Bab 4 The Periodic Table of Elements 4.1 Periodic Table of Elements

BAB 4 THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
4.1 Periodic Table of Elements
1. Modern Periodic Table:
2. Dmitri Mendeleev is the founder of modern Periodic Table.

3. Henry J. G. Moseley rearranged elements in ascending order of the number of protons.
4. Each column is called group (1 to Group 18)
Group 1 = Alkali metal
Group 17 = Halogen
Group 18 = Inert/Noble gases
5. Each row is called period (Period 1 to Period 7)
6. The number of shells filled with electrons determines the position of the period.
7. The number of valence electrons in an atom determines the position of the group.
Number of valence electron Group
1 1
2 2
Example:
3 13
Atom of element X has proton number 15.
4 14
Atom of element X is in
5 15
6 16 Group
7 17
8 18 Period
8. Group 3 to Group 12 are named as transition elements.
9. Elements in the same group Example:

- have same chemical properties Element Proton Electron Group Period
(same valence electrons ) Number Arrangement
- The physical properties change gradually as you A 5
go down the group B 7
C 12
D 19
1
4.2 Group 18 Elements
Group 18 Elements Formula Proton number Electron Arrangement

Helium He 2 2
Neon Ne 10 2.8
Argon Ar 18 2.8.8
Krypton Kr 36 2.8.18.8
Xenon Xe 54 2.8.18.18.8
Radon Rn 86 2.8.18.32.18.8
Physical Properties
1. Colourless at room temperature
2. Low melting point and boiling point.
3. Does not conduct electricity
4. Insoluble in water.
5.
He
Melting point and boiling point increase when descending Group 18.
Ne
i) Size of an atom increases.
Ar
ii) The force of attraction between atoms becomes stronger.
iii) More heat energy is required to overcome this force.
Chemical Properties
1. Noble gases are inert (chemically unreactive) and very stable.
- -
2. Helium atom has duplet electron arrangement ( 2 e ), and the others have octet electron arrangement ( 8 e )
3. Noble gases do not donate, receive or share electrons.
4. Noble gas are monoatomic gases
Uses
1. Helium - weather balloons, airships, oxygen tanks of divers
2. Neon - advertising board lights
3. Argon - fill in electric bulbs
4. Krypton – camera flashlight
5. Xenon – lighthouse lamps, anesthesia
6. Radon – used to treat cancer
4.3 Group 1 Elements (Alkali Metals)
Group 1 Elements Formula Proton Number Electron Arrangement
Lithium Li 3 2.1
Sodium Na 11 2.8.1
Potassium K 19 2.8.8.1
Rubidium Rb 37 2.8.18.8.1
Caesium Cs 55 2.8.18.18.8.1
Francium Fr 87 2.8.18.32.18.8.1
Physical Properties
1. Soft and shiny metal.
2. Conducts electricity.
3. Low density.
4. Low melting point and boiling point compared to other metals.
5. Going down Group 1, hardness, melting point and boiling point decreases.
Chemical Properties (reactive metal)

1. Elements in Group 1 have the similar chemical properties (because all alkali metals have 1 valence electrons)
2. In a chemical reaction, atoms donates one electron to achieve stable octet or duplet electron arrangement.
3. When going down Group 1, reactivity of alkali metals with water increases.
- Li Reactivity increases when going down Group 1

Na i) Atomic size increases (because number of shells filled with electrons increase)
K ii) Distance between the nuclues and valence electron increases
iii) Force of attraction between nucleus and valence electron becomes weaker
iv) 1 valence electron is easily donated by atom
Chemical Reaction:
Akalki metal reacts with 2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2
water sodium water sodium hydroxide hydrogen gas
Akalki metal reacts with 4Na + O2 → 2Na2O

oxygen sodium oxygen sodium oxide (white solid)
Akalki metal reacts with 2Na + Cl2 → 2NaCl

chlorine sodium chlorine sodium chloride (white solid)
4.4 Group 17 Elements (Halogen)
Element Symbol Proton Electron Physical State
Number Arrangement
Fluorine F 9 2.7 Light yellow gas
Chlorine Cl 17 2.8.7 Greenish yellow gas
Bromine Br 35 2.8.18.7 Reddish brown liquid
Iodine I 53 2.8.18.18.7 Purplish black solid
Physical properties
1. Low melting point and boiling point.
2. Does not conduct electricity.
3. Colour becomes darker down the group
- F2
Melting point and boiling point increases when descending Group 17
Cl2
i) Atomic size increases
Br2
ii) Attraction force between molecules become stronger
iii) More heat energy is required to overcome the intermolecular forces
Chemical properties
1. Elements in Group 17 have similar chemical properties (because all alkali metals have 7 valence electrons)
2. In a chemical reaction, each halogen atom receives 1 electron to achieve stable octet electron
arrangement.
3. Exists as diatomic molecules (Cl2, Br2, I2)
Reactivity decreases when going down Group 17

i) Atomic saiz increases
F
ii) Jarak antara nukleus dengan elektron semakin jauh
Cl
iii) Force of attraction between nucleus and electrons becomes weaker
Br
iv) More difficult for atoms to receive electrons
Chemical Reaction:
Halogen reacts Cl2 + H2O → HCl + HOCl
with water hydrochloric hypochlorous
acid acid
Chlorine and bromine liquid have bleaching

properties (Litmus paper changes from blue to
red then to white)
Halogen reacts with Cl2 + 2NaOH → NaCl + NaOCl + H2 O

sodium hydroxide sodium sodium water
solution chloride chlorate(I)
Halogen reacts 2Fe + 3Cl2 → 2FeCl3
with hot iron Iron(III) chloride
(perang)
4.5 Elements in a Period

Across a period,
Period 3 Elements Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Proton Number 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Electron
Arrangement
Atomic size decreases

1. Number of proton increases
2. Positive charge in the nuclues of an atom increases
3. Force of attraction between nuclues and electrons increases
Electronegativity increases
1. Positive charge in the nuclues of an atom increases
2. Atomic size decreases
Force of attraction between nuclues and electrons increases
( Electronegativity – measure of tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards its
nucleus)
Physical State
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Solid Gas
Metallic Properties
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Metal Metal Metal Semi-metal Non-metal Non-metal Non-metal Non-metal
Acidic and Base Properties
Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 P4O10 SO2 Cl2O7 Ar
Basic Amphoteric Acidic -
Uses
1) Mg – substance in lighter
2) Al – substance in cans (e.g. Coca cola tin)
3) Si - Used as semiconductors in the manufacture of electronic microchips (computer, mobile phones etc).
Weak conductor of electricity but a good conductor of electricity at high temperatures
4) P – substance in fireworks
5) S – as fungicides for plants
4.5 Elements in a Period

1. Elements from Group 3 to Group 12 in the Periodic Table of Elements.
2. 4 special characteristics of transition elements
i) Form coloured ions or compounds
Cu2+ blue
2+
Fe green
+
Fe3 brown
3+
Chromium ion, Cr green
Manganese(II) ion, Mn2+ pink
Manganate(VI) ion, MnO4- purple
ii) Form complex ions ( [Cu(NH3)4]2+, [Fe(CN)6]4–, [Fe(CN)6]3-

2+ 3+ 1+ 2+
iii) Have more than one oxidation number (Fe , Fe ; Cu , Cu )
iv) Acts as a catalyst
~ Vanadium (V) oxide: Contact process
~ Iron : Haber process
~ Nickel: Alkene hydrogenation
~ Platinum : Ostwald Process
Physical properties
1) Solids with shiny surfaces
2) Very hard compared to metals in Groups 1 and 2
3) Have high densities
4) Have high melting points and boiling points

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BAB 4 THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

4.1 Periodic Table of Elements

1. Modern Periodic Table:

2. Dmitri Mendeleev is the founder of modern Periodic Table.

8. Group 3 to Group 12 are named as transition elements.

9. Elements in the same group Example:

Group 18 Elements Formula Proton number Electron Arrangement

Chemical Properties (reactive metal)

- Li Reactivity increases when going down Group 1

Akalki metal reacts with 4Na + O2 → 2Na2O

Akalki metal reacts with 2Na + Cl2 → 2NaCl

Reactivity decreases when going down Group 17

Chlorine and bromine liquid have bleaching

Halogen reacts with Cl2 + 2NaOH → NaCl + NaOCl + H2 O

4.5 Elements in a Period

Atomic size decreases

Metal Metal Metal Semi-metal Non-metal Non-metal Non-metal Non-metal

Acidic and Base Properties

Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 P4O10 SO2 Cl2O7 Ar

Basic Amphoteric Acidic -

4.5 Elements in a Period

ii) Form complex ions ( [Cu(NH3)4]2+, [Fe(CN)6]4–, [Fe(CN)6]3-

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