
(b) Z  y n  1  z Y Z   z y 0 

(c) Z  yn  2  z 2 Y Z   z 2 y 0  z y 1

07. Definition for Geometric processes
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If G.P is 1  a  a 2  a 3  ... then
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 a n 1 (r n 1  1) 
Sn   , if r  1
 r 1 

 a n 1 (1  r n 1 ) 
Sn   , if r  1 ,
 1 r 
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t2
where r 
t1
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t 1 = First term in G.P

t 2 = Second term in G.P

a = First term in G.P

PROBLEM BASED ON DEFINITIONS

1 1
01. Find the Z transform of i. a n ii. n iii. iv. v. n 2
n n!
1
vi. cos n vii. sin n viii. r n cos n ix. r n sin n x.
n  n  1
02. State and prove the initial and final value theorem on Z transform.

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03. State and prove the second shifting property of Z transform.

 z ( z 2  z  2) 
1
04. Find Z   by the method of partial fraction method.
 ( z  1) ( z  1) 
2

 z2 
05. Using partial fraction method, find Z 1  .
 z  2( z  4) 
2

8z 2
06. Using convolution theorem, find the inverse Z transform of .
2 z  1(4 z  1)
 z2 
07. Using convolution theorem, find Z 1  2 
 z  a  
z2
08. Using convolution theorem, find the inverse Z transform of .
z  a ( z  b)

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8z 2
09. Using convolution theorem, find the inverse Z transform of .
2 z  1(4 z  1)

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 z 2  3z 
10. Find Z 1   by residue method.
 ( z  2)( z  5) 
z2  z
11. Find the inverse Z transform of . using residues.
z  13
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12. Solve using Z transform, y n 2  3 y n1  10 y n  0 given y 0  1 and y1  0

13. Solve using Z transform, y n 2  y n  2 given y 0  0 and y1  0 .

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14. Solve using Z transform, y n2  5 y n1  6 y n  4 n given y 0  0 and y1  1.

15. Solve using Z transform y k  2  2 y k 1  y k  k given y 0  0 and y1  0 .

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