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    Periodic Table

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    susan chin
    The document discusses several groups of elements from the periodic table. Group 18 elements are known as noble or inert gases and exist as monoatomic gases. They are chemically inert because they have stable electron configurations and do not share electrons. Group 1 elements are known as alkali metals and are soft metals with low melting points that react vigorously with water. Group 17 elements are known as halogens and exist as diatomic molecules. They react with water to form acidic solutions. Elements in the same period have the same number of electron shells and properties vary across periods, with atomic size decreasing and electronegativity increasing from left to right. Transition elements have properties like forming colored ions and acting as catalysts.

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    Periodic Table

    Uploaded by

    susan chin
    4 views3 pages
    The document discusses several groups of elements from the periodic table. Group 18 elements are known as noble or inert gases and exist as monoatomic gases. They are chemically inert because they have stable electron configurations and do not share electrons. Group 1 elements are known as alkali metals and are soft metals with low melting points that react vigorously with water. Group 17 elements are known as halogens and exist as diatomic molecules. They react with water to form acidic solutions. Elements in the same period have the same number of electron shells and properties vary across periods, with atomic size decreasing and electronegativity increasing from left to right. Transition elements have properties like forming colored ions and acting as catalysts.

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    The document discusses several groups of elements from the periodic table. Group 18 elements are known as noble or inert gases and exist as monoatomic gases. They are chemically inert because they have stable electron configurations and do not share electrons. Group 1 elements are known as alkali metals and are soft metals with low melting points that react vigorously with water. Group 17 elements are known as halogens and exist as diatomic molecules. They react with water to form acidic solutions. Elements in the same period have the same number of electron shells and properties vary across periods, with atomic size decreasing and electronegativity increasing from left to right. Transition elements have properties like forming colored ions and acting as catalysts.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    4 views3 pages

    Periodic Table

    Uploaded by

    susan chin
    The document discusses several groups of elements from the periodic table. Group 18 elements are known as noble or inert gases and exist as monoatomic gases. They are chemically inert because they have stable electron configurations and do not share electrons. Group 1 elements are known as alkali metals and are soft metals with low melting points that react vigorously with water. Group 17 elements are known as halogens and exist as diatomic molecules. They react with water to form acidic solutions. Elements in the same period have the same number of electron shells and properties vary across periods, with atomic size decreasing and electronegativity increasing from left to right. Transition elements have properties like forming colored ions and acting as catalysts.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 3

    Chapter 4: Periodic Table of Elements

    Group 18 Elements

    • Known as noble / inert gases.

    • Exist as monoatomic gas // chemically inert because:


    P1 – Write out electron arrangement / configuration. [optional]
    P2 – It has achieved the most stable duplet / octet electron arrangement.
    P3 – It does not receive, release or share electron with other elements.

    • Physical properties:
    (a) Small atomic size
    (b) Colourless gas at rtp
    (c) Low melting and boiling point
    (d) Low densities
    (e) Insoluble in water
    (f) Cannot conduct electricity in any state
    (g) Poor conductor of heat

    • Explain the changes of boiling point of Group 18 elements when going down Group 18.
    P1 – Atomic size of each element is bigger / increases down the group.
    P2 – Intermolecular force of attraction between element atoms become stronger.
    P3 – More heat energy is needed to overcome the stronger intermolecular force of
    attraction.
    P4 – Boiling point of element is higher [optional].

    • Function of Group 18 elements:


    (a) Helium – used to fill airships and weather balloons
    – used by diver as oxygen tank (80% Helium + 20% Oxygen)
    – used to cool metals into superconductors
    (b) Neon – used in advertising lights and television tubes
    (c) Argon – used to provide an inert atmosphere for welding at high temperature
    (d) Krypton – used to fill photographic flash lamps
    (e) Xenon – used in bubble chambers in atomic energy reactors
    – used for making electron tubes and stroboscopic lamps
    (f) Radon – used in treatment of cancer

    Group 1 Elements

    • Known as alkali metals.

    • Physical properties:
    (a) Soft metal
    (b) Low densities
    (c) Low melting points
    (d) Silvery and shiny surfaces
    (e) Good conductor of heat
    (f) Good conductor of electricity

    • Explain why melting point of Group 1 elements decreases down Group 1.


    P1 – Atomic size of each element is bigger / increases down the group.
    P2 – Valence electron in the atom is further away from the nucleus.
    P3 – Electrostatic attraction force between nucleus and (valence) electron in atom
    becomes weaker.
    P4 – Less energy is needed to overcome the weaker force of attraction.

    1
    • Chemical properties:
    (a) Reacts vigorously with water to produce alkaline solution and hydrogen gas

    • Explain why reactivity / electropositivity of Group 1 elements increases down Group 1.


    P1 – Atomic size of each element is bigger / increases down the group.
    P2 – Valence electron in atom becomes further away from the nucleus.
    P3 – Electrostatic attraction force between nucleus and (valence) electron becomes
    weaker.
    P4 – Ability of the atom to release valence electron becomes easier.

    • Safety precautions:
    (a) Store in paraffin oil in bottle
    (b) Do not hold alkali metals with bare hand // use forcep to take Group 1 elements
    (c) Wear goggles and gloves when handle Group 1 elements
    (d) Use only small piece of alkali metals

    Group 17 Elements

    • Known as halogens

    • Physical properties:
    (a) Low melting and boiling point
    (b) Physical state of halogens at rtp:
    (i) Fluorine is a pale yellow gas
    (ii) Chlorine is a greenish – yellow gas
    (iii) Bromine is a reddish – brown liquid
    (iv) Iodine is purplish – black solid
    (c) Do not conduct electricity in any state
    (d) Pungent smell and poisonous
    (e) Low density
    (f) Exists as diatomic molecules

    • Explain the changes of boiling point of Group 17 elements when going down Group 17.
    P1 – Molecular size of each element is bigger / increases down the group.
    P2 – Intermolecular force of attraction between molecules is stronger.
    P3 – More heat energy is needed to overcome the stronger intermolecular force of
    attraction.

    • Chemical properties:
    (a) Reacts with water to form two acidic solution
    (b) Reacts with hot iron to form iron(III) halide
    (c) Reacts with sodium hydroxide solution to form sodium halide solution, sodium halite(I)
    solution and water

    • Explain why reactivity / electronegativity of Group 17 elements decreases down Group 17.
    P1 – Atomic size of each element is bigger / increases down the group.
    P2 – Valence electron in the atom becomes further away from the nucleus.
    P3 – Electrostatic attraction force between nucleus and valence electron becomes
    weaker.
    P4 – Ability of the atom to receive (valence) electron becomes harder.

    • Safety precautions:
    (a) Carry out experiment in fume chamber
    (b) Do not inhale halogen gas / vapour
    (c) Wear goggles and gloves when handle Group 17 elements
    (d) Do not handle Group 17 elements with bare hand

    2
    Elements in Period (Period 3)

    • All elements in the same period are having the same number of electron shells.

    • Explain the changes of atomic size of elements across Period 3


    P1 – Decreases across the period.
    P2 – When crossing the period, one more electron is added to the outermost shell.
    P3 – The increased positive charge in nucleus attracts the electrons in atom stronger.
    P4 – Electrons are drawn more closely towards the nucleus.

    • Explain the changes of electronegativity of elements across Period 3


    P1 – Increases across the period.
    P2 – Increasing positive charge in nucleus cause the attraction force on electrons
    increase.
    P3 – Metals have low electronegativity cause less tendency to attract electrons.
    P4 – Non-metals have high electronegativity cause have greater ability to attract
    electrons.
    P5 – Elements gradually change from forming positive ions to forming negative ions.

    • Explain the changes of state of matter across Period 3.


    P1 – Crossing the period, elements change from solid to gas.
    P2 – Decreasing in melting & boiling point.
    P3 – Metals have higher melting & boiling point.
    P4 – Non-metals have lower melting & boiling point.

    • Properties of Oxides of Period 3 Elements


    (a) Metals usually form basic oxides.
    (b) Non-metals usually form acidic oxides.
    (c) Amphoteric – metallic oxides that show both acidic and basic properties.
    (d) Crossing the period, oxides of elements change from basic to acidic.

    Transition Elements

    • Elements from Group 3 to Group 12 in periodic table.

    • Common physical properties:


    (a) Shiny surface
    (b) Ductile & malleable
    (c) High melting and boiling point
    (d) High density
    (e) Good conductor of electricity
    (f) Good conductor of heat

    • Special physical properties:


    (a) Form ions with different oxidation number (check from the charges)
    (b) Form coloured ions or compounds
    (c) Form complex ions
    (d) Act as catalysts in certain reaction

    • Uses of transition elements in industry:


    (a) As catalyst
    (b) Production of alloy
    (c) Manufacturing of metal products
    (d) Manufacturing of ornament items

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