Introduction To Anatomy

Assistant Professor (Dr. Dler Abdulrahman Mohammed).

Email: Dler.muhammad@univsul.edu.iq

Contact number: 07701530098

Subject for this year: Human Anatomy (introduction to

anatomy, position, movements, joint, mediastinum, plural
cavity, thoracic cage, heart, lung, esophagus, trachea, and some
other different subjects).
Notice: All lectures and video regarding theory and practical
lessons will be send for you via your class room.
Anatomy: is the science that deals with
the structure and function of the body.

Clinical anatomy: is the study of the

macroscopic structure and function of the body.
Anatomy is important for medical student,
dentists, physical therapists and all others
involved in any aspect of patient treatment.
Basic anatomy

is the study of the minimal amount of anatomy

consistent with understanding structure and
function of the body.
 Terms Related to Position
All descriptions of the human
body are based on the
assumption that the person is
standing in Anatomic Position.
The person is standing
erect, with the upper limbs
by the sides and the face
and palms of the hands;
feet directed forward,
heel are together,
and greater toe
are adjacent.
Median or Sagittal Plane:
This is a vertical plane passing
through the center of the body,
dividing it into 2 equal right and left
halves.

Coronal Planes:
These are imaginary vertical planes at
right angles to the median sagittal
plane.

Horizontal, Transverse or axial

Planes:
These planes are at right angles to
both the median and coronal
planes.
 Paramedian planes
Are any planes that pass parallel to the median
sagittal plane at any side of it.
Anterior: Any structure that is closer to the front of
the body is said to be anterior.
Posterior: Any structure that is closer to the back of
the body is said to be posterior .
Medial: Any structure situated nearer to the
median plane of the body than another structure.
Lateral: Any structure situated farther away from
the median plane than another structure .
Superior: any structure that
lies nearer to the upper end of
the body (the head).

Inferior: any structure that

lies nearer to the lower end of
the body (the sole of the
foot).

Superficial and deep: describe

the relative distances of
structures from the surface of
the body.
 Proximal and Distal: describe the relative distances of
structures from the roots of the limbs; for example,

the arm is proximal to the forearm and the hand is

distal to the forearm.

Internal and external: describe the relative distance

of structures from the center of an organ or cavity; for
example, the internal carotid artery is found inside the
cranial cavity and the external carotid artery is found
outside the cranial cavity.
 Supine position
is the position when the body is
lying on the back.
 Prone position
is the position when the body is
lying with face downwards.
 Terms Related to Movement
Flexion: it is usually an anterior
movement, but it is
occasionally posterior, as in the
case of the knee joint .
Extension: means
straightening the joint and is
usually a posterior movement,
but it is occasionally anterior,
as in the case of the knee joint
.
Abduction: is a movement
of a limb away from the
midline of the body in the
coronal plane .

Adduction: is a movement
of a limb toward the body
in the coronal plane .
Rotation: is the movement of a
part of the body around its
long axis.
Medial rotation: is the
movement that results in the
anterior surface of the part
facing medially.
Lateral rotation: is the
movement that results in the
anterior surface of the part facing
laterally.
Ipsilateral and Contralateral
Pronation of the forearm is a medial
rotation of the forearm in such a
manner that the palm of the hand
faces posteriorly. Supination of the
forearm is a lateral rotation of the
forearm from the pronated position
so that the palm of the hand comes
to face anteriorly.
Circumduction is the combination
of flexion, extension, abduction, and
adduction.
Protraction is to move forward.
Retraction is to move backward
(backward movement of the jaw).
Inversion is the movement of the
Foot so that the sole faces in a
Medial direction.
Eversion is the opposite movement
of the foot so that the sole faces in a
lateral direction.
 Skin and fasciae
The skin is the largest organ of the body, the skin function:

1. Mechanical and permeabil barrier.

2.Sensory and thermoregulatory organ. It is

divided into two parts:

the superficial part, the epidermis,

and the deep part, the dermis.

On the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet, the epidermis is
extremely thick, to withstand the wear and tear that occurs in these
regions. In other areas of the body, for example, on the anterior surface
of the arm and forearm, it is thin.
 Fasciae
The fasciae of the body is formed by condensate lamina, lie
between the skin and the underlying muscles and bones. They
can be divided into two types:

1. Superficial fascia (or subcutaneous tissue): it contain

adipose tissue it tends to be thicker in women than in men.
2. Deep fascia : is a membranous layer of connective
tissue that invests the muscles and other deep
structures like blood vessels, nerves and glands.

.
 Muscle
The three types of muscle are skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.
1) Skeletal Muscle:
Skeletal muscles produce the movements of the
skeleton; they are called voluntary muscles.
A skeletal muscle has two or more attachments. The
attachment that moves the least is called the origin, and the
one that moves the most, the insertion . The fleshy, reddish
& contractile part of the muscle is called belly .
The ends of a muscle are
attached to bones,
cartilage, or ligaments
by cords of fibrous tissue
called tendons
Occasionally, flattened
muscles are attached by
a thin but strong sheet of
fibrous tissue called an
aponeurosis
 femur
scapula

radius

humerus
ulnar

calcaneus
2) Smooth Muscle:
Smooth muscles consist of long,
spindle-shaped cells closely arranged
in bundles or sheets. They are
involuntary (not under our control).

They are found inside:

The tubes of the body, e.g.,
the gastrointestinal tract.

Walls of storage organs, e.g., the

urinary bladder and the uterus.

Walls of the blood vessels.

3) Cardiac Muscle:
Involuntary muscles forms
the myocardium of the heart.
They Contract to
pump blood by
heart.
 Joints
A joint is a site where two or more bones
come together, whether there is movement or
not.
Joints are classified into 3 types according

to the tissues that lie between the bones.

1. Fibrous Joints: The articulating surfaces of
the bones are joined by fibrous tissue, and
thus very little or no movement is possible,
e.g., the sutures of the vault of the skull.
2. Cartilaginous Joints: can be divided into two types
A. Primary cartilaginous joint: the bones are united by hyaline
cartilage, e.g., union between the epiphysis and the
diaphysis of a growing bone. No movement is possible.
B. Secondary cartilaginous joint: the bones are united by fibrocartilage & the
articular surfaces of the bones are covered by hyaline cartilage, e.g., the joints
between the vertebral bodies. Allow limited movements.
 3.Synovial Joints
The articular surfaces of the bones are
covered by hyaline cartilage separated
by a joint cavity . The cavity of the
joint is lined by synovial membrane.
The synovial membrane is protected
on the outside by a membrane called
the capsule.
The joint is lubricated by a fluid called
synovial fluid, which is produced by
the synovial membrane.

There is a great degree of movement.

 Bone
Bone is a type of connective
tissue that consists of cells,
fibers, and matrix. It is hard
because of the calcification
of its extracellular matrix.

1. Compact bone.
2. Cancellous (spongy) bone
 Functions of bones
✔ Protection of vital structures, for example,
the skull and vertebral column protect the
brain and spinal cord.

✔ Support of the body.

✔ Serves as a lever, as in the limbs.
✔ Storage of calcium salts.
✔ Synthesis new blood cells.
 Classification of
Bones furtheredBones
may be classified into:

✔ Long Bones: are found in the limbs (e.g., the humerus, femur, metacarpals
&
metatarsals). They have a shaft, the diaphysis, and an epiphysis at each end.

✔ Short Bones: are found in the hand and foot (e.g., the scaphoid, talus, and
calcaneum).
✔ Flat Bones: are found in the vault of the skull (e.g., frontal and
parietal bones).

✔ irregular Bones: include those not assigned to the previous groups

(e.g., bones of the skull, the vertebrae, & the pelvis).

.
 Cartilage
Cartilage is a semi-rigid form of
connective tissue. There are 3 types:
Hyaline cartilage: covers the
articular surfaces of nearly all
synovial joints.

Fibrocartilage: is found in the discs

within joints (e.g. knee joint, Inter
Vertebral Disc).

Elastic cartilage: is found in the auricle of

the ear, external auditory meatus.

Hyaline cartilage & fibrocartilage tend

to calcify or even ossify in later life

 Ligament
is a cord or band of connective tissue uniting two
structures. They are commonly found in
association with joints
 Blood
Vessels
Blood vessels are of three types: arteries, veins,
& capillaries .
Arteries are vessels or tubes that transport
blood from the heart to the various tissues of the
body.
All arteries carry oxygenated blood, except the
pulmonary artery which carries deoxygenated
blood from the heart to the lungs. Arteries are
valveless.
 There are 3 types of arteries:
1. Large (elastic) arteries: aorta &
pulmonary artery.

2. Medium-sized (muscular) arteries: brachial

& femoral artery.

3. Small arteries & arterioles

Pulmonary
artery
 Vein
Are vessels or tubes that s
transport blood back to the
heart from different parts of
the body. All veins carry
deoxygenated blood, except
the pulmonary veins which
carry oxygenated blood
from the lungs to the heart.

Most veins have valves.

 Capillaries
microscopic vessels in the form of a
network connecting the arterioles to the
venules
 Lymphatic
The lymphaticSystem
system consists of lymphatic tissues
and lymphatic vessels

Lymphatic tissue: is a type of connective tissue that

contains large numbers of lymphocytes. It is found in
the following organs: the thymus, the lymph nodes
& the spleen.

Lymphatic tissue is essential for the immunologic

defenses of the body against bacteria and
viruses.
Lymphatic vessels: are tubes that assist the
cardiovascular system in the removal of tissue
fluid from the tissue spaces of the body & return
it to the blood. They are found in all organs of
the body except the central nervous system,
eyeball, inner ear, epidermis of skin, cartilage,
and bone.
 Nervous
System
The nervous system is divided structurally into 2 main
parts: central nervous system, which consists of the
brain & spinal cord, & peripheral nervous system, which
consists of cranial nerves & spinal nerves with associated
ganglia.
Functionally, the nervous system can be further divided
into somatic nervous system, which controls voluntary
activities, and autonomic nervous system, which
controls involuntary activities.
 Central Nervous System
(CNS)nervous system is composed of
The central
large numbers of nerve cells (neurons) and their
processes. The nerve cell has 2 types of
processes, called dendrites and an axon.
Dendrites are the short processes & the axon

is the longest process of the cell body.

 Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS)
The peripheral nervous system consists of the
cranial and spinal nerves

Cranial Nerves

There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves that leave

the
brain and pass through foramina in the skull.

Spinal nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves leave the spinal cord
through intervertebral foramen. These are: 8
cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and
1 coccygeal.

Each spinal nerve is connected to the spinal cord

by two roots: the anterior root and the
posterior root
The anterior root consists of bundles of nerve
fibers carrying nerve impulses away from the
CNS. Such nerve fibers are called efferent
(motor) fibers. The posterior root consists of
bundles of nerve fibers that carry impulses to
the CNS and are called afferent (sensory)
fibers
At each intervertebral
foramen, the
anterior and
posterior roots unite
to form a spinal
nerve. Here, the
motor and sensory
fibers become
mixed together,
containing motor
and sensory fibers.
Cranial nerves:

1- olfactory S. 7- facial MSP.

2- optic S. 8- vestibulocochlear S
3-occulomotor MP. 9- glossopharyngeal SMP
4- trochlear M. 10- vagus SMP.
5- trigeminal SM. 11- accessory M.
6- Abducent M. 12- hypoglossal M.

S=sensory…….M=motor…..P=parasympathetic

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/.326621
 Autonomic Nervous System
(ANS)
This is the part of the
nervous system
concerned with the
innervation of
involuntary
structures such as the
heart, smooth
muscle, & glands.
The ANS is divided
into two parts: the
sympathetic and the
parasympathetic.
The activities of the
sympathetic part of the ANS
prepare the body for an
emergency. It accelerates
the heart rate, causes
constriction of peripheral
blood vessels, and raises the
blood pressure, increase
blood supply to vital organs
like brain, heart and kidney
while decrease blood to GIT.
It also inhibits peristalsis of
the intestinal tract and
closes the sphincters.
The activities of the parasympathetic part of the
autonomic system aim at conserving energy. They
slow the heart rate, increase peristalsis of the
intestine and
glandular activity, and open the
sphincters.
Summary of autonomic differences
Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal

Sympathetic Parasympathetic
division (arousing) division (calming)
Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract

Decreases SALVATION Increases

Perspires SKIN Dries

Increases RESPERATION Decreases

Accelerates HEART Slows

Inhibits DIGESTION Activates

Secrete stress ADRENAL Decrease secretion

hormones GLANDS of stress hormones