Life Vision Advanced Student's Book

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Student’s Book Pack

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Includes: External exam preparation • Mediation

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Digital literacy • Progress tracking and online evaluation

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C1
Advanced
Paul Kelly
© Oxford University Press
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Student’s Book Pack

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with Digital Student’s Book

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When you see this symbol go online and find out more
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Written activities
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All the written activities in this book should be Totes les activitats escrites proposades Tódalas actividades de carácter escrito
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completed in your own notebook, and not in en aquest llibre s’han de realitzar en un propostas neste libro débense realizar nun
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this book. quadern a part, mai en el propi llibre. caderno aparte, nunca no propio libro.
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Todas las actividades de carácter escrito Liburu honetan idazteko proposatzen

propuestas en este libro se deben realizar en diren ariketa guztiak kuaderno batean
un cuaderno aparte, nunca en el propio libro. aparte bete behar dira, inoiz ez liburuan.
C1
Advanced
Paul Kelly
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION LESSON 0.1 LESSON 0.2 LESSON 0.3 LESSON 0.4
p.4 Vocabulary: Personal life Vocabulary: Sport Vocabulary: Creating a Vocabulary: Technology
Grammar: Perfect tense Grammar: Used to, would study space and the environment
review and be / get used to Grammar: Modal verbs Grammar: Advanced
comparatives
UNIT VOCABULARY 1 GRAMMAR 1 LISTENING VOCABULARY 2
1
Growing and
Future careers
Vocabulary: Preparing for
the future
Vlog
Advanced question
forms
in questions
Ethics
Strategy: Understanding
Pronunciation: Intonation details
Predicting the future
Vocabulary: Making
predictions
learning
p.8 Review p.19 Vision 360° Learning Situation Create a city of the future p.20
2
Finding your
Career prospects
Vocabulary: Future career
possibilities
Vlog
Relative clauses Hobbies that pay
Strategy: Inferring
attitude
Brand me!
Vocabulary: Creating a
personal brand
niche
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p.22
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Review p.33 Exam skills p.34
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Exercising influence Advanced passive Rebels Asking the right
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Vocabulary: Influencing structures Strategy: Strategic questions
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Vlog scanning Vocabulary: The power of
Influencing
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questions
attitudes
p.36 or
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in
Review p.47 Vision 360° Learning Situation Create a chain-of-events diagram for your classmates p.48
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The language of Modals of speculation Long-distance Using gestures

advertising Pronunciation: communication Vocabulary:
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Vocabulary: advertising Contractions Strategy: Listening to Communication

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Channels of Vlog longer texts

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communication
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p.50
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Participatory culture Conditionals Breaking barriers Boosting self-esteem

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Vocabulary: Fan fiction Strategy: Distinguishing Vocabulary: Self-esteem

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and online communities main ideas from secondary

Social values Vlog or supporting ideas
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Pronunciation:
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p.64 Connected speech

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Review p.75 Vision 360° Learning Situation Create a guide on how to be a good tourist p.76
6 Migration Advanced reported Dystopian fiction Coming to the rescue

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Vocabulary: Migrating speech structures Strategy: Distinguishing Vocabulary: Humanitarian

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Vlog between opinions and organisations

Human nature
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facts
p.78 Review p.89 Exam skills p.90
7
Cultural and
Saving our traditions
Vocabulary: Cultural and
natural heritage
Vlog
Uses of it Going underground
Strategy: Recognising
point of view
Pronunciation:
Celebrating freedom
Vocabulary: Celebrating
freedom
natural heritage Recognising weak vowels

p.92 Review p.103 Vision 360° Learning Situation Create a multicultural tour of New York city p.104
8
Money talks
Money management
Vocabulary: Managing
money
Vlog
Advanced infinitive
forms
Living without money
Strategy: Sentence stress
Online shopping
Vocabulary: Online
shopping
p.106

2 Contents
KEY COMPETENCES
Digital Personal, social and learning to learn
VOCABULARY BOOSTER p.120 Cultural awareness and expression Linguistic communication
GRAMMAR BOOSTER p.128 Entrepreneurship Citizenship
IRREGULAR VERBS LIST p.148 Mathematical, science, technology and engineering (STEM)
GRAMMAR 2 READING GLOBAL SKILLS SPEAKING WRITING

Future tenses Happiness Using memory Expressing opinions A report
Strategy: Understanding techniques Strategy: Using rhetorical Strategy: Writing
discourse construction Vocabulary: Memorising questions an introduction and
Vocabulary: Happiness Phrasebook: Asking for and conclusion
and smiling giving opinions Phrasebook: Reports
Ellipsis and Money scams A professional profile Volunteering Applying for a job
substitution Strategy: Understanding Vocabulary: Profile Strategy: Using relative clauses Strategy: Selecting
text structure building to add clarity appropriate vocabulary
Vocabulary: Cons Phrasebook: Specifying who Phrasebook: A formal
or what we are talking about covering email
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Pronunciation: Elision
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Documentary Working at sea
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Passive reporting Gaining independence Mediating Reaching an agreement An opinion essay
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structures Strategy: Summarising Vocabulary: Discussing Strategy: Being polite and Strategy: Generating
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Vocabulary: The age of mediation diplomatic ideas
ph
responsibility Phrasebook: Reaching an Phrasebook: An opinion
agreement essay
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Pronunciation: Stress in
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sentences
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Adverbs The power of smell Persuading Being persuasive A for and against essay
Strategy: Identifying Vocabulary: Persuasive Strategy: Being persuasive Strategy: Organising
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the writer’s attitude and expressions Phrasebook: Expressions for ideas into a coherent
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point of view persuading structure

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Vocabulary: Sense of Phrasebook: A for and

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smell against essay

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Documentary A cool commercial

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Inversion of subject The truth hurts Dealing with your Comparing and contrasting An email of complaint
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and verb Strategy: Recognising unconscious bias photos Strategy: Using

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hedging Vocabulary: Bias and Strategy: Making deductions vocabulary to sound

Vocabulary: Telling lies phrasal verbs Phrasebook: Comparing and more forceful
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contrasting Phrasebook: An email

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of complaint
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Emphasis The Ripple Effect Planning a successful Giving a presentation A review

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Strategy: Recognising presentation Strategy: Reformulating Strategy: Evaluating

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paraphrasing Vocabulary: Planning Phrasebook: Giving a Phrasebook: A review

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Vocabulary: Social presentations presentation

change Pronunciation: Pausing
Documentary A biofueled trip
Articles and quantifiers Cultural icons Learning from mistakes Explaining decisions A proposal
Strategy: Identifying the Vocabulary: Strategy: Active listening Strategy: Building a
writer’s focus Collocations about Phrasebook: Explaining strong argument
Vocabulary: National learning from mistakes decisions Phrasebook: A proposal
symbols
Advanced uses of -ing The low-cost economy Project management Moving a conversation An opinion essay
forms Strategy: Using prior Vocabulary: Managing a forward Strategy: Concluding
knowledge project Strategy: Keeping a Phrasebook: An opinion
Vocabulary: Compound conversation going essay
words about the low-cost Phrasebook: Moving a
economy conversation forward
Pronunciation: Asking for or
confirming information
Documentary Patrick speaks

Contents 3
0.1 INTRODUCTION Use perfect tenses to talk about personal life.
Choosing friends and keeping them 3 GRAMMAR Work in pairs. Read the article again. Find
one example of each of the perfect tenses below.
1 Work in pairs. Answer the questions.
1 What makes a good friendship? present perfect simple present perfect continuous
past perfect simple past perfect continuous
2 What can people do to maintain a friendship?
3 How can friends help each other? 4 Copy and complete the rules with the tenses in Ex 3.
2 Read the article. Do you think that the questions
Perfect tenses
Dr Akbari suggests we ask about our friendships are good
ones? Why? / Why not? 1 We use the (... ) for a finished or repeated past action or
situation that is connected to the present.
2 We use the (... ) for an action or situation that started in
the past and is still continuing or that has just finished.
3 We use the (... ) for a past action or situation that
finished before another past action or situation.
4 We use the (... ) for a longer action or situation in
progress before another past action or situation.
g.
GRAMMAR BOOSTER P128
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Friendsforever
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5 Copy and complete the text with the correct perfect form
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of the verbs in brackets. More than one answer may be
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possible.
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When I leave school, I’ll be saying goodbye to people I (... 1)
2
(know) for over five years! In fact, some of us (... ) (share) a
or
classroom for longer than that because we also went to the
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How many friendships will you have had by the time you’re same primary school. However, the person I (... 3 ) (be) friends
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sixty? Friendship is essential for our well-being, and in a with for the shortest period of time is my best friend Magda.
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recent survey by the insurance company Allianz, one of Recently, she and I (... 4 ) (talk) a lot about how lucky we were
the most frequent regrets expressed by the elderly was to meet.

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allowing friendships they’d had to fade and die. This 5 ) (already / be) at this school for a year before Magda
I (...
may have been inevitable if they and their friends had came. She (... 6 ) (live) abroad, but when her mum got a job
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been growing apart, but if they could have gone back here, they had to move. Magda was sad to leave old friends
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in time, many would have tried to make up with the old behind, and she (... 7 ) (never / lose) touch with them, but she’s
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friends they’d fallen out with. But how do we maintain the glad she came to this country, and so am I.
friendships we’ve already made?
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6 VOCABULARY Work in pairs. In your notebook,

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Dr Anna Akbari, a sociologist and blogger, says that before

match some of the highlighted words from the article to
worrying about maintaining friendships, we should first make
the definitions.
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sure we have the right ones. We need friends, but we should

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1 Sad feelings because of something that has happened or

avoid people who are frequently bitter or miserable as this
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that you have or haven’t done.

might impact negatively on our mental health. She suggests
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asking ourselves about the people we’ve been spending 2 To spend time relaxing.
3 To make you feel that you can believe in yourself.
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time with lately to decide if they really make suitable friends.

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Can we confide in them? Do we learn from them? Do they 4 To be very active and busy.
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make us happy, at least some of the time? Our friends should 5 General health and happiness.
help build our confidence, not destroy it.
7 VOCABULARY Copy and complete the blog post with the
The friendships that do pass Dr Akbari’s test should be correct form of the highlighted words and phrases that
looked after. We may be constantly on the go, but we you did not use in Ex 6.
should find time for our friends. When we spend time
together, we should make sure we give them our full New blog post
attention. In other words, put your phone away. Regular
1 ) with friends, we don’t
If there is conflict when we (...
contact is also key to maintaining a friendship. We might
2 ); our mental health can also suffer. However,
only feel (...
not be able to get together frequently, but meeting up
when we (... 3 ) out with someone, we need to think why it
every few weeks or even months to chill out will help keep
happened, and we’re more likely to (... 4 ) if we discuss the
the friendship going.
problem than if we remain silent, feeling angry and (... 5 ).
Of course, when we leave school, start work or go off to
study, we lose contact with some people and come into
contact with others. Friendships change naturally as we 8 EXAM Work in pairs. Discuss the questions.
progress through life. However, when we get older and 1 What have you learned about friendship from your
look back on the life we’ve lived, it would be good to know experiences at school?
that we gave our friendships the attention they deserved. 2 How might these experiences help you in the future?

4 Introduction Complete all activities in your notebook.
Use the past simple, would / used to and be / get [Running
used to tohead] 0.2
talk about sport.
INTRODUCTION
.3 LISTENING
Time for sport 3 VOCABULARY Work in pairs. Check the

meaning of the words in bold. Discuss the questions.
1 EXAM Work in pairs. Discuss the questions. 1 What sports do you think are the most challenging?
1 Why do we play sport? Why are we encouraged to play sport Are there any you would like to try?
at school? 2 What physical activities (if any) are you most
2 What are the reasons for our interest in sport? Do you think enthusiastic about?
there should be more / less sports coverage in the media? Why? 3 Do you find any kinds of food irresistible? If so,
2 Read the article about sport through the ages. How has which kinds? What about irresistible activities?
sport evolved over the ages? Why has this happened, and what 4 VOCABULARY EXAM Copy and complete the second
does it tell us about the changes in the way humans live? sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first.
Use the correct form of highlighted phrases from
the article.
SPORT, FROM PAST TO PRESENT 1 I don’t exercise because I have too much to do.
I can’t (... ).
2 Regular sport is beneficial to your health.
Sport is an ancient activity. Today, many of us do it to maintain our Regular exercise (... ) on your health.
g.
health, or we exercise in the gym, working up a sweat in the hope 3 You must eat properly to avoid getting ill.
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that it will have a positive impact on our appearance. The hunter-
A healthy diet is necessary to (... ).
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gatherers who were our ancestors, however, didn’t have to find time
4 She spends a lot of time training every week.
to fit physical activity into their daily routine as we do; physical
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activity was their daily routine. They probably had to spend a lot of Training (... ) a lot of her time every week.
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time practising the skills they needed to chase and kill their prey. 5 Everybody needs to realise the dangers of an
ph
inactive lifestyle.
Fast-forward a few thousand years and sport as a cultural activity,
with no direct link to hunting for food, had become an important orEverybody needs to be (... ) the dangers of an
inactive lifestyle.
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part of life in the civilisations of Sumer and Egypt. In ancient
in
Greece, men used to compete at dangerous and challenging sports 6 He always trains hard at the gym and perspires a lot.
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such as chariot racing, and every four years, athletes would gather He (... ) when he goes to the gym.
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from all over the Greek world to take part in the Olympic Games.
5 GRAMMAR Work in pairs. In your notebook,
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Women didn’t use to compete in games with men, but it is thought match the underlined phrases in the article to the rules.
di
they may have had their own games.

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In Europe in the Middle Ages, hunting was the sport practised by all used to, would and be / get used to
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social classes. It was especially popular with the nobility, who hunted 1 We use used to + infinitive and would + infinitive
on horseback with dogs. In fact, it used to be the favourite pastime of
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to talk about past habits and typical behaviour.

kings and emperors, and it took up a lot of their time; nobles would
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2 We use used to + infinitive to talk about past states.

spend many hours on the hunting field, and maintaining the animals
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3 We use be used to + -ing to talk about activities

was a costly business. Falconry, which uses birds of prey to hunt, was
that we do regularly and are familiar with. It can
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also practised by the nobility and people further down the social scale
refer to the past, present or future.
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as well. So, what did the lowest classes use to do for sport? Well,
4 We use get used to + -ing to talk about activities
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in England, the law required every man to practise with a bow and
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that we become familiar with. It can refer to the

arrow, so archery competitions were popular. People ran foot races and
past, present or future.
played games such as bowls, and of course, most people did physical
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work, so they were used to being active. GRAMMAR BOOSTER P129

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Today the negative effects of our modern inactive lifestyle have

made us aware of the importance of physical exercise. However, 6 Choose the correct alternative. In some cases, both
sport is not just something we do; we also watch it. Enthusiastic options are possible.
audiences consume hours of televised sport, and gamers play video When I was at school, I 1didn’t use / didn’t used to
games based on popular sports. Even people with little interest in it enjoy P.E. We had it three times a week and we
have to get used to the fact that it will feature in their lives in some 2
used to / would do it outside, even in the winter. We
way. In fact, sport has become irresistible, both as a leisure activity 3
used to / would run around the playing fields three
and as entertainment. times before we could do anything else. Why did we
4
used / use to do such a pointless activity? This was
the question I 5used to / would ask myself. However,
now I 6used / ’ve got used to taking part in park runs
and I’m training for a marathon! I 7would also / ’m also
used to going to the gym frequently. I wish my old P.E.
teacher could see me now!
7 Write a short blog post about how your attitude
to sport has changed since you were a child. Explain
what experiences have contributed to the way you
feel by using used to, would and be / get used to doing.
Introduction 5
0.3 INTRODUCTION Use modal verbs to talk about creating a study space.
Home comforts 3 GRAMMAR Copy and complete the sentences with

underlined modals from the blog post.
1 EXAM Work in pairs. Answer the questions.
1 What are the advantages and disadvantages of studying Modal verbs
in the following places? 1 We use (... ), shouldn’t and ought to (not) to
give advice.
bedroom café friend’s house park school library 2 We use must and have to to express certainty or a
2 What are your best tips for creating a study space? strong possibility and (... ) to say we think something
is impossible.
2 Read the blog post. Which tips do you think are the
3 We use (... ), (... ) and could to talk about the
most / least useful? Why?
possibility of something happening.
4 We use (... ), (... ) and have to to express an obligation
The student files About Home Archive Contact
or talk about a rule.
5 We use (... ) to talk about more informal rules and
people’s general expectations.
6 We use (... ) to say that something isn’t allowed or to
g.
give strong advice against something.
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7 We use (... ) to say that something is probably true or
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will probably happen in our opinion.
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8 We use (... ) to express ability in the present and
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From bedroom future, and about things that are usually, but not
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always, true.
to study space
ph
9 We use (... ), don’t need to and (... ) to express a lack of
Academic success can be hard to achieve if you don’t have or

obligation or necessity.
g
10 We use (... ) to talk about ability in the past, present
in
a good study space, and for most students, that study
or future.
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space is their bedroom. Evidently, working at home can

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be advantageous. We might have a support network of GRAMMAR BOOSTER P130

family members who can give us a helping hand during
st
intense revision periods (e.g. cooked meals), we may have 4 Choose the correct alternative.
di
central heating for the winter months and there should be

e,
1 They must / can’t / needn’t be hungry after walking all

facilities that are more comfortable to use in private than
al
that way.
in public (i.e. a kitchen and bathroom). However, there are
rs
also distractions. Our bedrooms reflect our personalities, 2 Alex could / was supposed to / didn’t have to return the
fo
and they are where we often choose to stream a TV series books to me yesterday, but he forgot.
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or film, or connect with social media. Getting comfortable 3 It must / should / can rain heavily here in the summer,
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on our beds with our digital devices is likely to appeal to us but it’s quite unusual.
more than exam revision. It can’t be easy for most students to 4 Saeed ought to / mustn’t / doesn’t have to say things
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ignore those temptations to chill. So, how can we avoid such like that if he doesn’t want to offend people.
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distractions when we are supposed to be studying hard? Read 5 We can’t / must / might win the game if we play really well.
em
on and find out.

6 You shouldn’t / don’t need to / may leave until 10 o’clock.
✓ your
Keep it tidy! If you want to stay focused, you must keep It’s only five minutes to the station.
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desk organised and your room tidy. No matter

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how small your bedroom is, it will feel more spacious if 5 VOCABULARY Copy and complete the sentences with the
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everything is in its place, and that will help you view it as a correct form of the highlighted words and phrases in the
temporary workplace. blog post.
1 Living in a (... ) flat with room for all my belongings (... )
✓ Block it! You need to see your digital devices as study
aids, not entertainment devices. You mustn’t stream the me. Having a garden to (... ) around in would also be
latest big TV series in the background while you work, great.
because it will only distract you. If you find distractions 2 Bettina is staying in (... ) accommodation until she finds
hard to resist, download a blocking app and block certain a flat to rent. It’s near some excellent leisure (... ), but her
websites for a specific period of time. You’ll find that you room doesn’t have (... ), so it’s cold.
aren’t as dependent on them as you thought!
3 Jayesh is ill, so he’s (... ) others. He needs a (... ) with many
✓ Get dressed! Studying at home all day? That needn’t mean
staying in your pyjamas. When you get up, you should have
things and he’s lucky to have a great (... ).
a shower and get dressed as if you were going off to study 6 THINK & SHARE Work in small groups. Make a list
at the library. That will put you in the right frame of mind of five improvements that you would like to make to your
for a day’s work. study space and your study habits. Discuss them together
✓ Get out of the house! Take breaks and get out every few
hours. You don’t have to do strenuous exercise, but at least
and decide which two are the best.
wander around the neighbourhood for fifteen minutes.

Then you’ll be able to return to your studies refreshed.

6 Introduction Complete all activities in your notebook.
Use advanced comparatives to talk about technology
[Running head] 0.4
and the environment.
INTRODUCTION
.3 LISTENING
Sustainable technology 4 VOCABULARY Copy and complete the sentences with the
correct form of the words and phrases from Ex 3.
1 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. How does 1 Wind and solar power are the most popular (... ) sources
technology affect the environment? What positive and of energy, but wave power also has potential.
negative examples can you think of? 2 (... ) is not only destroying the natural habitat of
2 Work in pairs. Read the forum posts. Answer thousands of species of animals, but it is also
the questions. contributing to climate change.
1 Which post did you find the most surprising? Why? 3 Energy (... ) always increases dramatically in winter.
2 What would you like to know more about? 4 Transporting food products across the planet is not
exactly (... )! You should buy locally.
5 Flying is the biggest contribution to my (... ). I should do
The Gl bal Environment forum less of it!
Thread: Big tech and the environment 6 Ask Fatima for help with your phone. She’s a real (... ) and
knows everything about technology.
TechGeek Sept. 17. 17:57
I’m a real techie and a big fan of technology that enables us to 5 GRAMMAR Work in pairs. Find the comparative
reduce our use of the world’s natural resources. Without artificial forms in the forum and, in your notebook, match them to
g.
intelligence, many advances in wind and solar energy wouldn’t the rules below.
n
yi
have been possible. However, digital technology has led to energy
Advanced comparatives
op
consumption that gets higher and higher every year. That wouldn’t
be a problem if all the energy that powers this technology came A We use as … as or (not) as … as to say that two
oc
from renewable sources, but it doesn’t. Alternative energy sources people or things are equal (or not).
ot
aren’t as productive as traditional sources – not yet, anyway – so B We use double comparatives to show continuous
ph
digital technology has an enormous carbon footprint. If we really change. We use … -er and … -er, more and more +
care about the planet, we need to cut down on our use of digital
technology now! or
adjective or less and less + adjective.
g
C We use comparatives with the … the … to show
in
that two things change together because they are

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Rossum.U.Robots Sept. 17. 19:41

connected.
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The more addicted we become to gadgets such as smartwear, the

more dependent we become on the satellites that link our devices D We can qualify comparatives using slightly, a bit and
st
and provide digital services, but we don’t realise the environmental a little to express a small difference, and a lot, far
di
cost of this dependence. There are thousands of pieces of space and much to express a larger difference.
e,
junk from old rockets and satellites circling Earth at enormous E We can qualify comparatives with as … as, using:
al
speeds. These objects can be extremely dangerous for functioning

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• equally or just to express similarity

satellites and space stations, and if or when a satellite in space is
fo
• not quite, nearly or almost to express small differences

damaged by this space junk, it can cause huge problems here on
ot
Earth. What’s more, the number of pieces of space junk is increasing • nowhere near or nothing like as to express bigger
l. N
dramatically and as a result, the risk to satellites, space science and differences
space travel is far greater today than it was a few years ago.
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DeepBlue96 Sept. 17. 20:18

Electric batteries are an amazing advance in technology. They’re
6 In your notebook, match 1–6 to A–F to make complete
em
supposed to be a great clean alternative energy source that will sentences.

pl
reduce air pollution from cars, but they aren’t perfect. According 1 I would say that we are all just as bad
m
to a pressure group, the Union of Concerned Scientists, electric 2 The study says the wealthier we are,
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vehicles are just as polluting as vehicles powered by petrol. In 3 Our lifestyle has become less and
fact, some members believe that the bigger the battery, the 4 Julia thinks we are nowhere near
less environmentally friendly the vehicle will be. Why? Because
5 Electric cars won’t be as environmentally friendly
batteries are made with rare metals that have to be mined.
Mining causes environmental damage and sometimes leads to 6 It looks like we are going to make space equally as polluted
deforestation. On the bright side, the batteries can be recycled, A less sophisticated and we’re much happier.
so at least they aren’t being dumped in landfill sites and adding to B as happy as we used to be.
global warming as waste.
C as each other when it comes to consuming energy.
D as the Earth!
E the more polluting we become.
3 VOCABULARY Work in pairs. In your notebook, put F as they say.
the highlighted words and phrases in the correct column. 7 EXAM Work in pairs. Discuss the questions.
Do you think any can go in both columns? Explain why.
1 Whose responsibility is it to deal with climate change?
Words and phrases Words and phrases related What should schools teach about it? Why?
related to technology to the environment 2 What could you do to reduce your impact on the
environment? Which things would have a big effect on
your lifestyle, and which wouldn’t?
Introduction 7
VOCABULARY LISTENING GLOBAL SKILLS WRITING
Future careers Story about ethics Using memory A report
Predicting the future techniques
READING VISION 360°
GRAMMAR Article about SPEAKING A city of the future
Advanced question forms happiness Expressing opinions
VOCABULARY BOOSTER P120
Future tenses
GRAMMAR BOOSTER P132–133
Growing
and learning
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S M A R T
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GOALS
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1. SPECIFIC
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1 ) a goal, don’t be vague or general. Be precise about what

When you (...
2 ) your goal into stages. This will help you clarify
you want to achieve. (...
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Future careers what needs to be done to achieve it.

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1 EXAM Work in pairs. Discuss the questions. 2. MEASURABLE

3 ) of every stage: how well or badly did it go? This will
Assess the (...
1 What job did you want to do when you were younger?
help you stay focused and maintain a positive attitude.
2 Have your career ambitions changed since then? If
so, how? 3. ACHIEVABLE
3 Do you think young people get enough guidance 4 ) to
Be realistic: what you want to achieve and what you have the (...
about possible future careers? achieve are two different things. Make sure you also have sufficient
5 ). And remember: you may have to deal with and
time and (...
4 At what age do you think young people should start
overcome (...6 ) along the way.
thinking seriously about a future career?
2 1.01 Watch or listen. Answer the questions. 4. RELEVANT
1 Which area from Ex 1 do Darius and Amira discuss? If you work towards a goal you really want to achieve, one that is
7 ) working towards it
relevant to you, you will be less likely to (...
2 What is the goal that Darius and Amira share?
3 At the end of the vlog, what do Darius and Amira halfway through.
say everybody needs?
5. TIME-LIMITED
3 1.01 Watch or listen again. Copy and complete To achieve your specific, measurable, and relevant goal, you must also
the information with one or two words. 8 ) for the various stages, otherwise, there is a danger you won’t
set (...
reach your objective within a reasonable time.
8 Unit 1 Complete all activities in your notebook.
Talk about preparing for the future. 1.1 VOCABULARY
4 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Discuss the

5 Valeria doesn’t have any opinions of her own.
questions. She is very (... ) and tends to agree with what
1 Which of your personal objectives do you think you could other people say without thinking about it.
apply SMART to?
2 How can you apply SMART goals to learning English? 6 Javier takes offence at even the most constructive
criticism of his work. It makes him feel (... ) and he
5 REAL ENGLISH Read these lines from the video. Then
assumes that the only reason you would suggest
choose the correct meaning (A or B) of the phrases in bold. improvements is because you think his work is bad.
1 It’s a method designed to help you rise to a challenge.
A face a new situation successfully 7 Jules was chosen for the football
B hide from a difficult situation team, and Sam thinks the decision
2 … downtime! was unfair, so he’s feeling (... ).
A time for working hard
8 Tomi was upset at not winning the
B time for relaxing competition because she’d put in a lot
3 So we don’t feel overwhelmed and throw in the towel. of effort, but she’s (... ), so she’ll soon get
A m ake more effort to succeed over her disappointment and try again.
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B a dmit you are defeated
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4 If she does, it will be a step in the right direction. 9 When I’m faced with a difficult or demanding
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project, I break it up into smaller, more
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A the achievement of your final goal
manageable tasks and deal with them one
B a move towards eventual success
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by one. That way I don’t get (... ).
5 … you got it in one!
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8 Read the definitions below. Do the comments in Ex 7
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A understand something immediately
B be confused by something new describe a growth mindset or a fixed mindset?
6 VOCABULARY Work in pairs. Check the meaning or

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in
of the words and phrases in bold. Then discuss the Growth mindset: Fixed mindset:
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questions. the belief that you the belief that

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1 Which do you think is more important in gaining a can develop your there is little you
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foothold on the career ladder: talent or hard work? Why?

abilities through can do to change
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2 What can you do if you come up against difficulties or

hard work and your natural
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obstacles when you are trying to achieve a goal?

determination abilities
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3 How important is consistency and perseverance when

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it comes to achieving a goal? At which point should you

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give up trying?
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4 Do you think it is worth pursuing a goal at the expense 9 Turn to page 149 and do the quiz.
l. N
of personal relationships? 10 Work in pairs. Read the following situations and

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5 Do you find it easy to accept criticism? How can discuss what advice you could give the people. Think
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constructive criticism help you achieve your goal? about the following:
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7 VOCABULARY Check the meaning of the words below. • How does the person feel?
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Then copy and complete the comments. • Why might they be in this situation?
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achievable inevitable malleable • Is the situation inevitable?

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overwhelmed persistent
resentful • Can the situation be improved? If so, can you suggest any
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resilient self-motivated vulnerable SMART goals that might help the person? If the situation
can’t be improved, why not?
1 Ana is (... ), so you can leave her to get
1 Sonia keeps failing her English language tests. Unless she
on with the job without supervision,
passes her English exam at the end of the year, she won’t
and you can be confident she’ll do it well.
be able to study at the college of her choice.
2 Deniz has failed over and over again to 2 Roberto’s ambition is to be captain of the basketball team,
gain a foothold in an acting career, but but he has never even been chosen to play for the team.
he’s astonishingly (... ) and he’s going 3 Marissa took piano lessons for a few months, then gave
to audition for a part in the new play. up and started guitar lessons. She gave those up, too. Her
brother, on the other hand, plays the clarinet very well.
3 I’m terrible at maths, so it was (... ) that
I’d fail. I mean, I’ve never been able to
11 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Using vocabulary
from this lesson, discuss the statements. Give reasons for
understand algebra or geometry.
your views.
4 It’s a huge task and it will take time, • Everyone feels vulnerable when they fail at something.
but with a great deal of effort and • It’s easy to feel resentful of other people’s success.
an optimistic outlook, I think it’s (... ). • With the right attitude, anything is achievable.
VOCABULARY BOOSTER Unit 1 9
1.2 GRAMMAR Use advanced question forms to discuss the growth mindset.
Advanced question forms 4 In your notebook, write subject or object questions for
the underlined answers. Check your answers with a partner.
1 THINK & SHARE Some psychologists say it is better 1 We studied at Laura’s house last night.
to praise people’s effort rather than their intelligence or 2 Jack learned about growth mindset at a talk.
talent. Why do you think they say this? Do you agree? 3 My mum helped my cousin gain a foothold in her banking
2 1.02 The psychologist Carol Dweck is an expert in career.
the field of motivation and the importance of mindset in 4 Five students got it in one.
students’ achievement. Read and listen to a podcast about 5 My maths exam results made me feel vulnerable.
her research into growth mindset. Are her reasons for praising 6 Amy showed consistency throughout the year.
effort instead of intelligence and talent the same as yours?
5 Work in pairs. Take turns to respond to the
“
statements. Use a reply question or an echo question and
Interviewer In this week’s episode of Psychology Now, we’re then your opinion.
privileged to have with us psychologist Dr Gabriella Messina 1 The SMART goals technique is pointless.
to tell us a little about the work of Carol Dweck. Dr Messina, The SMART goals technique is pointless? / Is it? In my view, …
thank you for being with us this morning. 2 I think talent is more important than consistency.
g.
Dr Messina Thank you for inviting me! 3 Having a fixed mindset is fine if you’re really good at
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Q So, tell us, Doctor, who is Carol Dweck, and 1what does she do? something.
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A Well, she’s a professor of Psychology at Stanford University, 4 Everybody accepts constructive criticism.
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and she’s known for her work on growth mindset. 5 Being self-motivated is crucial to success.
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Q 2Growth mindset? 6 Working hard doesn’t affect how successful you are.
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A Yes, the belief that we can develop our talents.
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6 a 1.03 Copy and complete the dialogue. Then listen
Q 3But aren’t people born with certain talents? and check.
A In a way, but Dweck insists abilities aren’t fixed. or
Maya Hi Hasan. What are you doing here? (... 1 ) supposed to
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Q 4Aren’t they?
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be at the match?
A Not according to Dweck. She says we can become smarter.
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Hasan Yes, but I have to study for the exam and there isn’t
Q 5We can become smarter?
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enough time to revise.

A That’s right. The more effort we put into something, the Maya (...2 )? What do you mean? We’ve had plenty of time.
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easier it becomes, and then the more motivated we are to 3 )? Really? OK, don’t answer that! I know we have.
Hasan (...
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attempt other things. It’s just that you’re self-motivated and I’m not.
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Q 6So who will do better: a student who relies on their natural Maya (...4 )? Me? Well, I am now, but I didn’t use to be.
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ability or one who works hard? Hasan I’d love to change, too. (...5 ) do it?
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A Guess. Maya I developed a growth mindset.

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Q 7I’d be right in thinking it’s the student who works hard, Hasan Who (... 6 ) you?
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wouldn’t I? Maya My brother. He learned it at university.

A Surprisingly often, yes, That’s why praising children for
“
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Hasan You could tell me now, (... 7 )? Or is it complicated?

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making an effort is effective. Why try harder if you’re Maya No, but you have to unlearn a few bad habits – at
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already talented and intelligent? least I did!

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3 In your notebook, match the rules A–G below to b Decide which question forms from the rules in Ex 3
pl
questions 1–6 in the podcast. are used.

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Advanced question forms PRONUNCIATION Intonation in questions

A We use question tags to check something is true or to When we ask for information that we didn’t have before, for
ask for agreement. example in wh- questions, the intonation usually goes down
B We don’t use do when the question word is the at the end of a question. When we ask a yes-no question or a
subject of a subject question. question to check that information is true, to express surprise,
interest or disbelief, the intonation usually goes up at the end.
C We use an auxiliary, e.g. do, when the question word is
the object in an object question.
D We can use normal statements as questions to check
7 1.04 PRONUNCIATION Read the Pronunciation box.
Listen to the questions and decide if the intonation goes up
understanding or express surprise.
or down at the end of the questions.
E We use short reply questions to express
1 What’s your name? 4 What do you do?
understanding or interest.
2 Is that in Mexico? 5 Who told you?
F We use negative questions to ask for confirmation,
show surprise, make an invitation or present an 3 She’s coming, isn’t she? 6 You couldn’t help, could you?
opinion in a less direct way. 8 1.04 Listen again. Practise asking the questions.
G We use echo questions that repeat what has been
said to show surprise and disbelief.
9 Work in pairs. Student A, go to page 150. Student B,
go to page 151.
Understand the details of a story about ethics. 1.3 LISTENING
Ethics An ethical dilemma

1 ) old at the time of the events in the story.
The narrator is (...
At the beginning of the story, the narrator feels (... 2 ) and (...
3)
because of:
4 ) and (...
– a bad relationship with (... 5 ). (Why?)
– being bullied. (By whom?)

– doing badly at school. (Why?)
The narrator has to go to a (...6 ) (Why? Where is it? What is it like?)
What is the attitude of the people there to the narrator? (Why?)

The narrator talks about one student who (... 7 ) her. (Why does the
person do this? How does she do it?)

Then the narrator’s life changes for the better. (How? What happens?)
1 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Answer the 8 ) when she sees a box. (What is inside
One day, the narrator is in (...
questions. the box? Why is it locked? What does the narrator think of the things
• How do we learn what is right and wrong? inside it?)
• Why should you be a good person? 9 ). (What does she lose? What does she do? Why is this
Julia loses (...
significant to the story?)
g.
2 Work in pairs. What is the ethical thing to do in
The narrator now faces an ethical dilemma. (What is the ethical
n
each of these situations? Give reasons for your answers.
yi
dilemma? What choices does she have?)
1 Your tutor praises you for some research that another
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10). (Why does she do this? How does she
In the end, the narrator (...
student did.
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feel about it in hindsight?)
2 You cancel a streaming service, but the company forgets
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to stop your subscription and you can continue watching
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films and series for free. b Work in pairs. Look at the notes in Ex 6a and
3 Your basketball coach is always criticising one particular
or
discuss the questions in brackets.
g
player and insulting them. You told the coach that you
in
don’t like it, but she replied that she’ll do the same to you 7 1.06 Listen again and choose the correct alternative.
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if you complain again. 1 The narrator remembers the year of the events because …
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4 You want to take out €100 from a cash machine, but it A she was sixteen years old at the time.
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gives you €200 because the new notes are stuck together. B she was feeling especially vulnerable.
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Your receipt says you’ve received €100. C 1968 was an important year historically.
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5 You are the only one that knows that your best friend D she could relate it to another date.
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is the anonymous student who frequently insults a 2 The narrator’s new school …
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classmate on social media. A was better academically than her old school.
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6 You are paid more than you expected for a job that you B was located in another part of the country.
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and a friend did. Your friend doesn’t know about the

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C was no different from her old school.

extra money.
D was a less friendly place than her old school.
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3 THINK & SHARE Work in groups. Answer the 3 The narrator …

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questions.
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A explains why Susan approached her and how they

1 Which decisions in Ex 2 were easy to make and which
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became friends.
were difficult? Why? B admired the contents of the wooden box in Susan’s room.
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2 How have your answers been affected by whether the C made a disturbing discovery by chance one day.
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situation involves you or a friend, a company or a bank?

D suggests that Susan had stolen the bracelet she usually
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4 EXAM 1.05 Listen to four people (A, B, C and D) talking wore.

about the situations in Ex 2. In your notebook, match a 4 The narrator …
speaker to a situation. Two situations are not mentioned. A implies that her decision not to say anything was wrong.
5 1.05 Listen again. Which answers are similar to yours? B had two potential courses of action.
Which answers do you disagree with? Why? C knows that if she had acted differently, Amanda
wouldn’t have gone to prison.
6 a EXAM 1.06 Read the strategy. Then listen to a story
D didn’t see Susan again after she left school because
about an ethical dilemma and copy and complete the
notes with one, two or three words. Susan moved to Canada.
8 Work in groups. Discuss the questions.
STRATEGY Understanding details
1 What would you have done in the narrator’s position?
When you listen for details, you are interested in finding 2 How do you think the narrator, Susan and Amanda felt
out specific kinds of information on a particular area. This after Julia accused Amanda of being a thief?
involves listening for groups of words or phrases that deal
3 Who do you think behaved worse: the narrator, Susan,
with that topic. To be able to do this, you need to have a
Amanda or Julia? Give reasons.
clear idea of what information you need and the vocabulary
4 Why do you think the narrator felt guilty on hearing about
you should listen out for before you start listening.
what happened to Amanda?
Unit 1 11
1.4 VOCABULARY Make predictions about the future.
Predicting the future 3 VOCABULARY Check the meaning of the highlighted words and
phrases in the article. Choose the correct answers.
1 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Discuss 1
Making calculations / Forecasting correctly – or saying what will
the questions. happen in the future – is difficult. In his research, Tetlock noticed there
1 Why do we make predictions about the future? are two groups of 2pundits / tendencies who make predictions about
2 Can predictions help us? Why? / Why not? future political and economic 3scenarios / instincts. The first group are
very confident about the 4insight / accuracy of their predictions and
2 Read the blog. Which two things below does 5
judgements / pundits, and they 6make assumptions / are at stake
it say help people make accurate predictions? about how things will develop, even though they have little evidence for
• studying all the available facts them. The second group appreciate that there are many 7variables /
• trusting their feelings accuracies that can appear and quickly change the 8instinct / outlook
• focusing on their own knowledge of what is likely to happen. They often use words like ‘however’, ‘perhaps’
• expecting the unexpected and ‘maybe’, which appear to 9contradict / foresee earlier statements,
and are less confident about their predictions.
BLOG
4 Work in pairs. Discuss the questions about the texts. Use
HOW TO BE A SUCCESSFUL vocabulary from this lesson in your answers.
FORECASTING PUNDIT
g.
1 What black swan events (e.g. natural or human-made disasters).
n
have occurred around the world in recent years?
yi
Forecasting the future with accuracy is 2 Why did so few people foresee them?
op
extremely difficult, as psychologist Phillip
5 VOCABULARY In your notebook, replace the underlined words and
oc
Tetlock found out. Tetlock studied over 8,000
phrases with the correct form of the highlighted words from the
ot
predictions about what was going to happen
article in Ex 2.
ph
from 284 expert economists, scientists and
journalists, and found that their judgements 1 I think saying what you think will happen in the future is a waste of
were correct just 33% of the time; exactly the or
time. The future is unforeseeable.
g
same as non-experts! So, what does it take to 2 In my opinion, people who know a lot about a particular subject
in
be a successful forecasting pundit? often present their opinions as facts and that can be dangerous.
ut
Facts not feelings

rib
3 Conspiracy theories are promoted by people that think something

We can’t foresee what will happen in the is true although there is no evidence to support it.
st
future simply by using our feelings and 4 In some circumstances, I think it’s necessary to trust your own feelings
di
making assumptions. Serious forecasters use about something, even if those feelings are not based on facts or
e,
data from similar situations in the past and

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reasons.
current trends to come to conclusions. Using
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5 When the future of the planet is being put at risk, as many experts as
your instincts to predict who will have won a
fo
football match after 90 minutes is fine, but possible should be involved in making decisions.
ot
when more important things like the economy 6 Global situations like the 2020 pandemic teach us that it’s
l. N
are at stake, you need to examine the facts! impossible to have any real understanding about the future.
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All the facts 6 Work in pairs. Discuss the statements in Ex 5. Do you agree or
er
Tetlock discovered that some experts disagree with them? Why? / Why not? Use vocabulary from this lesson
at
excluded facts that contradicted their ideas to give your opinions.

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from their calculations. To provide clear insight

into what will be happening in the future, take
7 THINK & SHARE Work in groups. What should we take into
pl
into account all variables; not just the ones account when we make predictions? Use the ideas below or your
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that confirm your theories. own ideas.

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Expect black swans current events other people’s opinions

There is a tendency to base predictions of possible black swans what usually happens in these situations
future scenarios on what we know now, but
unexpected events and discoveries can 8 Work in pairs. Make predictions about each of the topics below.
quickly change the outlook. Until the 17th Use vocabulary from this lesson and give reasons for your predictions.
century, Europeans thought that because all
the swans in Europe were white, all swans
• your professional life • the future of your country
in the world were white. However, a trip to • the future of technology • another topic that interests you
Australia introduced them to black swans, I want to be a doctor, which means there’ll be a lot at stake when I do my
and gave us an expression that warns against final school exams! Hopefully, I’ll …
making assumptions. Successful forecasters
take black swans into 9 Work in pairs. Comment on how realistic you think your
account and talk partner’s predictions are. Give reasons for your opinions.
about what might
10 MEDIATION Work in pairs. Imagine one of you has a brother who
or could happen,
is always making unrealistic predictions about the future. He
not what will
happen.
particularly likes forecasting the future of how we live, work and
study. Using ideas from this lesson, plan how to tell him the different
ways in which forecasting the future is complex and unreliable. Then
role-play a conversation together.
12 Unit 1 VOCABULARY BOOSTER Complete all activities in your notebook.
Use different future tenses to make predictions. 1.5 GRAMMAR
Future tenses 4 Read the text and find examples of the structures below.
Home > News > Skywatching
1 Work in pairs. Read the blog post.
Which prediction do you think is most likely to come Comet Kohoutek: The astronomical prediction that disappointed
the world
true? Why?
It was December 1973. Millions of people worldwide were excited because
they were going to see Comet Kohoutek. According to astronomers, it
ABOUT PREDICTIONS CATEGORIES would be ‘the comet of the century’. Our neighbours were thinking of
driving to a dark-sky site for a good view, and my parents were on the
The Future Timeline website started in 2008 with verge of doing so themselves, but changed their minds. Comet Kohoutek
just a few predictions. Since then, it has grown was due to be at its brightest on 28 December. I was about to join my
family outside when my brother come back indoors. ‘Don’t bother. You
dramatically with forecasting in lots of different won’t see a thing.’ After Kohoutek, astronomers learned not to make such
areas. For example, the site claims that we’ll be confident predictions about comet brightness.
regularly using human-like artificial intelligence
in our homes and offices by 2029. The site also Future in the past
predicts that by 2028 we’ll have found the first
To talk about plans and events that hadn’t happened yet in
definite evidence of life on another planet. The site
the past, we sometimes use these structures:
also attempts to foresee further into the future and
g.
was / were going to + infinitive past continuous
n
says that by the beginning of the 22nd century,
yi
some humans will have been living on giant floating
would + infinitive was / were on the verge of + -ing
op
was / were due to + infinitive was / were about to + infinitive
cities for some time because of the consequence
oc
of climate change and rising sea levels. All the GRAMMAR BOOSTER P133
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predictions come with a short text explaining the
ph
current tendencies in science and other fields that 5 Choose the correct alternative.
have led to the predictions made on the site. or
1 Andy was going to / would give up his studies, but there was
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too much at stake, so he changed his mind.
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2 I was about to / was on the verge of leave the house when

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2 Read the sentences in bold in the blog post. Identify

my mum called me.
rib
the tenses. Copy and complete the rules for the three
tenses with the phrases below. 3 I thought I was due to / would find the science fair boring,
st
but it was fascinating.

di
a completed has been in progress in progress 4 The TV commentator was going to / was on the verge of
e,
al
announcing a City victory when United scored two quick goals!

Future tenses
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5 The conference was due to / would start at 6 p.m., but it was

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1 We use the future continuous for an action (... ) at delayed by about an hour.
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a particular time in the future. 6 They were going to / were thinking of going bowling, but
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2 We use the future perfect continuous to say how they decided to watch a film instead.
long an action (... ) by a certain time in the future. 6 In your notebook, write sentences that are true for you.
ia
er
3 We use the future perfect simple to talk about (... ) Use the structures in Ex 5 and the prompts below.
at
action by a particular time in the future.

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a concert a day out a holiday a journey

a meal a phone call a sports activity an exam
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I was about to get into the taxi when I realised I …

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3 Copy and complete the sentences. Write the verbs

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in brackets in the correct future continuous, future 7 1.07 Listen to someone talking about his job. Are the
perfect simple or future perfect continuous tenses. sentences true (T) or false (F)?
1 (... ) (we / finish) our calculations by 5 p.m. tomorrow? 1 The speaker had no intention of going to university. T/F
2 I (... ) (take) all the information into account when I’m 2 He and his parents disagreed about his decision. T/F
writing my report on Monday. 3 The company made no plans to train him until another
3 By next Thursday, my brother (... ) (work) as a sports employee joined the company. T/F
pundit for a year. 4 The speaker would very soon have resigned if the
4 We (... ) (meet) at 7 p.m. on Friday for the meal. situation hadn’t changed. T/F
5 (... ) (they / still / provide) clear insights in ten years’ 5 The other employee began working at the firm nearly
time? six months after the speaker. T/F
6 The fashion for ripped jeans (... ) (die out) by the end
of the year.
8 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Discuss what will be
happening or will have happened in ten or twenty years’ time.
7 Sara (... ) (create) scenarios for video games for ten Use the prompts below and appropriate future tenses.
years next month.
8 They (... ) (not finish) their chess match by 8 p.m. education homes jobs medical advances
robots space exploration
Many more people will be living in cities. We will have stopped
driving cars,
© Oxford University Pressand robots will be on the verge of …
Unit 1 13
1.6 READING Understand discourse construction in an article about happiness.
Happiness 3 EXAM Read the strategy and then the article again.
There are six missing sentences which are either topic or
1 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Which of these things do supporting sentences. In your notebook, match sentences
you think will have a long-lasting effect on your happiness? Why? A–H to gaps 1–6. There are two extra sentences.
A We want to get to know them and find out what it is
a close family an expensive phone a good social life that is making them feel so good.
a satisfying job clear objectives fame good exam results
B Of course, how often we smile is also regulated by
lots of followers online money new clothes
the cultural norms of where we live.
regular exercise satisfying interests / hobbies
C What’s more, our bodies produce the same chemical
responses that these emotions cause, even when we
2 1.08 Read the article. What does the article suggest is the
copy them.
motivation for studies into happiness? Do you think it’s a good
reason? Why? / Why not? D They also promote a realistic but positive outlook on
life and a growth mindset.
STRATEGY Understanding discourse construction E Investigations into smiling are just part of a growing
To understand a paragraph, you need to know how the interest into how to improve people’s mental health,
sentences relate to each other. The topic sentence, which is particularly when they are at school.
F You can try it now if you like.
g.
usually the first sentence in the paragraph, presents the main
n
idea, and supporting sentences provide examples and details of G There is also evidence that education systems that
yi
the main details. A concluding sentence sometimes summarises focus on high-pressure exams do not help.
op
the paragraph H Not surprisingly, given the benefits, health
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experts recommend that we smile more.
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Better than
chocolate! g
or
ph
in
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A A lot of people eat chocolate when

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they want to cheer themselves up. Chocolate helps

di
produce serotonin, a hormone that makes people feel 3 ) However, although we smile up to 400 times
C (...
e,
better. But did you know that there is something you can a day as children, as we get older, we come up
al
do that has the same positive effects as 2000 bars of against difficulties and problems and sometimes
rs
1)
chocolate, but without the potential health problems? (... feel overwhelmed and vulnerable. As a result,
fo
Just push up the corners of your mouth, squint your eyes adults smile a lot less: only around 20 times a
and … smile! day! Moreover, sadness forms part of the human
ot
B Smiling not only produces serotonin, but it also makes us experience and some of us naturally have a pessimistic
l. N
more resilient to anxiety by reducing the levels of stress outlook on life. What are the possible scenarios that life
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hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline in our bodies. presents us with that make smiling difficult? The answer,
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Furthermore, the act of smiling has social advantages. There according to researchers at Uppsala University in Sweden,
at
is an attraction factor, and we are drawn to people who is simple: fake it to make it.
em
2 ) Researchers at Penn State University in the USA

smile. (... D The investigators at Uppsala University studied participants
found that when you smile, not only do you appear more watching brief video clips of people frowning, smiling,
pl
polite and likeable, but you also appear more competent. expressing anger, etc. They noticed that when exposed to
m
happy faces, the participants unconsciously moved the facial

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muscles used for smiling, and when they saw sad faces, they

1.6 READING
4 Work in pairs. Read sentences 1–3 and 6 VOCABULARY Work in pairs. Copy and complete the
discuss which paragraphs A–C they relate to. Then mindfulness activities with the correct form of the highlighted
decide which would be the best position for them words from the article. Then put the activities in order according
in the paragraph. to how useful you think they are. Discuss the similarities and
1 Therefore, aren’t fewer smiles inevitable? differences in your lists.
2 This is not just because the pleasant taste helps
them forget their worries; there is also a scientific
EASY MINDFULNESS TECHNIQUES

reason.
3 Smiling can also actually improve the image that
people have of you.
5 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. How TECH DETOX
useful do you think the happiness curriculums 1 ) at your screens at all hours and try a technology detox.
Stop (...
would be for improving our levels of happiness? Whether it’s for a whole day or just thirty minutes, a break from
Have you followed / would you like to follow a technology, especially from (... 2 ) social media, which is becoming so
happiness curriculum? Why? / Why not? pervasive, will help reduce your stress levels.
DEAR DIARY
g.
3 ) and also
n
Keep a diary. Writing down your thoughts can be (...
yi
quite satisfying, especially as there will be nobody around to make
op
judgements or (...4 ) with displeasure at what you say.
oc
MOVE TO THE BEAT
ot
Dancing gives you a good workout and makes your body produce
ph
5 ). Furthermore, whether you dance at home alone or
happiness (...
or
6 ) feel better about yourself.
with friends, you’ll (...
g
MEDITATION
in
ut
Meditation is a great way of disconnecting. It doesn’t take long to

unconsciously activated the muscles for frowning. 7 ) practitioner: To begin with just close your eyes and
rib
The researchers concluded that emotions are become a (...

concentrate on your breathing for a few minutes. However, you’ll
st
contagious and that we mimic them without

4 ) Further studies by Michigan State need to practise regularly and there are some good free apps, such
di
realising it. (...

University in the USA, suggested that the health as Smiling Mind, available to help you.
e,
al
benefits of fake smiles were even greater if we

POSITIVE NOT NEGATIVE
rs
accompanied them with thoughts about the good 8 ) popular people, but we shouldn’t choose friends just
things in our lives. We’re all (...
fo
5 ) But why are people becoming so engaged because they’re cool. Try to hang out with people because they
E (...
ot
9 ),
produce positive, not negative, feelings. These feelings can be (...
with this issue? Well, research into the use of 10
l. N
and we don’t want to (... ) the bad ones!

social media and digital technology by a British
ia
parliamentary committee in 2019 showed that it

er
increases stress, anxiety and loneliness, hardly 7 Work in pairs. Read the technique. Then discuss three
at
good news for a world in which technology is good things that happened to you yesterday.
em
becoming pervasive. Alongside this research,

some schools in Britain have introduced happiness
pl
curriculums, joining countries such as India that

m
had already decided to introduce mindfulness into

Sa
the school classroom.
The Three Good Things

F These curriculums include happiness courses that
focus on the importance of family, friendship and Technique
community, the need to find satisfaction in your This is a simple but effective technique for appreciating
studies and to have achievable goals that are the good things in your life. At the beginning or the
6 ) Other institutions are also developing
fulfilling. (... end of the day, you write down three good things that
programmes; the Happiness Institute in Sydney, happened to you during the day or the day before,
Australia offers courses in positive psychology and no matter how small these might appear to be. Then
nine European universities have joined together reflect on each for 10 to 15 seconds. You can adapt this
to form the European University of Well-Being. by writing down three things about a particular topic
The courses taught at these institutions offer a
e.g., your friends, your school, your home town, etc.
variety of techniques and solutions, but they all
Many people say that doing this every day helps them
have one goal in common: to help young people
appreciate the good things in their lives.
develop skills that will enable them to deal
with mental health issues throughout
their lives. Isn’t that a better answer 8 MEDIATION In groups of three, write an email to your
to such problems than eating
friend who is feeling negative about life. Give advice, using ideas
chocolate?
from the three texts.

Unit 1 15
1.7 GLOBAL SKILLS Understand how to use memory techniques.
Using memory techniques 5 THINK & SHARE Which of the mnemonics in Ex 4

have you used before? Which do you think is the most /
least useful to you? Why?
6 Work in groups. Create a mnemonic to remember the
order of adjectives below, e.g. Only Sensible Students Are
Calm Or Make Promises. Compare your mnemonics. Which
ones do you think are the best?
Order of adjectives: opinion, size, shape, age, colour, origin,
material, purpose
7 VOCABULARY Check the meaning of the phrasal verbs
below from the lecture in Ex 4. Then copy and complete
the text with the correct form of the phrasal verbs.
1 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Answer the brush up on call up come up with fade away
questions. go over pick up sail through
1 What techniques do you use to memorise information?
The Memory Palace
g.
2 Which things do you find the most difficult to remember?
n
Rate the things below from 1 (most difficult) to 6 (easiest).
yi
op
• people’s names • a route
• addresses • appointments
oc
One of the most famous techniques for memorising and
• new vocabulary • dates recalling information is the Memory Palace. A Memory Palace
ot
is an imaginary location in your mind where you can store
ph
2 Work in pairs. Imagine you need to memorise the mnemonic images. Many experts claim that information
1 ). It works for (...
learned using this technique rarely (... 2 ) facts
or
information below. How would you do it?
Student A The value of pi (π) = 3.141592 you’ve already studied as well as for storing information you
g
3 ).
happen to have (...
in
Student B The order of the planets nearest the sun: Mercury,

ut
Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune Here’s how you can create your own Memory Palace:
rib
• Imagine a place you know very well, such as your home,

3 1.09 Listen to the first part of a lecture about
st
school or workplace.
mnemonics. How does the speaker memorise the value
di
4 ) a specific route that you can take through the place. In

• (...
of pi (π) and the order of the planets?
e,
your imagination, walk through this route several times to

al
4 EXAM 1.10 Now listen to the whole lecture and copy memorise it.
rs
and complete the notes. • Think of the information, words, facts, etc. that you might
fo
5 ) at some future time.

want to be able to (...
ot
• ‘Place’ the information, words, facts, etc. in different

Memory techniques lecture
l. N
locations in the Memory Palace. Exaggerate the images of

the items and make up stories about how you interact with
ia
1 The example of C.S. Lewis illustrates that the ability to them and the place. This will make it easy to remember
er
remember large amounts of information learned in the where they are later.
at
past is (... ). 6 ) the route again a few more

• When you’ve finished, (...
em
times to fix it in your memory.

2 The speaker uses the value of pi (π) to demonstrate
pl
that the information we learn for exams tends to Use the Memory Palace and you will
m
(... ) over time. not only succeed in exams, you’ll

Sa
7 ) them!
(...
3 To memorise the value of pi (π) to seven digits the
speaker suggests a memorable (... ) as a mnemonic.
4 The speaker suggests another type of mnemonic to

remember the (... ).
5 The fact that we remember jingles even when they are

(... ) demonstrates how powerful mnemonics songs can be.
6 A two-line poem about Columbus can help to recall

(... ).
7 The acronym HOMES will not necessarily help you to

remember the Great Lakes of North America in order 8 MEDIATION Your friend, who is also a classmate,
of (... ).
struggles to memorise information and facts and is concerned
8 To memorise personality adjectives, the speaker suggests about failing the end-of-year exams. In your notebook, write
thinking of (... ) with those qualities. them a message explaining the memorisation techniques
you learned about in the lecture you heard in Ex 4, and also
explain how a Memory Palace works.
Express opinions about an ethical issue. 1.8 SPEAKING
Expressing opinions
ng.
yi
op
oc
ot
1 Work in pairs. In your notebook, make a STRATEGY Using rhetorical questions
ph
list of three things that you consider before buying
clothes. Compare your lists. What are the similarities Use rhetorical questions to emphasise a point of view or respond
and differences? or
to and challenge someone else’s opinion. Rhetorical questions do
g
not require an answer, so it must be clear what the answer is from
in
2 1.11 Listen to two students discussing an your point of view. Don’t overuse rhetorical questions; use them
ut
item of clothing. Answer the questions. to emphasise important points:

rib
1 What has Dara bought? Alex was really upset about the anonymous comments on his social
st
2 What is Frank convinced of? media page. How would you feel? (The same!)
di
3 Why is Dara surprised and how do we know she’s Politicians always make promises that they can’t keep! When will
e,
upset? they be more realistic about what they can do? (Never!)
al
rs
4 Do the friends agree about children working in

factories? Why? / Why not? 4 Work in pairs. Read the strategy. Then read the four
fo
5 Do they mention any topics from your lists in Ex 1? sentences and decide which questions are rhetorical and which
ot
require an answer. Explain how you can identify the difference.

l. N
3 1.11 Listen again. Which phrases from the

1 There’s no doubt in my mind that business people such as Elon
Phrasebook do the speakers use? In your notebook,
ia
Musk and Jeff Bezos should not be sending tourists into space.
er
write D for Dara or F for Frank. Haven’t we polluted the Earth’s atmosphere enough?
at
PHRASEBOOK Asking for and giving opinions 2 In a globalised world, pandemics will become more frequent.
em
What can we do to control them?

Asking for opinions
3 Homelessness is on the increase. How many people have to be
pl
What are your thoughts / views on the situation?

m
sleeping on the streets before we do something?

Where do you stand on … ?
Sa
How do you feel about … ? 4 I think artificial intelligence will improve our lives. Have you
What makes you say that? seen those robots that accompany elderly people in Japan?
Giving your opinion 5 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Discuss the issues below
I have no doubt that … using phrases from the Phrasebook and rhetorical questions.
I’m not sure, but I’m leaning towards … • We should all stop using social media.
I’m convinced that … • Homework doesn’t aid learning.
There’s no doubt in my mind that …
• We are wasting our time recycling.
My impression is that …
From my point of view, … 6 REFLECT Give feedback on each other’s performances.
Agreeing / disagreeing Think about the following questions.
I couldn’t agree more. • Which of the phrases did your partners use?
That’s how I see it. • Did your partners use rhetorical questions?
That’s a great suggestion. • What did they do well / could be improved?
You’ve got a point there.
• Do you agree / disagree with their opinions? Why? / Why not?
That’s one way of looking at it.
You aren’t being serious, are you?

Unit 1 17
1.9 WRITING Write a report with a suitable introduction and conclusion.
A report 3 Read the Phrasebook. Copy and complete the list with
the highlighted phrases in the report.
1 EXAM Work in pairs. Discuss the questions.
PHRASEBOOK Reports
1 In the past, which jobs were typically associated with women
and which with men? Why? Introduction
2 What reasons related to a person’s gender might discourage a The aim / purpose of this report is to …
man or woman from doing a particular job? This report will review and evaluate …
The objective of this report is to …
STRATEGY Writing an introduction and conclusion 1)
(...
We use the introduction to a report to summarise the situation Strengths and weaknesses
2 ) / weaknesses of …
(...
and to set out what we plan to say about it. We can use the
conclusion to refer back to the introduction and assess Another clear advantage / disadvantage is …
3 ), …
(...
whether our report has provided a favourable or unfavourable
view of the situation. We can also use the conclusion to make One possible strength / benefit of … is …
recommendations on how the situation can be improved. Explaining results
As a result, …
Consequently, …
2 Work in pairs. Read the strategy and the report.
g.
4)…
(...
Discuss the questions.
n
5 ), …
(...
yi
1 What is the situation that the report highlights?
Recommendations
op
2 What is the objective of the report? 6 ), I would …
(...
oc
3 What strengths and weaknesses mentioned in the report In the light of my experience, I would …
ot
does the conclusion refer to? Given my experience, I would advise /
ph
4 What recommendation does the conclusion make? suggest / recommend …
5 How is the recommendation linked to the introduction?
or
4 EXAM Choose one of the topics below and write
g
in
The Inclusive Science Institute: a report.

ut
an option worth considering for

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The use of technology in education

future female scientists? The importance of a work-life balance
st
di
The usefulness of techniques for setting goals

The current situation
e,
Women represent 50% of the workforce but only 22% of people 1 In your introduction, state what you are going
al
rs
working in STEM (science, technology, engineering and maths). to evaluate using one of the phrases from the
The Inclusive Science Institute claims to be contributing to Phrasebook.
fo
changing this situation. This report sets out to evaluate the

2 Evaluate the situation. Consider the strengths and
ot
strengths and weaknesses of the Darwin Science Institute’s

weaknesses / benefits and drawbacks / advantages
l. N
attempts to make STEM more attractive to female students.

and disadvantages / pros and cons and their
The Athena programme
ia
consequent effects or impact.

er
One of the strengths of the institute is its Athena Programme

3 In your conclusion, make recommendations,
at
dedicated to helping women gain a foothold in STEM. The

give reasons using one of the phrases from the
em
programme encourages both genders to work in mixed teams

and supports female students’ applications for all types of STEM
Phrasebook.
pl
research positions. The institute also sends female scientists to 5 CHECK YOUR WORK Did you …
m
secondary schools to demonstrate that young women’s dreams of

• organise your work into four paragraphs?
Sa
a career in STEM are achievable.

• use some of the phrases for reports from the
Room for improvement
Phrasebook?
This means that in recent years, the number of female students at
the institute has doubled to 29%, and the institute forecasts that
• use some of the vocabulary from this unit?
35% of the students who will be studying at the centre next year • check your spelling and use of punctuation?
will be women. While these are steps in the right direction, there
is obviously still room for improvement. On the downside, the
programme only focusses on young women – at the expense of
older ones. For this reason, students are campaigning for flexible
timetables and childcare facilities for mothers.
Conclusions
As a result of my experience as a female student at the institute,
I would say its greatest strength is that the Athena programme
really encourages young women to rise to the challenge of
studying STEM. Furthermore, the quality of its courses means
that my classmates and I will have been perfectly prepared for a
STEM career when we finish. If the institute could just improve its
facilities for mothers, then it really will be able to claim that it is
contributing to changing the current situation.
1.10 REVIEW
Grammar 4 Copy and complete the sentences with the correct form of
the words below.
1 Copy and complete the questions with the words below.
accuracy assumption at stake
do hasn’t isn’t preparing what who instinct pundit scenario
A 1 ) gave the talk?

(... 1 When she saw the lion running towards her, her first (... )
B A famous psychologist, Thomas Mann. was to run away.
A Thomas Mann? He’s got his own blog, (... 2 ) he? 2 He claimed to be a sports (... ), but he didn’t make one
B He has. I often read it. correct prediction.
A 3 ) you?
(... 3 The (... ) of Max’s predictions was incredible. They were all
correct!
B Yes, it’s really interesting. It’s about preparing for future
careers. 4 We shouldn’t make (... ) about what happened before we
4 ) for future careers? (...
5 ) that a little difficult? have all the facts.
A (...
5 We can’t take risks when the company’s future is (... ).
B Not according to Mann. He claims that we shouldn’t
specialise in one area. He says we should learn transferable 6 She gave us a few possible (... ) about how things might
skills because they give you better opportunities. be in the future.
g.
A 6 ) happened to becoming an expert in a particular field?
(...
n
Cumulative review
yi
B Well, it depends on the field. But, generally speaking, it
op
limits your opportunities.
5 EXAM Read the article and choose the correct
oc
2 Complete the sentences using the words in brackets. answer: A, B or C.
ot
Do not change the form of these words.
ph
1 Leyla (... ) (study) law at university, but then she changed The gig economy
or
We will soon have (... 1 ) with the gig economy, which offers
her mind.
short-term contracts rather than a permanent job, for
g
2 Hopefully, I (... ) (heard) about my part-time job
in
application by Friday, if not before then. twenty years. When it arrived on the scene in 2008, it
ut
was claimed that it offered young people a (... 2 ) in the

3 This time next month, I (... ) (working) in New York for a
rib
3
world of work. However, it operated at the (... ) of basic
whole year.
st
workers’ rights, such as sick leave and a minimum wage.

4 This time next week I (... ) (giving) my presentation at the
di
These rights seemed to be on the (... 4 ) of disappearing as

conference.
e,
employees were pushed onto ‘self-employed’ contracts.

5 The plane (... ) (due) arrive at 10 p.m., but there was a
al
Many were soon (... 5 ) by the difficulties of earning enough

delay before we took off.
rs
to live on.
6 It’s lucky you sent me the message when you did,
fo
The gig economy took off in sectors such as food delivery

because I (... ) (verge) of leaving.
ot
and taxi services, but what (... 6 ) in other industries? Well, it

l. N
7
came up (... ) workers’ organisations that took legal action
Vocabulary 8 ) workers, and the workers won. Today,
to protect (...
ia
around 3.8% of American workers work in jobs with

er
3 Choose the correct alternative. flexible contracts, the same figure as twenty years ago. In
at
1 The company was in a vulnerable / achievable position fact, business (...9 ) don’t think that the long-term (... 10) for
em
after the manager left. It was persistent / inevitable that the gig economy is positive at all.
pl
it would be less competitive.

m
2 I had so much work that I felt overwhelmed / 1 A been living B be living C lived
Sa
achievable, but I’m resentful / resilient and I was able 2 A mindset B pundit C foothold
to get everything done without too many difficulties. 3 A tendency B expense C criticism
3 Sam is really persistent / vulnerable, and he has been 4 A verge B consistency C tendency
trying to come up against / gain a foothold in the 5 A achievable B malleable C overwhelmed
industry for ages. Well, all that effort has finally paid off! 6 A did happen B happened C happen
4 Someone with a constructive criticism / growth mindset 7 A against B about C around
believes they can always develop and they’re usually
8 A resentful B vulnerable C inevitable
self-motivated / malleable and able to work
independently. 9 A pundits B scenarios C calculations
10 A judgement B accuracy C outlook
Think & share

1 ‘We should work to live, not live to work.’ What do you
think this means? What are your views?
2 What can we do to achieve a good work-life balance?

Review 19
Learn about predictions for life in the future and create
1 a city of the future plan.
Into the future
ng.
yi
op
oc
ot
ph
or
g
in
ut
rib
st
Unit 1 360º hotspots

di
e,
1 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Discuss the questions. 4 Watch and listen to the presentation about homes in
al
1 How will the future be better or worse than the present? the future. Answer the questions.
rs
2 What problems do you think we will have to deal with in 1 What kind of homes does the presentation believe will be
fo
the future that we don’t have now? built in the future?

ot
3 What problems that we have now do you think will be 2 How will these homes be ‘smart’?
l. N
solved in the future? 3 What major disadvantage do these homes have

ia
compared to homes today?

er
EXPLORE
4 Would you like to live in one of these homes in the future?
at
Access the interactive 360º content now! Why? / Why not?

em
5 Read about the metaverse. What advantages does it

2
pl
Work in pairs. Explore the picture of the future city.

mention for …
m
What looks similar and what looks different from today?

1 travelling?
Sa
How accurate do you think this vision of the future is?

2 business owners?
3 ALL HOTSPOTS Work in pairs. Explore the 3 performers?
hotspots. Which hotspot relates to …
1 travel and transport? 6 Work in pairs. What do you think will be some of the
2 homes? disadvantages of the metaverse?
3 fashion? 7 Read about the history of flying cars. Then go
4 the environment? online and research the latest flying cars. Find out about:
5 work and entertainment? 1 how they are likely to be used
6 ethics? 2 when experts predict they will be available
3 how much they may cost

20 Vision 360° Complete all activities in your notebook.
Digital literacy LS Learning Situation 1
g.
n
yi
op
oc
ot
ph
or
g
in
ut
rib
st
Learning Situation
di
e,
8 Watch a video about trees in the future. CREATE … a city of the future
al
Copy and complete the sentences.

rs
STEP 1
1 It is predicted that cities in the future won’t have
fo
Work in groups. Choose different places and facilities to include in

trees because of … your city, and who will research them.
ot
2 Without trees, temperatures in cities …

l. N
3 Fewer trees in cities would also affect … cafés entertainment centres housing hospitals museums
ia
4 It is feared that artificial trees would not … public transport restaurants schools shops sports facilities
er
at
9 Work in groups. Listen to a talk about STEP 2

em
robots and discuss the questions.

RESEARCH IT!
1 If an autonomous car hits someone in the street,
pl
Go online and do some research into your chosen subject.

who do you think is responsible?
m
Find out and make notes about:

2 Do you think robots working in healthcare should
Sa
• how these places might be different in the future

be able to make a person do something against
their will?
• how technology will change them
3 How often do you use your instinct and what
• how they will minimise their environmental impact
do you use it for? STEP 3
4 Do you think robots will ever be able to develop Use your notes to write a short presentation about your city.
an instinct? STEP 4
10 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Discuss the Create a map of your city which includes all the places and
questions about the forecasts of the future in amenities that you researched. Think about:
this lesson. • the locations of the places
1 How realistic do you think these forecasts and • how they will connect with each other
predictions are? • natural features of the city, e.g. rivers, lakes, forests
2 Which scenarios outlined here do you think are • a name for your city
positive and which are negative?
STEP 5 SHARE IT!
3 How would you feel about living in a future like
Present your city to the class. Each member of the group presents
this one?
their subject. Listen to the other presentations. Which city would
you most like to live in? Why?
Vision 360° 21
Career prospects Podcast about A professional profile Applying for a job
Brand me! hobbies that pay
SPEAKING DOCUMENTARY
GRAMMAR READING Volunteering Working at sea
Relative clauses Article about money
Ellipsis and substitution scams
GRAMMAR BOOSTER P134-135
Finding
your niche
ng.
yi
op
oc
ot
ph
or
g
in
ut
rib
st
di
e,
al
rs
fo
ot
l. N
ia
Career prospects
er
at

em
1 Discuss the reasons for getting a part-time job. Which

pl
ones do you think are the most important?

m
Kaya
Sa
develop your CV earn money explore a possible career

gain confidence improve social skills Reason for taking the job:
learn how to manage time and money
learn new skills learn self-discipline What she learned from doing the job:
2 How would you find a part-time job where you live?

3 What do you think you could learn from doing a How the experience might help in the
part-time job? future:
2 2.01 Watch or listen. Answer the questions.

1 What methods do Darius and Amira suggest for finding Ali
a job?
2 What are the jobs that Kaya and Ali have done? Reason for taking the job:
3 What does Amira say temporary jobs and internships are
useful for? What he learned from doing the job:
3 2.01 Watch or listen again. Copy and complete

the information about the work experiences of the two How the experience might help in the
interviewees. future:

Talk about future career possibilities. 2.1 VOCABULARY
4 REAL ENGLISH In your notebook, match the phrases in 7 Choose the correct alternative.
bold (1–5) to the definitions (A–E). 1 Leroy fulfils his potential / prioritises /
1 If someone has something in mind, thinks outside the box and that’s why he has original,
2 If someone keeps their hand in, creative ideas.
3 If someone goes after something, 2 Kamili did a lot of career prospects / networking /
4 If a company takes someone on, hands on experience online and got to know a few people
who could help her.
5 If someone asks, ‘What’s not to like?’
3 My mum made a successful pitch / pushed the boundaries /
A they occasionally do something so that they don’t lose fulfilled her potential for a challenging job in advertising,
their skill at it. and she got it!
B they employ them. 4 I heard about the job by internship / competitive edge /
C they are saying something is very good. word of mouth from a friend who had an interview with
D they intend to do something. the company.
E they try to get it. 5 I’ll get a competitive edge / hands-on experience /
career prospects on the internship and I should learn a
5 VOCABULARY Check the meaning of the words and lot of practical skills.
phrases below. Then copy and complete the text with the
6 Why don’t you learn on the job / push your boundaries /
g.
correct form of the words and phrases.
n
try out the programme and see if it’s useful before you decide?
yi
career prospects competitive edge 7 Our teacher makes us work really hard because he wants us
op
fulfil your potential hands-on experience internship to fulfil our potential / prioritise / make a successful pitch.
oc
make a successful pitch networking prioritise 8 Frank’s experience from his Saturday job will give him
ot
word of mouth / a competitive edge / an internship when
ph
Career advice applying for full-time jobs.
1 ) offering practical work or

8 In your notebook, replace the underlined words and phrases
g
You can find lots of jobs and (... with the correct form of the words and phrases from Ex 5,
in
experience on sites such as LinkedIn, Glassdoor and 6 and 7.

ut
Google Careers. These sites are also great for (... 2 ) with
rib
people in your future field. Best of all, however, are the tips CareerHunt Home Jobs Advice Questionnaire
st
3 ) for your first job. Obviously, young adults

on how to (...
CareerHunt for students
di
4 ) of working, so these sites provide

have little or no (...
e,
Help us help you by completing our questionnaire about

5 ) your educational
al
advice on developing CVs that will (... your hopes for your future career.
rs
and social achievements and give you a (... 6 ) over other

fo
candidates. They also make suggestions on how to use 1 Have you already joined an online job site to start
ot
7 ), so you can move on to better connecting with people? Why? / Why not?
the sites to improve your (...
l. N
jobs in the future and (...8 ). 2 What activities do you do that demonstrate
enthusiasm to work hard?
ia
er
3 In what ways are you good at finding original ways of

6
at
VOCABULARY Work in pairs. Check the meaning

doing things?
em
of the words and phrases in bold. Then discuss the

questions. 4 Do you feel you learn more from the practical
pl
1 Will you need qualifications or training to pursue a future experience of doing something or from studying how
m
career, or will you be able to learn on the job? to do it in a classroom?

Sa
2 Do you find it easy to think outside the box? Why? / 5 What jobs would you like to test to see if you like them?
Why not?
6 What qualities do you have that could give you a
3 Are you willing to try out new activities, or do you dislike
slight advantage over other job candidates and help
being out of your comfort zone?
you persuade people to employ you?
4 In what ways can a new employee show a willingness
to work? 7 Would you be happy to go abroad to improve your
5 How important are word-of-mouth recommendations job opportunities?
to a company’s success? 8 Which two features would you consider the most
6 What famous business people do you know who have important in a first job: salary, working conditions, job
achieved success by pushing the boundaries? satisfaction, future opportunities or holidays? Why?
9 Work in pairs. Discuss the questions in Ex 8. What

are the differences and similarities in your answers?
10 MEDIATION An English-speaking friend has asked
you for advice about choosing a future career. Use the
information and vocabulary from this lesson to text them
about three things you have learned.
2.2 GRAMMAR Use different types of relative clauses to speak about job adverts.
Relative clauses 5 In your notebook, match the sentences 1–4 to the rules A
or B.
1 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Some companies
remove the information below from people’s CVs in Prepositions in relative clauses
the recruitment process to avoid bias. How might this 1 The company (that) you work for is a great place for
information contribute to bias? pushing your boundaries.
2 The town in which they live has an interesting museum.
date of birth home address name
3 Use the website to contact the person (who) you sent
photo school social media profile
your application to.
4 Use the website to contact the person with whom you
2 Read the article. Are the words in bold necessary?
had the interview.
A company supporting Diversity, A We put prepositions at the end of a relative clause.

B When we use a preposition at the start of a relative
Equity and Inclusion clause, it sounds very formal. In this case, we use whom
WayUp is a job site with a difference. Not only does and which after the prepositions, not who or that.
it focus on companies which are offering internships GRAMMAR BOOSTER P134
g.
and entry-level jobs for young adults, but it also only
n
works with recruiters who are committed to DEI and
yi
6 In your notebook, rewrite the sentences using prepositions
op
ending racism and sexism in the workplace. Getting a job
at the beginning of the relative clauses to make them
shouldn’t be about your gender, where you’re from or the
oc
more formal.
beliefs which you have. It should be about your skills,
ot
1 I contacted the man who I had received the offer from.
your willingness to work and your suitability. WayUp is a
ph
I contacted the man from whom I had received the offer.
popular job site which attracts more young adults who
or
are looking for internships than any other, especially when 2 The company that he referred to has its headquarters in
New York.
g
it releases its annual Top 100 Internship Programs List.
in
3 She apologised to the colleague who she had argued with

ut
earlier that day.

3 In your notebook, match rules A–C below to three
rib
sentences in Ex 2. Sometimes more than one sentence 4 The assumptions that he based his theory on were incorrect.
st
matches a rule. 5 I can’t remember the name of the person that you
di
introduced me to.
e,
Reduced relative clauses 6 The PA found the data that his boss had referred to online.
al
Relative clauses normally contain relative pronouns

rs
7 2.02 Listen to Jakub talking about an internship

(who, which, that, etc.). However, we don’t need to use a
fo
he wanted to do and answer the questions. Answer the

relative pronoun:
ot
questions using reduced relative clauses where possible.

A before a past participle (-ed).
l. N
1 What kind of summer job did Jakub want to do?

B before a present participle (-ing). A job that would give him some useful work experience.
ia
C if it’s the object of a defining relative clause.

er
2 Which jobs were only suitable for experienced people?

at
GRAMMAR BOOSTER P134 3 Who is Julia?

em
4 What kind of companies advertised on the website Julia

4 In your notebook, join the sentences. Use reduced relative recommended?
pl
clauses where possible. 5 Which job seemed attractive at first?

m
1 The job advert asks candidates to think outside the box.

Sa
6 Why didn’t Jakub apply for it?

I applied for it.
7 Why would the successful candidate need to be
The job advert I applied for asks candidates to think geographically mobile?
outside the box. 8 What requirement did they stress in their job advert?
2 There are some important rules. You should follow them 9 Which person offered Jakub the job?
during your internship.
There are (... ). 8 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Choose two of the
3 Those candidates have a competitive edge. They are jobs below and answer the questions about each one. Use
relative clauses in your discussion.
applying early for the post.
Those candidates (... ). banker barista firefighter
hairdresser
4 The internship gave me hands-on experience. It was nurse pizza delivery person police officer
really useful. primary school teacher secretary surgeon
The internship (... ).
1 What qualities do you need to do this job?
5 This is the job website. I found the advert on it.
2 What are the working conditions like?
This is the job website (... ).
3 Who are the people you work with?
6 The candidates were absolutely delighted. They were
offered a job. 4 What are the difficulties you face?
The candidates (... ). 5 What are the most positive aspects of the job?
Inferring attitude in a podcast about hobbies that pay. 2.3 LISTENING
Hobbies that pay

1 Work in pairs. Answer
the questions.
1 What hobbies do you have?
2 Can people make money from any of your hobbies? How?
3 What effects do you think turning a hobby into a business 6 EXAM 2.03 Listen to the podcast again. What can
would have on your feelings about it? we infer from what Aziz and Daria say? Choose the
2 2.03 You will hear a podcast about young adults that correct answer: A, B or C.
have turned their hobbies into jobs. In your notebook, match 1 Initially, Aziz …
the events to the young adults. A doesn’t believe you can make money from a hobby.
A set up social media pages E started a podcast B is excited about the idea of a money-making hobby.
B worked for a radio station F employed people C wants to find out how much money you can make
C did vlogs on YouTube G bought some T-shirts from a hobby.
D turned down some H did interviews at school 2 Daria …
profitable offers I made £1,200 A thinks Aziz isn’t serious about listening to Theo’s
g.
podcast.
n
Theo Rivers: (... )
yi
B disagrees entirely with Aziz about listening to
Natalie and Nina Mallory: (... )
op
Theo’s podcast.
Zayn Patel: (... )
oc
C eventually sees that Aziz may be right about the
ot
3 EXAM 2.03 Listen to the podcast again. Copy and benefits of listening to Theo’s podcast.
ph
complete the sentences with one or two words. 3 Daria …
1 A media executive noticed Theo’s abilities when she heard A suggests that the Mallory sisters were rather clever
some (... ) he had conducted. orto take the risk they did.
g
in
2 A radio station hired Theo after he made a (... ) for a job. B agrees with Aziz that the risk the Mallory sisters
ut
3 Theo gets celebrities to talk about music and other topics of took was too great.
rib
interest to (... ). C believes that the risk the Mallory sisters took
shouldn’t have paid off.
st
4 The Mallory sisters used their artistic skills to create (... ) for
di
their T-shirts. 4 Daria …

e,
5 The sisters’ risk (... ) when they managed to sell all their A understands Aziz’s joke about asking the Mallory
al
T-shirts. sisters to design something for them.

rs
6 Zayn Patel gained valuable (... ) in coaching children when he B asks Aziz why he finds the Mallory sisters’
fo
taught his sisters and cousins. accomplishments so funny.

ot
7 Zayn’s business expanded when people in (... ) started asking C suggests that she and Aziz are too busy to
l. N
him to teach their children how to play chess. undertake another activity.
ia
4 Work in pairs. Which of the young adults in the podcast do 5 Daria …

er
you think will have long-term success in their new career? Why? A suggests that Aziz should consider that factors
at
other than money could have influenced Zayn.

em
STRATEGY Inferring attitude B agrees with Aziz that it was wise of Zayn to employ
people.
pl
We often infer what a person’s attitude is towards something from

m
how they say something as well as from what they say. Therefore, C hopes that Aziz will be honest and agree that Zayn
Sa
it is important to be aware of a speaker’s intonation as a word was right to turn down the adverts from brands.
or phrase could express different attitudes, such as surprise,
7 Work in pairs. How could you make money
excitement, disbelief or even disagreement.
from a hobby? In your notebook, create a short plan for
turning a hobby into a business. Consider the following
5 2.04 Read the strategy. Then listen to conversations 1–7.
points and your own ideas:
What can you infer about people’s attitude from the words and
phrases below. Choose the correct alternative. • Find out which categories are currently popular:
tech-based, fashion, sport, creative, food, and drink, etc.
1 Seriously? surprise / disbelief / delight
2 Seriously? surprise / disbelief / delight
• Choose a popular hobby.
3 Really? excitement / anger / agreement
• Choose one aspect of the hobby that you can provide
a service for.
4 Really? agreement / disbelief / excitement
• Decide who your clients will be and what online tools
5 You’re having a laugh, right? agreement / disagreement /
you will use to reach them.
surprise
• Think about how you’ll fund your start-up.
6 You’re having a laugh, right? disbelief / disapproval / excitement
7 Honestly. disapproval / disagreement / 8 Work in groups. Present your plan.
surprise 9 THINK & SHARE Give feedback on other plans.
8 Honestly? disbelief / agreement / approval Suggest what could be done to produce better results.
Which one do you think would be most successful? Why?
Unit 2 25
2.4 VOCABULARY Talk about creating a personal brand.
Brand me! 3 VOCABULARY In your notebook, replace the bold phrases

with the correct form of the highlighted words and phrases
1 EXAM Work in pairs. Answer the questions. from the article in Ex 2.
1 Think of one word to describe yourself. Then 1 I never know how my boss will react from day to day.
discuss whether you would want a future employer I wish he’d always behave in the same way.
or educational institution to think of this word in 2 You can’t expect people to trust you straight away. You have
connection with your name. Why? / Why not? to develop that trust.
2 Think of your presence on social media sites. Discuss 3 He’s full of enthusiasm for some podcasts he wants to do, but
whether you would want a future employer or first he has to produce the materials for them.
educational institute to have access to these sites. 4 To make money from YouTube videos, you need to establish
Why? / Why not? exactly who your customers are, so that you can adapt your
3 Why do you think some people don’t want to message to appeal to them.
participate in social media? Are there pressures on 5 Until you can create a positive and lasting image, you will
people to be online? find it difficult to get more clients.
2 Read the article. Which rule (1–5) deals with the 6 It is important for any business to maintain the attention it
following areas? receives by advertising on social media.
g.
7 The journalist worked hard to succeed in a small sector in the
n
creating the right image making use of the right tools music industry by writing about innovations in classical music.
yi
planning providing relevant information
op
speaking to the right people 4 VOCABULARY Copy and complete the sentences with the
oc
correct form of the words and phrases below.
ot
attribute engagement map out online presence
How to brand yourself and
ph
stand out from the crowd target demographic
stand out from the crowd
or
1 This public relations company has years of experience of (... )
g
with politicians.
in
2 Honesty is the most important (... ) in finance, but it isn’t

ut
a quality everyone has.

rib
3 Nathan has (... ) a clear career plan.

st
4 Ahmed has a noticeable (... ) thanks to his blog and YouTube

di
channel.
e,
5 Everybody wants to be noticed and (... ), but it has to be for the

al
rs
right reasons.
fo
6 The (... ) for the product is teens.

ot
The days of staying in the same job for fifteen or twenty 5 Choose the correct alternative to complete the article.
l. N
years are long gone. Today, we are the bosses of our own
companies, ME Corporation! We believe that to market our
ia
er
companies an online presence is essential to make sure we

keep a high profile so that we can network with the people
CELEBRITY ONLINE BRANDING
at
that really matter. Here are five golden rules for creating a
em
unique online brand. What makes tennis player Emma Raducanu popular with brands?
pl
Obviously, being a young tennis champion helps, but what built her
1 Map out the career that you want and identify
1
m
achievable goals. Decide where you would like to be credibility / content with sponsors is the fact that she’s
Sa
in six months, a year or five years’ time. well-mannered and avoids controversy. Max Eisenburg, Raducanu’s
agent, moved quickly to take advantage of her positive ‘brand’ image
2 Think about what makes you different, the things that
will help build your credibility. Ask your most trusted after her surprise victory in the American Open. He 2created / carved
friends to use four or five adjectives to describe your a niche for Raducanu in the tennis sportswear market, aiming at the
positive attributes and use these to help establish target 3demographic / attribute of young sportswomen. He also
your reputation. 4
mapped / established out a plan to take advantage of tennis’s image
3 Produce a specific message that focuses on what you

really want to do professionally and helps you carve
as a wealthy sport, and Raducanu signed a contract with New York
jewellers, Tiffanys. This creates pressure for Raducanu. To keep her
a niche in your field. Also, be consistent when you contracts, she has to keep winning so that she can stand out from the
create content for your online platforms, so that you’re 5
audience / crowd of other young players and keep a high 6profile /
always associated with your goals. engagement in the media. She must also make sure she doesn’t
4 Identify your target demographic. Define your audience

so that you deliver your message to the people who are
damage the reputation she has 7defined / established for herself.
really going to help you fulfil your potential.

6 MEDIATION In pairs, imagine you are talking with your
5 Choose the right social media platforms that provide
opportunities for engagement with your target grandparents about how the world of work has changed. They
demographic. It’s no use using Twitter if the people don’t understand ideas such as networking and online presence.
you want to network with don’t use the platform. Explain to them how ‘branding yourself’ works, using ideas from
both articles to make the information more accessible.
Use ellipsis and substitution to talk about building an online brand. 2.5 GRAMMAR
Ellipsis and substitution 5 Read the rules. In your notebook, match rules A–C to
sentences 1–3.
1 EXAM Work in pairs. Do you manage your online
presence? Do you check what others post about you on Substitution
social media? Why? / Why not? We can sometimes avoid repeating whole phrases by
substituting them with a few words.
2 Work in pairs. Read the dialogue about managing
our online presence. How far do you agree with Abe? A We can avoid repetition by replacing a clause after
Give reasons. certain verbs, e.g. appear, assume, be afraid, believe,
expect, guess, hope, imagine, seem, suppose and think
Priti Have you started building your online presence?
with so.
Abe I was intending to (1start building my online presence),
B We use not or not (verb) so in negative replies after
but then I changed my mind.
appear, believe, expect, imagine, seem, suppose and
Priti Why?
think, e.g. Are we late? I don’t think so.
Abe Well, have you ever heard of Andy Warhol?
C We only use not (not not … so) in negative replies after
Priti Yes, I have (2heard of Andy Warhol). Why? assume, be afraid, guess, hope, presume and suspect,
Abe He said everyone would be famous for fifteen minutes. e.g. Has Tim been sacked? I hope not.
But now, thanks to our online presence, our life stories
g.
will always be known and (3will always be) available. 1 Are there any drawbacks? I don’t think so.
n
2 Has Harry been sacked? I hope not.
yi
Priti You mean that we won’t be able to be anonymous?
3 Does your sister like her job? I suppose so.
op
Abe No, we won’t (4be able to be anonymous).
oc
Priti Well, we can control what we upload. GRAMMAR BOOSTER P135
ot
Abe True, but we can’t control what other people upload
ph
about us, can we? 6 In your notebook, complete the responses to the
questions with the subject pronouns I or It and the
3 Read the phrases in brackets 1–4 in the dialogue in Ex 2.
or
affirmative or negative forms of the verbs in brackets. In
g
Copy and complete rules A–C below. Match the phrases in
some cases, more than one answer is possible.
in
brackets to the rules.

ut
1 Did Poppy improve her career prospects? (think ✓)

Ellipsis
rib
(... )
st
and and but leave out repeated infinitive 2 Does Tom network with the right people? (appear ✗) (... )
di
repeated verb or verb phrase 3 Have they mapped out their recruitment policy? (believe ✓)
e,
(... )
al
We can sometimes (... 1 ) words because it is not necessary

4 Did they keep a high profile? (be afraid ✗) (... )
rs
to repeat them for a sentence to be understood. 5 Will they create good content? (suspect ✗) (... )
fo
A We can leave out subjects, verbs, articles and nouns 6 Is he targeting the right demographic? (seem ✓) (... )
ot
2 ) if they are mentioned in the first part of

after (...
l. N
the sentence. 7 Work in pairs. Read the dialogue. Decide where to use
B We can leave out a (... 3 ) after an auxiliary or modal verb. ellipsis and substitution to leave out five repeated phrases.
ia
Geeta Do you have experience as a social media manager?

er
C We can leave out a (... 4 ) after verbs followed by to +

at
infinitive (want, intend, used, would like, etc.) Nathan Yes, I have experience as a social media manager.
em
I worked as a manager for my rugby club.

Geeta Did you increase their online presence?
pl
Nathan Yes, I believe I increased their online presence, and

m
4 Read the sentences. What words have been omitted using their membership, too.
Sa
ellipsis?
Geeta Did you define their audience clearly?
1 Mark wants to be successful and I also want to (…).
Nathan Yes, I defined their audience clearly.
Mark wants to be successful and I (also) want to be successful.
Geeta Great! Now, do you think you could help our club?
2 A Is Zoe keeping a high online profile?
Nathan Yes, I think I could help your club.
B She said she is (…), although I doubt she will (…).
Geeta Would you be able to tell me how?
3 We wanted to establish our reputation in the USA, but we
Nathan No, I’m afraid I wouldn’t be able to tell you how.
didn’t manage to (…).
I need to learn more about the club first.
4 I’ve shown willingness and (…) potential.
Geeta Good point – so I’ll start with some background …
5 A Has Andy got any positive attributes?
B Yes, he has (…). 8 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Discuss one of the
6 An online presence has pros, but (…) also (…) cons. topics below. Use ellipsis and substitution wherever possible.
7 A Who’s the speaker today? • Your online image is more important than your offline image.
B I am (…). • Your online image doesn’t have to reflect who you really are.
8 A Let’s start our own business.
B I don’t want to (…).

Unit 2 27
2.6 READING Understand the structure of a text about money scams.
Money scams STRATEGY Understanding text structure

1 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Discuss the Writers use ellipsis to avoid repeating words and structures
questions. that they have already used. If you don’t understand part
of a text, it could be because the writer has used ellipsis.
• How are people sometimes cheated out of money? Make
Reading the preceding phrase, sentence or sentences
a list of how this is done, including online methods.
should help you understand what the writer means.
• How easy is it for the police to catch criminals that use
these methods? Why?
4 Read the strategy. Find the underlined sentences in the
2 2.05 Read the article. Which activities are illegal, article. Decide which words were left out using ellipsis.
and which are legal but dishonest?
3 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Why do you think
some people fall for scams like these?
TOO GOOD
When you go online to look for a job, you usually
have a job or career in mind. You choose the
recruitment sites and search engines that you think
g.
will most help you. However, whilst most online
n
yi
jobseekers only have to deal with the difficulties
op
of the job application process, a few also become
TO BE TRUE
targets for con artists. Some use totally illegal
oc
methods to steal jobseekers’ money or make them
ot
unknowing participants in crimes. Others stay
ph
within the law, but 1(…) only just. Here, we look at
or four of the most common scams.
g
in
ut
rib
st
A SCAM JOB WEBSITES

di
Online recruitment is the most effective way for companies to advertise

e,
their jobs and 2(…) to attract candidates. However, amongst the genuine
al
job sites found on the internet, there are also fraudulent ones. These post
rs
false advertisements for attractive jobs and the people that apply are
fo
quickly told they are suitable candidates. Before the recruitment process
ot
can continue, however, the candidates have to pay a registration fee

l. N
to the site or a fee for improving their CVs. This improvement, the site
promises, will help the candidate stand out from the crowd and keep a
ia
high profile. Although most candidates see through the scam immediately,
er
some people who are desperate for a job pay up. In an experiment in the
at
UK, involving the Metropolitan Police of London and the Information

em
Assurance Advisory Council, over 100 people applied for a job that
pl
didn’t exist, even though there were obvious clues that it was a fraud.
m
Organisations such as Action Fraud, the national agency in the UK for

Sa
reporting scams, warn people that no matter how desperate they are, they
SCAM
should check job offers very carefully before continuing with the process.
B MULTI-LEVEL MARKETING
Do you want to push your career boundaries, be your own boss and earn thousands of
pounds? This is what many multi-level marketing companies selling beauty or health
products promise their target demographics, often young women struggling with financial
problems. These companies have an attractive online presence and 3(…) frequently
recruit through social media. To start their careers, new employees have to buy a range
of products from the company, which, in theory, they then have to sell. The companies,
however, want their employees to prioritise recruiting new members. Why? Because these
new members must then buy products from the company to sell. The companies put a
lot of pressure on employees to recruit friends and even family members. They tell them
that if they won’t recruit their family and friends, other employees will 4(…). A very few
people who try out working for multi-level marketing companies make a living. However,
according to a report by the Federal Trade Commission in the USA, 99% lose their money
and sometimes their friends and family.

2.6 READING
5 Work in pairs. Read the situations 1–4 below. Then read the 7 VOCABULARY Copy and complete the sentences
article again. In your notebook, match these people to the scams with the correct form of the highlighted words and
they suffered. Say which information in the texts helped you match phrases in the article in Ex 2.
the scams to the victims. 1 The elderly couple lost all their money when they
1 Catalina Rodrigo had recently lost her job at a leisure centre were taken in by a (... ).
when she received a phone call from a company called Iona. 2 Her claim to have found a way to diagnose
They offered her a job that she could do from home that involved diseases using new technology was (... ) and her
receiving goods that she was then instructed to send on to other business collapsed.
people. She became suspicious and contacted the authorities. 3 Of course the scheme was a (... ). It was too good
2 Ajay Sharma was finding it difficult to find a job when he saw a to be true.
marketing job on an online job site that was perfect. He applied 4 The criminal organisation used (... ) to move large
and was told he was an ideal candidate, but first he had to pay sums of money around.
£99 so his application could progress. He refused. 5 The company sells (... ) gym equipment, but the
3 Emma Davies’s business was going through a difficult period, prices are astronomical.
so she decided to get some advice on how to be more effective. 6 It is against the law not to pay tax, but some
Unfortunately, although the course she signed up for offered businesses find ways to (... ) doing so.
regular phone consultations, she received very few.
g.
7 He was such a convincing liar that people didn’t
4 Maya Weber was contacted on social media by a company
n
(... ) him.
yi
that said she would be an ideal candidate for a new business
8 The criminals (... ) their illegal profits by investing
op
opportunity that involved working from home. All she had to do
in businesses like restaurants and night clubs.
oc
was buy some products and sell them to her family and friends.
8
ot
Maya soon got into debt. MEDIATION Your teacher has asked you
ph
to prepare a list of Dos and Don’ts for students who
6 EXAM Read about the people in Ex 5 again. are leaving school soon and looking for jobs online.
Who was taken in by a scam that …
or
You have been asked to focus specifically on scams.
g
1 did not provide the help that had been promised? Working in groups of four, plan the Dos and Don’ts
in
2 offered them a chance to make a profit by buying goods and then based on the ideas in the texts. Then write them
ut
selling them on? down in a style that will look good as a web page as
rib
3 offered them advice on how to improve their business? they will be posted on the school website.
st
4 promised to further their chances of getting a job on receipt of

di
a sum of money?
e,
5 required them to accept deliveries and pass them on to others?

al
rs
fo
ot
l. N
ia
C MONEY MULES
er
Laundering has become increasingly difficult for international

at
criminals, but they are good at thinking outside the box. Some
em
online jobseekers have received phone calls offering work as ‘local

pl
inspectors’. The job involves receiving parcels that contain expensive

m
items such as top of the range electronic equipment, opening and

Sa
repackaging them and then sending them abroad. Although the ‘local
inspectors’ don’t realise it, the items they are sending have been
bought with stolen money. Once at their destination, they are sold for
cash, allowing the criminals to get around international controls and
SCAM
successfully launder the money.
D ONLINE JOB COACHES

It’s hard to establish a reputation and a good online presence. Not
surprisingly, some job candidates turn to online job coaches to do so and
also for help in gaining a competitive edge and making a successful pitch
for a job. However, once the fee has been paid, the service that was offered
often fails to live up to expectations. Online tutorials turn out to be badly
made, the frequent online support sessions turn into short text messages,
and the promised phone calls never happen. Unfortunately, almost anyone
can set themselves up to offer online tutorials, and governments do
little to take action against unscrupulous coaches. Not surprisingly, many
unsatisfied clients would like them to 5(…), and the International Coaching
Federation would like them to 6(…) as well. They are worried that the sector’s
image will be damaged and its annual profits of $11.6 billion reduced.
Unit 2 29
2.7 GLOBAL SKILLS Learn to stand out when writing a professional profile.
A professional profile 3 VOCABULARY Work in pairs. Copy and complete the

questions with the highlighted words from the article. Then
1 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Read the different discuss the questions.
methods of finding a job. Then discuss the questions. 1 What are your main (... ) that you would highlight in an online
profile?
company websites friends / contacts
job fairs online recruitment services 2 Where could you find (... ) and expressions for a particular job
print and online newspapers or industry?
professional networking sites 3 Who could you ask for references and (... )?
4 How could you find the names of people who work in (... )
1 Have you used any of the methods, or do you know
departments to direct them towards your online profile?
anyone who has?
5 What evidence in the form of certificates, etc. from school or
2 What do you think are the possible advantages and
previous jobs could you produce to authenticate your (... )?
disadvantages of each?
6 What is the main thing (... ) in the job field you’re interested in
3 Which ones do you think you will try in the future to
are looking for?
find jobs in the fields that interest you?
4 Work in pairs. Read the extract from an online
2 Read the article about writing an online profile.
profile. Discuss what is right or wrong with it and suggest
Answer the questions.
g.
ways to improve it so that it has a better chance of catching
n
According to the article, … a recruiter’s attention.
yi
1 what do recruiters want to know about you when they
op
look at your online profile? Profile Edit
oc
2 what is a good way of setting out this information? Responsible, hard-working and polite school leaver is seeking a position
ot
3 do all job applications require a photo of job candidates? in the kitchen of a busy restaurant. I would like the chance to work in
ph
4 how should you be dressed in the photo you use for one because I’m interested in food and one day I’d like to be a chef.
your online profile?
or
Last summer, I worked in the kitchen of a seaside café. I loaded and
unloaded the dishwasher, set and cleared tables and washed fruit and
g
5 what kind of language should you use in the summary
in
about you and your skills? vegetables. I learned a lot about how to be safe in a kitchen and how
ut
to keep the place clean. When the café was busy, I helped to serve
6 why is it important to use the right kind of language?
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customers, and I enjoyed talking to the them.

7 what two kinds of information should be emphasised
My favourite hobby is cooking, and I love trying out new recipes and
st
in your track record? ingredients. I also run half-marathons, play chess and am a keen
di
8 why is it important to include details about volunteer member of a local dramatic society.
e,
work?
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rs
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How to write a stand-out profile

ot
l. N
Want to build an online presence that will help you keep a high profile and enhance your
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career prospects? Want to give yourself a competitive edge that will catch the eye of the
er
human resources departments of the companies in your field? Read on to find out how!
at
1 Create content
em
If a recruiter has clicked on your profile, it’s because they want to know about your skills,
pl
endorsements, hands-on experience as a volunteer and other work experience that is relevant
m
to their field. Organise your material into clearly defined lists of short sentences in bullet form,
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highlighting your attributes.
2 Choose a great photo

The creation of a great online presence often begins with choosing an image that makes you
look professional. Some job applications don’t require them, but some job search sites
recommend them. If you do need one, check out what people in your target demographic and
industry wear and get inspiration from them. If you can, find a photo showing you in action in
your chosen field: this can transmit your energy, enthusiasm and passion!
3 Write a summary
Write a friendly summary about you and your skills. Establish your authenticity by writing in
the first person, making it feel like you’re taking part in a conversation. Try to think outside the
box and use interesting language rather than words that everyone else uses, e.g. responsible,
creative, driven. However, make sure you include keywords from your target industry to increase
your profile’s effectiveness in appearing in online searches by recruiters.
4 Experience
Make sure the accomplishments and endorsements highlighted in your track record are up to
date and relevant to the career you’re aiming for. Include any volunteer work or student jobs which
show your willingness to learn on the job, a skill sought by employers in your target industry.
Use relative clauses to add clarity to a photo description. 2.8 SPEAKING
Volunteering PRONUNCIATION Elision

1 EXAM Work in pairs. Discuss the questions. When we speak, we sometimes leave out, or ‘elide’,
the sound of part of a word. This elision often
1 Have you ever participated in volunteer activities? Why? / Why not?
occurs when two consonant sounds occur one after
2 What type of volunteer activities do young people do in your
the other between two words, for example when
country?
the last sound at the end of a word is followed by a
3 Why do you think some young people take part in volunteer consonant sound at the beginning of the next one,
activities? e.g. I don’t know.
2 2.06 Listen to the speaker. Where does she think the people in
the photo are? Why do young people in some countries take part 5 a PRONUNCIATION Read the Pronunciation
in volunteer activities according to the speaker? box. Then read and copy the sentences from the
description of the photo in Ex 2 in your notebook.
Underline where there might be elision.
1 It’s hard to know exactly where the picture
was taken.
2 In the background, there’s a big window that
g.
sunlight is pouring through.
n
3 I get the impression that it’s spacious.
yi
op
4 I can’t be sure, but I’d say that because of the
T-shirt and the fact that the man is elderly, she’s
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possibly a volunteer.
ot
5 The man, who has his right hand raised above the
ph
board, is about to make a move.
or
b 2.06 Listen again and check your answers.
g
in
Then listen again and repeat.
ut
6 THINK & SHARE EXAM Work in pairs. Answer

rib
the follow-up questions about the photo.

st
STRATEGY Using relative clauses to add clarity 1 What benefits do you think the people in the
di
photo in Ex 2 get from spending time with each

e,
We use defining relative clauses to make it clear who or what we

other?
al
are talking about and to identify the qualities that make a thing or
2 Why do you think some employers like to see that
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person distinct. We can also use non-defining relative clauses to

job candidates have experience as volunteers?
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add more information about a person, thing or place.

ot
7 Work in pairs. Turn to page 150 and follow the

l. N
3 2.06 Listen again. Read the strategy. What information instructions.

does the speaker provide to describe and identify the things
ia
8 REFLECT Give feedback on each other’s

below.
er
performance. Say what was good about it and what

at
the window the room the two people the T-shirt could be improved in the following areas:
em
the young woman the man • grammar accuracy

• range of vocabulary
pl
• fluency
m
4 2.06 Listen again. Copy and complete the Phrasebook.

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• clarity
PHRASEBOOK Specifying who or what we are talking about
• use phrases from the Phrasebook
Describing the scene
The setting looks like a place where …
1 ) that it’s a place where / which / that …
I (...
In the foreground / (... 2 ), there’s …
3
It’s (... ) exactly where the photo was taken, but …
4 ) they’re in … (the USA)
I (...
Identifying people
They look like the kind of people who / that …
He / She’s (... 5 ) a volunteer … who …
He / She appears to be a sort of …

The (... 6 ) (that they’re sitting) suggests that …
Speculating
It looks to me like …
It looks like some kind of … or maybe a …
It looks to me like a … of some kind.
7 ) sure, but I’d say …
I (...
There really aren’t any (... 8 ) to where / which / who … , but …
Unit 2 31
2.9 WRITING Write a formal email applying for a job.
Applying for a job STRATEGY Selecting appropriate vocabulary

1 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Read the job advert. When writing a formal email for a job application, use
What position is it for? Would you apply for it? Why? / Why not? appropriate vocabulary for that industry. Look at job ads
and company websites to find suitable vocabulary that
describe the qualities and experience they are looking for.
Digital Marketing and Social Media Internship
Also pay attention to the style and register of the language
Start date: 30 June Duration: 2 months, 40 hrs a week they use and use similar language when writing to them.
• Develop social media strategies for our summer events
• Identify the latest trends in social media 5 Read the strategy. Find examples of the vocabulary and
• Grow existing campaigns on Instagram, Twitter, etc. phrases used in the advert that the writer has also used in
her email.
Apply Save
6 Read the Phrasebook. Copy and complete the list with the
phrases in bold from Ex 2.
2 Read the email. Rewrite the paragraphs in the correct order.
PHRASEBOOK A formal covering email
Introduction
ng.
To: Sami Patel I am writing in response to your advert in …
yi
Subject: Digital Marketing and Social Media internship 1 ) … advertised in …
I am writing (...
op
Attachment: JessFrenchCV.doc
I am writing with reference to your advert in … for the
oc
Dear Mr Patel, position of …
ot
Talking about your experience
A While at AllStars, I have had a number of duties including
ph
2 ) as …
I believe that I have (...
growing existing campaigns and building the club’s online 3
I have had a (... ) including …
presence on all major social media platforms.
or 4 ) make me a good candidate for …
I feel (...
g
B I believe that I have made my mark as a social media Referring to other documents
in
manager. I have developed strategies to help the club

ut
As you will see from my CV, I have …

stand out from the crowd and increase membership. 5 ).
You will find my online profile here and (...
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Moreover, I have gained invaluable expertise in identifying Please find my CV attached for your consideration.
st
the latest social media trends, and this has helped me Conclusion
di
to align my social media campaigns with the marketing I am available for an interview at your earliest convenience.
e,
team’s overall advertising strategy. Should you need any further information, please do not
al
C You will find my online profile here and I have attached

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hesitate to contact me.

my CV. I am available for an interview at your earliest I look forward (...6 ) soon.
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convenience.
ot
D I am writing to apply for the Social Media internship 7 EXAM In your notebook, write a cover letter for one of
l. N
advertised on the StuFutures website. I am eighteen years the job adverts below. Use appropriate language from the
ia
old and am currently preparing for my final exams. During advert and phrases from the Phrasebook.
er
this academic year I have also gained hands-on experience

at
save
as social media manager for a local sports club, AllStars. Sports marketing internship
em
E As a result, I feel that my skills and experience make me Part time for 6 months - €500 a month
pl
a good candidate for the advertised position. Furthermore, Students! Gain hands-on experience in events marketing!
m
I dedicate my free time to producing my own sports vlog, We host sports events countrywide for university students.
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an experience I have also learned a lot from. Successful candidates will …

I look forward to hearing from you soon. • create engaging social content on key platforms.
• co-ordinate and schedule marketing.
Yours sincerely,
• provide customer service for university teams.
Jessica French.
Applications are invited from students who wish to work as

3 Read the email again. In which paragraph A–E does the
camp counsellors at a US summer camp. Tell us about your
writer include the following information? Sometimes more experiences of supervising young children and teens (e.g.
than one answer is possible. sports, etc.) and tell us about any personal qualities you have
1 her experience in a related job (... ) that will help ensure their well-being 24/7 for a month.
2 her reasons for writing (... ) 3 hours ago Apply now
3 her reasons for thinking she is suitable for the job (... )
4 her availability for an interview (... ) 8 CHECK YOUR WORK Did you …
5 a brief biography (... ) • use vocabulary from the advert and phrases from the
6 her relevant skills for the job (... ) Phrasebook?
• structure the email with an introduction, details of your
4 Work in pairs. Do you think Jessica is a good
experience, and a conclusion?
candidate for the job advertised in Ex 1? Why? / Why not?
• check the email for spelling and grammar mistakes?
2.10 REVIEW
Grammar 4 Copy and complete the sentences with the correct form of
the phrases below.
1 Rewrite the sentences using reduced relative clauses.
1 Anyone who is affected by the situation should inform carve a niche create content define our audience
the authorities. establish your reputation map out network
2 The position which he found himself in didn’t allow him stand out from the crowd target demographic
to fulfill his potential. 1 Lily is a journalist, and she has (... ) for herself by
3 The website which you found has great tips on improving specialising in technology news.
your online presence. 2 Conferences are great places to (... ) with people in your
4 The people that they are hiring all have hands-on industry.
experience. 3 We need to (... ) and make sure our advertising reaches
5 They only interviewed people who were already working the right people.
in the field. 4 Maria (... ) as an excellent worker and now she has
6 The website which is being created will attract thousands everyone’s respect.
of subscribers. 5 Pablo has (... ) a clear career plan for the next few years.
7 We really hope that the person who is interviewing Anita 6 Everybody wants to be noticed and (... ).
tomorrow gives her the job.
g.
7 The (... ) for the product is young adults between the ages
n
8 They are only replying to applications which were made of 16 and 30.
yi
before the closing date.
op
8 You need to (... ) for your website that is relevant to your
2 In your notebook, copy the dialogue. Underline four field and of high quality.
oc
phrases that can be left out by using ellipsis. Circle three
ot
examples of substitution. Say what words they substitute.
Cumulative review
ph
Amy What’s the matter, Syed?
Syed My brother. He’s asking me for help to set up his blog. or
5 Copy and complete the article with the words and phrases
below. Then shorten the clauses a–f in bold using reduced
g
Amy He’s keeping a high online profile, isn’t he?
in
relative clauses or ellipsis where possible.

Syed It appears so. He’s creating content for a new blog.
ut
rib
Amy Wow! I really want to develop an online presence build credibility carve a niche fulfil the potential
when I finish my studies and when I finish my exams. online presence prioritise target demographic
st
Syed I’d like to develop an online presence as well. You didn’t

di
go to the careers talk about networking, did you?

e,
How can a sports person attract sponsors? Obviously, first

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Amy I’m afraid not. I intended to go to the careers talk they need to (... 1 ) athat they demonstrated as youngsters
rs
about networking, but I had to go to work. and become winners, but that is not enough. What really
fo
Syed Well, there’s another one next week. Maybe you can 2 ) is a positive image.
helps to (...
ot
go to that. Sponsors like sports stars bwho avoid controversy and

l. N
Amy Great! Thanks for telling me. I will go to the other talk 3 ) winning. Their advice to any young sports stars cwho
(...
next week. It should be interesting. would like to earn lucrative sponsorships is, obviously,
ia
to become outstanding athletes. Those dwho do become

er
Syed I expect so!

outstanding athletes will be able to (... 4 ) for themselves in
at
e 5 ). However,
em
Vocabulary the sportswear market that is aimed at their (...

once they have contracts, they will need to keep them, and
pl
3 Choose the correct answer: A, B or C. in order to do this, they will have to continue to win games.
m
They will also have to maintain a good (... 6 ) and make sure
1 My mum has done a course to improve her career (... ).
Sa
f
A potential B prioritise C prospects they don’t do anything which is damaging to their image.
2 I love challenges and trying to push my (... ). This adds up to a lot of pressure and not all sports stars can
handle it.
A boundaries B experience C prospects
3 The company wants its workers to think outside the (... ).
A job B box C edge
4 Max heard about the job through word of (... ).
Think & share
A edge B mouth C networking 6 EXAM Work in pairs or small groups and discuss
5 We learned on the (... ) and didn’t need to go to college the questions.
and do a course. 1 How much effect do you think the presence of sports
A job B edge C pitch stars in advertising has on the sales of products?
6 If you show a (... ) and work hard, the company will 2 Have you ever bought anything because of the
promote you quickly. connection between a brand and a sports star? Why? /
Why not?
A internship B networking C willingness
7 Get out of your comfort zone and try new things (... ).
A about B pitch C out
8 Maryam gave herself a competitive (... ) by visiting the
office a day before her interview.
A job B edge © Oxford University Press
C box Review 33
1–2 EXAM SKILLS
Listening
4 Read the text below and choose the correct answer: A, B, C
EXAM STRATEGY or D.
When you have to match speakers to statements or
summaries, it is important to listen for the general meaning
instead of listening for words that match exactly. The correct
Predicting the future
answers often use synonyms to express a speaker’s ideas. It seems that all around us today, scientists, activists and
politicians are making predictions about the future of our
1 Read the strategy above. Then read the exam task in world – and sadly, much of what they are forecasting is not
Ex 2. Identify the key words in each statement (A–H) and terribly positive. Generally, their ideas of what the future
think of different ways of expressing them. holds for us are based on statistics and models and are
1 ) likely to be accurate. But what about some of the
(...
2 2.07 You will hear five short extracts in which people famous predictions from the past which (... 2 ) to have
are talking about their jobs. For speakers 1–5, choose from come true, even though they weren’t based on scientific
the list (A–H) what each speaker says. Use the letters only fact? For example, one of the most famous people who
once. There are three extra letters which you do not need 3 ) to foresee the future was Nostradamus, a French
(...
to use. astrologer who lived nearly five hundred years ago. Some
g.
1 Speaker 1 (... ) people believe that he correctly predicted events from
n
2 Speaker 2 (... ) 4 ) past – in fact, some are (...
5 ) that 70% of what he
yi
our (...
op
3 Speaker 3 (... ) predicted has already happened. Others say that his ideas
were not (... 6 ) enough and are therefore open to different
4 Speaker 4 (... )
oc
interpretations. One biographer has argued that history
ot
5 Speaker 5 (... )
has a (... 7 ) to repeat itself, and so Nostradamus was able
ph
A It was because of family pressure that I chose my job. to project events that had already taken place onto the
B My career success is due to a number of different factors.
or
future to make predictions that seem (...
g 8 ). Still others (...
9)
C It’s better not to do a job just because it pays well. modern translations of his work for being inaccurate and
in
D My job had a negative effect on the people around me. unreliable. Nevertheless, in the next few years, followers
ut
of Nostradamus will (... 10) doubt be looking out for evidence

E Choosing a career path for yourself can be stressful.
rib
F The most important thing in my job is helping other of his predictions in the shape of climate change events,
st
people. natural disasters and wars.

di
G My success at work is due to the support of people I have

e,
worked with. 1 A despite B therefore C although D however

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2 A show B resemble C reveal D seem

rs
H You have to put yourself before other people to achieve

3 A claimed B stated C argued D insisted
fo
your goals.
4 A latest B recent C modern D new
ot
Use of English 5 A accepted B believed C convinced D assured

l. N
6 A true B correct C right D exact

EXAM STRATEGY
ia
7 A tendency B habit C judgement D reputation

er
When you do a multiple-choice cloze task, read the text first 8 A B C D

at
genuine realistic sensible practical

without looking at the options. Think of words that might fit the
em
9 A analyse B examine C criticise D explain

gaps, then check the options to see if any of your ideas are there.
10 A no B any C some D little
pl
m
3 Read the strategy above. Then read the exam task

Reading
Sa
in Ex 4. Read the text and, in your notebook, note down

any words that you think fit the gaps before looking at EXAM STRATEGY
the options.
In True, False or Not Given tasks, you need to find clear
evidence to support a true or a false answer. Where there isn’t
any, choose ‘Not Given’, whether or not your common sense or
general knowledge agrees or disagrees with the statement.
5 Read the strategy above. Then read the exam task

in Ex 6 and statements 1–8, but not the text. In your
notebook, mark any statements which you think are true or
false. When you do the task, find evidence to support your
answers or choose ‘not given’ (NG).

34 Exam skills Complete all activities in your notebook.
1–2 EXAM SKILLS
1 When choosing a career, you should find a balance

6 Read the article about how to choose a career. For each between your desires and practical considerations. (... )
statement 1–8, write true (T), false (F) or not given (NG) in 2 The jobs that are most highly paid are usually found in
your notebook. particular parts of the country. (... )
3 It’s natural that students do better at school in the
subjects they are most interested in. (... )
Choosing a career 4 Just because someone has a particular interest doesn’t
Choosing which career path to follow can be one of the always mean they should pursue it as a career. (... )
most important, but also one of the most challenging 5 Planning for the future is more important than your
decisions that we have to make in life. With so many job immediate goals. (... )
options out there, it can be overwhelming and confusing 6 Careers analysts can offer advice to people at different
for many people. It’s important to keep in mind not only stages of their careers. (... )
what you want, but also what is realistic. Everyone wants
7 Most psychometric tests are concerned with your
a career that they can enjoy, but there are other important
relationships with other people. (... )
factors that come into play, such as what level of salary
8 Some companies only employ people who can
you are aiming for, what qualifications and experience
demonstrate they have taken psychometric tests. (... )
you will need and whether it’s a career that offers job
g.
security. Location may be another consideration for some
Speaking
n
yi
people. It’s useful to prioritise your goals early on so you
op
can narrow down your options. EXAM STRATEGY
oc
A good starting point is to think about the type of person
In a discussion task, encourage your partner to contribute
ot
you are and which careers would suit your skills and
by asking questions to prompt them, e.g. Do you agree? You
ph
interests. Identifying which school subjects you most
can also reword your last statement as a question, e.g. Do you
enjoyed, and why, may be more important than which
or
think that exam results are important?
ones you did best in. But it’s important to be honest and
g
recognise your strengths and weaknesses – a passion
in
for a particular subject won’t necessarily translate into a

7 Read the strategy above. Then read the exam task in Ex 8.
ut
Think of at least one question you could ask your partner

successful career for you. You also need to think about
rib
about each thing.

what you want in both the short and the long term.
st
There may be many different ways to reach your career 8 Work in pairs. You are going to discuss how
di
destination, and this will differ from job to job. Do you different things can affect someone’s plans for their
e,
need to go to university to get appropriate qualifications future life. Discuss what effect these things can have on
al
or could you begin with a junior position and learn on someone’s plans, and decide which two are the most
rs
the job? important.

fo
Some people find that using the services of a professional • family and friends • health and fitness
ot
careers analyst can be beneficial. There are many • exam results • education
l. N
companies that offer a range of assessment techniques. • hobbies and interests

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These may vary depending on whether you’re a school

er
leaver, someone in your 20s or 30s looking to develop Writing

at
their career, or a more mature person perhaps looking

em
for a change of profession. As well as one-to-one EXAM STRATEGY

counselling consultations with careers experts, you may
pl
In an article, you need to cover all of the points specified in

be asked to take some psychometric tests. These are
m
the task. Think of ideas that you could mention for each of
Sa
designed to help the advisors build an accurate profile the points. Then organise your writing into paragraphs, one
of your personality, interests and values, as well as your paragraph for each of the points in the task.
strengths and weaknesses. They may also look at more
practical aspects related to your personal situation, for
9 Read the strategy above. Then look at the exam task in
example any health issues or personal commitments to Ex 10. In your notebook, make notes for each of the points
family members. Psychometric tests can also measure you must cover and organise them into paragraphs before
your ability in certain areas – these may include how well you start writing.
you work with numbers, how you approach and deal
with different situations, and how thorough you are in 10 You see this advert in an international magazine.
checking for errors in your work. Not only can these kinds
Articles wanted
of tests help individuals focus more clearly on their own
future plans by making informed decisions, they are often Tell us about an important goal you would like to achieve.
used by employers to measure a candidate’s suitability for What is your goal and when do you want to achieve it?
a particular role. Why is it important to you? What do you need to do in
order to achieve it?
We’ll publish the best articles next month.
In your notebook, write your article.

Exam skills 35
VOCABULARY LISTENING GLOBAL WRITING
Exercising influence Presentation about SKILLS An opinion essay
Asking the right questions rebels Mediating
VISION 360°
GRAMMAR READING SPEAKING Making a chain-of-events diagram
Advanced passive structures Online article about the Reaching an
Passive reporting structures age of responsibility agreement
Influencing
attitudes
ng.
yi
op
oc
ot
ph
or
g
in
ut
rib
st
di
e,
al
rs
fo
ot
l. N
ia
er
at
em
pl
m
Sa
Exercising influence
1 Which three people do you think have the most influence 3 3.01 Watch or listen again. Are the sentences true (T)
on you at the moment? How do they influence you? or false (F)? In your notebook, correct the false sentences.
2 Why do you think some people’s influence becomes 1 Kaya offers some detailed advice on conflict resolution.
stronger or weaker as we get older? 2 Her advice is highly relevant and appropriate to Darius’s
3 What influence do you think you have on others? What is situation.
your relationship with these people? 3 Darius is grateful and wants to follow Kaya’s advice.
4 Which current public figures influence young adults? What 4 Amira agrees that Darius’s parents are being unreasonable.
is your opinion of the influence these people have? 5 By the end, Darius may be coming round to his parents’
2 3.01 Watch or listen to the vlog. Answer the questions. point of view.
1 Who does Darius have a problem with at the moment? 4 Work in pairs. What is Amira’s solution to Darius’s
2 What exactly is the problem? problem? What other advice would you give Darius?
Talk about exercising influence. 3.1 VOCABULARY
5 a REAL ENGLISH In your notebook, match 1–5 with A–F. 7 VOCABULARY In your notebook, match the bold words
and phrases in the questions with definitions A–G below.
If you say … 1
What rules are non-negotiable and
1 ‘That’s easy for you to say!’ to someone, can’t be changed in your family?
2 you are on bad terms with someone,
3 someone is in the driving seat, 2
Do you know anyone who’s particularly
4 you’re going through a bad patch, accommodating and happy to fit in
5 ‘Tell me about it!’ to someone, with what other people are doing?
3
you mean … Have you recently given anyone any assurances
A they are in charge or control of a situation. so they feel happier about what might happen,
or what you might do, in the future?
B you have had a similar experience.
C you don’t have a good relationship with them. 4
Who of the people you know has the
D their advice would be difficult for you to follow. strongest sense of fairness and always tries
E you are experiencing a lot of problems during a to make sure no-one gets treated badly?
short period of time.
g.
5
Who likes to avoid conflict and tries to
n
yi
find common ground with someone
b Think of situations where you might use each of
op
they have a difference of opinion with?
the phrases in Ex 5a. Tell a partner.
oc
6
6
ot
VOCABULARY Work in pairs. Read the article Who helps you most with the basic things you
ph
and answer the questions about the highlighted words need in life? Do you think this dependence is a
and phrases. good thing or a bad thing in your relationship?
1 Which words or phrases mean working together to find 7 or
g
a solution? In what areas of life do you feel you have
in
more autonomy to make your own decisions

ut
2 Which words or phrases describe an argument or

without being limited by other people?
rib
disagreement?
3 Which words or phrases involve a result or consequence
st
A a need for help and support

of an action or event?
di
B areas that they might agree on

e,
C ability to act without being controlled by anyone else

al
D not open for discussion

rs
New article • 2 hours ago

E
fo
said something to someone to help them feel less worried

The MY HERO Project F the need to treat people equally
ot
l. N
Tired of the influence of superficial G willing to help and do things for others
media heroes, the MY HERO project 8
ia
THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Ask and answer three

was started in 1995 by a group of
er
of the questions in Ex 7. Give reasons for your answers.

at
friends who wanted to showcase the

9 Work in pairs. Think about the advice Kaya gave in
em
work of real heroes: people who rise to

real challenges and work to end disputes and promote the vlog and look at the words and phrases in Ex 6 and 7.
pl
collaboration; who avoid violent solutions and prioritise Choose three words or phrases which you think are the
m
compromise that give both sides some of the things they most important factors when settling a dispute.
Sa
want. Today, the project promotes hundreds of heroes 10 3.02 Listen to Kaya’s teacher from the conflict
that work to end unfair and unjust situations all around resolution course introducing the topic. What does she say
the world. Here are just a few: are the most important factors? Did you choose the same
• Teenager Valerie Weisler set up the antibullying key words?
organisation The Validation Project as the result of her
experiences of confrontation with school bullies. The 11 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Read the three
outcome? The organisation has now helped 40,000 problems. Choose one problem and discuss how best it
students in 105 countries. could be resolved.
• After suffering hunger, homelessness and other • You want to attend a weekend music festival a week
side effects of war in Liberia, West Africa, Kimmie before your final year exams, but your parents are
Weeks set up the Youth Action Network, an against the idea.
organisation dedicated to helping children affected • Your head teacher has decided to introduce a ban on
by violence. mobile phones in school.
• Teacher Erin Gruwell successfully encouraged • Your local council is planning to sell the land where your
students at a tough school in Los Angeles to express basketball club plays to a supermarket chain.
and solve differences of opinion with a pen and paper
instead of fighting.

3.2 GRAMMAR Use advanced passive structures to talk about conflict.
Advanced passive structures 5 Read the example sentences (A and B) and answer the
questions.
1 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs or small groups.
have + object + past participle
Read the text. Do you agree that phones should be banned
from schools? Why? / Why not? A He had his report printed out by an intern.
B They had their house broken into.
1 Which sentence talks about a bad experience?
Mobile phones: a bad influence? 2 Which sentence talks about something that we
arrange for someone to do for us?
A BBC report revealed that students had not been allowed GRAMMAR BOOSTER P136
to use phones in French schools for some time and that
1
a ban was being considered in other countries as well. 6 Copy and complete the responses with have + object + past
The French ban prohibits the use of phones at school for
participle and the words in brackets.
all students younger than 15. At the time of the French ban,
the UK Education Minister appeared to approve. When 2he 1 A Who confiscated your phone? The Maths teacher?
was repeatedly asked about the use of mobile phones in UK (the Head)
schools, he replied that 3they should not be used during the B No, I had it …
g.
school day, even as a study device, although he recognised 2 A Who usually checked the forms for you? The captain?
n
that schools should set their own policy. However, 4the
yi
(the coach)
op
minister’s comments were not approved of by some
B No, we usually …
teachers. They believed that 5the many teachers who use
oc
phones as a study device can’t have been interviewed by the 3 A Oh no, how did they steal your phone? Was it in your
ot
Department of Education. 6Many useful teaching materials pocket? (from my bag)
ph
are presented to students through digital devices, including B No, I …
phones, and 7numerous teachers denied that phones being 4 A Who usually cuts your hair? The hairdresser’s on your
used in class was a problem. So, perhaps 8a controlled use or
street? (the new hairdresser’s in the shopping centre)
g
of mobile phones in schools needs to be considered?
in
B No, I usually …
ut
2 Work in pairs. Look at the underlined passive forms 7 Look again at the sentences you wrote in Ex 6. Which
rib
in the text. Discuss how you could change them to the describe a) a bad experience or b) an arrangement?
st
active form, e.g. Other countries were considering …

di
8 Work in small groups. Turn to page 150. Discuss the

3 Look again at the underlined passive forms. In your questions.
e,
al
notebook, match them to the passive structures below.

9 3.03 Listen to the book review. Answer the questions.
rs
Advanced passive structures 1 When did Sun Tzu write The Art of War?
fo
2 What kind of advice did he give?

ot
A present modal E verb + dependent preposition

3 Do people still follow it today? Why? / Why not?
l. N
B past modal F verb + two objects

C -ing form G past continuous 4 What are the key characteristics of a good general
ia
according to Sun Tzu’s teachings?

er
D infinitive H passive + adverb

at
GRAMMAR BOOSTER P136 10 3.03 Copy and complete the sentences using an advanced
em
passive form. Listen again and compare your answers.

4 Copy and complete the second sentence with the correct 1 Sun Tzu’s advice about fighting wars (... ) (still / use) today.
pl
2 He believed that a conflict (... ) (should / never enter) into

m
passive structure so that it has the same meaning as the first.

before all possible solutions (... ) (totally / exhaust).
Sa
1 We need to avoid confrontation at all costs.

Confrontation (... ). 3 The greatest victory in war is when an enemy (... ) (can /
defeat) without actually having to fight.
2 Will they be announcing the date soon?
4 Generals who know when a battle needs (... ) (fight) and
(... ) the date (... )?
when it doesn’t are the most successful.
3 The club welcomed the new members enthusiastically.
5 Generals who failed to support their soldiers (... ) (not /
The new members (... ). approve of) by Sun Tzu.
4 While they were giving the speeches, we waited outside. 6 However, he also believed in the importance of iron
While the speeches (... ). discipline (... ) (use) to control them.
5 My dad said he couldn’t rely on me to look after the 7 Opponents (... ) (should / always / offer) a way of escaping.
house.
My dad said I (... ). 11 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Write some rules
for a book called The Art of Getting Along. Use passive
6 Tom didn’t remember the woman shouting at him.
structures in your sentences. Compare your sentences with
Tom didn’t remember (... ). the class.
7 The council can’t have agreed on a compromise.
All opinions are to be respected.
A compromise (... ).
8 They’re going to give the workers a pay rise.
The workers (... ).
Understand detailed information from a presentation about rebels. 3.3 LISTENING
Rebels 6 EXAM 3.05 Listen again. Choose the correct answers:

A, B, C or D.
1 What might be a consequence of studying our routines?
A We make more time for creative thinking.
B We have less time for other activities.
C We carry out routines more effectively.
D We start carrying out routines automatically.
2 What will stop you from developing your ideas?
A Not taking part in training for debates.
B Meeting people who don’t think like you.
C Staying within your social group.
Jo, Little Women Robin Hood
D Spending too much time arguing.
3 What do rebels think gives them a competitive edge?
A Believing in stereotypes.
B Working with others.
g.
C Making quick judgements.
n
D Following rivals.
yi
4 What do rebels avoid doing?
op
A Trying to appear well-informed about something when
oc
they aren’t.
ot
B Depending on others to learn about how to do things.
ph
C Revealing their strengths to others to help them progress.
Katniss Everdeen, The Hunger Games
or
D Displaying weakness in front of people they don’t know.
g
5 What do rebels do so that they can be innovative?
in
1 Work in pairs. Look at the photos, then make a list

ut
A Become experts in new and exciting techniques.

of famous rebels in literature, music, cinema and TV series.
rib
B Gain knowledge in all subject areas.

What characteristics do they have in common? C Ignore the way things have been done before.
st
di
STRATEGY Strategic scanning D Study what they are interested in carefully.

e,
6 How does the speaker end the talk?

When you listen to a talk or discussion, you may have to
al
A She summarises what the word ‘rebel’ means to her.

rs
listen for a specific theme or specific themes within the wider

topic areas of the talk or discussion. To help you hear the B She compares her image of ‘rebel’ with the ‘rebel’ that
fo
details connected to the theme, take notes as you listen. Use appears in fiction.
ot
your notes to write a summary of what the speaker said. C She admits that the word ‘rebel’ has many meanings.
l. N
D She explains that her image of ‘rebel’ is someone who

ia
2 3.04 Work in pairs. Read the strategy. Listen won’t compromise.

er
to the introduction of a presentation about rebels. Each of

7 MEDIATION Your teacher has asked you to write a profile
at
you listen and take notes about your topic below. Use your
of a rebel. One of your classmates was ill and missed
em
notes to summarise what the speaker said for your partner.

the presentation. Write a short message to her briefly
pl
Student A: The way rebels are portrayed in fiction summarising the five areas mentioned.
m
Sa
Student B: What happens to rebels in fiction and why

Hope you’re feeling better! Here’s a short summary
3 3.04 Listen again. Listen for the four themes below. of the main points. I hope it’s enough! If you need
Copy and complete the notes on what the speaker said. any more information, just let me know!
1 autonomy affects (... )

8 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Discuss how
2 confrontation with (... ) the different groups of people below are pressurised to
behave and think in a particular way. Think of ways people
3 outcome isn’t (... ) can rebel against this pressure.
4 objective to warn (... ) people in their thirties teenagers the elderly

young adults starting careers young children
4 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. In what circumstances
do you think it might be good to be a rebel? Why? 9 Work in groups. Decide which group might find it
most difficult to rebel and why. Share your ideas with the
5 3.05 Listen to the next part of the presentation. class. Did you all choose the same group of people?
Which of the speaker’s reasons are similar to yours and Why? / Why not?
which are different?
Unit 3 39
3.4 VOCABULARY Talk about the power of questions.
Asking the right questions FORUM > latest posts
THE
1 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Answer the
questions.
POWER
1 Why do we sometimes feel embarrassed to ask questions?
2 How do you feel about asking questions in these situations?
OF
• asking a teacher to repeat something
• asking for directions in the street
QUESTIONS
• asking a question in a foreign language
• asking your parents for a favour
3 How can you make a question more polite in your
language and in English?
Albert Einstein said, ‘question everything’, but an article
2 Work in pairs. Read the forum post. In what kind entitled It Helps to Ask published in The Journal of
of situations do you think the question techniques would Personality and Social Psychology in 2019 reported that
be useful? Why? various studies show we don’t ask enough questions.
g.
3 VOCABULARY Check the meaning of the highlighted Furthermore, research by the London Business School
n
words and phrases in the forum post. In your notebook, and the University of North Carolina discovered that job
yi
match the words and phrases to the three categories. interviewers were said to have remarked that interviewees
op
1 related to questions and ways of questioning ask too few questions. Job candidates, the interviewers said,
oc
2 related to or describing negative reactions or behaviours drone on about their own accomplishments and fail to ask
ot
pertinent questions about the position on offer.
3 positive traits or behaviours
ph
So why do we ask so few questions? It has been suggested
4 VOCABULARY Copy and complete the descriptions using
or
that people, especially those in authority, feel they
the correct form of the words and phrases in brackets. suffer a loss of face by asking questions. Yet studies show
g
in
that bosses who are inquisitive about their workers and
Think of someone you know, or know of (they could
ut
what they do, create productive environments. Good

be a fictitious character), who:
rib
questioners are more approachable and they improve their

1 … is very (... ), knows how to (... ) and is easy to (... ). (open up own and other people’s effectiveness.
st
di
to / build rapport / approachable) So, how should we ask questions? Fortunately, there are
e,
a few books available, such as Warren Berger’s Beautiful

2 … (... ) about boring topics (... ). (in depth / drone on)
al
Questions and Gregory Stock’s The Book of Questions, that

rs
3 … is (... ), listens (... ) and asks (... ) questions. (attentively / will show you how. However, if you haven’t got time to read
fo
pertinent / inquisitive) them, here are a few of our own tips.

ot
4 … is worried about (...), tends to be (...) and often (...) when

l. N
• Engagement
asked personal questions. (stonewall / evasive / a loss
To get people to talk in depth, accompany your questions
ia
of face)
er
with positive facial expressions and body language.

5 … is good at (... ) important issues, and following up a (... )
at
People will only open up if you listen attentively.

with great (... ). (line of enquiry / effectiveness / probe into)
em
• Open-ended questions
pl
5 Work in pairs. Think of people to match the When people are asked to comment on difficult topics,
m
descriptions in Ex 4. Ask follow-up questions, both they might be evasive or even stonewall and avoid
Sa
open-ended and yes/no questions, to find out more answering. In this case, avoid direct questions that ask for
about each person. specific information and use open-ended questions that
6 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Decide what help build rapport between the two of you.
questions you would prepare to ask in three of the
• ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ questions
following situations.
• a job interview (the interviewee) When you have to probe into something and need
specific answers, use direct ‘yes’ or ‘no’ questions first.
• a college / university interview (the interviewer)
Continue your line of inquiry with detailed follow-up
• asking for a loan from your parents (your parents) questions that are open-ended and encourage your
• asking a teacher to extend the deadline for a project partner to expand on their answers and offer opinions.
(the teacher)
• an interview for a volunteer post (the interviewee)
7 Work in new pairs. Explain why you would ask the
questions from Ex 6.

Use passive reporting structures to talk about asking questions. 3.5 GRAMMAR
Passive reporting structures 4 Copy and complete the sentences with the correct passive
reporting structures. Use the verbs in brackets.
1 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Think of an 1 It (... ) (suggest / ask) the right questions is one of the
interesting question to ask about each topic. Compare most difficult skills for a new teacher to develop.
your questions and decide which are the most interesting. 2 Teacher training institutions (... ) (report / work) on
What makes one question more interesting than another? new training techniques that foster creative question-
asking skills.
mainstream media
influencers
mobile phones social media 3 The right questions (... ) (believe / support) and
encourage independent learning.
2 Read the article. What information about asking questions 4 Using the right questioning techniques (... ) (report /
most interests / surprises you? make) a noticeable difference in students’ progress in a
number of past studies.
News stories 5 Work in pairs. Rewrite each sentence using two
different passive reporting structures.
Asking the right question 1 People believe that we have failed to ask the right
Google the words ‘ask the right question’ questions
g.
and you’ll realise how much has been It is believed that we have failed to ask the right questions.
n
written on the subject. 1It has been
yi
We are believed to have failed to ask the right questions.
op
claimed that being able to ask a good
2 They expect a line of enquiry to start soon.
question is sometimes more important
oc
than finding an answer. And the way you 3 They believe that the media are questioning the
ot
ask your question can often be the key to politician’s activities.
ph
getting the answer you want. 4 The workers claim that the owners have given them
assurances that they will address the issues.
or
The 18th-century French writer and
philosopher Voltaire 2is believed to have 5 The sponsors suspect that the researchers have been
g
in
said ‘Judge a man by his questions rather than his answers’, asking the wrong questions.
ut
and this quote is still relevant today. Wise people ask wise 6 She alleges that the opposition have been stonewalling
questions. And all great discoveries throughout history
rib
her questions.
started with an unanswered question. Asking the right
st
questions has always been central to our development 6 3.06 Listen to a short profile of Professor Alan Duffy,
di
as a species. astronomer and popular science communicator. Complete

e,
It has also been suggested that the all-important skill the sentences with a passive reporting structure using
al
of question-asking is one we lose practice in as we get the verbs in brackets and choose the correct information
rs
older. 3Young children are said to be far more inquisitive in bold.

fo
than adults or teenagers. Their brains 4are reported to be 1 Alan Duffy (... ) (report / ask) a lot of interesting questions
ot
bubbling over with an average of 400 questions a day! This by schoolchildren / university students.
l. N
number drops off very quickly as we get older, and we risk

losing the ability to be creative and to innovate. 2 The question about temperatures in space (... ) (say /
ia
raise) by scientists in the 8th / 18th century.

One of the best ways to keep our brains young and our
er
cognitive skills sharp is to keep asking the right questions, 3 It (... ) (suggest) that as each ‘simple’ question was
at
ones that open our minds and help us grow as individuals answered, new answers / questions emerged.
em
and advance as a society. 4 It (... ) (say) that Einstein / Hawking developed his theory
of relativity / black holes by asking similarly simple
pl
m
questions.
3 In your notebook, match the underlined structures 1–4 in
Sa
5 Duffy (... ) (report / use) supercomputers to explore

the article to the passive reporting structures A–D below. complex questions about detecting dark matter / our
Passive reporting structures galaxy.
We can use the passive form of reporting verbs to report 7 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Think of some
people’s general beliefs, as well as specific requests, interesting questions you’d like to ask. Explain why you’d
offers, questions, etc. There are different types of passive like to ask them and discuss how you might find the
reporting structures: answers.
A it + passive + that clause I’d like to know the answer to the question from
B subject + passive + simple infinitive, e.g., to be, to have, Ex 6: ‘If the sun is so hot, why is space so cold?
to refer to habitual actions and general states
C subject + passive + continuous infinitive (to be … -ing)
to refer to actions and events in progress at the time
of speaking
D subject + passive + perfect infinitive (to have + past
participle) to refer to completed actions in the past.

Unit 3 41
3.6 READING Understand an online article about the age of responsibility.
Gaining independence STRATEGY Summarising

When we summarise a text, we become more aware of how it is
1 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Discuss
the questions. organised. We can also find the main and supporting ideas more easily.
1 Underline the main points in each paragraph. Ignore any
1 In your country, at what age do you think you
insignificant facts, descriptions or opinions.
can do the things in the photos?
2 Rewrite the main points in your own words as briefly as possible
2 What do you think the arguments are for
and stay within the word limit if there is one.
introducing age restrictions for some activities?
2 3.07 Work in pairs. Read the article. 3 a Work in groups of three. Read the strategy. Each write a
Which laws do you find the most surprising? Why? brief summary of one paragraph.
b Read each other’s summaries and make suggestions for any
necessary improvements.
The age of
g.
RESPONSIBILITY
n
yi
op
oc
ot
ph
For many teenagers around the world, becoming 18 is a big deal. It’s the age of maturity
or
in most countries, the age when teens officially become adults and, in theory, gain more
autonomy and start to take responsibility for their own actions and decisions. The reality,
g
in
however, is that some rights and obligations can be experienced for the first time earlier
ut
or later in life, depending on where you live. In this week’s blog, we look at rules around
rib
the world that citizens elsewhere might find unusual to say the least!
st
Technology Transport
di
e,
al
Society believes teens are responsible enough to All over the world, some young people under a certain age are
rs
have and use smartphones, except for in one place: prohibited from taking part in particular activities because there is
fo
the classroom. Although digital technology in the a much greater chance of something going wrong. However, when it
ot
form of tablets, laptops and interactive whiteboards comes to driving a vehicle, there are a number of curious anomalies
about when teens can first drive. The minimum age for driving a car
l. N
has been welcomed into classrooms around the

world and helped many teens to continue schooling in some states in the USA stands in stark contrast with the rest of the
ia
from home during the Covid-19 pandemic, the use world, where you usually need to be at least 17 or 18. In Alaska, Idaho,
er
of mobile phones in schools is still seen by many Iowa, Kansas and North and South Dakota, a 14-year-old can
at
as a distraction. This is the case in France, where get behind a steering wheel and drive on their own.
em
the Ministry of Education decided to ban students Curiously, US car rental companies take a tougher
from using mobile phones whenever they were on stance on minimum age requirements and make
pl
school grounds. Students in different regions of it difficult for anyone under 25 to rent, for fear
m
Australia have also been told to leave their phones of their cars being involved in accidents.
Sa
at home, unless teachers explicitly require them for According to the European Union Agency
an activity. The authorities in France claimed that for Fundamental Rights, the only 14-year-
their non-negotiable position on phones had been old Europeans to enjoy the same freedom
decided upon when attempts to limit students’ use to use motorised vehicles live in France,
of phones in class had failed. Furthermore, both Italy, Poland, Portugal, Estonia, Latvia
the French and Australian authorities pointed to and Hungary, but they are only allowed
research such as a Spanish study, Banning mobile to ride mopeds not drive cars at this age.
phones at schools, that demonstrates that a strict UK teenagers have to wait a further
no-phone policy might have a very positive side- two years before they are
effect: better exam results. permitted to ride a moped,
but they do have other
options. Fourteen-
year-olds can fly a
glider on their own,
and once they get
to 16, they can
fly solo in a small
aeroplane!

3.6 READING
4 EXAM Read the article again. Choose the correct answers: A,

B, C or D.
1 What is the writer’s main point in the first paragraph? 5 What, according to the text, does the average age for
A Turning eighteen isn’t regarded as important in many leaving home in the EU suggest?
countries. A Countries should raise the legal age for leaving
B Rules about when you can do something for the first time home to 26.
vary from country to country. B A dults under 26 are not mature enough to leave home.
C Most teenagers legally gain rights and autonomy at around C The law has little effect on young adults’ decision
the same age. to leave home.
D Most countries put restrictions on what 18-year-olds can D The law makes teens think carefully about when to
do, even though they are officially adults. leave home.
2 Why did the French Ministry of Education decide to ban 5 VOCABULARY In your notebook, replace the
mobile phones? underlined words with the correct form of the
A The teachers requested the ban. highlighted phrases from the article. Make any other
B Teachers failed to use them in lessons. necessary changes.
C It was part of a ban on all technology. 1 The government has decided to adopt a stronger
g.
D The students were not co-operative. position on the sale of fireworks to children.
n
2 You should consider the possible results of the
yi
3 What does the writer use the examples of teens using vehicles
decisions that you make.
op
to demonstrate?
3 His opinions are very different from my views on
oc
A Many 14-year-olds around the world can drive cars on
the issue.
ot
their own.
4 You’ll have more possibilities of passing your driving
ph
B There are different opinions about what type of motorised
vehicles young teens can use. test if you practise more.
C The minimum age for driving a car should be fourteen or
5 Has it forced you to seriously reconsider whether you
g
years old everywhere. really want to take this risk?
in
6 We should all deal with the results of our actions.

ut
D Most countries control two-wheeled transport more

rib
strictly than four-wheeled. 6 MEDIATION Your friend is doing a project

4 What do the examples of the US ‘home alone’ laws suggest?
st
on different ages of responsibility around the world.

di
A The people making the laws used different criteria to arrive You think they would be interested in the article in
this lesson. Write notes about the article, focusing on
e,
at their decisions.
al
B Not enough states in the USA have passed ‘home alone’ the different ages around the world when teenagers
rs
laws. are allowed to:

fo
C US teenagers are generally less mature than their • use a smartphone in the classroom
ot
European peers. • drive and rent a car

l. N
D The ability of a child to act responsibly varies from place • be alone at home
to place. • move out of their
ia
er
parents’ home.
at
Home life
em
pl
An increasing number of states in the USA are passing laws that control at what
m
age parents can leave their children at home alone, although there are clear
Sa
differences of opinion about when children are old enough to be responsible

for themselves. The state of Illinois believes children’s dependence on their
parents means they shouldn’t be left at home alone until they are 14, while
the state of Kansas thinks children aged 6 and over can be left alone for
short periods of time. Few European countries have passed ‘home alone’
laws, but they do regulate when teens can leave home and become
independent. Most countries set the age for moving out at 18,
although the UK believes 16-year-olds are mature enough
to move out without parental permission. However,
deciding when you are ready to take an important
step in life is not just a question of taking the law into
account. Most young adults in the European Union
are aware of the consequences of living alone and
one of them, having to pay for your own food
and accommodation, makes most teens think
twice about making the move. According to a
Eurostat survey (When do young people leave
the nest?) the average age for leaving home in
the EU is 26.

Unit 3 43
Understand and discuss how to use mediation to resolve
3.7 GLOBAL SKILLS arguments and conflicts.
Mediating 5 MEDIATION Imagine a friend has texted you to ask

for your help with two classmates who have had an
1 Work in pairs. Answer the questions. argument and now refuse to talk to each other. Reply
1 Which of the issues below have you argued about recently with with a text containing tips based on the ideas in Ex 4,
family and friends? using your own words.
2 How did you resolve the issue? 6 VOCABULARY Copy and complete the sentences with
the correct form of the highlighted words and phrases
borrowed items clothing
fairness
mealtimes in the text.
meeting places and times messy bedroom money
1 Your objective as a mediator is to (... ) so that the
promises school and homework staying out
situation improves, and a solution can be found.
2 Although the two sides have (... ), they may be able to
2 3.08 Listen to a conversation about solving conflicts.
find a compromise.
Which two types of conflict below don’t they mention?
3 Until you discover what is (... ) the issue, the two sides
• arguments between students and teachers won’t find a solution.
• problems between employers and employees 4 She acted as (... ), taking messages from one side to
• conflict between parents and children the other.
• international disagreements
g.
5 His negative comments only (... ) and made resolving
n
• political disagreements the conflict even more difficult.
yi
op
3 3.08 Listen again. Answer the questions. 6 Begin the meeting by (... ) about what the participants
can and can’t do during the meeting.
oc
1 What has Bako been arguing with Marius about?
ot
2 What has Marius been complaining to Alex about? 7 Complete the sentences so that they are true for you.
ph
3 According to negotiation expert William Ury, what is the first 1 When friends are involved in a conflict, I usually …
step to take to resolve an argument?
or
2 The good thing about this tactic is …
4 What is the third side? 3 I now realise that the bad thing about this tactic is …
g
in
5 What do the two sides in a negotiation need to agree on? 4 In the future, I’ll try to …
ut
6 What should you always keep separate in an argument?

8
rib
THINK & SHARE Work in small groups. Compare

4 Read the text. In your notebook, match the titles to the your sentences in Ex 7. Which tactic or tactics will you
st
paragraphs. There are two titles that you don’t need to use. try to follow in the future? Why?
di
e,
Get people to sit down together How to be a mediator

al
Insist on peaceful exchanges Let them find an answer

rs
Set clear guidelines Talk to them individually

fo
ot
l. N
ia
er
at
em
pl
m
Sa
Mediation to resolve arguments and conflicts

1)
(... 2)
(... 3)
(... 4)
(...
William Ury has worked as Encourage the two When the two sides do If possible, the two sides should
a negotiator, advisor and sides to meet. If finally meet, establish some suggest solutions, not the
mediator in conflicts all over the they are not ready ground rules. For example, mediator. However, the mediator
world. His strategy The Third to meet, act as allow only one side to get can advance the process, if
Side encourages us to all be a go-between, angry at a time. The other necessary, by proposing solutions
mediators. Ury says a mediator meeting with both person must listen, knowing for the two sides to think about.
doesn’t decide who is right and sides separately that they will be able to The mediator should encourage
wrong, but gets the two sides to and keeping the express their emotions later. the two sides to develop their
listen to each other, find out what other side informed This will allow each side suggestions. The mediator should
is at the core of the dispute and of progress. to express their feelings also summarise the plan or
resolve the conflicting interests. without escalating tensions. agreement that was reached.

Being polite and diplomatic when reaching an agreement. 3.8 SPEAKING
Reaching an agreement STRATEGY Being polite and diplomatic

There are many situations when we need to be polite. In
English, this often means avoiding saying things too directly.
To do this, we can use:
• modal verbs, e.g. may, might and could
• conditional forms, e.g. If we … , It would be a good idea if …
• adverbs to soften criticism, e.g. not quite correct, a little too
late, not exactly what I was saying
• polite expressions, e.g. I’m sorry, I’m afraid, etc.
• negative questions, e.g. Wouldn’t it be better to … , Don’t you
think that …
4 Work in pairs. Read the strategy, then turn to page 150.

Make changes to the conversation so that it is more polite and
diplomatic. Use phrases from the Phrasebook.
g.
PRONUNCIATION Stress in sentences
n
yi
Where the stress is placed in a sentence shows the emphasis of
op
the speaker, e.g.
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I think we need to talk.
ot
ph
5 or
3.10 PRONUNCIATION Read the Pronunciation box.
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Listen to the sentence being read three times. Which word is
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1 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Look at the stressed each time? Match the stress to its function A–C.
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photos and discuss the questions. A emphasising whose opinion it is

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1 Why might someone not be happy about photos a B suggesting an action

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friend posts on social media? C emphasising who needs to talk

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2 What kind of issues might an intern want to raise with

e,
their employer?
6 a Work in groups of three. You are going to act out
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a conversation. Before you start, read the situation and the

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2 3.09 Listen to two conversations. Answer the instructions for your part. Prepare your arguments.
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questions.
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1 What was the problem in each case? Situation: Student A works at a restaurant at the weekends,
l. N
2 What agreement did they reach? but they aren’t happy with the fact that the restaurant always
pays their salary late. Student A decides to talk to the manager
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3 3.09 Listen again. Copy and complete the (Student B) about improving the situation. Student C overhears
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sentences in the Phrasebook. the conversation and tries to help.

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em
PHRASEBOOK Reaching an agreement

Student A: You were under the impression that your salary would
pl
Raising an issue tactfully be paid on Saturday every week, but recently the payment
m
1 ) you, but …
I’m sorry to (... hasn’t been coming through until Monday. This is making it
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I think we need to … difficult for you to budget and you often don’t have enough
2 ) this up, but …
I didn’t want to (... money to go out after work on Saturday night.
I’m afraid that we really have to discuss …
Acknowledging other opinions
Student B: The payments are all made on Saturday morning,
You’re quite right. I hadn’t thought of that. but some banks take longer to process the transfer. Nobody else
By and large, it’s a step in the right direction. seems to be unhappy with the situation and you don’t want to
That’s not exactly what I had in (... 3 ).
change it. You think Student A is being unreasonable.
That sounds like it would be (... ). 4
Yes, I’d go along with that.

Suggesting solutions Student C: You think there may be a possible compromise.
Maybe the payment could be made earlier, or Student A could
What if we … ?
5 ) to … be given a cash advance at the end of their shift on Saturdays?
We’re (...
Would you be (... 6 ) if …
I was hoping you’d (... 7)… b Act out the conversation.

Confirming agreement 7 REFLECT Discuss these questions in your group.
Are you (...8 ) with that?
1 Was it difficult to find a solution?
Are we all on the same page?
2 How polite and diplomatic were you?
So what you’re saying is … . Am I right?
Could we say we’ve (... 9 ) an agreement? 3 Who had the most difficult role to play? Why?
4 Did you use any phrases from the Phrasebook?
Unit 3 45
3.9 WRITING Generate ideas to write an opinion essay.
An opinion essay 3 Work in pairs. Do you agree with the writer’s

conclusions? Why? / Why not?
4 Read the Phrasebook. In your notebook, add the phrases
in bold from the opinion essay.
PHRASEBOOK Opinion essay
Expressing other people’s opinions or evidence
1 ) / believed that …
(...
Some people claim … would / wouldn’t …
2 ) that …
(...
3 ) to …
(...
It has been demonstrated / shown / etc. …
Expressing your own opinions
4 ) that …
(...
1 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Discuss the questions.
5 ) with the opinion that …
(...
1 How do you listen to music?
It’s clear to me that …
2 Is there a difference between stealing an album from a Expressing concluding opinions
g.
shop and downloading it free from the internet? Why? /
n
For this reason, I believe that …
yi
Why not? 6 ) clear that …
(...
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7 ) would be …
(...
2 Read the opinion essay. Which paragraph (A–D) mentions
oc
the following?
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1 The writer’s suggested solutions to the issue. STRATEGY Generating ideas
ph
2 An argument that takes a different point of view. When you write opinion or for and against essays, you
3 An overview of the current situation and what the writer
thinks it is. or
should offer the reader evidence that supports your point of
g
view and avoid making assumptions. Make a list of popular
in
4 An argument for why something should be done about the opinions, the reported experiences of people that you know
ut
situation. and information on the topic that you have read. Then select
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the ideas that you think best support your hypothesis.

st
di
5 Work in pairs. Read the strategy. Then read the

Should we download or stream without paying?
e,
statements below and choose one as the topic for an

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opinion essay. Brainstorm ideas about the topic that are in

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A It is widely known that creative work is protected by favour, against or neutral.

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copyright in most countries and yet illegal downloading and

streaming is reported to be on the increase. Although the
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Climate change is the biggest problem we face today.

authorities have cracked down on media piracy, studies have
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shown that these measures have limited effectiveness in

Exams aren’t the best way to
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reducing these illegal activities.

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test academic performance.

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B When someone takes a film, album or video game from

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a shop without paying, we accept that they are stealing.

Technology makes us more alone.
According to people in the entertainment industry,
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downloading or streaming their products without paying

m
is exactly the same thing: a crime. The fear of having a Modern culture is damaging childhood.
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criminal record is a powerful deterrent and this should

extend to depriving entertainers from earning an income. 6 EXAM Write your opinion essay.
C Nonetheless, the entertainment industry’s views are just 1 Decide on your opinion about the topic.
one side of the story. It seems to me that there is a 2 Make notes about the current situation for your
contradiction here. Nobody suggests that a person shouldn’t introduction.
be able to lend the hard copy of a film, album or book that 3 Use the statements in Ex 5 and your own ideas to state
they own and so on the whole I agree with the opinion your opinion.
that people should be able to do the same with the digital 4 Plan your conclusion that makes suggestions for what
content they possess. you think should be done in the future.
D All things considered, it’s clear that we should always pay for 7 CHECK YOUR WORK Did you …
what has been created by others and stealing is always wrong. • organise your work into clear paragraphs?
Still, the entertainment industry could find a compromise • use some phrases from the Phrasebook?
and thus ensure that media piracy is much less attractive by
offering packages of their content at reasonable prices. In my
• use some advanced passive structures?
view, the outcome would be a fall in illegal streaming and
downloading and an increase in sales.

3.10 REVIEW
Grammar 4 Copy and complete the article with the correct form of the
words below.
1 Use the words in brackets to complete the sentences with
passive structures in your notebook. approachable attentively build rapport drone on
effectiveness inquisitive open up probe into
1 When you (... ) (ask / do) something by a teacher, you
should always do it.
2 The students (... ) (hate / tell) to leave their phones at In a recent study entitled It doesn’t hurt to ask, researchers
home every day. discovered that questions help people meeting for the first
time to quickly (...1 ). In the study, one group was told to be
3 The school has announced that the bullies (... ) (will / 2 ) and ask at least nine questions in fifteen minutes. The
(...
expect) to apologise to their victims.
other group was told to ask a maximum of four questions
4 Your essay (... ) (should / hand in) last Friday.
in the same time. The people in the group that asked more
5 The minister’s comments (... ) (widely / report) in the 3 ) and revealed more about themselves. They
questions (...
media last week. also found each other (... 4 ) and friendly. In the other group,
6 (... ) their differences of opinion (... ) (discuss) at the conversations either finished quickly or one or two people
meeting last Monday? 5 ) about their own lives, boring the others. However, the
(...
7 The organisation denied that funds (... ) (sent) to the area study also discovered that the (... 6 ) of asking questions
g.
were being used illegally. depends on the questioner’s willingness to listen (... 7 ) to
n
8 An award (... ) (give) to the mediator last year. answers. Furthermore, questioning is not so positive when
yi
one person (...8 ) other people’s lives with lots of questions
op
2 In your notebook, rewrite the sentences from a political
without revealing anything about themselves. Questioning
oc
campaign with passive reporting structures.
has to be a two-way process to work.
ot
1 People believe that my main rival has the support of
ph
powerful interests.
My main rival (... ). Cumulative review
2 They also know that our party has the support that or
g
5 Choose the correct alternative to complete the opinions.
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matters … the support of the people!
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It (... ). How useful are protests?

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3 People think that the company is planning the closure of

Aziz An interesting question. I mean there are certain
st
another factory right at this very moment.

things that we would all agree are 1approachable /
di
The company (... ).

non-negotiable. However, you also have to be realistic
e,
4 They have calculated that his government’s decisions led and ask yourself about the 2effectiveness / side effects
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to the loss of over 400,000 jobs! of your protest. Will it give you the 3autonomy / outcome
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It (... ). you’re looking for? You should avoid violent 4compromise /

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5 Opponents allege Thompson has accumulated an confrontation. History has taught us that it never works.
ot
enormous fortune thanks to the sale of public land. We can even see this with workers in the 19th century.
l. N
Thompson (... ). They were reported 5being / to be so furious about the

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6 McGrath’s supporters believe he is planning to increase way their jobs in the textile industry 6were being / were
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the city’s social housing. been threatened by new technology that they destroyed
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McGrath (... ). the machines, but where did that get them? The machines
em
7
were immediately / immediately was replaced, and
they were sent off to prisons in Australia!
Vocabulary
pl
Fatima I take my inspiration from the Suffragette

m
Sa
3 The words in bold are in the wrong sentences. In your Movement at the beginning of the 20th century. They were
notebook, change them to make correct sentences. initially said to be 8wasted / wasting their time with their
protests, but they never gave up asking for women to have
1 My parents gave me a lot of confrontation when I was
the same voting rights as men. They understood that it
younger and encouraged me to make my own decisions.
takes more than 9opening up / droning on at a meeting
2 It’s difficult to find an acceptable solution to an argument to get the change you’re looking for. You have to 10build a
when the two sides can’t find any autonomy. rapport / probe with all members of society, not just your
3 I hate having to deal with common ground. I don’t know supporters, and be persistent. It took nearly thirty years,
what to do when people get angry. but they kept working at it and in 1928 all women over 21
4 They had to call in a mediator to deal with the 11
eventually gave / were eventually given the vote.
compromise over working conditions.
5 We finally reached a side effect that both sides could
agree on. Think & share
6 Anxiety is a common dispute of long -term conflict in 6 EXAM Work in pairs. How effective do you think the
the workplace. following methods of protest are? Give reasons for
your answers.
demonstration march meeting online petition strike

Review 47
Present a chain-of-events diagram to your classmates to
3 explain how decisions that changed the world were made.
Decisions, decisions
g.
n
yi
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oc
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ph
or
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in
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st

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1 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Discuss the 4 Listen to a story about a man who made a split-second
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questions.
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decision. In your notebook, put the events in the correct order

1 How good are you at making decisions? (1–7) that they happened.
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2 What was the last significant decision you made? a William Cimillo arrived in Florida and went swimming. (... )
ot
3 What do you think would have happened if you

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b He was arrested. (... )

had made a different decision? c He drove to Washington. (... )
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d Bus driver William Cimillo was an excellent employee. (... )

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EXPLORE
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e The bus company offered him his job back. (... )

Access the interactive 360º content now!
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f William Cimillo decided to turn his bus left instead of right one
morning. (... )
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2 Work in pairs. Explore the scene showing g He appeared on TV and in the newspapers and became
m
different versions of a young woman in different a hero. (... )

Sa
places at the same time. How many times can

you see her? Why do you think she appears 5 Watch the video about three decisions that will be
multiple times? remembered forever. Which decision (A, B or C):
1 had a positive effect? (... )
3 ALL HOTSPOTS Explore the hotspots and find
an example of: 2 left someone unable to do their job properly? (... )
1 a decision that turned someone into a villain first, 3 was prompted by someone else? (... )
then a hero. 4 combined with a chance event to change history? (... )
2 a decision someone made that turned out well. 5 wouldn’t have been significant if someone else hadn’t made
3 a decision that seemed insignificant in the a mistake? (... )
moment but had terrible consequences for 6 Work in pairs. Go online and find out about how a
the world. decision made by one of these people changed the world. Make
4 a story about the difference a few seconds notes. Then tell the class about the person you researched.
can make.
Abraham Lincoln Alexander Fleming
Buddy Holly Rosa Parks Tim Berners-Lee

n g.
yi
op
oc
ot
Learning Situation
ph
or
CREATE … a chain-of-events diagram for your classmates
g
STEP 1
in
Work in groups. Talk about famous news or real-life stories about people making
ut
important decisions that changed the world. You can use the stories in this lesson
rib
or others you know about. Then agree on a story.

st
STEP 2
di
e,
RESEARCH IT!
7 Watch the video about the
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Go online and do some research into your chosen story. Find out about:
rs
‘multiverse’ theory. What is the

theory and how does it challenge the • what happened
fo
idea of ‘the universe’? • what important decisions were made

ot
• what were the outcomes of those decisions

l. N
8 Work in pairs. Look at the

flowchart about how to make a STEP 3
ia
decision. Then think of a decision Talk about what else could have happened and what other decisions could have
er
that you need to make. Go through been made. Then discuss the possible consequences of those decisions. Make notes.
at
the flowchart together and see if it

em
STEP 4
can help you make your decision. • On a large piece of paper draw a diagram like this. Start with the story’s main
pl
9 THINK & SHARE Work in event and choose an alternative decision.

m
groups. Discuss the questions.

Sa
1 What’s the most surprising or Buddy Holly

interesting thing you have learned Buddy drives to the decides not to fly to Buddy cancels the
in this lesson? concert instead. the next concert. tour and goes home.
2 What do you think about the
‘multiverse’ theory? Would you
Buddy starts
like to live in an alternate universe ? ? ?
recording a
where you made an opposite new song.
choice?
• Then add two possible consequences of the decision.
3 What do you understand by and
think about this famous quotation? • Swap with another group. Then add two more possible consequences to each of
the previous ones.
The risk of a wrong decision • Swap again. Add a possible outcome for each of the consequences.
is preferable to the terror of STEP 5 SHARE IT!
indecision. Present your diagram of the chain of events to the class. Explain how each choice
leads into another.
Listen to the other presentations. Which chain of events in each presentation did
you think was the most and least likely? Why?
Vision 360° 49
The language of Podcast about Persuading A for and against essay
advertising long-distance
Using gestures
READING Being persuasive A cool commercial
GRAMMAR Article about our
Modals of speculation sense of smell
Adverbs GRAMMAR BOOSTER P138–139
Channels of
communication
g.
n
yi
op
oc
ot
ph
or
g
in
ut
rib
st
di
e,
al
rs
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ot
l. N
ia
er
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2 4.01 Watch or listen to Darius and Amira talking

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about the language of advertising. In your notebook, write

the topics that they discuss.
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1 ungrammatical sentences 5 historical advertising methods

m
Sa
2 adverts in magazines 6 building credibility

3 target demographic 7 social media
4 advertising agencies 8 public safety announcements
3 4.01 Watch or listen again. Decide if the sentences
are true (T), false (F) or doesn’t say (DS).
The language of advertising 1 Amira thinks one of the phrases that Darius uses is for a
sports brand.
1 EXAM Work in pairs. Answer the questions. 2 Most adverts aimed at young adults contain incorrect use
1 What do you think makes an advert successful: the of language.
images, the text or a combination of both? Give some 3 Local business people in the 16th century sang their own
examples to support your answer. advertisements for their businesses.
2 How do advertisers use platforms such as Instagram and 4 Social media marketing aims to connect people with
TikTok to advertise? Is it easy to distinguish an advert brands.
from a normal post or video? Why? / Why not? 5 It’s impossible to distinguish social media marketing from
3 How do influencers or celebrities talk about products a normal social media post.
or services that they are advertising? Do you find them 6 Social media marketing often asks people a question to
convincing? Why? / Why not? encourage engagement.
Understand a vlog about the language of advertising. 4.1 VOCABULARY
4 REAL ENGLISH Choose the correct meaning (A or B) of the phrases 6 VOCABULARY In your notebook, match the
in bold. definitions below to the words and phrases in
1 It really puts my English teacher’s back up! bold from Ex 5.
A make someone uncomfortable 1 A short song or tune that is easy to remember.
B irritate or annoy someone 2 A statement that makes something seem larger,
2 Those jingles that rhyme with the names of products actually better, etc. than it really is.
do my head in! 3 The imitation of a style of advertising to laugh at it.
A irritate or annoy someone 4 A word or phrase that is easy to remember and
B help someone relax used to attract people’s attention.
3 They’re so catchy that I can’t help singing them! 5 To influence someone or something, often in a
A easy to remember dishonest way.
B difficult to remember 6 A request for people to do something in order to
achieve an objective.
4 Give me the low-down!
7 A well-known phrase that gives advice or says
A tell someone a story about something or someone
that something is true.
B provide someone with the facts about something or someone
8 A word or phrase with the symbol ‘#’ in front of it.
5 That company’s adverts never go for the hard sell.
g.
9 Freedom to change facts in order to make a
n
A a method of putting pressure on someone to buy something story, etc. more interesting.
yi
B a method of getting something for free
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10 A comparison of one thing with another that has
5 Read the article. In your notebook, match headings A–F to similar features.
oc
paragraphs 1–6.
ot
7 VOCABULARY Work in pairs. Look at
ph
A Humour D Imitation the literary devices from advertising campaigns
B Misleading speech E Music below. Do you know what they are? You can check
C Imperatives F Comparison or your answers on page 150. In your notebook,
g
match the devices to the slogans 1–5.
in
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metaphor irony pun rhyme simile
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1 Satisfaction comes from choosing your own

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Advertising techniques
road in life.
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2 Heavy as a feather.
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3 Shave time, shave money.

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4 Grace. Space. Pace.

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1)
(... 5 Phone out of service? Give us a call.
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Advertising involves exaggeration, using language to 8 Work in small groups. Choose one of the
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manipulate our brains and make us believe a product is products below. Prepare an outline for a social
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better than it really is. For example, the use of unfinished media advert in English for the product you’ve
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comparative sentences (Our pizzas are tastier!) that our brains chosen. Follow the steps below.
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unconsciously finish off (than the others!).

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2)
(... backpack concert
cosmetics earphones
Slogans are the modern version of proverbs – short spoken energy drink reusable water bottle sportswear
pl
or written phrases that give advice. However, they only really

• Choose an interesting image that will stand out
m
give one piece of advice: Buy!

Sa
3) from the crowd.

(...
• Write a slogan.
Teachers know that jingles help children memorise the
alphabet or multiplication tables. Advertisers know that they
• Write a short text to accompany the photo of
help people remember brands. your product that builds rapport with social
4) media users.
(...
• Write a hashtag for the product or service.
Some target demographics are not impressed by traditional
adverts. As a result, advertisers use parody, employing 9 THINK & SHARE Present your outline
exaggerated advertising techniques for comic effect. to the class, using the advertising vocabulary
5)
(... from Ex 5 to explain your decisions. Which
Nobody can cure the common cold, but that doesn’t stop advertisement do you think would be the most
advertisers from using artistic licence and suggesting that effective? Why?
pharmaceutical companies really can. Their adverts make
analogies with conflict, describing how a brand’s remedies
fight or combat colds. However, they can’t stop them.
6)
(...
Advertising copies all types of media techniques to engage
with customers. Advertisers frequently use hashtags so their
content is easily found on social media, and issue calls to
action to provoke engagement with a brand. © Oxford University Press
4.2 GRAMMAR Use modals of speculation to talk about advertising.
Modals of speculation 6 Copy and complete the sentences using a correct past
modal verb and the words in brackets. Sometimes more
A B than one modal verb is possible.
1 They (... ) (not agree) to use hashtags in the social media
post. I certainly didn’t see any.
2 They (... ) (discuss) the sponsorship deal for hours because
the meeting didn’t finish until 2 a.m.!
3 I’m not sure, but they (... ) (decide) to add puns to the
advert to make it amusing.
4 It’s possible engagement (... ) (increase) if we had added a
call for action at the end.
5 Last year, their vlog was very different to ours so it’s clear
that they (... ) (aim) it at a different target demographic.
6 The viewers (... ) (understood) the irony because not one
of them laughed.
7 In your notebook, rewrite each sentence using a modal
g.
verb so that it has a similar meaning. Sometimes more
n
1 EXAM Work in pairs. Look at the photos. What is than one modal verb is possible.
yi
being advertised? What do you think the advertisers are
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1 I’m sure the call for action helped build the brand’s
trying to say about their products? credibility.
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2 4.02 Listen to two people talking about one of the The call for action (... ).
ot
adverts. Which one are they talking about?
ph
2 Perhaps Alex was hoping his slogan would become famous.
3 4.02 Copy and complete the extracts from the Alex (... ).
conversation. Listen again to check your answers. or
3 Was it possible to write a jingle without words that rhyme?
g
in
1 A lot of people must have been stopping (... ) to look at it. (... ) we (... )?
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2 I seem to remember it might have won an (... ) of some 4 We’re sure that our use of artistic licence didn’t go against
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kind. your principles.

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3 I guess it can’t have been easy to find (... ) for it either. Our use of artistic licence (... ).
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4 It can’t just go (... ). 5 Clearly, Macy didn’t manipulate the text.

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5 I can think of (... ) where it could have been used. The text (... ).
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6 It’s possible that our parody has been annoying viewers.

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4 Answer the questions about the sentences in Ex 3.

Our parody (... ).
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Sentences 1 and 2: In which sentence is the speaker …

8
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a) speculating about something that seems certain? 4.03 Read the Pronunciation box. Then listen to the
l. N
b) speculating about something that might be true? sentences. In your notebook, underline the schwa sound
Sentences 3–5: In which sentence is the speaker … in the bold words.
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a) using a passive form to speculate? PRONUNCIATION Contractions

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b) speculating about the present?

When we use complex modal verb phrases, we often join
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c) speculating about the past? words together in contractions. The modal verb is stressed
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5 Read the sentences in Ex 3 again. Then copy and complete and we use unstressed vowels in the other auxiliary verbs (i.e.
m
the rules for the structures we use to speculate about past have, been). Have is often pronounced as schwa + v /әv/ or
Sa
situations with the words below. even simply as a schwa /ә/. Been is pronounced as /bӀn/.
been participle perfect 1 The advert could’ve been for a fast-food chain.

2 Jingles might’ve been first used in the 16th century.
Modals of speculation 3 Advertising methods must’ve been changed.
A We use modal verb (must/could/might/may) + (... ) 9 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Use modals
infinitive (have + past participle) to speculate about of speculation to match the products below to the
the past. advertising slogans 1–3. Give reasons for your answers.
B We use modal verb + perfect continuous (have (... ) 1 Go further
+ -ing) to speculate about something happening at 2 Seek the unique
a particular moment in the past. 3 Because times are changing
C We use modal verb + perfect passive infinitive
(have been + past (... )) to speculate about the past bank car perfume
pizza
razor blades
in the passive voice. sports clothing phone company watch
GRAMMAR BOOSTER P138 ‘Go further’ must have been used for a …

Understand longer listening texts in a podcast about
communication techniques.
4.3 LISTENING
Long-distance communication 3 EXAM 4.04 Listen again. Choose the correct answers.
1 What did the sounds of the drums copy?
A The sounds of one official language.
B The sounds of ancient languages.
C The sounds of numerous languages.
D The sounds of one area of Nigeria.
2 Why is the internet a good analogy for communication by
talking drums?
A Because the drums provided a fast and extensive
communications system.
B Because the drums were as easy to use as the internet
to communicate information.
C Because every village had drums in the same way
everyone today has a digital device.
D Because talking drums could communicate different
types of information.
g.
3 Why did whistling become a popular form of
n
yi
communication amongst Spanish speakers on Gomera?
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A The quiet environment made it easy to hear and reply
oc
to whistles.
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B The local environment made it difficult to visit and
ph
speak to people.
C It was the only way to communicate with people on
or
the island.
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D It was an easy way to communicate with lots of people
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at the same time.

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4 Why did the silbo gomero nearly disappear?

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1 Work in pairs. Look at the photos. Discuss the A It was replaced by modern technology.
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questions. B It wasn’t valued by the local people.

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1 How do you think the objects in the photos are used for C There was nobody to teach it to young people.
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communication? D People left the countryside to live in towns.

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2 What type of messages do you think the objects are used

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4 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Think of

to communicate?
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advantages and disadvantages for each of the

l. N
STRATEGY Listening to longer texts communication methods from the podcast.

I think it must be difficult to learn the ‘silbo gomero’. It would
ia
When we listen to podcasts, radio programmes, etc., we be like learning a new language.
er
should use its structure to help us follow and understand

at
its content. We should also use questions, discourse 5 MEDIATION Work in groups of three. You have recently
em
markers and other textual features to identify the specific been talking in class about how people communicated
topics of each part. before the invention of communication technology. Look
pl
at the list below and do some online research. Make notes

m
2 4.04 Read the strategy. Listen to a podcast about two on how and where each were used, for what purpose and
Sa
methods of communication. Copy and complete the table how effective they were. Then discuss your findings in
with information about them. Note down whether they your group.
occur in the introduction (I) or the answers to questions (Q). • carrier pigeons
Method 1 Method 2 • bonfires on hilltops
talking drums (I) silbo gomero
• horseback messengers
Types of
communication whistle (I) • large horns
When it originated
Distance covered
Where it’s used
Content of the
message
Current use

Unit 4 53
4.4 VOCABULARY Use phrasal verbs to talk about gestures.
Using gestures 3 VOCABULARY Copy and complete the sentences with the
correct forms of eight of the highlighted phrasal verbs in the
1 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Discuss the questions. article in Ex 2.
1 Do you use a lot of gestures when you are talking? In what 1 I tried to (... ) the time I spend online, but I’m finding it really
situations do you use gestures more? hard to reduce it.
2 What gestures do you use to communicate the ideas below? 2 Aziz says he hasn’t studied much for the Physics exam, but
Do you think people use the same or different gestures to he has (... ) on his maths.
communicate the same ideas in other cultures? 3 Arriving late didn’t get them into trouble, but not doing the
homework really (... ) them (... ) it!
come here good luck everything is OK peace stop 4 I haven’t kept many things from my childhood, but I have
3 Why do you think we use gestures? (... ) my football card collection.
5 The smell of the sea reminded Maryam of her summer
2 Read the article. Does it mention any of the ideas that holidays and (... ) memories of her grandparents.
you used to answer question 3 in Ex 1?
6 We discussed the problem for hours and finally managed to
(... ) the answer around midnight.
7 Sam examined all the books in the library on the subject
g.
and I (... ) all the online research.
n
8 Our English teacher is really easy to understand when she
yi
speaks English, and her ideas (... ) clearly.
op
4 VOCABULARY Check the meaning of the phrasal verbs
oc
below. In your notebook, replace the underlined words and
ot
phrases in the text with the correct form of the phrasal verbs.
ph
bear out capitalise on get something across
or
spell out take in work out
Why you should

g
in
ut
Psychologist Spencer Kelly has spent much of his career
use gestures
rib
trying to 1solve the problem of why we use gestures when

we talk. His recent research 2confirms what a lot of people
st
di
suspected. He believes hand gestures make people listen to

you more carefully and help you 3succeed in communicating
e,
your message. He says that hand gestures help us 4clearly

al
rs
Hand gestures are not just decoration for our spoken explain our message by adding different meaning. Kelly
found that 5we take advantage of the communicative power
fo
words. Researchers Judith Holler and Geoffrey Beattie

of gesture by using it more frequently when we feel our
ot
discovered that gestures improve our ability to communicate

message is important. Furthermore, the people listening to
l. N
considerably, and the best public speakers and online

us 6understand and remember more of what we say when
influencers capitalise on the use of gestures to help them
ia
we use gestures.
come across positively. Behavioural investigator Vanessa
er
Van Edwards went through hours of TED talks and found

at
that in the ten most popular presentations, speakers used

em
an average of 465 gestures to spell their messages out.

pl
However, presenters in the ten least popular, only used an

m
average of 272 gestures to get their points across.

Sa
A research paper How gesture promotes learning throughout

childhood by psychologist Susan Goldin-Meadow, also bears
out the idea that some educators believe that gestures help
children learn. One study demonstrated that young children
take more in when the person talking to them uses gestures.
5 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Think of three hand
Moreover, using gestures while swotting up helps students
gestures you use frequently. Discuss the questions. Use
to hold on to what they have learned for far longer, and
some of the phrasal verbs from the article in your answers.
repeating the gestures helps them call up the information
more easily. Another experiment showed that students were
• What does each gesture mean?
better at working out maths problems when they were asked
• Where, when and with whom do you use each gesture?
to gesture more while thrashing the problems out together. • Is it a gesture that everyone would understand or is it
specific to a group of people?
Admittedly, there are some circumstances when we should
cut down on our use of gestures. Although they can be 6 Share your answers with the class. Were your
useful when visiting a country whose language we don’t gestures similar? Did you learn about any new gestures?
speak, we should make certain that they are acceptable
there before we use them. Apparently, a gesture that is
7 MEDIATION Work in pairs. A friend is having problems
creating a connection with people when they talk. Using the
perfectly innocent at home may come across as offensive
ideas in this lesson, role-play a conversation giving three or
abroad and land you in trouble!
four pieces of advice on the importance of using gestures.
Use adverbs to talk about facial expressions. 4.5 GRAMMAR
Adverbs 6 Work in pairs. In your notebook, put the adverbs

in brackets in two appropriate places in the sentences.
1 Read the article. What is the difference between hand Discuss the differences in meaning.
and facial gestures? Why do you think it exists? 1 Marek added a jingle and a hashtag to the advert.
(also)
Are facial expressions universal? 2 Kate can borrow the laptop. (only)
This is a question that divides the scientific community. 7 Work in pairs. Read the information. Choose
Apparently, although some hand gestures have the correct alternatives in the sentences below. Give
different meanings in different countries, researchers reasons for your choices.
have differing views about the universality of facial
expressions. Psychologist Paul Ekman, who belongs to
Adverbs with gradable and ungradable
one school of thought, asked people all around the planet adjectives
to simply name the emotions that were displayed in the We use adverbs like a bit, a little, very, extremely,
photos of faces that he showed them, and surprisingly quite, etc. with adjectives that can be stronger or
they all gave the same answer. An angry face was the
weaker, e.g. very cold, extremely hungry.
same to an Argentinian as it was to an Egyptian as it was
to a Thai. Even people who lived in areas without access
We use adverbs like absolutely, completely and
g.
to mass media replied in the same way. As a result of his
totally for adjectives that are already very strong,
n
research, Ekman worked with other specialists on the e.g. absolutely freezing, totally starving.
yi
Facial Action Coding System, categorising every facial
op
expression made by humans and listing all the facial
oc
muscles that are involved in producing each one. Despite Ekman’s 1 David is absolutely / very interested in the history
ot
research, other studies have claimed that facial expressions differ of slogans.
ph
from culture to culture, as well as depending on context.
2 I was completely / extremely fascinated by the
2 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Anger is just one of or

subject I was swotting up on.
g
3 I’m totally / a bit tired, but I’ll finish going through
in
seven universal expressions that were identified in Ekman’s the reports.
ut
research. What do you think the other six are? 4 After the 12-hour recording session, they were all
rib
3 In your notebook, match the underlined adverbs in the article in totally / very exhausted.
st
Ex 1 to the two types of adverb in A and B below. 5 The marketing manager was absolutely / extremely
di
angry about her team’s use of artistic licence.

Adverbs
e,
6 Our coach was absolutely / very furious about our

al
A Attitude adverbs. We use attitude adverbs to interpret team’s failure to capitalise on the situation.
rs
the events that we describe and show our attitude

fo
8 Copy and complete the text with the adverbs below.

towards them. They usually refer to a whole clause,
ot
sentence or longer piece of writing. Their position is apparently completely even (x2)

l. N
flexible, but they often go at the beginning of the sentence. extremely highly just
ia
B Focus adverbs. We use focus adverbs to highlight

My face can’t lie
er
information that we think is important. We place them

at
immediately before the item that they qualify. 1 ), another consequence of Ekman’s research was the
(...
em
GRAMMAR BOOSTER P139 discovery of people who can tell what a person’s personality
2 ) by looking at their face. He discovered that it’s (...
is like (... 3)
pl
4 In your notebook, rewrite the sentences using an attitude adverb. unusual for a person to be able to hide their true feelings
m
4 ) – and that a(n) (...

(... 5 ) brief expression flashes across our
Sa
1 It is obvious that the metaphor doesn’t work. 6

faces, (... ) when we are trying hard to control our emotions.
2 In my honest opinion, you should cut down on your screen time. Ekman’s research has made some extraordinary claims
3 It is evident that they’re thrashing out a secret plan. which have sparked debate amongst scientific researchers
and have (... 7 ) inspired a TV series, Lie To Me.
4 It’s only natural that advertisers use artistic licence.
5 It’s becoming apparent that they’re going through all the
scripts to remove the puns.
6 I have to admit the simile is a really good one. 9 a Work in groups. Make three statements
about yourself to the group, two true and one false.
5 a 4.05 Listen to the sentences . Copy them into your
notebook and add the adverb even in the correct position. b Ask and answer questions about the statements.
1 Leyla worked out the answers to the maths test. Observe your partners’ facial expressions while they
are talking. Decide which of their statements are true
2 Leyla worked out the answers to the maths test.
and which is false. Give reasons for your decisions.
b 4.05 In your notebook, match sentences 1 and 2 to
explanations A and B below. Then listen again and repeat.
c Explain the truth about your own statements. Use
adverbs from this page.
Make sure to use the same stress and intonation.
I said my family was moving to another city. Surprisingly,
A Leyla did various things, including working out the answers to
even Soroush, who knows my family very well, thought it
the maths test.
was true! However, the statement is false.
B Everybody, including Leyla, worked out the answers to the
maths test. © Oxford University Press
Unit 4 55
4.6 READING Detect the writer’s attitude in an article about our sense of smell.
The power of smell

1 THINK & SHARE EXAM Work in pairs.
Making scents of
the messages that
1 What are your favourite smells?
2 Which smells do you associate with certain
smells contain
places?
3 What problems do you think you would face if
you lost your sense of smell?
2 Decide if the statements are true (T) or
false (F). Compare your answers with your partner’s.
1 We can smell other people’s emotions.
V
A isit a friend’s house while they’re
2 The smell of cooking does not affect the taste of eating a meal and you’ll be able
a meal. to tell them what’s on their
3 Most cultures place a high importance on smell. plate before you get to the kitchen.
4 We can improve our sense of smell. Go for a walk locally and you’ll know
ng.
3 4.06 Read the article. Check your answers which neighbours have recently cut
yi
to the statements in Ex 2. What is the pun in the their grass even if their gardens are
op
title? hidden from view. Meet a group of
oc
friends coming from the gym, and you’ll
4 Read the article again. In your notebook, match
ot
immediately detect, without having to be
statements 1–8 to paragraphs A–F. Support your
ph
told, which one can’t have showered. How can
answers with evidence from the article. you do this? What is this incredible super-power
1 Our sense of smell influences the extent to which or
that you have?
g
another sense can function.
in
B Smell is the most underappreciated of our senses. In a 2019
2 We can learn to be more sensitive to the smells
ut
survey by researchers at the University of London, a group of

around us.
rib
250 adults claimed it would be the sense that they could most
3 Our sense of smell can independently notice
st
easily live without. Research by McCann Worldgroup, a digital

things that our other senses might not or cannot.
di
marketing company, found that 56% of young people between

4 A good sense of smell can help us avoid danger.
e,
the ages of 16 and 22 would prefer to lose their sense of smell

al
5 An inability to smell appears to be a recognised rather than give up social media. Yet sufferers of anosmia, the
rs
medical term. inability to smell, will tell you exactly the opposite. Not having
fo
6 Strong artificial smells do not stop us from a sense of smell can reduce our capacity to enjoy meals, it can
ot
detecting natural smells. land us in danger, and it can even have a negative effect on our
l. N
7 The senses are appreciated differently around relationships.

the world. C Our sense of smell plays an important role in how we interact
ia
8 Our sense of smell can distinguish relatives from

er
with others. Each human being has a unique scent that carries
at
strangers. information about their genes and immune system and our
em
noses can detect if they are similar or different to our own.

5 VOCABULARY Work in pairs. Copy and
Thanks to our noses, we can take in information about the
complete the questions with the correct form of
pl
emotional states of the people around us, noticing if they are

the highlighted words in the article. Discuss the
m
happy, anxious or frightened. Research by the University of

questions.
Sa
Utrecht in 2012 demonstrated that if these emotions have

1 What action can you take to combat unpleasant
a strong scent, they may even be contagious. Furthermore,
smells, such as the (... ) of old trainers?
our sense of smell enables us to work out if a room has been
2 Do you throw out food because it has passed the recently occupied by family
sell-by-date even if it hasn’t (... )? members or by people
3 How do you recycle materials that are not (... ) we are not related to,
such as plastic? even if they were
4 What type of food do you think helps your (... ) to all wearing
fight infection and disease? perfume that
5 How long do you think it’s safe to keep (... ) in the made them
fridge before eating them? smell like
6 How is the (... ) produced by your local roses.
community disposed of?
7 Which animals are better at detecting people’s
(... ): dogs or cats?
8 What are the typical symptoms of
mild (... )?

4.6 READING
STRATEGY I dentifying the writer’s attitude

and point of view
Writers not only express meaning by what they
say, but also by the way they say it. This reveals,
intentionally or unintentionally, their attitude
towards the topic. If the writer’s attitude is not
immediately obvious, ask yourself the following
questions:
• Is the text written in the first person? If so, the
writer’s position will probably be easier to identify.
If they use the third person or the passive, they
want to appear neutral.
D The relationship that we have • Does the writer support or criticise a particular
with food also depends on our position? Their choice of vocabulary and attitude
noses. It’s no exaggeration to say and focus adverbs will give you clues.
that without a sense of smell, we would • Does the writer present facts and examples? How
be unable to detect between 75% and 90% of
g.
do these contribute to the writer’s attitude?
n
the flavour of the meals we eat. Apparently, people suffering
yi
from respiratory illnesses frequently cut down on the 6 Work in pairs. Read the strategy. Find two
op
amount of food they eat simply because they can no longer or more examples of words or phrases in the text
oc
smell it. Even when we don’t have the flu or a cold, we’ve all which illustrate each of the three questions.
ot
noticed how the leftovers from a hot meal eaten directly from
ph
the fridge rarely taste as good as when they were just cooked. 1 Writer’s voice (e.g. first or third person, passive)
When the smells of cooking disappear, so does our ability
to taste. or It can land us in danger
g
in
E A good sense of smell not only enables us
ut
to enjoy good food, but it also warns

rib
us when food, drink and other

2 Use of attitude and focus adverbs
st
biodegradable substances have

di
gone off. In fact, we instinctively

Apparently,
e,
find the smell of bad food, sewage

al
and waste extremely unpleasant,

rs
and their stench acts as a signal

fo
to avoid them. Moreover, the 3 Presentation of facts and examples

ot
smells of gas, burning materials

l. N
and certain chemicals spell out a In a 2019 survey

clear warning that our lives might
ia
be at stake, and the more developed

er
our sense of smell, the greater our

at
chances of taking evasive action.

em
7 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Discuss the

F Evidently, the fact that our sense of smell provides us with questions.
pl
such valuable information should give us food for thought 1 Which of these is the most enjoyable? Why?
m
when we evaluate its importance. The ability to smell has

Sa
been undervalued in some industrialised nations and this an amazing song a beautiful sunset
is borne out by the fact that they have developed extensive a delicious meal the feel of the sun on your face
vocabularies to describe things that are seen, such as
colours, but have fewer words than languages from other 2 Which of your five senses, if any, would you like to
cultures to describe smells. However, as they say in Nigeria, be stronger? Why?
the eyes have no sense of smell, and by prioritising our 3 Do you believe that there is such a thing as a sixth
sense of sight, we are limiting the potential of our sensory sense? If so, what is it?
experiences. Fortunately, Professor Carl Philpott from the
University of East Anglia in the UK has conducted
experiments that show we can improve our
sense of smell and even increase the number
of scents that we can distinguish. Who
knows, with a more sensitive nose, you
might discover a lot of interesting
emotions and experiences that
until now you were totally
unaware of!

Unit 4 57
4.7 GLOBAL SKILLS Explore different persuasion strategies.
Persuading 3 4.07 Listen to three people talking about persuasion

techniques. In your notebook, match speakers 1–3 to
sentences A–D. One sentence does not match any of the
speakers.
This speaker mentions …
A asking someone to do something that they don’t usually
do. (... )
B explaining different points of view. (... )
C capitalising on someone’s approachable personality. (... )
D gradually lead up to the topic. (... )
4 4.07 Listen again. Answer the questions.
1 When do you ask the ‘make or break’ question in the ‘Yes
ladder’ technique?
2 What are the two questions that the second speaker asks?
3 What does the third speaker say to someone that is
1 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Which of the
reluctant to agree to their request?
g.
situations below have you experienced? What strategies
4 Which strategy do you think is best? Why?
n
did they use to persuade you?
yi
• a friend asking to borrow something from you 5
op
THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Discuss the
• charities asking you for support and donations questions.
oc
• parents promising you a better future if you work harder 1 Are there any ethical problems with any of the three
ot
• people you know asking you to do something that you techniques of persuasion? Why? / Why not?
ph
don’t feel happy about 2 What is the difference between persuasion and
2 Read the article. What is the most persuasive word or

manipulation?
g
3 When do you think it is wrong to try and persuade
in
and why is it so effective?

someone to do something?
ut
rib
6 MEDIATION A friend has asked you for advice. She wants to

The photocopy ask her parents to let her get an electric scooter. They aren’t
st
di
very keen on the idea. Choose one of the strategies from the
machine study listening task in Ex 4. Write a short text message explaining

e,
al
how your friend could use it to persuade her parents.

rs
T
7 VOCABULARY In your notebook, match the highlighted
fo
he language of persuasion is part and parcel of our everyday

phrases in Ex 2 to the definitions.
lives, but there are some dos and don’ts surrounding what to say
ot
1 (... ) make compromises on both sides

when we want someone to do something. First and foremost, it’s
l. N
important to be friendly and polite. Being direct might get your message 2 (... ) a necessary component
ia
across loud and clear, but it is likely to sound aggressive. It’s all about 3 (... ) success or failure
er
give and take – offering reasons for why what you want is a good idea. 4 (... ) more than anything else
at
5 (... ) an easy choice between right and wrong

em
In terms of persuasive language, apparently one word is more powerful

6 (... ) things you should and shouldn’t do
than any other when we want to persuade others: ‘because’. An
pl
experiment by Harvard University psychologist Ellen Langer, discovered 7 (... ) easily understood
m
that ‘because’ and not ‘excuse me’ is the most persuasive expression 8 (... ) everything considered
Sa
in the English language. When a researcher saw a queue form in front 8 a Work in groups of three. Students A and B do
of the library photocopier, they approached the person at the front and one of the role-plays below and Student C decides who is
made one of the three following requests: most persuasive and why. Change roles after each role-play.
Excuse me. May I use the photocopier? • Student A has lost interest in their studies. They say
Excuse me. May I use the photocopier because I have to make copies? they will work more hours in a part-time job to support
Excuse me. May I use the photocopier because I’m in a hurry? themselves and study again in the future. Student B tries to
persuade them to continue with their studies now.
When the researchers analysed the data, it was make or break time,
• Student A wants to buy a new phone, but they haven’t got
but the results were pretty black and white. They found that 60% of the
enough money. They want to use their credit card to buy it.
people let the researcher jump the queue as a result of the first request,
Student B explains why they think it is better to wait until
93% as a result of the second and 94% as a result of the third. they have saved up.
All in all, the second request worked almost as well as the third, even • Student A is deciding between buying an electric scooter
though the reason can’t have made much sense to the people who or a second-hand moped. The moped they have in mind
heard it! It seems that if we can justify other people’s requests to runs on petrol. Student B tells Student A the reasons why
ourselves (I’m helping this person because …) and feel we’re avoiding a they should take the environment into consideration when
loss of face, then there is a much greater chance of us complying with making their decision.
the request even if the reason they provide isn’t valid. b Who was the most persuasive person in your group?
Why?
© Oxford University What techniques did they use?
Press
Use expressions for persuading in a plan to publicise an event. 4.8 SPEAKING
Being persuasive 3 4.08 Listen to a conversation between two students

who are helping to organise a college advertising campaign.
1 EXAM Work in pairs. Choose the three most Answer the questions.
important factors for a student choosing a college. Do 1 What type of media do they decide to use?
you think there is a difference between what is important 2 What reasons does Ashu give for choosing the media?
for students and what is important for parents? Why? /
Why not? 4 4.08 Listen again. Which of the phrases from the
Phrasebook do they use?
accommodation college reputation course content
course fees cultural and sports facilities PHRASEBOOK Expressions for persuading
educational facilities location social opportunities Just think about …
transport links I’m absolutely certain that …
I’m sure you’ll agree that …
2 Read the poster and the social media post for a college You also have to take into account …
open day. Answer the questions. Not to mention the fact …
1 In each case, who do you think they are aimed at: Believe me, …
parents, future students or both? Why? Just imagine if we …
g.
2 What different aspects of education do they highlight? Supposing we …
n
3 What other type of media could the college use to reach The most important thing to bear in mind is …
yi
We’ve got nothing to lose if we …
op
its target demographic? Give reasons for your choices.
I highly recommend that …
oc
Instagram because …
4 What information do you think is missing from the poster?
ot
Is there any other information that you would add?
5 Work in pairs. Read the strategy. Take it in turns to
ph
say sentences 1–4. Who sounds more persuasive?
map of the college
or
STRATEGY Being persuasive
g
in
HILLFIELDS We can use intensifying adverbs before verbs to sound
ut
COMMUNITY
COLLEGE more persuasive. We stress intensifying adverbs to
rib
emphasise the strength of our feelings and to sound even

st
more persuasive.
di
1 I highly recommend that we use images of students using

e,
the college facilities.

al
rs
2 I positively encourage everyone to take part!

fo
3 I strongly believe that advertising can make a difference.

ot
4 I totally agree that we should use social media

l. N
advertising.
ia
6 Work in pairs. Read the task. Discuss how you

er
would advertise and organise an open day for the place
OPEN DAY
at
where you study.

em
Your centre of study is planning an open day to attract

pl
students for the following academic year. Below you will

m
SATURDAY 17TH APRIL find four topics that you should mention.
Sa
• type of media
10A.M. – 5P.M. • images to use
Join us and learn more about our …
• content for different types of media
• events during the open day
• culture of high expectations.
• excellent academic results. 7 Share your plan with the class. Explain and justify the
• cutting-edge specialist facilities in science, decisions you made. Then discuss which plan would be the
technology and arts. most effective a) for attracting parents’ attention and b) in
• outstanding sporting and cultural activities. appealing to students.
8 REFLECT Work in groups of four (two pairs). Give
feedback to the other pair. Think about the following
Hillfields CC @CC_Hillfields · April 10 ··· questions.
Calling all future artists, scientists, IT specialists … 1 Did they consider all four topics?
Hillfields Community College is holding its Open Day 2 Did they think about how to appeal to both parents
on Saturday 17th April. Come along and find out and students?
what the future holds for you! 3 Did they use any of the phrases from the Phrasebook?

Unit 4 59
4.9 WRITING Organise ideas in a for and against essay.
A for and against essay 3 Work in pairs. Decide if you agree with the writer’s
conclusion. Give reasons for your decision.
STRATEGY Organising ideas into a coherent structure
1 Which of the following activities do you do in your own
language, in English or both? A good for and against essay orders its points so that it
presents a coherent argument:
follow the news go to the cinema • start with one or two sentences that clearly define the
listen to music message friends and family situation to be discussed.
post comments online read a novel • present evidence that supports the for arguments.
read blogs shop online • present evidence that supports the against arguments.
study school subjects watch a TV series • use the arguments presented to give your opinion.
watch YouTube videos write essays • use a wide range of linkers (nevertheless, on the other
hand, as a result, consequently, therefore, all in all, etc.), to
2 What do you think are the pros and cons of studying
connect your arguments.
school or university subjects in English?
• use attitude adverbs to show how you feel.
3 What activities do you think have helped you learn
English the most? Why? 4 Read the strategy and answer the questions about the
g.
essay in Ex 2.
2 Read the for and against essay. Does the writer mention
n
any of the pros and cons from your list? 1 How is the issue defined?
yi
2 What evidence is given that supports the arguments for
op
and against the statement?
oc
English, the 21st-century lingua franca 3 How convincing is the writer’s conclusion?
ot
Today, due to digital communications, the world has become a
ph
global village. As a result, the importance of English has increased. 5 Read the Phrasebook. In your notebook, add the
Wherever you travel to and whoever you do business with, you are underlined phrases in the essay to the correct sections.
most likely to speak in English. Consequently, owing to its position or
g
as a lingua franca, there is a growing belief amongst education PHRASEBOOK A for and against essay
in
authorities around the world that they should teach some, or

ut
Introducing one side of the argument

all, of their courses in English at the expense of teaching in their 1)…
(...
rib
students’ mother tongue. There is a strong case for …

st
Apparently, the advantages of teaching school or university It is held / believed / maintained that … by …
di
subjects in English are considered self-evident. The reasoning is

Listing arguments
e,
as follows: if students mostly use English, their linguistic skills in

al
this language will improve and so will their career prospects. As a One argument in favour of …
rs
result, in some countries, a number of secondary schools teach Another compelling argument / reason is …
fo
2)…
(...
the majority of subjects in English. In others, like the Netherlands,
ot
whatever university degree you study, you’ll probably just study it Adding similar points
in English.
l. N
By the same token, …

On the other hand, a number of experts question the effectiveness In the same way, …
ia
of studying school or university subjects in a second language 3 ), … ,

Similarly / (...
er
and a number of studies bear this view out. They have shown
at
that students who study school subjects in English do worse than Adding an opposing point
em
students who only study them in their first language. Likewise, Having said that, …
schoolteachers and university lecturers do not always have the By contrast, …
pl
4 ), …
(...
required level of English to teach their subject. Nevertheless, many
m
parents and politicians believe language learning is improved by Expressing the same idea in a different way
Sa
using English to teach other subjects. Therefore, there is a lot of In other words, …
pressure to organise these programmes, even if the teachers might
To put it simply, …
not be prepared linguistically to teach them.
Summarising
All in all, however you present the arguments, I think that 5 ), …
whenever a student has to swot up on a subject for an exam, (...
they should focus on acquiring the necessary knowledge and
6 EXAM Write a for and against essay on one of the topics
not worry about working out how to express themselves in
below. Make some notes about the current situation and
another language. In a nutshell, I feel it is better to study school
and university subjects in your mother tongue. Evidently,
the arguments for and against the statement.
learning languages is important, but they must be studied as • Advertising does more harm than good.
just one aspect of our education. • Social media has reduced the importance of face-to-face
communication.
• Our sense of vision is our most important sense.
7 CHECK YOUR WORK Did you …
1 include a clear introduction?
2 organise your work into clear paragraphs?
3 use attitude and focus adverbs and phrases from the
Phrasebook?
© Oxford University Press your spelling and punctuation?
4 check
4.10 REVIEW
Grammar 4 Copy and complete the sentences with one word in

each gap.
1 Copy and complete the dialogue using a suitable modal 1 The company c(... ) on the award to boost their profile,
verb and the words in brackets. Use a continuous form which meant that they could save money by c(... ) down
where possible. on their online promotions.
Senyo I’ve just been reading about the vlogger Jérôme Jarre. 2 They tried really hard to g(... ) their message across, but it
Ruby You mean the guy who said no to an offer of just didn’t seem to work.
$1 million to promote a brand? He (... 1 ) (be) serious!
3 I c(... ) across this great app that lets me c(... ) up
Nobody says no to $1 million, do they? information so quickly, and also helps me w(... ) out if I
Senyo Well, he did! The brand (... 2 ) (suggest) doing product can trust the source.
placement. Who knows? Or he (... 3 ) (ask) to do
4 We really need to t(... ) out this problem by the end of the
something that he thought would damage his day or it’ll l(... ) us in big trouble!
credibility. 5 It really isn’t that hard to understand, so I can’t see why
Ruby Surely the reason (... 4 ) (be) more important than a
you’re having problems. Do you need me to s(... ) it out
general dislike of product placement. Maybe it was a for you?
dangerous or unethical product. 6 I’ve been s(... ) up on world history for a month.
Senyo Possibly. Well, anyway last year, he used his online I really hope the exam goes well!
g.
talent to raise millions of dollars for charities. He (...5)
n
yi
(work) hard to raise so much money!
Cumulative review
op
2 EXAM Copy and complete the blog post about advertising
oc
methods. Choose the best answer: A, B or C. 5 Choose the correct alternative to complete the dialogue.
ot
Max Do you know what greenwashing is?
ph
Although advertising methods change, some advertising Pria Yeah, I think it’s when companies 1work out /
stereotypes manage to survive. The kitchen is still
depicted as primarily female territory and hungry children 2 or
come across as environmentally friendly
g
even / obviously when they aren’t.
in
are always fed (... 1 ) delicious products by their mothers.
Max Yeah, the expression came about when it was realised
ut
However, these mothers are not (... 2 ) working mothers

that hotels were placing notices in their bathrooms
rib
3
who feel (... ) tired at the end of the day. No, these are
encouraging customers to re-use their towels for
superwomen, completely in control of their families and
st
4 ) their professional lives thanks to the products they environmental reasons, and trying to 3capitalise on /
(...
di
5 ), they have a permanent smile on their faces. hold on to this, but actually they 4must / can’t have
use. (...
e,
6 ) place you’ll ever find been more interested in saving money on their energy
al
However, as we all know, the (...

bills. The 5analogy / irony is that a lot of companies
rs
such women is in adverts, because real life is a little more

actually are not sustainable in other areas of their
fo
complicated than that!

operations and 6apparently / obviously, with this one
ot
concession they 7are manipulating / bearing out the

1 A very B absolutely C honestly
l. N
facts just to make them seem eco-friendly.

2 A just B a little C apparently
Pria Wow! That 8must / can’t have been right! That
ia
3 A completely B admittedly C extremely

er
9
may / must have landed them in trouble.
4 A honestly B also C very
at
Max Yes, I think there is an understanding now that this

em
5 A Only B Naturally C Totally happens in many companies and that it’s important
6 A surprisingly B a bit C only that a company’s actions match the 10slogans /
pl
exaggeration it uses in its advertising.

m
Vocabulary Pria Well, at least they’re taking some responsibility!

Sa
3 In your notebook, match the literary devices below to the

examples 1–8.
Think & share
analogy irony jingle metaphor 6 Work in pairs. Order the following according to the
influence that they have on you when you buy something.
parody pun rhyme simile
Does the order change depending on the product? Which
1 The repeated phrase ‘I’m lovin’ it’ in the song in the advert influences do you think you are consciously aware of?
for McDonalds. • special offers, discounts, etc.
2 Roses are red, violets are blue, sugar is sweet and so are you. • recommendations from friends
3 The Scary Movie series laughs at features of horror films. • online reviews
4 Life is like a box of chocolates – you never know what • brand image
you’re going to get.
5 Laughter is the best medicine.
6 Computers were stolen from the police station last night.
7 You were right, so I left.
8 Maria is as brave as a lion!

Review 61
3–4 EXAM SKILLS
Listening 4 For each question, copy and complete the second

sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
EXAM STRATEGY sentence, using the word given. You must use between
two and five words, including the word given.
When completing a summary of a listening or a set of notes,
first read through the summary or notes to get an idea of what 1 Apparently, the company is working on the proposal now.
the listening text will be about and the type of information SAID
needed to fill the gaps. Remember that you must complete The company (... ) working on the proposal now.
the gaps with the words that you hear. 2 Do you remember your teacher telling you this?
BEING
1 Read the strategy above. Then read the exam task Do you remember (... ) your teacher?
in Ex 2. Think about the type of information needed to 3 I’m sure Ben wasn’t lying to everyone.
complete each gap. BEEN
2 4.09 You will hear a woman talking about the history Ben (... ) to everyone.
of advertising. For each question 1–10, listen and write the 4 Someone stole Anna’s bag at the beach yesterday.
correct answer in the gap in your notebook. Write one or HAD
two words, or a number, a date or a time.
Anna (... ) at the beach yesterday.
g.
1 In ancient Egypt, a form of paper called papyrus was
5 The match had almost finished when she scored a goal.
n
used for sales messages and (... ).
yi
ABOUT
op
2 Tradespeople in medieval Europe advertised themselves
The match (... ) when she scored a goal.
with (... ) rather than words.
oc
6 I want to reduce the amount of meat that I eat.
3 The songs known as ‘street cries’ were the equivalent of
ot
today’s (... ) used in some adverts. CUT
ph
4 Adverts were used to pay for (... ) the first newspapers. I want (... ) how much meat I eat.
5 In Britain in the mid-(... ), many people had enough money
Reading or
g
to buy a wider range of goods.
in
6 Thomas J Barratt was an (... ) who came up with many of

ut
EXAM STRATEGY
our current advertising strategies.
rib
In a reading task with short texts, decide what kind of text each
7 His ideas included the use of (... ) as well as pictures.
st
one is, e.g., an advert, a notice, a description. This will help you
8 An advert for clocks and watches shown before a game of
di
answer questions about the gist and the author’s intention.

(... ) was the first commercial to appear on TV.
e,
al
9 Young people today tend to read reviews of products on 5 Read the strategy above. Then look at the texts in the
rs
social media or (... ) before making purchases. exam task in Ex 6. Decide what kind of text each one is,
fo
10 Today, a lot of companies are involving (... ) to make their who wrote it and why.
ot
advertising more successful.

6 Read the texts below. For each question 1–3, choose the
l. N
Use of English correct answer: A, B, C or D.

ia
er
EXAM STRATEGY Theo,

at
About what happened on Saturday: I just wanted to say

em
In key word transformation tasks, you must only change the

parts of the sentence that need to be changed. Don’t add any that I hope this doesn’t become a big deal. We’ve been
pl
extra information and don’t write more than the maximum friends for such a long time and I don’t want us to fall
m
number of words. out. I’m sure if we sit down together and have a proper
Sa
conversation, we can work something out. I know we’ve

3 Read the strategy above. Then read the instructions got our differences of opinion and maybe I came across
for the exam task in Ex 4 and the example below. Why is a bit too self-interested. I certainly didn’t mean it to turn
the answer incorrect? What is the correct answer? into a confrontation. Anyway, I hope we can find some
common ground – I’m prepared to compromise if you
Understanding his point of view was difficult for her. are. I don’t want to get my own way if it’s at the expense
EASY of our friendship!
She didn’t find it at all easy to understand his point of view. Max
1 Max has written this message to …

A apologise for his actions.
B resolve an argument with a friend.
C take responsibility for a problem.
D justify his recent behaviour.

3–4 EXAM SKILLS
8 The photos show two different situations with people in

So this week’s review is for anyone who worries about all authority. Compare the photos and talk about:
those scams out there – if you’re like me, you might be • the relationship between the people.
concerned that things seem to be getting worse by the • how the different people might be feeling.
week. It’s difficult to know who to trust these days, so this
is a great place to go to for advice. The site is pretty easy
to find your way around and there are plenty of useful
links to follow up if you have specific concerns, such as
making online purchases. It’s also helpful if you want to
know more about consumer rights, for example what you
should do if any goods you buy turn out to be faulty.
2 What is the purpose of this blog?

A to highlight typical problems for consumers
B to encourage consumers to share their experiences
C to inform consumers about a useful resource
D to warn consumers about a potential threat
ng.
yi
In several weeks’ time, we will be carrying out research
op
into the importance of our sense of smell and are
oc
currently looking for volunteers to take part. Are you
ot
someone who has recently lost their sense of smell?
ph
Has your sense of taste also been affected? Would you
or
be willing to spare a few hours to tell us about your
experience? You will need to be aged between 18 and
g
in
45, and should be in generally good health. You will be
ut
required to provide background information about your

rib
medical history and participate in a series of simple tests.

All expenses such as travel will be fully refunded. For
st
di
more information, please click on the link below.

e,
al
3 According to the notice …

rs
A no one younger than eighteen years old can be

fo
involved in the study. Writing

ot
B the study will focus on improving people’s sense

l. N
of smell. EXAM STRATEGY

C participants must have their own form of transport.
ia
When you write an email or message, you often need to use

er
D volunteers should be available for several weeks. more than one tense. Make sure you know when to use a
at
present tense, a past tense, a future form, etc.

Speaking
em
9 Read the strategy above. Then look at the exam task

pl
EXAM STRATEGY
in Ex 10. Make notes for each point, thinking about the
m
When you talk about photos, don’t talk about ideas or things
Sa
different tenses you might need to use. When you have

that aren’t directly connected to them. However, you can say completed the exam task, check your email to ensure you
what they remind you of, how they make you feel, what you have included a range of tenses.
like or dislike about them, what you would do if you were in
the situation shown, etc.
10 You have recently had a disagreement with your English-
speaking friend, Alex. Write an email (150–200 words) to
Alex in which you:
7 Read the strategy above. Then read the exam task in
Ex 8. Think about what you could say about each of the
• explain what the issue is.
photos using the ideas in the strategy. • apologise for the disagreement.
• suggest a solution.

Exam skills 63
Participatory culture Podcast about breaking Dealing with your An email of complaint
Boosting self-esteem cultural barriers unconscious bias
VISION 360°
GRAMMAR READING SPEAKING A guide on how to be a good tourist
Conditionals Article about lying Comparing and
Inversion of subject contrasting photos
and verb GRAMMAR BOOSTER P140–141
Social
values
n g.
yi
op
oc
ot
ph
or
g
in
ut
rib
st
di
e,
al
rs
fo
ot
l. N
ia
er
at
em
pl
Participatory culture
m
Sa

1 What is an online community? Think of a definition and
some examples.
2 Which online communities do you know of?
What do you think people enjoy about being members
of online communities? 3 5.01 Watch or listen again. Answer the questions.
2 5.01 Watch or listen. Which sentence is the best 1 How does Kaya counter the argument that screen time
summary of the vlog? can be suspect?
A Online communities can consume too much of our time 2 How has Darius become more creative since he joined an
and even promote dangerous ideas. online forum?
B Online communities can help us develop abilities that are 3 What do fan fiction writers have to do to ensure that their
useful in other areas of our lives. work is legal?
C Online communities can provide opportunities for 4 According to Amira, what important skills do multiplayer
learning how to write fan fiction. games help to develop?
D Online communities encourage people to spend too 5 According to Darius, how could the education system be
much time looking at a screen instead of reading books. improved?
Talk about fan fiction and online communities. 5.1 VOCABULARY
4 REAL ENGLISH Decide if the statements are true (T) or 6 VOCABULARY Work in pairs. Check the meanings of
false (F). In your notebook, correct the false sentences. the words and phrases below and use them to copy and
1 If something goes through the roof, its value doesn’t complete the questions. Then discuss the questions.
increase. alternative perspective
civic life
empower
2 If all online activities are considered suspect, they are all grassroots screen time
lag behind
regarded with suspicion. transferable skills
3 Someone who gets carried away with something,
1 Why do parents and teachers worry about children’s (... )?
becomes excited and loses control of their feelings.
Do you think there is a difference if it is on TV, a tablet or a
4 A springboard to something is something that gives you
phone?
ideas that help you start a new activity.
2 If you participate in an online community, what (... ) might
5 If two or more people are on the same page, they don’t
you learn that you could apply to your life?
agree about what they are trying to achieve.
3 How can digital media help people to participate more
5 VOCABULARY Copy and complete the text about effectively in the (... ) of their community?
a fan fiction site with the correct form of the words 4 What can we do to make sure that children from poorer
and phrases below. communities don’t (... ) those that have greater access to
contributor fan base geek mentoring novice digital resources?
g.
peer-to-peer pursue your interests sign up to 5 What (... ) movements exist in your community, town or
n
yi
region? How do they encourage people to participate?
op
6 Do you try to get an (... ) on current affairs to compare
oc
news stories? Why? / Why not?
Fun with
ot
7 How can digital technology help (... ) young people so
ph
that they can make a difference in their communities?
fan fiction 7 g
or
Copy and complete the sentences so that they are
true for you. Work in pairs. Discuss your sentences.
in
1 I don’t think my screen time …

ut
2 I’d like to sign up to … because …

rib
fanfiction.net is, as the name suggests, a website for

3 I think … has helped me develop transferable skills
st
fan fiction. The site is divided into nine categories

such as …
di
that serve a number of (... 1 ) related to books,

4 … would empower … to …
e,
series, films, video games, etc. Over 12 million

5 I’d love to receive mentoring in … because …
al
2 ) the site and they write in over

users are (...
rs
40 languages. Writers can discuss their work with 6 I’m a complete novice at …, but I …
fo
other authors in (...3 ) forums. They can also receive 7 One of my favourite blogs … is … because …
ot
4
(... ) from Beta readers, who have their own page 8 It’s fine to pursue your interests as long as …
l. N
on the site. Beta readers have a useful part to play, 8 THINK & SHARE Work in groups. Copy and
ia
looking over a story before a writer posts it publicly, complete the table with four more pros and cons of joining
er
checking it for grammar, spelling, plot holes, etc. and participating in an online community. Present your
at
Many of the community pages encourage (... 5 ) to (...

6) pros and cons to the class. Which do you agree / disagree
em
and write freely without worrying about uploading with? Why?

7 ), but not
their first efforts. If you’re a writing (...
pl
Pros Cons
m
into fan fiction, then fanfiction.net has a sister site,

• Flexibility. You can take • Time lag. Replies to your
Sa
FictionPress.com, where (... 8 ) work on writing based

part in peer-to-peer comments might lag
on their own original ideas.
forums when and where behind the conversation
you want. meaning they lose their
relevance.

5.2 GRAMMAR Use different conditional forms to talk about gaming.
Conditionals 4 Copy and complete the rules for mixed conditionals using
the words below.
1 Work in pairs. Read the article. Why did the image
of gaming improve? Do you agree with Karen Schrier’s past perfect present simple
opinion of gaming? Why? / Why not?
Mixed conditionals
Gaming and mental health We normally use mixed conditionals when the time
In 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) recognised frame in the if clause is different from the time frame in
that gaming disorder existed. The image of gaming probably the main clause.
would never have recovered if it hadn’t been for the 1 A hypothetical situation in the past with a
COVID-19 pandemic. If anything, it would still be considered 1 ) result.
(...
to have a link to mental health issues. But in 2020, the WHO 2 )) + result clause (would + verb).
If clause (If + past (...
updated its position, and promoted gaming to connect If he’d accepted the money, he wouldn’t have any
people who had to stay at home. Since then, gaming has artistic credibility today.
gained a positive reputation as an educational tool and in
2 A hypothetical situation in the present with a
her book, We the Gamers, Karen Schrier believes that as long 3 ) result.
(...
as we appreciate the limitations of games, they can be used
g.
4 )) + result clause (would have +
If clause (If + past (...
n
in schools to teach ethics and civics. Schrier believes that
past participle)
yi
schools should accept that gaming offers great educational
op
If you were more interested in money, I would have
opportunities. If not, they’ll be missing an
civics the study
oc
opportunity to help their students fully
said ‘yes’.
of the rights and
ot
engage with the world. GRAMMAR BOOSTER P140
duties of citizenship
ph
2 Read the rules. Read the text again and find an example of 5 In your notebook, rewrite the sentences using mixed
each rule. or
conditionals.
g
in
1 I don’t have strong views on peer-to-peer gaming. I didn’t

Conditionals
ut
participate in the debate.

rib
A We can use other words in place of if in conditional 2 The students did a course on literary devices such as
sentences, e.g. assuming, provided / providing (that),
st
metaphor, simile and parody. Their writing is more

di
on condition that, as long as, suppose, supposing, even if. sophisticated this year.
e,
B We can use phrases with if and other words, usually 3 Ann isn’t impressionable. They couldn’t persuade her to
al
without the subject and the verb be: if necessary, pursue other interests.
rs
if any, if anything, if ever, if in doubt, if possible. 4 They swotted up on science all night. They feel very tired
fo
C We use if it wasn’t for / if it hadn’t been for / but for to today.

ot
say that one particular situation or event changes 5 Chidi participates in a number of online collaborative
l. N
everything. games. He learned about civic life.

D We can use so and not after if instead of repeating a
ia
6 We didn’t thrash out an agreement. We aren’t

sentence that has come before.
er
collaborating now.
at
GRAMMAR BOOSTER P140 7 They were lazy at school. They don’t have good jobs now.
em
8 I didn’t limit my screen time. I have a headache now.

3 Copy and complete the sentences with the words below.
pl
6 In your notebook, complete the sentences with

m
You do not need to use three of them.

mixed conditionals so that they are true for you. Work in
Sa
anything condition
doubt even ever pairs. Compare your answers.
hadn’t long not so supposing wasn’t 1 If I didn’t live in my home town, …
2 If we had been born in Australia, …
1 We’ll help them as (... ) as they don’t tease us anymore! 3 If I were rich, …
2 Can you cope with all the work? If (... ), I’ll provide you 4 If we’d gone to another school, …
with some help.
5 If I had an English-speaking friend, …
3 (... ) if they’re a novice, I think it’s still good to upload their
If I didn’t live in my home town, I wouldn’t have become a
stories.
supporter of the local football club.
4 If in (... ), reading alternative perspectives on the topic will
help you reach a decision. 7 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Complete the
5 Kiara would have got the job if it (... ) been for her negative activities.
online presence. A Think of at least three important moments in your life.
6 Ewan will go through your story on (... ) that you upload it Then explain how your life would be different now if they
this evening. hadn’t happened.
7 If (... ), she’s more of a gaming geek than I am! B Think of at least three personal characteristics. Then
8 If it (... ) for the online fan base, the TV series would have explain what different things you would have done in the
been forgotten. past if your personality was different.

Distinguish main ideas in a podcast about female communities. 5.3 LISTENING
Breaking barriers B C
1 Work in pairs. Read the factsheet about areas STRATEGY D

istinguishing main ideas from
of inequality for women across the world. How do you secondary or supporting ideas
think the situation could be improved?
When we listen to a speech, presentation, podcast, etc. we often
Women spend twice as much
need to distinguish between a main idea and the information
that is used to support that idea. The supporting ideas are
time as men on domestic work.
clearly connected to the main idea and offer evidence such as
g.
25% of the world’s politicians are women. factual information, statistics or even anecdotal evidence that
n
yi
support the main point.
op
Less than 20% of the world’s land
4
oc
is owned by women, but most of the 5.04 Read the strategy. Listen to the second part of the
world’s food is produced by women.
ot
podcast. In your notebook, match photos A–C above to the
women in the table below. Complete the table with the main ideas
ph
Women earn 78% of what men are paid. and two or three supporting ideas for each group of women.
75% of unpaid care is done by women. orThe Haenyeo Richard Mille The Khasi
g
in
Racing Team
Women work 66% of the world’s working hours.
ut
Main idea They reversed

rib
traditional
st
2 5.02 Listen to the introduction to a podcast. In roles.

di
your notebook, correct the mistakes in each sentence.

e,
1 Maisy has two grandchildren. Supporting

al
2 Maisy’s husband shared the responsibility for ideas

rs
bringing up their children.

fo
3 Maisy joined a support group for women like herself.

ot
4 It’s a Woman’s World is a hit song by James Brown. 5 EXAM 5.04 Listen again. In your notebook, match sentences
l. N
5 The podcast discusses three traditional women’s 1–8 to the Haenyeo, the Richard Mille Racing Team or the Khasi.
ia
communities. There are two sentences that don’t match.

er
6 The communities provide alternative perspectives 1 Some people would like to change their current status in the
at
on women’s roles in their personal lives. community. (... )

em
2 This community has opened up to men and welcomes them

PRONUNCIATION Connected speech as members. (... )
pl
3 These women have taken on opponents and beaten them. (... )

m
We usually pronounce words that carry important

Sa
information (verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs) in 4 The outlook for this group of people is unfavourable because
the same way whether they are spoken as individual of changing circumstances. (... )
words or in sentences. However, many function words 5 The activities these women are engaged in can be
(articles, prepositions, auxiliary verbs, pronouns life-threatening. (... )
and conjunctions) have a strong form when they 6 These women have reached a deal with the government to
are pronounced individually and a weak form in give them some political power. (... )
sentences. For this reason, they can seem to disappear 7 These women received help to build their credibility. (... )
when we listen to connected speech. 8 Some members of this group acquire certain rights purely
because of their age. (... )
3 5.03 PRONUNCIATION Work in pairs. Read
the Pronunciation box. Read and copy the sentences 6 MEDIATION Work in groups of four. Do some online
from the introduction to the podcast and cross out the research for improving equality between women and men in the
words that contain weak forms. Listen and check. areas below and make notes. Then report back to your group.
1 She was a loving mum, but she was also incredibly education entertainment media
independent. politics relationships science sport
2 I would have a very different image of her today.
3 This all took place in the 1960s. 7 Work in groups. Discuss the suggestions and choose the
4 We look at three communities of women. best five. Explain your reasons for choosing them.
5 From ABEX Radio, it’s the Global Community podcast.
Unit 5 67
5.4 VOCABULARY Use vocabulary to talk about self-esteem.
Boosting self-esteem 4 Work in pairs. In your notebook, write your

own paragraph to add to the infographic. Use your
1 Work in pairs. Think of a definition for self-esteem. own ideas or the ideas below.
Compare it with the class. Are the definitions similar or different?
be open to learning join a community
2 Work in pairs. Read the statements. Which do you think are learn forgiveness look for the positive
from people with low self-esteem and high self-esteem? Why? say goodbye to negative relationships
I sometimes make mistakes, but 5 VOCABULARY Check the meaning of the words
hey, so does everybody else! and phrases in bold. Then discuss the questions.
Why should I leave my comfort 1 Do you think it is true that everybody has the
zone just to make a fool of myself? potential to succeed in what they want to do?
2 Do you think your parents’ generation have an
That’s the way it is. Things just accurate perception of what life is like for your
never seem to go right for me. generation?
3 Which is more likely to encourage a person
They might be fashionable, but I wouldn’t to push themselves to improve: constant
feel comfortable wearing certain clothes!
g.
affirmation that they are doing well or constant
n
The coach thinks I’m not good criticism?
yi
4 How much pressure is there for young people
op
enough, but that’s where she’s wrong.
to live up to the unrealistic expectations
oc
3 Read the infographic. Which of the suggestions have you tried? created by social media?
ot
How successful were they? 5 Do you have any belongings that others consider
Learn to l ve yourself! ph
to be worthless, but that are important to you?
or 6 What makes us sometimes underestimate
g
other people’s abilities?
in
7 What character flaws do you find it easiest to

ut
Say ‘no’ to negative self-talk ignore or forgive in others?

rib
There are moments when it’s good to be self-critical, but don’t 6 VOCABULARY In your notebook, match
st
overdo it! We all have flaws, but constantly focusing on them can
highlighted words from the infographic in Ex 3 to
di
make you feel worthless and lead you to seriously underestimate

statements 1–6.
e,
what you are capable of.

al
1
I don’t feel confident about myself
Recognise your abilities
rs
or about how others see me.

fo
Instead of negative self-talk, focus on your strengths and positive

ot
attributes. Spend a few minutes writing down as many positive 2

affirmations about yourself as you can. Not only might you be I try hard not to hurt other people’s feelings
l. N
surprised at how many great attributes you have, but you could and to anticipate what they might need or like.
ia
also discover ones you hadn’t recognised in yourself before!

3
er
I always find fault with my own work, even

Don’t compare
at
when teachers and classmates say it’s good.

em
Only by spending a lot of time with people can we ever really know
them, so why be taken in by the profiles displayed online? Ignore 4
I don’t wait for things to happen;
pl
them! Comparisons with exaggerated and probably untrue claims can

m
make us feel insecure, or worse, like failures. The fact is that nobody
I prefer to make them happen.
Sa
can live up to the unrealistic expectations created by social media.

5
I’m always careful not to say or do
Develop empathy anything that will upset people.
Being considerate about other people’s feelings will also help you
understand your own. Little do we realise that a comment that 6
I often express myself with confidence
wouldn’t bother us might be hurtful to another person. Often that’s and people often take notice of what I say.
because they have a different perception of life from us, so try to be
tactful in what you say. Give friends and strangers a helping hand;
7 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Use
this will help you see things from their point of view and will also
make you feel more positive about yourself.
vocabulary from the infographic to tell your
partner about three situations in which you
Look after yourself didn’t behave or act as you should have done.
It’s a fact that regular exercise has the potential to improve our Then listen to your partner’s situations and
self-esteem. However, exercise doesn’t just mean sport; it can be suggest how they could make amends.
walking, dancing, climbing … anything that gets you moving!
8 MEDIATION Your friend is worried they are
Set yourself challenges not as good as others in schoolwork and sports.
Leave your comfort zone, be proactive and make things happen.
Send them a message to boost their self-esteem,
Achieving a realistic challenge that you have set for yourself will using ideas in the infographic and your
empower you and help you feel more confident and assertive. own words.
Use inversion to talk about the fashion industry. 5.5 GRAMMAR
Inversion of subject and verb 4 In your notebook, rewrite the sentences. Start the new
sentence with the underlined word or expression.
1 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Think of some 1 The rain came down just as they started the photo shoot.
recent clothing adverts. What do the people in the 2 The singer rarely appears in public these days.
adverts look like? What type of people are excluded? 3 Ally’s career prospects have never been at stake.
Why? 4 Fans little realise how difficult it is for a celebrity to live up
2 Read the article. How has Alexandra Kutas to their expectations.
challenged the stereotypes of the fashion industry? 5 Darren was so shy that we underestimated his talent.
6 If I had known that everyone was having problems, I wouldn’t
Home Articles Lifestyle Fashion have been so self-critical.
5 In your notebook, rewrite sentences 1–6 using the adverbial
Posted 6 hours ago Comments: 2 patterns in the grammar box.
As well as clothes, the fashion industry promotes the Inversion and other changes
image of a single perfect body type, and until recently,
fashion models have largely conformed to that image. When we use certain adverbs at the beginning of a sentence
Fortunately, some people, like model Alexandra for emphasis, we have to make other changes in addition
g.
Kutas, are changing the idea that there is such a thing to inversion.
n
as a perfect body. • She would never change her body under any circumstances.
yi
op
Alexandra suffered a back injury at birth, and so Under no circumstances would she ever change her body.
severe was it that she has used a wheelchair all her
• She felt insecure, and she also felt worthless.
oc
life. However, never has Alexandra’s disability affected
ot
her determination to succeed. In spite of it, she earned Not only did she feel insecure, but she also felt worthless.
ph
a degree in psychology; had she not had a strong • As soon as she got home, she hid in her bedroom.
character, she might have given up because of the
No sooner had she got home than she hid in her bedroom.
physical obstacles she faced navigating university
or
• You couldn’t find a different type of body anywhere in
g
buildings. Alexandra’s ambition did not end there. Not
in
only did she earn her degree, but she also dreamed of advertising.
ut
becoming a model. Nowhere in advertising could you find a different type of body.
rib
Not surprisingly, she faced obstacles in the world • He hasn’t done this at any point in his life.
st
of modelling. Some agencies in her home country

At no point in his life has he (ever) done this.
di
of Ukraine were reluctant to work with a model in a

wheelchair. At the time, little did most people imagine GRAMMAR BOOSTER P141
e,
that this determined young woman would one day

al
take part in Ukrainian Fashion Week, and soon after, 1 The holiday didn’t live up to our expectations at any time.
rs
in a New York gala fashion show. It must have caused

2 Ashok felt overwhelmed, and he also felt vulnerable.
fo
a sensation when down the catwalk came Alexandra,

3 They haven’t got an online presence anywhere.
ot
challenging perceptions and prejudices about the

l. N
perfect body. 4 My best friend is assertive and she’s proactive, too.

5 Dara shouldn’t use artistic licence under any circumstances.
ia
Comment
6 As soon as I wrote the tactless comment, I regretted it.
er
at
3 Choose the correct alternatives to complete the rules. 6 5.05 Listen to an extract from a podcast about the
em
Use the underlined sentences in Ex 2 to help you. fashion industry and copy and complete the summary. Use
one, two or three words in each gap.
Inversion
pl
m
When we want to emphasise something, we can

Sa
Summary
change the normal word order:
Models, (...1 ) and photographers are not the only people involved
• We can put an adverb or adverbial expression
in fashion, and most aspects of the fashion industry are far from
with a 1positive / negative meaning at the 2 ). The majority of people have to put up with (... 3 ) that would be
2 (...
beginning / end of the sentence. considered intolerable by those who work in an (... 4 ) environment.
• When we do this, the auxiliary verb goes Many are also (... 5 ), so they must constantly look for a new (... 6 ).
3
before / after the subject. However, things are changing. Fashion designers no longer dictate
7 ) has increased. Fashion
• If there is no auxiliary verb, we need to add the what people wear, and the impact of (...
8 ) in mind in order to
correct form of 4do / have. brands now need to bear their customers’ (...
meet their needs. In the near future, they will also need to make the
• In conditional clauses that contain were, had or 9 ) and even use (... 10) reality to
online shopping experience more (...
should, we 5can’t / can sometimes omit if.
create fashion shows. These changes will almost certainly affect
• We use so or such with 6than / that to express workers in the industry, for better or worse.
result.
• We can also use some adverbs of 7movement / 7 Use inversion to write three statements about what the fashion
frequency in this way. industry should and shouldn’t do when advertising its products.
• The use of inversion makes a sentence sound Under no circumstances should the fashion industry use sexist images.
more 8formal / informal.
8 Share your statements with the class. Vote on the best
GRAMMAR BOOSTER P141 three statements.
Unit 5 69
5.6 READING Recognise the use of hedging in an article about lying.
The truth hurts

The truth hurts
1 Work in pairs. In which situations do people use
lies like these? In which of the situations are these lies
always, sometimes or never acceptable?
• There was no signal for my mobile. Mark Bellison works in the film industry as a script writer,
but one morning, no sooner has he arrived at work than
• Umm, this is delicious!
it becomes clear that very bad news is just around the
• I’ve already done it. corner. Hardly has he sat down at his desk when his boss
• You won’t feel a thing, I promise. enters his office to tell him that his scripts are incredibly
• I’m afraid I’ve got plans that day. boring. His boss adds that they show no potential for
• I have read the terms and conditions. entertaining cinema audiences and, as a result, he has
• It must have gone into my spam folder. decided to fire Mark. Shocked by the news, Mark clears his
• The bus was late. desk and prepares hurriedly to leave, but before he can get
out of the building, he meets two now former colleagues,
2 5.06 Work in pairs. Read the article. What Shelley and Brad. It soon becomes clear that Shelley and
types of lies does the article describe? Do you agree with Brad are not big fans of Mark’s. They add insult to injury by
this distinction? Can you think of an example of each type
g.
telling Mark that they have never enjoyed working with him,
of lie that you have recently heard?
n
that he’s a hopeless writer and that he doesn’t have
yi
3 EXAM Read the article again. Choose the correct answer: a future.
op
A, B, C or D. Fortunately, the scene described above is from the comedy
oc
1 What does Mark’s boss tell him? The Invention of Lying, a film set in an alternative reality
ot
A His colleagues don’t like working with Mark. where everybody always tells the truth, no matter how
ph
B He feels Mark’s work is below standard. brutal it is. Had this happened in real life, Mark’s self-
C He wants Mark to tidy his desk and office. or
esteem would no doubt be seriously damaged by Shelley
and Brad’s complete lack of empathy. People would also
g
D He thinks Mark should resign.
in
perhaps wonder why they hadn’t kept their

2 What do we learn from The Invention of Lying?
ut
thoughts to themselves. Evidently, the

rib
A It is cruel to tell people lies. objective of the film was to entertain

B Telling lies is entertaining.
st
audiences, but its theme suggests that a

di
C Honesty can cause others pain. world where nobody lies could prove to
e,
D Being honest isn’t easy. be a cruel place to live. Despite that, it

al
3 What do the statistics tell us about lying? is generally accepted that this is the
rs
A Teenagers lie most of the time. kind of world we want to live in.
fo
B Lying is part and parcel of our everyday lives. Pinocchio and The Boy Who Cried
ot
C We lie less and less to others as we get older. Wolf are two classic tales that
l. N
parents use to teach children that

D Parents successfully teach children not to lie.
they should not lie, because lying
ia
4 Why might you tell people you feel fine when you don’t?
er
has negative consequences. It

To avoid …
at
would appear, however, that the

A having to find a solution to a problem.
em
stories fail to get the message across.

B having an argument with someone. Studies show that we start lying
pl
C giving explanations about a personal problem. when we are as young as two and
m
D telling a bigger lie. that as teenagers, we mislead

Sa
5 What does the Mark Twain quote tell us? our parents in 50% of our
A Blatant liars have to keep track of two sets of details. conversations. Once we reach
adulthood, it is thought that
B People rarely gain an advantage by telling blatant lies.
we deceive over 30% of the
C Blatant liars have to build relationships to win people’s people we speak to and lie on
trust. average at least four times a
D People tend to remember the blatant lies they tell. day. That means each person
6 How might the film have presented a better alternative lies up to 1,600 times a year. If
reality according to the writer? anything, although we might
By … find it hard to accept, persistent
A showing how lies are invaluable to society. lying seems to be a principal
B suggesting that liars always have to pay for their lies. component of civic life.
C avoiding lies that hurt the main character’s feelings.
D making a distinction between different types of lies.

5.6 READING
STRATEGY Recognising hedging

Hedging is used to distinguish between opinions and facts,
for example, to present theories and suggestions we don’t
have strong evidence for. Hedging is useful for making
The affirmation that lying might be important for claims without committing ourselves to the truth of a
social interaction is perhaps difficult to accept when statement. We can use these structures in hedging:
it is generally agreed that liars are people with serious verbs: appear, indicate, seem, suggest, tend to
character flaws. When people lie, however, they frequently modal verbs: could, may, might
tell white lies, lies that attempt to avoid difficult situations adverbs: conceivably, likely, perhaps, possibly, presumably,
or differences of opinion. Assuming that is the case, then probably
lying may be acceptable and at times, even necessary. that clauses: it is thought that, it is generally agreed that
Were you to have a blazing row before leaving home in the
morning, you would still probably answer the question ‘How 4 Read the strategy. Decide if the statements about the
are you?’ with a ‘Fine thanks’, on arriving at school or the writer’s intentions in the article are true (T) or false (F).
office. Few people want to air their grievances in public, Which words or phrases helped you identify hedging?
and even fewer people are interested in hearing about The writer is absolutely sure that …
g.
them. Most of us would tell a friend at a party that they 1 most people want to live in a world where nobody lies.
n
look great in their new outfit, even if we think the opposite.
2 folk stories persuade children that lying is wrong.
yi
White lies allow us to be tactful, don’t usually hurt people
op
3 the producers of The Invention of Lying wanted to make
and are quickly forgotten.
audiences feel good.
oc
White lies, however, are not the only lies we tell. We also tell
4 we all think of liars as people with a weakness.
ot
blatant lies, and obviously they are completely different.
ph
5 the two types of lying are not the same at all.
A liar uses blatant lies to gain an advantage over others or
6 we must highlight the difference between the two types
to pursue their own self-interests. Unfortunately, studies
indicate that the people who frequently tell blatant lies or
of lying when telling children about the dangers of lying.
g
in
are those who we should be able to trust the most: our 5 EXAM Work in pairs. Discuss the questions.
ut
politicians, our employers, our partners and even members 1 Do you agree that a world without white lies would make
rib
of our own families. Fortunately, rarely do blatant liars social interaction difficult? Why? / Why not?
st
succeed in the long term, because they have to establish a 2 Think of a white lie that you have recently told. What do
di
backstory that supports their deception, and this, sooner or you think would have happened if you had told the truth?
e,
later, leads to their downfall. As the author Mark Twain said,

3 Does your partner’s answer to question 2 support or
al
‘If you tell the truth, you don’t have to remember anything.’
contradict their answer to question 1? Why?
rs
Blatant liars have the complicated task of remembering two

fo
versions of everything: what they really did and the lies they 6 VOCABULARY Copy and complete the sentences with the
ot
told, and this is where they come unstuck. correct form of the highlighted phrases in the article.
l. N
1 The workers didn’t want to put up with bad pay and

terrible working conditions any more, so they took to the
ia
streets to (... ).
er
Perhaps when we warn children about the dangers of lying,

2 If you carry on taking such big risks, you are bound to (... )
at
we could make a distinction between white lies and blatant

em
one day.
lies. White lies perform a useful social function, and they
enable us to get along and avoid hurting each other’s
3 The project was a failure, and they blamed each other for
pl
feelings. Blatant lies, on the other hand, can have very

it. In fact, they had a (... ).
m
4 The employee discovered a document that was so

Sa
negative effects on our most important relationships and

even society. Had the characters in the film The Invention shocking that she decided she couldn’t (... ), so she leaked
of Lying focused on just avoiding blatant lies, the it to a newspaper.
alternative reality that it presented might have been 5 The Prime Minister tried to continue in his position, but a
a lot more appealing. series of bad decisions eventually (... ).
6 My flight was delayed by six hours. Then, (... ), the airline
lost my luggage and it was three days before they
found it!
7 The criminal (... ) to account for his actions, but under
questioning, the inconsistencies were soon discovered
and he was found guilty.
8 I know you’ve had a series of disappointments, but good
times (... ).
7 Work in groups. Discuss whether it’s possible to
detect if someone is lying to you. What type of behaviour
would make you think someone is lying?

Unit 5 71
5.7 GLOBAL SKILLS Identify my own unconscious bias.
Dealing with your unconscious bias 6 Work in pairs. How easy do you think it would be
to follow the three steps described in the presentation
in Ex 5? What problems might you encounter?
7 VOCABULARY Check the meaning of the highlighted
words in the article. Choose the correct alternative.
1 Racial prejudice / ignorance is often a product of
a lack of information about other people’s cultures
and customs.
2 There is a lot of unreasonable discrimination /
tolerance against the over 50s in the job market.
1 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. What is unconscious
3 Gender biases / stereotypes are becoming obsolete
bias and how might it relate to the people in the photos? How as both men and women are freer to behave in a way
do you think people develop an unconscious bias? which was once regarded as unsuitable.
2 Work in pairs. Look at the different groups of people 4 People who claim to be broadminded have very low
below. Decide if it is sometimes, always or never acceptable to discrimination / tolerance of the opinions of others.
have negative feelings about each group. Discuss your answers. 5 Newspapers often have a clear political bias /
g.
Can you justify them? stereotype in favour of one party.
n
6 Many politicians show real ignorance / discrimination
yi
a rival sports team bullies elderly people
op
people with different political opinions unpleasant neighbours of the problems faced by ordinary people.
oc
8 Work in pairs. Say if you agree or disagree with
3 Read the summaries of three studies. Which types of bias from
ot
the statements in Ex 7. Give reasons for your answers.
ph
the box below do they represent? There may be more than one
possible answer. 9 VOCABULARY Find the phrasal verbs in the
or
summaries in Ex 3. Then copy and complete the
g
classism
ageism nationalism
patriotism racism
sexism sentences with the correct form of the phrasal verbs
in
using the definitions in brackets to help you.

ut
A A study has revealed that some European primary school c all in end up fall behind get away with
rib
teachers sometimes display ignorance of and prejudice against keep up (with) put up with send out
st
certain names. Students with traditional names were more likely

di
to be seen as having positive attributes or to get away with bad 1 Abe and Erica (... ) the invitations to their wedding a
e,
behaviour. Students with modern or unusual names would fall week ago. (post)
al
behind and behave badly, according to their teachers.

2 The police (... ) to the stadium to deal with unruly
rs
spectators. (ask for sb’s services)

fo
B Research by the University of Pompeu Fabra in Barcelona 3 He thought he could (... ) his appalling behaviour,
ot
has shown that female job candidates are coming up against but he was wrong. (do something wrong and not be
l. N
considerable bias. In response to over 1,000 job vacancies, punished for it)
researchers sent two CVs out to the employers for each vacancy.
ia
Both candidates were of a similar age and had virtually the 4 Kiara was off school for weeks, so she (... ) with her
er
same qualifications and experience. There was just one work. (fail to keep level with sb/sth)
at
difference: one was from a woman and the other a man. The 5 Employees shouldn’t have to (... ) racist or sexist
em
researchers discovered that women were 30% less likely to be comments from other people at work. (accept sb/sth
called in for an interview.
that is annoying, unpleasant, without complaining)
pl
6 Alex will (... ) with no friends if he doesn’t stop being

m
Sa
C A recent study by the Royal Society for Public Health in the UK has aggressive. (to find yourself in a place or situation at
suggested that elderly people in the UK have to put up with negative the end of a process or period of time)
stereotypes from the rest of society. A quarter of adults between 20 7 If you don’t make more of an effort, you won’t be
and 40 believe it’s normal for older people to be unhappy and depressed
able to (... ) the rest of the class. (to make progress at
and 40% expect them to end up suffering from memory loss. It was also
discovered that some bosses are guilty of discrimination against older the same rate as sb/sth)
workers. They show less tolerance towards people in their 50s and above, 10 EXAM MEDIATION Your friend is interested in how
because they believe they can’t keep up with their younger colleagues.
unconscious biases operate but missed the lesson.
Send them a message summarising:
4 Work in pairs. Discuss which study was the most / least how unconscious biases can play a role in education, in
surprising. Why? the workplace and in society’s view of the elderly, and
5 5.07 Listen to a presentation on dealing with your how people can learn to overcome them.
prejudices. Answer the questions. 11 THINK & SHARE Work in groups. Think of
1 Who does the speaker say it is acceptable to feel negative about? a recent example of unconscious bias and discuss why
2 What are socially invented ideas? this occurs and what can be done to deal with it in
3 How many steps does the process of dealing with your the future.
prejudices involve? What are they?
4 What will you realise at the end of the process?

Compare and contrast photos. 5.8 SPEAKING
Comparing and contrasting photos STRATEGY Making deductions

1 EXAM Work in pairs. Answer the questions. When we talk about photos, we often guess or make
deductions about the situations they illustrate. To do this,
1 What do you think are the most important causes of
we can use:
inequality between rich and poor members of society?
• must / can’t / might / may / could + infinitive without to,
2 Is there a difference between being poor in a poor country
e.g. Anyone who lives in a tent like this must be homeless.
or in a rich country? Why? / Why not?
• must / can’t / might / may / could + have + past participle,
A e.g. The other photo might have been taken in a US city.
• look / seem / appear + adjective, e.g. The woman seems
indifferent to the man.
• seem / appear + infinitive with to / perfect infinitive, e.g.
The photos appear to have been taken in similar parts of
the world.
• look like + noun, e.g.
They look like luxurious modern apartment buildings.
B • look as if + clause, e.g. The man looks as if he’s given up on life.
n g.
yi
4 Read the strategy. In your notebook, rewrite the sentences
op
as deductions about the photos in Ex 1. Use the words
oc
in brackets.
ot
Photo A
ph
1 The woman is in a hurry. (look)
2 She has been shopping because she’s carrying shopping
or
bags. (must)
g
C
in
3 The homeless man is cold and hungry. (seem)
ut
4 He started begging when he lost his job. (might)

rib
Photo B
st
5 The people serving behind the counter are volunteers. (like)

di
6 The man being served is here because he can’t afford to

e,
buy food. (must)

al
Photo C
rs
7 The tents were put up on the pavement because there

fo
2 5.08 Listen to a student comparing and contrasting two was no other place for them. (appear)
ot
of the photos. Answer the questions. 8 Living in a tent in a city is dangerous. (look)
l. N
1 How are the photos similar? 9 The bicycle near the tent belongs to one of the homeless
ia
2 Where does he think the photos were taken? people. (like)

er
3 What difference does he mention between the two photos? 5

at
EXAM Work in pairs. Follow the instructions.

4 What does he say about the man’s facial expression and
em
the woman’s body language in photo A? A B

pl
5 What contrast does he remark on in photo C?

m
6 What does he say are the related but different aspects of

Sa
poverty in cities shown in the photos?

7 What message about society do both photos present?
3 5.08 Listen again. Which of the phrases from the
Phrasebook below does the student use?
PHRASEBOOK Comparing and contrasting
• Student A, compare and contrast the two photos above.
The photos have a few things in common, such as … Use phrases from the Phrasebook and the strategy.
They all / both / each have / show / portray … • Student B, listen to your partner. Which phrases from the
A similarity worth mentioning is … Phrasebook and strategy do they use? What can you add
The most obvious similarity is that … to their comparison?
What the situations have in common is that …
One / The most noticeable difference is that … 6 Work in pairs. Go to page 151 and follow the
Another important difference is that … instructions.
In contrast, the other photos … 7 REFLECTWork in pairs. Discuss the task. Did you …
In comparison with photo … , photo …
• briefly describe each photo and compare the two?
Unlike photo … , photo …
Whereas photo … depicts … , photo … shows …
• give your opinion about inequality?
• use a variety of phrases from the Phrasebook?
Unit 5 73
5.9 WRITING Use forceful vocabulary to write an email of complaint.
An email of complaint 4 Read the Phrasebook. Then copy and complete it with the
highlighted phrases from the email.
1 Work in pairs. What examples of sexism can you
PHRASEBOOK An email of complaint
think of in the way products are advertised? Do you agree
that each other’s examples are sexist? Opening statement
1)
(...
I am writing to express my disappointment with …
Clean
Buy the Krypto
I am writing to draw your attention to …
and be a Expressing disappointment
supdethrehheourseo!
2)
(...
3)
(...
aroun I am bitterly disappointed by …
Outlining action
4)
(...
5)
(...
I shall have no alternative but to …
Should we receive no response, we will be obliged to …
g.
Signing off
n
6)
(...
yi
I would appreciate it if you would …
op
I look forward to learning how you intend to …
oc
2 Look at the advert and read the email complaining about
ot
it. Do you think it would have any effect on the company?
STRATEGY Using vocabulary to sound more forceful
ph
Why? / Why not?
Select vocabulary that is appropriate for the context and
or
objective of your writing, e.g. that makes more impact and
g
Dear Sir / Madam, that will impress the reader.
in
A I am writing to complain about the offensive content

ut
of the advertising campaign for your new range of 5 Work in pairs. Read the strategy. Rewrite the
rib
household electrical appliances, which has been widely statements replacing the underlined words with more
st
viewed online and broadcast on television. forceful vocabulary underlined in Ex 2. Discuss the
di
B Rarely have I been so appalled by an advertising statements. Do you agree or disagree? Why? / Why not?
e,
campaign. The images of a woman doing menial 1 People make very annoying comments on social media
al
household tasks while her male partner lies on a sofa that they would probably not otherwise make.
rs
show that your company is completely out of touch with 2 We are so used to reading and hearing about terrible events
fo
the radical changes that have taken place in society in that no one is genuinely shocked by anything any more.
ot
the past decades. If nothing else, your advert displays

3 The status of women has been the most important
l. N
an inexcusably sexist perspective of a woman’s place

in society. This is all the more deplorable as it suggests change in society over the last hundred years.
ia
that women should continue to conform to an outdated 4 Housework is not an unimportant job, so should be paid.
er
stereotype even though they have a career or job outside 5 Cruelty to animals is the most unacceptable behaviour
at
the home. imaginable.

em
C While I accept that one letter from an angry ex-customer 6 The view of women as the weaker sex is ridiculously
is unlikely to lead to a change to your current advertising old-fashioned.
pl
campaign, I can assure you that I am not alone in

m
7 All politicians believe they can tell obvious lies and get
expressing my displeasure, and countless other women
Sa
away with them.

and men are equally unwilling to tolerate such blatant
sexism. As a result, a boycott of your goods is currently 8 Only quick action now can save the planet from disaster.
being organised, and an online petition has been 9 There are many reasons why we are complaining.
established, asking the advertising authority to investigate
your campaign.
6 EXAM Write an email of complaint responding to one of
the following situations.
D I look forward to your prompt response and hope that
you will reassess your advertising strategy in the very • A national newspaper criticised young people for being
near future. too sensitive about certain social issues.
Yours faithfully, • A popular comedian made racist jokes on social media.
Sean Barrett boycott a refusal to buy, use or take • A politician suggested there should be no social
part in something as a way of protesting restrictions to control a virus that only seriously affects
elderly people.
3 Read the email again. Answer the questions in your notebook.
Which paragraph states …
•
think about the purpose of each paragraph?
1 why the company’s behaviour is unethical? (... )
•
make sure the reason for your complaint is clear?
2 what the writer is going to do? (... )
•
use forceful phrases from Ex 5?
3 what the writer hopes the company is going to do? (... )
•
use inversion for emphasis?
4 what the writer is complaining about? (... )
•
check your email for spelling and grammar mistakes?
5.10 REVIEW
Grammar 4 A (... ) is a person who has little experience of a skill or a job.

5 The (... ) of society are the ordinary people who form the
1 Copy and complete the sentences with the words and main part of it.
phrases below. There are two that you do not need to use. 6 A (... ) is a person who creates content for a website, book
or publication.
anything as long as but even
7 A (... ) is a person who is very interested in a particular
for had not so wouldn’t (x2)
subject and knows a lot about it.
8 To (... ) means to move or develop at a slower speed than
Do you want to know what you can learn from gaming? others.
1 ), you might enjoy reading Nicolas Cole’s book
If (...
Confessions of a Teenage Gamer. Cole believes that if it 4 Choose the correct alternative.
wasn’t (... 2 ) gaming, he (... 3 ) have the position in marketing 1 His argument was full of empathy / potential / flaws,
that he has today. and he contradicted himself.
In the book, Cole mentions a few life lessons that he has 2 I feel insecure / worthless / assertive about speaking in
learned. To begin with, he says, playing with others teaches public and get very nervous about doing it.
responsibility. You’ll be welcome in multiplayer games 3 You need to be self-critical / proactive / considerate.
only (... 4 ) you’re punctual and respect the rules. Gaming Make things happen; don’t wait for them to do so.
g.
also teaches that competing with others doesn’t help you 4 Unless we have affirmation / empathy / perception
n
5 ), it’ll frustrate you. (...
6 ) if you’re the best in
yi
improve. If (... for other people, it is difficult to imagine what their lives
op
your group, there’ll always be someone better online, so it’s must be like.
best to compete with just one person, yourself.
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5 He’s a player with flaws / perception / potential, but he
7 ) he focused just
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Furthermore, Cole also believes that (... needs to train harder if he wants to develop in the future.
ph
on winning instead of learning when he was a novice, he
8 ) be one of the world’s best gamers today. Learning, he
(...
says, is much more likely to lead to success. Cumulative review
g
or
5 EXAM Copy and complete the article with one word in
in
ut
2 Use inversions of subject and verb to rewrite the sentences each gap.
rib
in your notebook.
1 If I had known the truth, I wouldn’t have felt insecure. Are you panicking because your exams are soon and you
st
know you’re going to fail? If (...1 ), now is the time to seek help.
di
Had (... ).
Thousands of students in their final year of school are feeling
e,
2 We rarely play games online together.

the same way, but don’t suffer in silence. Speak to someone
al
Rarely (... ). you trust, a parent, a teacher or a good friend, and get an
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3 If she should see Eva, she’ll be tactful. 2 ) on your problem.

alternative (...
fo
Should (... ). Max was a good student, but his last year of school had not
ot
4 If I was more assertive, I would have told him to stop. begun well. Not (...3 ) was he struggling with his maths, but he
l. N
Were (... ). 4 ) with his other subjects. Luckily,

was also starting to lag (...
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5 He wouldn’t recognise his flaws under any circumstances. 5

he decided to take a (... ) approach and discuss his concerns
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Under (... ). with a teacher. She suggested that he might benefit from a
at
few extra lessons, and offered to help him after class if (... 6 ).
6 Yasmin was not only kind, but she also showed empathy.
em
Not (... ). ‘Speaking to my teacher was the best thing I ever did,’ says
pl
Max. She explained that (... 7 ) if I did fail, it wouldn’t be the

7 I have never studied so much for an exam.
m
end of the world. She also said I shouldn’t (... 8 ) myself, and
Never (... ).
Sa
she was sure I’d do better than I thought. And do you know
8 Senyo was so upset that he refused to accept Jo’s apology.
something? She was right. I ended up passing all my exams.
So (... ). 9 ) be starting university next
If I hadn’t spoken to Mrs Hale, I (...
autumn.’
Vocabulary
3 Copy and complete the sentences with the words and
phrases.
Think & share
contributor empower geek grassroots lag behind 6 Work in pairs. Copy and complete the sentences so that
they are true for you. Discuss your answers.
novice peer-to-peer transferable skills
• When a friend has a problem, I usually …
1 (... ) refers to using your computer to share data, • The good / bad thing about doing this is …
documents, etc. with other computer users. • In the future, I will try …
2 If you (... ) someone, you give them more control over
their own life.
3 (... ) are abilities used in different jobs.

Review 75
Learn about the pros and cons of modern tourism, and
5 create a guide on how to be a good tourist.
Tourism: A force for good?
g.
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in
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1 THINK & SHARE Why do people travel to other places

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5 Work in groups. Look at the infographic on

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on holiday? Think of as many reasons as you can. sustainable tourism. Choose three dos and three don’ts.
fo
Talk about why they are important. Can you think of any
EXPLORE
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more things to add?

l. N
Access the interactive 360º content now!

6 Look at the advert for a holiday apartment in Venice.
Would you like to stay here? What do you think are the pros
ia
2 Work in pairs. Explore the photo of Venice. Why do

er
and cons of staying in someone’s home on holiday?

you think there are so many people there? How do you
at
think they are feeling? Would you like to be there? 7 Listen to people talking about the business of renting
em
people’s homes on holiday. In your notebook, match the

3 ALL HOTSPOTS Explore the hotspots. In which
questions to the speakers (A–D). There is one question you
pl
hotspots can you find examples of the following?

m
don’t need.
1 different opinions about tourism
Sa
Which speaker …
2 statistics about tourist numbers 1 believes it can be positive for both locals and tourists?
3 a story about online reviews 2 has experienced the negative side of it themselves?
4 a website for a holiday apartment 3 believes it can do more harm than good to local
5 information on how to be a good tourist communities?
4 Watch the video about tourism today. What do these 4 has rented out their own home to tourists?
numbers refer to? 5 says that it has enabled him to do something he wouldn’t
1 1.32 billion have had the money to do otherwise?
2 5% 8 Work in pairs. Which speakers from Ex 7 do you most
3 $8.27 trillion agree with? Why?
4 51
5 33 / 1

ng.
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ph
or
g
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Learning Situation
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9 Listen to the story of a restaurant CREATE … a guide on how to be a good tourist

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called ‘The Shed at Dulwich’. Answer

STEP 1
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the questions.
Work in groups. Think about some of things you would recommend to tourists
ot
1 What was ‘The Shed’ really? visiting your country. Use the following ideas to help you. Decide on four things.
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2 Who created ‘The Shed’?

3 Where did he register ‘The Shed’? accommodation festivals food and drink historical sites
ia
shopping tourist attractions transport

er
4 How did his friends help make ‘The

at
Shed’ well-known?
STEP 2
em
5 What did the podcast host think was

‘unbelievable’? RESEARCH IT!
pl
6 What happened when people were Go online and do some research into the things you have chosen. Find
m
told the restaurant was fully booked photos of the places and find out about:
Sa
for months? • places to go

7 What does the host say we should learn • locations, opening times, prices, tips
from the story of ‘The Shed’? • how these places support sustainable tourism
10 Work in pairs. Choose a café or STEP 3
restaurant in your area. Then go online Talk about what else tourists should consider when visiting your country. Discuss:
and find some reviews about it. Are they • local manners, customs, etc.
accurate? Tell the class about the place, • how to dress
the reviews and what you think about it. • what type of behaviour is not acceptable
11 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. • some useful words and phrases to learn
Imagine you are going on holiday. Talk STEP 4
about three things you have learned Decide how you want to present your sustainable tourism guide to your
from this lesson that you would and country. It could be as a poster, presentation, podcast or video script. Then
wouldn’t do. work together to produce it. Make sure each person contributes something.
STEP 5 SHARE IT!
Present your guide to the class. Listen to the other presentations. What did
you learn about sustainable tourism from the other guides?
Vision 360° 77
Migration Podcast about Planning a successful A review
Coming to the rescue dystopian fiction presentation
DOCUMENTARY
GRAMMAR READING SPEAKING A biofueled trip
Advanced reported Article about social Giving a presentation
speech structures change
Emphasis GRAMMAR BOOSTER P142–143
Human
nature
n g.
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pl
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Sa
3
6.01 Listen and watch again. In your notebook,
rewrite the information in the sentences so that it
is correct.
Migration 1 Amira’s parents suggested going to Australia to her sister.
2 Amira’s parents immigrated together.
3 One person in a hundred lives outside their country
1 Why might a young adult from your country decide to of birth.
move abroad? 4 Many people are likely to have close relatives in other
2 If you were going to move to another country, what issues countries that they aren’t aware of.
should you consider before going? 5 Significant numbers of immigrants settled in Ireland
2 6.01 Listen and watch. What reasons are mentioned in the 19th century.
for moving to another country? 6 Immigrants contribute more to the country than
they receive.
Understand a vlog and use vocabulary about migration. 6.1 VOCABULARY
4 REAL ENGLISH In your notebook, match phrases 1–5 6 VOCABULARY In your notebook, match the highlighted verbs
from the vlog to the meanings A–E. in the article in Ex 5 to their definitions.
If … 1 to move from one town, country, etc. to go and live and/or work
in another; this is used to refer to large numbers of people
1 you get out of bed on the wrong side,
2 to leave your own country to go and live permanently in another
2 you rub someone up the wrong way,
3 to come and live permanently in a country after leaving your own
3 you up sticks,
4 to leave a place where you have lived for a long time; to make
4 you hear a rags to riches story,
somebody do this
5 you say when the going gets tough,
5 to force people to move away from their home to another
the tough get going,
place; to take the place of somebody/something
6 to make a place your permanent home
A you mean when a situation becomes difficult,
7 VOCABULARY Copy and complete the text with the correct
determined people take action.
form of the highlighted words from the article in Ex 5.
B someone is offended by something you do or say.
1 ) technology, scientists can now sequence the genome (i.e. the
Thanks to (...
C it is about someone going from being extremely
2 ) back many
entire set of DNA instructions) of a species. This allows us to (...
poor to being extremely rich.
g.
D you leave home to go and live somewhere else. tens of thousands of years.
n
Our species, Homo sapiens, started to (...3 ) out of Africa about 270,000 years
yi
E you are in a bad mood for no particular reason. 4 ) by climate
ago. It is not clear why, but early modern humans may have been (...
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changes. As they spread across the world, they encountered different human
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5 Read the article. Is any of the information in species of the genus Homo. In some places, populations of Homo sapiens
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the article new to you? may have mixed with these species, and in other cases, they may simply
ph
5 ) them.
have (...
Then, about 11,000 years ago the development of agriculture enabled people
or
6 ) in areas where crops could be cultivated. Famous examples include the
to (...
g
Fertile Crescent in the Middle East and the Nile Delta in Egypt.
in
Darwin’s
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7 ) from the countries where they were

In more recent times, people have (...
8 ). Millions have (...
born, hoping for a better life elsewhere and wanting to (... 9 ) to
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ancestors countries like the United States, Argentina and Australia.

st
di
8 VOCABULARY Check the meaning of the words and

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Chris Darwin knows a lot about his great-great- phrases below. Copy and complete the statements with their
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grandfather Charles Darwin, but not as much about more correct form. Do you agree with them? Why? / Why not? Discuss.
fo
distant ancestors, so when he was invited to take part in

a large-scale DNA study of human migration using a spike in entrepreneurship fabric of society
ot
cutting-edge technology, he was intrigued to trace his get out of control go-getters innovation melting pot
l. N
ancestry and to help in tracing the movement of early

modern humans across the globe.
1 A healthy society needs to find a way to balance tradition and
ia
(... ).
er
Migration is at the heart of the history of humankind, and

2 Violence against minority communities will (... ) unless the
at
still today, vast numbers of people move around for many

government takes drastic measures.
em
reasons. Some emigrate from the country where they were

born in search of a better life elsewhere and others just 3 (... ) the cost of living will inevitably lead to unrest.
pl
want to control their destiny. And Chris, who immigrated

4 Bold economic plans are needed in this country to encourage
m
to Australia in 1986, is one of these people. The study

(... ) and promote business.
Sa
showed the long and fascinating journey taken by his

distant ancestors when they migrated from their ancestral 5 The breakdown of family ties in our society is threatening the
African home. (... ).
Our species, Homo sapiens, originated in Africa over 6 Young people who are (... ) will succeed in life.
200,000 years ago, and the study showed that the Darwins 7 The most exciting new cultures can only thrive in the (... ) of a
belonged to one of the first groups to uproot themselves
large cosmopolitan city.
and leave Africa, possibly displaced by dramatic changes to
the climate. At first, the group lived in the Middle East. Ten 9 THINK & SHARE EXAM Work in pairs. Look at the two
thousand years later, they moved North again, this time to statements below. Think of points in favour of both and then
Europe, finally migrating to the British Isles, where they decide which you agree with most.
settled 12,000 years ago.
Chris believes that his great-great-grandfather People should stay and live in the country
Charles would have been fascinated to find out where they were born and contribute to it.
what the study revealed.
Other fascinating discoveries that have come Everybody should be able to live where they
to light show that Chris, like most people on want to. Freedom of movement should be a right.
the planet, has Neanderthal genetic material
in their DNA. This discovery contradicts 10 Work in new groups of three. Share your thoughts
previous assumptions that there was only about the statements in Ex 9. Do you agree?
confrontation between Homo sapiens and
Homo neanderthalensis. In reality, it appears
that the two species mixed. © Oxford University Press
6.2 GRAMMAR Use advanced reported speech structures.
Advanced reported speech 2 ‘I’m called an asylum seeker but that’s not my name.’
(Angela May George)
structures Writer Angela May George explained (... ).
1 Work in pairs. Look at the photo. What do you 3 ‘I let down the country. I let down our system of
think is happening in the photo? Do you know who the government.’ (President Nixon)
person addressing the crowd is? Do you know what he was President Nixon apologised to American citizens (... ).
talking about? Read the text and check your answers. 4 ‘Education is the most powerful weapon which we can use
to change the world.’ (Nelson Mandela)
Nelson Mandela’s idea was (... ).
5 ‘Our immigration policy should be based on compassion
and a desire to help the other.’ (Ilhan Omar)
Ilhan Omar said (... ).
6 ‘Change yourself – You are in control.’ (Mahatma Gandhi)
Mahatma Gandhi advised people (... ).
‘I have a dream’ is a famous public speech that was given by Martin
Luther King on 28 August, 1963. He starts the speech by referring to 5 Work in pairs. Which quotes from Ex 4 do you agree /
‘a Great American’, 1 Abraham Lincoln, who said that all Americans should disagree with? Why? / Why not? Think of some famous
g.
quotes you know and tell your partner.
n
enjoy freedom. He then talked about two famous US legal documents,
yi
the American Constitution and the Declaration of Independence.
6 Read an extract from a report on an interview with
op
2
They say that most Americans have the right to life, freedom and
Michelle Bachelet, UN High Commissioner for Human
happiness, but 3King explained that Black Americans didn’t have those
oc
rights back then and couldn’t control their own destinies. King talked
Rights. Then complete the rules.
ot
about equality and 4his argument that all people are created equal is one
ph
When asked whether human rights was connected to climate
that most Americans could relate to. In the second part of his speech, change or there was no connection, the UN High Commissioner
he described a positive vision of black and white people living together
in peace and 5he encouraged all Americans to work for a brighter future or
for Human Rights said it clearly was. She added that whether
g
we like it or not, climate change was going to affect people’s
in
where people would be judged for who they were and what they did and lives and rights all over the planet. When speaking about
ut
not for the colour of their skin. whether or not there was a solution, she said this depended on
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our willingness to change our lifestyles very soon.

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2 Work in pairs. Do you think the situation Martin

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Luther King described in his speech is any better today? Whether

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Has his dream become reality? Think of examples to justify

1 We can use (... ) instead of if to report yes / no questions
al
your answers.
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and in more formal contexts.

3 Read the rules. Then, in your notebook, match them to the
fo
2 We can use whether + (... ) to introduce two

underlined sentences in the text in Ex 1. possibilities. If one of those possibilities is negative,
ot
we can just use whether + (... ).

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Advanced reported speech structures

3 After (... ) e.g. about, in, it’s necessary to use whether,
ia
A When we report something that was said in the past, not if.
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we need to change the tenses and report the words

at

using past tenses.
em
B We don’t change tenses in reported speech with some

7 Copy and complete the sentences with whether and the
modal verbs (e.g. might, ought to, had to).
pl
words below. Match the sentences to the rules in the

m
C We don’t change tenses in reported speech when the grammar box.

Sa
original situation hasn’t changed, or after reporting

verbs in the present tense. asked into
or not
D We can use different verbs and structures to report 1 The new study probes (... ) there would be a spike in
orders, requests, suggestions, etc. (e.g. demanded migration.
that, begged us to, suggested doing). You need to learn
2 The politician was asked (... ) the authorities were actually
these verb patterns separately.
interested in solving the problem.
E We can use nouns such as argument, criticism,
3 The reporter (... ) the mayor thought the city was a
comment, idea and remark to report speech.
melting pot.
• Are you worried about the future of the planet and human
4 Copy and complete the reported speech so that it has the rights? Why? / Why not?
same meaning as the direct speech. There is sometimes
more than one possible answer.
• What do you think will be the most important human
rights issues in the world in the future? Why?
1 ‘We all have the right to life, and to live in freedom and
safety.’ (Article 3 of the Universal Declaration of Human
• What are the main differences in opinion about these topics?
Rights) • What do you think we will be able to do to avoid problems?
Article 3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 9 Report your partner’s answers to another student.
says (... ). Use some of the reported speech structures you’ve seen in
© Oxford University
thisPress
lesson.
Listen for opinions and facts in conversations about dystopian fiction. 6.3 LISTENING
Dystopian fiction 5 6.03 Listen to three students talking about three

dystopian novels: A Uglies by Scott Westerfeld, B Divergent
by Veronica Roth and C Never Let me Go by Kazuo
Ishiguro. In your notebook, match the novels A–C to the
statements 1–6.
This story …
1 (... ) presents a possible use for a scientific discovery.
2 (... ) involves a lot of conflict.
3 (... ) is set after an ecological disaster.
4 (... ) has provoked mixed feelings.
5 (... ) feels realistic and rooted in the present.
6 (... ) places importance on physical appearance.
STRATEGY Distinguishing between
opinions and facts
When we listen, we sometimes need to distinguish
g.
between facts and opinions. Listen out for phrases that
1
n
Read the definitions and answer the questions. indicate that someone is giving an opinion (In my view, The
yi
way I look at it, etc.), or speculating (It might be considered,
op
I guess the idea is, etc.).
oc
ot
6 Read the extracts from the students’ reviews
ph
in Ex 5. Decide if each extract is expressing a
fact (F) or an opinion (O).
or
1 I think it really talks about our obsession
g
in
today with how we look.
ut
From Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 10th Edition, 9780194798488

2 The story’s set in a world where all the cities
rib
have been destroyed.

1 TV series, films and books based on dystopian worlds
st
3 Divergent is a dystopian novel set in

di
are common and often popular. Can you think of any Chicago in the near future.
examples?
e,
4 One reviewer’s criticism was that the book

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2 Do you enjoy reading or watching this kind of story? was simplistic, but I don’t agree with that.
rs
Why? / Why not? 5 I feel it’s no exaggeration to say, it’s one of

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2 6.02 Listen to a podcast about dystopian fiction. Which the saddest books ever written.
ot
of the speakers talk about the main purpose of this kind of 6 It’s set in a typical English boarding school
l. N
literature? What do they suggest is the main purpose? in the countryside in the near future.
ia
3 6.02 Listen again. Decide if the sentences are true (T) 7 Work in pairs. Discuss the questions.
er
or false (F) according to the speakers on the podcast. 1 Have you read any of the dystopian novels the three
at
1 The presenter suggests that there are a lot of good students talk about? If so, what did you like / dislike
em
dystopian novels. (... ) about them?

pl
2 The presenter claims that most people would enjoy living 2 If you haven’t read any, which of the three novels would
m
in a dystopian world. (... ) you most like to read? Why?

Sa
3 Dystopian fiction is usually situated in the distant past. (... )

8 Prepare a short presentation on a book, film or series
4 Dystopian novels often exaggerate a current social or that you have recently seen or read. Include three facts
political issue. (... ) and three opinions in your presentation. Use your own
5 Dystopian fiction tends to be more popular when there is ideas or the ideas below to help you.
social or political tension in the real world. (... )
6 People enjoy dystopian fiction because it is very different characters plot setting (place and time)
from the real world. (... ) title and author / director / actors

9 In groups. Give your presentations. Identify the three
1 Can dystopian stories encourage people to participate facts and three opinions in the presentations.
more in civic life? Why? / Why not?
2 The presenter says nobody wants to live in a dystopia,
but would you want to live in a utopia? Why? / Why not?

Unit 6 81
6.4 VOCABULARY Use vocabulary to discuss humanitarian organisations.
Coming to the rescue 4 VOCABULARY Complete the tasks with eight of the
highlighted words in the text.
Find …
1 two problems that people living in a difficult situation
might have to deal with.
2 six possible responses to a bad event that organisations
might make or organise.
5 VOCABULARY In your notebook, replace the underlined
words with highlighted words from the article.
1 The organisation defends education that allows both
boys and girls to fulfil their potential.
2 Staff working in the emergency situation supported the
medical team by prioritising the building of temporary
1 EXAM Work in pairs. Look at the photos and hospitals.
discuss the questions. 3 The central office sent as much equipment as possible to
1 What humanitarian organisations can you think of? vulnerable people in the disaster area.
g.
2 What work do these organisations do? 4 The medical team wanted to let people know about the
n
3 Why do you think we need organisations like this?
yi
dangers of drinking the local water.
op
2 Read the article. What type of situation do all three 5 Local residents had to leave their homes in the situation
oc
organisations sometimes work in? following the earthquake.
ot
6 Ordinary people all over the country supported the
ph
victims of the floods by making donations online.
Helping the world
or
6 VOCABULARY Copy and complete the email to subscribers
to a humanitarian aid organisation. Use the correct forms
g
The world depends on humanitarian aid organisations to
in
offer emergency relief quickly in the immediate aftermath of of some of the highlighted words from the article in Ex 2.
ut
a natural or human-made disaster. It’s organisations like

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these that have the experience in disaster management that Inbox

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can save lives. This week, we look at three of the best-known. This email is from a mailing list.
di
CLIMATE CHANGE
Doctors Without Borders ERNATION
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INT
al
AL
The reason why Doctors Without Borders was set up in France
PLANET RESC
EMERGENCY
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in 1971 was to provide emergency medical care to everybody

fo
around the world who needed it. Today, it has 35,000 doctors, UE
ot
nurses and fieldworkers in over 70 countries saving lives in wars,

helping people fight epidemics and also raising awareness of the
l. N
The world’s changing climate is the biggest problem of our time!

importance of preventive healthcare. 1 ) (1 word) of the floods in South America, we were
• In the (...
ia
2 ) (3 words) to provide help,

the first organisation to arrive (...
er
3 ) (2 words) that saved hundreds

and the first to organise (...
United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund
at
4 ) (2 words) in the form of drinking

of lives. We also sent (...
em
UNICEF, a United Nations agency, is the world’s biggest welfare

water, tents, cooking equipment and food.
organisation. What UNICEF does is provide basic necessities
pl
for children all around the world, but especially for those • In Somalia, the drought has destroyed the local food supplies
5 ) (3 words). The poor quality of the local
and people are (...
m
suffering from malnutrition. It also stands up for the rights of

water supply is also causing illness and people are fighting
Sa
children, especially in conflict zones, and organises rescue 6 ) (1 word). We sent (...
7 ) (1 word) to distribute food and
(...
missions to save children’s lives. 8 ) (3 words) to those
clean drinking water in attempts to (...
in need.
International Red Cross and Red Crescent 9 ) (2 words) and our ability to (...
Our experience in (... 10)
The IRCRC works on the ground to protect human life and shows relief (2 words) quickly can save thousands of lives, but we
solidarity with the victims of conflicts. What surprises many can’t do it without you!
people is the organisation’s campaign to promote the rules of YOUR HELP IS ESSENTIAL! GET INVOLVED: DONATE, WORK
war. The IRCRC believes that if all countries at war agreed to WITH US OR VOLUNTEER! YOUR SKILLS ARE NEEDED!
follow the rules in a number of international agreements, the
lives of civilians and injured soldiers could be saved.
7 MEDIATION Work in pairs. Imagine that you are a
humanitarian aid expert and are meeting with a community
3 EXAM Read the article again. Answer the questions. leader. Role-play a meeting telling them what emergency
Which organisation … measures could be taken to help local people affected by one
of the disasters below.
1 believes that the consequences of violence can be
reduced if the fighting is organised?
• extreme flooding • uncontrolled forest fires
2 educates people about health issues?
• an extreme heatwave • a long period of drought
3 focuses on a particular group of people? 8 In new groups. Present your emergency measures.
Which measures do you think would be the most useful? Why?
Use emphasis to talk about important information. 6.5 GRAMMAR
Emphasis 5 In your notebook, rewrite the sentences with the words in

brackets.
1 Work in pairs. Read the article about the charity 1 An advert made me want to donate to the charity. (It / that)
Save the Children. What new technique did the charity 2 The news report focused on the fieldworkers. (What / did)
use? How successful was it? What campaign techniques do 3 My experience of humanitarian aid made me interested
you know of that charities use today? in disaster management. (It / that)
4 Jon is going to participate in a rescue mission. (What / do)
5 Dirty drinking water caused the epidemic. (It / that)
Save the Children
6 The neighbours showed a lot of solidarity. (What / showed)
6
BACKGROUND
Turn to page 151. Follow the instructions. Then
share your answers with a partner.
1
It was the images of children suffering from malnourishment 7 Read the grammar box. In your notebook, rewrite the
after World War 1 in Europe that inspired two sisters, Dorothy sentences with the same meaning using the words given.
and Eglantyne Jebb, to set up Save the Children. 2What the
two sisters did was use newspaper advertising and short Other ways to add emphasis
films at cinemas to raise people’s awareness of the problem
g.
We can start a sentence with a phrase that describes the
and to raise money. 3It was these new campaign techniques
n
thing we want to emphasise, such as The person (who) …
yi
that influenced people to donate to the sisters’ organisation. is … , The thing (which / that) … is … , The place (where)
op
4
What surprised the sisters was the incredible success of … is … The reason why … is, etc.
oc
their campaign and they raised what would be £8 million in
We can also use other fixed phrases to add emphasis,
today’s money. 5What they did with the money was provide
ot
such as The truth / real issue / fact (of the matter) /
ph
meals to 300,000 children and keep them alive through the
question is …
winter of 1921. After the success of their campaign, 6what
the sisters then decided to do was to make Save the Children or
g
into a permanent organisation, and today, it works all over the
in
world to improve the lives of children. 1 Doctors Without Borders was set up to provide
ut
emergency medical care.

rib
The reason …
st
2 Read sentences 1–6 in the article in Ex 1 again. What is the 2 Today we’re looking at preventive healthcare.
di
key information in each sentence? The topic …

e,
3 In your notebook, match the underlined sentences 1–6 3 Welfare should be a basic human right.
al
from the article to the grammar explanations A–C below.

rs
The fact …
fo
4 Where do we start?
Cleft sentences for emphasis
ot
The …
A We can use the structure It is / was + (important
l. N
5 People were suffering in the south of the country.

information) that / who / which / where … to emphasise
The place …
ia
information at the beginning of a sentence.

er
B We can use the structure What … is / was + (important 8 6.04 Work in pairs. Listen to a conversation about
at
information) to emphasise information at the end of a a fundraising event. Answer the questions using emphasis.
em
sentence. 1 Who spoke to the council?

C We can also begin a sentence with What … do / did to
pl
The person who spoke to the council was Mark.

m
emphasise a verb, or an expression starting with a verb. 2 What did Mark tell them?
Sa
GRAMMAR BOOSTER P143 3 Why was the charity A Roof Over Your Head set up?
4 What did they do after speaking to the council?
4 In your notebook, order the words to make sentences. 5 What did Grace say they would give them?
Begin with the underlined word. Then match the 6 When did they hold the event?
sentences to the rules A–C in Ex 3.
9 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Think about the
1 the success / the fieldworker / of the rescue mission. / help that you have recently given to a family member, a
What / led to / did friend, a charity or a stranger. Ask and answer questions
2 is affecting / not malnutrition / that / the children. / an about the situations. Use emphasis to answer the
epidemic / It’s questions about what you did. Why was your help useful?
3 of the hurricane. / us / shocked / the aftermath / was / A How did you help your grandparents?
What B What I did was help with the gardening.
4 with basic necessities. / has done / UNICEF’s emergency
relief / to provide / What / is / people A Did you give money to an animal charity?
5 the epidemic. / ended / was / that / preventive B No, it was a charity for the homeless that I made a
healthcare / It donation to.
6 was / the organisation / What / raise awareness / climate
change. / did / about
Unit 6 83
6.6 READING Recognise how paraphrasing is used to manage repetition in a text.
The Ripple Effect 2 EXAM Read the article. In your notebook, match
sentences A–F to gaps 1–6.
1 EXAM Work in pairs. Answer the questions. A Kaepernick’s act of protest is a clear example of how
1 What do the photos show? How do you think they are the simple action of one inspiring individual can be a
connected? powerful trigger for long-term social change.
2 How might the title of the article relate to the photos? B Small groups and even individuals can make a difference,
Use a dictionary if necessary. sending out signals that are eventually picked up by the
rest of society.
C There is evidence, too, that, if used well, role modelling
can have a positive impact across a range of societal
issues, including diversity and inclusion, protecting the
climate, and mental health.
D They no longer appreciate how these changes
came about.
E It is so contagious that one person’s yawn can lead to a
whole group doing the same.
g.
F The observation of others is central to childhood
n
learning.
yi
op
oc
The Ripple
ot
ph
or
g
Effect
in
ut
rib
st
A Have you ever found yourself yawning because someone

di
1 ) Scientists
else is? Yawning is definitely catching. (...
e,
al
aren’t sure exactly why we yawn, but what they do

rs
understand is why it’s so catching. The answer lies in

fo
the smallest unit of the brain, mirror neurons, the brain

cells that enable us to learn by imitating others from the
ot
moment we are born. What’s remarkable about these

l. N
cells is that they respond equally when we perform an

ia
action and when we observe someone else perform

er
the same action. (...2 ) It also affects our behaviour long

at
into adulthood, as we continue to be influenced by the

em
behaviour of others around us. Influence spreads in a

ripple effect. While yawns come and go quickly, a far
pl
m
slower ripple effect is seen when social change occurs.

Sa
It takes years, or even centuries, for human interactions,

behaviour and cultural norms to adapt, and for cultural
and social organisations and values to be transformed,
but imitation is central to the process. All our little day-to-
day imitations contribute to habits and lasting behaviours
that become part of who we are, changing our beliefs
and values without us even realising it. Eventually,
these tiny changes alter mechanisms within the social
structure, such as education, marriage and justice.
3 ) In 2016, American footballer Colin Kaepernick acted
B (...
in protest against the unfair treatment of black people
by the police in the USA by kneeling on one knee at
the start of a game. The gesture of ‘taking the knee’
was one which had long been associated with the civil
rights movement. Inspired by Kaepernick, numerous
sportspeople went on to take the knee at major sporting
events both in and beyond the USA, drawing attention to
racial injustice globally.

6.6 READING
STRATEGY Recognising paraphrasing 4 EXAM 6.05 Read the article again. For questions
1–10, choose from paragraphs A–D. The paragraphs
Writers often need to repeat ideas in a text in order to emphasise or
can be chosen more than once.
develop them. Paraphrasing allows them to do this without repeating
the exact language they have already used. In which paragraph does the author …
1 suggest that our lives could be better if we were
Look out for synonyms and antonyms used in paraphrasing, as well
more aware of who we are influenced by? (... )
as nominalisation – forming nouns or noun phrases from previously
used verbs and adjectives. These are often placed at the beginning of 2 give a precise step-by-step explanation of the stages
sentences. of social change? (... )
3 make a comparison between a biological and a
3 Read the strategy. Look at the words and phrases in bold in 1–5. sociological process? (... )
Find the word or phrase in the text that each one paraphrases and 4 give an example of how a single act of protest can
decide if each one is an example of a synonym (S), an antonym (A) influence many other people? (... )
or nominalisation (N)? In your notebook, write S, A or N. 5 discuss a current example of where social change
1 It is so contagious … (... ) hasn’t fully happened yet? (... )
2 The observation of others … (... ) 6 speculate about how further research into mirror
3 Kaepernick’s act of protest … (... ) neurons might have implications for social change? (... )
g.
4 They no longer appreciate … (... ) 7 name what happens when people start to think
n
5 There is evidence, too, that, if used well, role modelling can about their beliefs about a particular issue because
yi
have a positive impact … (... ) their attention has been drawn to it? (... )
op
8 express amazement at how mirror neurons work? (... )
oc
9 draw attention to the fact that that we are largely
ot
4 ) After awareness raising, what else needs
C (...
unaware how much we imitate other people? (... )
ph
to happen next for long-term social change to
10 point out that Kaepernick wasn’t the first person to
occur? If society becomes significantly aware
of a problem, cognitive conflict develops, when or
take the knee as an act of protest? (... )
g
people start to discuss the issue and identify 5 VOCABULARY In your notebook, replace the underlined words in the
in
where they stand on it. As people change sentences with the highlighted words in the article.
ut
their views, the minority grows in size. It’s 1 The researchers found that the monkeys were copying many of the
rib
important for people to hold on to their beliefs things they were doing themselves.
st
and stand up for them, as this process can 2 There have been some dramatic changes of position in public opinion.
di
take decades. On the issue of racial fairness, 3 She fights for the social issue she feels strongly about of animal rights.
e,
for instance, protests at sports matches and

al
4 Patterns of behaviour that are usual or expected in a society take a

Black Lives Matter protests are still ongoing.
rs
long time to change.

When individuals make a personal sacrifice,
fo
5 The minority is growing in size but it hasn’t yet reached a moment

such as when Kaepernick lost his career as a
ot
when it becomes the new majority.

result of his actions, it adds weight to a cause.
l. N
6 The company has developed effective systems for hiring new

As more and more people show solidarity
employees and dealing with complaints.
ia
with the minority calling for change, there is a

7 Water is essential for human life.
er
snowball effect until a tipping point is reached

8 The incident was a small event that caused something bigger to start
at
and the minority becomes the majority. This

em
is when widespread social change occurs.

for his anger.
Eventually, there is a form of ‘social forgetting’. 6 MEDIATION Work in pairs. Your friend is doing a project on behaviour
pl
People take for granted the big social shifts patterns in large social groups. You know that the article on the Ripple
m
that have occurred, such as votes for women, Effect will be useful to them. Send a message summarising the article
Sa
5)
and recycling. (... in your own words in a few sentences.
D Imitation is vital to our survival as individuals 7 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Think of a local, national or
and as a human race. Children learn a huge international issue that you agree needs to be dealt with. Discuss what
amount in a short space of time by copying you could do to bring about change. Answer the questions to help you.
their parents, and adults pass on skills and • What is the issue?
knowledge from generation to generation.
• Why do you think it’s important?
We all – consciously or unconsciously –
• How could you raise awareness about it?
imitate role models. Actively directing our
attention towards positive role models can
• Who would you try to influence first?
have a beneficial effect on who we are and • What consistent message could you give to help people understand
how we live our life. It can result in better
the issue and take action?
physical health, life satisfaction, educational • What personal sacrifice would you be willing to make for the cause?
achievement and even employment • Who could help you?
6 ) What remains to be seen
opportunities. (... 8 Work in groups. Give a short presentation about your ideas.
is whether there is a role for better scientific Which ideas were the most interesting? Why?
understanding of mirror neurons in boosting
these developments.

Unit 6 85
6.7 GLOBAL SKILLS Analyse what makes a successful presentation.
Planning a successful 6 6.08 MEDIATION Your friend Sam is nervous about

a presentation that he has to do. Read the start of your
presentation email to him below. What does he already know about
presentations? Listen to the radio programme again and
finish off the email with the advice that you hear.
A Sam
Hi Sam,
How’s the preparation for your presentation going?
Would you believe I’ve just heard a guy on a radio
show talking about how to give a killer presentation!
Obviously, you already know not to read from notes
and to choose engaging images, but I thought these
other five ‘golden rules’ might be useful! Here they are:
g.
7 Put the tips in order of how helpful you think they are.
n
yi
8 Work in pairs. Compare your lists. Do you agree with
op
the order of importance? Together, create a tip to add to
oc
the list.
ot
9 VOCABULARY Check the meaning of the words and
ph
1 THINK & SHARE Work in groups. Look at the phrases from the radio programme below. Then use them
photo and discuss the questions. or
in the correct form to copy and complete the questions.
g
Check your answers with the class.
1 What is she doing? How do you think she is feeling?
in
ut
2 Have you ever given or seen a presentation? When? What background knowledge be concise chunk cluttered
rib
was it about? draft feedback jargon pace rehearse slide

3 What went well and what could have been better?
st
1 What (... ) can we assume the audience already has about

di
2 6.06 Listen to the start of two presentations. Which the topic?

e,
one do you think is better? Why? What improvements 2 What everyday expressions could we use to avoid or
al
should the speaker of the poorer presentation make? explain (... )?

rs
3 Which images could we use to give our (... ) more impact?

fo
PRONUNCIATION Pausing
4 Who could give us good (... ) if we (... ) the presentation for
ot
When we speak, we use pauses between groups of words them?

l. N
that form a unit of thought. We pause to give our listeners 5 How can we make sure we (... ) and speak at a good (... )?
ia
time to understand the group of words that we have said. 6 How can we make sure we avoid making our slides look
er
Pauses also allow the speaker to think about what they are (... )?
at
going to say next and to sound more fluent.

7 How many (... ) of information should we divide our
em
written (... ) into so that it’s easy to memorise?

3 6.07 PRONUNCIATION Read the Pronunciation box.
pl
Decide where a speaker would pause in the paragraph 10 6.09 Listen to a group of students discussing a
m
below. Listen and check. presentation that they are preparing. What is the topic
Sa
Good morning everybody, and thank you for coming. As of their presentation? What questions from Ex 9 do they
Amy said in her introduction, I’m going to be talking about discuss?
how humanitarian aid works and looking at the many 11 Work in pairs. Discuss what to include in an
different jobs that volunteer fieldworkers do. evaluation checklist that you can use to decide if a
4 Work in pairs. Imagine you are going to give a presentation has been successful or not. Write at least
presentation. Make a list of dos and don’ts. five questions and use some of the words and phrases
from Ex 9.
do … don’t … Did the presenter provide sufficient background knowledge
of the topic?
be aware of the time read from notes too much
12 Present your checklists to the class. Give reasons for
5 6.08 Listen to a radio programme that gives tips on your questions. Decide on the five best questions for your
giving presentations. Does the speaker mention any of final class evaluation checklist.
your ideas from Ex 4? What tips do you think are the
most helpful?

Prepare and stage a presentation about an ethical issue. 6.8 SPEAKING
Giving a presentation
1 EXAM Work in pairs. Look at the photos and answer the questions.
1 What do you think the differences are between giving a 6 Complete the Phrasebook with the headings below.
g.
presentation face-to-face or onllne?
Changing focus Concluding Giving examples
n
2 Have you ever given a presentation or attended one
yi
recently? If so, what was the topic? Introducing the topic Referring back
op
2
oc
Work in pairs. Discuss giving a presentation in the STRATEGY Reformulating
situations below. What different resources could you use?
ot
What different problems could you have? When you give a presentation, you will sometimes need to
ph
return to a point that you have just mentioned and explain
at a conference for an online presentation
in a classroom or
it in a different way. You can use the following phrases to do
g
this:
in
• In other words …
ut
3 6.10 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Listen to • In short …

rib
a student giving a presentation. What photos do you • In simple terms, this means …
st
think would work well to illustrate it? Give reasons for • What I mean by this is …
di
your choices.
• The point I’m trying to make is …
e,
4 6.10 Listen again and answer the questions.

al
7
rs
1 What three points does the student say he’s going to talk Work in pairs. Read the strategy. Take it in turns
about in his introduction? Does he mention them all? to reformulate the statements using phrases from the
fo
2 What three surprising statistics does he include in the strategy.

ot
first part to attract the audience’s attention? 1 We can’t only rely on teachers to end bullying in schools.
l. N
3 What jargon does the student explain? 2 Clean water is key in protecting communities from
ia
4 What is the key takeaway at the end of the presentation? disease.

er
3 Admiring the work that charities do isn’t enough.

at
5 6.10 Listen again. In your notebook, write the phrases

4 We won’t end sexism just by rejecting sexist comments.
em
in the Phrasebook that you hear.

8 Work in pairs. You are going to give a short
pl
PHRASEBOOK Giving a presentation

presentation on one of the topics in Ex 7. Choose one of
m
1 ).
(... the topics. Plan a presentation. Include …
Sa
I plan to speak about … • a short introduction that explains the topic.

There are … points that I’d like to make. • 2–3 main points, including examples which illustrate each.
The subject of this presentation is … • a summary of your ideas and a concluding sentence.
Firstly, I’m going to consider … . Then … . Finally, …
• phrases from the Phrasebook and the strategy.
I’m going to talk about …
2)
(... 9 Work with another pair. Give your presentations.
To illustrate this, we can look at …
10 REFLECT Work in the same groups. Give feedback
An example of this can be found …
3) on each other’s presentations. Think about the following
(...
questions.
Let’s look at / turn to …
1 Did the main points come across clearly?
Let’s now move on to …
4)
(... 2 Was the presentation easy to follow?
So, as we have seen … 3 Did they use phrases from the Phrasebook for giving a
As I mentioned at the beginning … presentation?
As we saw earlier … 4 Did they use phrases for reformulating information?
5)
(...
In my opinion, we can conclude that …
I would like to finish by saying that …
Unit 6 87
6.9 WRITING Evaluate a novel, film or series.
A review 4 Work in pairs. Read the review again. Compare

your answers.
1 Work in pairs. Discuss the questions. In which paragraph / s does the reviewer …
1 What was the last story that you read or film you watched 1 give the author’s opinions?
that had an impact on you? 2 make recommendations?
2 Where was the story set? 3 talk about the main characters and plot?
3 What were the main characters like? 4 give background information?
4 Why did the story have an impact on you?
5 Read the Phrasebook. In your notebook, add the
STRATEGY Evaluating underlined words and phrases in the review to the correct
completed sections.
When you write a review, you are usually asked to evaluate
a novel, film, etc. in relation to a particular aspect of the PHRASEBOOK A review
story. What is the theme that the film focuses on? Does it Background information
have a message for the audience? You might also consider … a film directed by and starring … . / A book (... 1 ) (author …
how well it meets the conventions of the genre it belongs to 2
was released in … / (... ) (year) …
and how suitable it is for its target demographic. The film / (...3)
g.
The film was shot in …
n
2 Work in pairs. Read the strategy. What was the main Talking about the plot/story/characters
yi
theme of the stories you discussed in Ex 1? Did any of them 4 ) (s) is/are …
(...
op
have a message? The film / (...5)…
oc
3 Read the review about a famous novel. What aspect of Talking about the main themes
ot
the story does the reviewer focus on? What is its message, The film’s / novel’s main themes are …
ph
The director’s / (... 6)…
according to the reviewer?
or
The film/novel covers the themes of …
My opinion
g
in
Book reviews 7 ), groundbreaking / complex / tedious / moving / slow-
(...
ut
moving / nail-biting, etc.

A fireman with a difference
rib
I was pleasantly surprised /hugely disappointed by …

A Fahrenheit 451 is a dystopian novel written by Ray Bradbury,
st
What surprised / disappointed / pleased / shocked, etc. me

di
and published in 1953. The book is set in a future dystopian was …

society where the authorities have banned books and expect
e,
I thought it was going to be … but in fact, it was …

al
people to be obedient because they have television to entertain I found it easy / hard to relate to the characters because …
rs
them. (The novel’s title refers to the temperature at which paper 8)…
(...
will burn by itself.) Its main focus is what happens in a society
fo
that manipulates and controls the information available to

Recommendations
ot
9 ), I think it will appeal to anyone who …

(...
citizens, and this theme still has relevance today.
l. N
10) / seeing / a must-see / a

All in all, this novel / film is (...
B The main character, Guy Montag, is a fireman. The book tells
must-read.
ia
the story of how Montag and his colleagues burn books because
er
they are considered a threat to society. Meanwhile Montag’s

6 Work in pairs. Read the post below. Think of a
at
wife spends all her time with her TV family, who inhabit the
book or film that you could review.
em
giant screen inside their home. When Montag meets Clarisse,

a young woman who criticises their society, he becomes
pl
inquisitive about books and reads one. Unfortunately, the fire REVIEWS WANTED
m
chief becomes suspicious and he threatens Montag, telling him Teen Culture online magazine wants reviews from its readers for
Sa
any fireman with a book must burn it within 24 hours. its readers. This month, we’re asking for reviews of a book, film or
C In Fahrenheit 451, the writer’s intention was to make people series that looks at a particular aspect of human nature, such as
think about how the effects of literature stand in stark contrast greed, ambition or hate. Describe the plot, the main characters and
to the effects of TV because it is the ability of books to make explain what the main themes are.
people ask questions that frightens the authorities. In my
opinion, the book is thought-provoking and suggests that TV • What makes the characters, plot, etc. interesting?
simply entertains people and makes them malleable, whereas
books raise people’s awareness of the human condition.
• What are the main themes? Is there a message?
• Would you recommend the story to others?
D One criticism I have is that it has a simplistic and negative
attitude to TV; I strongly believe that TV can also inform and 7 EXAM Write your review.
encourage freedom of thought and discussion. Overall, though, • Use the Phrasebook language to organise your ideas.
Fahrenheit 451 is well worth reading as it does question what
happens when people stop thinking for themselves.
• Include an introduction, paragraphs that describe the plot
and characters and explain the themes.
•
give some useful background information in the introduction?
•
use an interesting title to catch the reader’s attention?
•
include a conclusion about the future?
•
finish by giving your opinion?
6.10 REVIEW
Grammar 4 Copy and complete the sentences using the correct form
of a verb from A and a word from B.
1 In your notebook, write the direct speech as reported
speech using the words in brackets. Do not change the A fight offer organise provide show stand up for
tense of the reporting verb.
B chance epidemic mission
1 ‘Climate change is already happening.’ (activists / claim)
necessities rights solidarity
2 ‘We can’t find the article online.’ (they / explained)
3 ‘You need to be polite in front of the reporters.’ (aid 1 The wearing of masks helped people (... ) the (... ).
organisation / advised / its volunteers) 2 Due to the financial crisis, many people can hardly afford
4 ‘The global climate crisis is the biggest issue the world is to (... ) their children with the basic (... ).
facing.’ (politician / asserted) 3 The exhibition (... ) visitors a (... ) to see the work that
5 ‘We are very sorry that the situation was allowed to get charity organisations do.
out of control.’ (our representative / apologised) 4 The students joined in the protests to (... ) (... ) with their
6 ‘We have been criticised for a lack of clear professors.
communication.’ (he / explained / received criticism) 5 The army took part in (... ) a rescue (... ) to save the
7 ‘The border will need to be controlled until we reach an trapped climbers.
g.
agreement.’ (official / recommended) 6 We all have to (... ) children’s (... ) all over the world.
n
8 ‘The government is not doing enough for teachers.’ (The
yi
reporter’s remark )
Cumulative review
op
oc
2 EXAM Copy and complete the second sentence so that it
5 EXAM Read the text about the word utopia. Choose the
ot
has the same meaning as the first.
correct answer: A, B or C.
ph
1 My grandad told me he had traced his ancestry.
What (... ) he had traced his ancestry.
or
1 ) was the writer Thomas More who first invented the
(...
2 Good jobs, not charity, will help these people. word ‘utopia’, the title of one of his most famous books. It
g
in
It (... ) will help these people. was written in 1516 to raise (... 2 ) in More’s home country,
ut
3 The lack of support from the government disappointed us. England, of the need for good leadership. Although the
rib
narrator of the story, Raphael Hythloday, (... 3 ) that he lived

What (... ).
st
4 Cutting edge innovation has made our lives easier. in a perfectly organised country on the island of Utopia,
di
What (... ) make our lives easier. More, through the other characters in the story, insisted on
4 ) the way his country was run. What More also (... 5 ) was
e,
(...
5 The flooding uprooted thousands of people.
al
use the book to criticise problems in the whole of Europe

It (... ) people.
rs
such as the poor systems of food production that led to

6 The fieldworkers provided emergency relief.
fo
hunger and the destruction of the (... 6 ). More believed that

What (... ) emergency relief.
ot
all members of society should show (... 7 ) with each other,

l. N
7 A visit by a celebrity raised awareness of the situation. and he also discussed how people could be free enough to
8 ) their own destinies. However, today what we remember
(...
It (... ) raised awareness of the situation.
ia
9 ) the title, Utopia, and its connection to the

the book for (...
8 The study focused on our common ancestry.
er
idea of a perfect society.

at
What (... ) on our common ancestry.

em
1 A What B It C Who
Vocabulary
pl
2 A ancestry B control C awareness

m
3 The words in bold are in the wrong place. Change them to 3 A convinces B claims C promises
Sa
the correct position. 4 A criticising B criticise C criticised

5 A was B do C did
Millions of people have 1emigrated their families from 6 A innovation B entrepreneurship C fabric of society
their homes and 2settling to the United States over the 7 A solidarity B missions C aid
centuries in the hope of 3uprooted and making a new 8 A displace B settle C control
home in a country that offers them a better life. For many,
9 A is B do C was
it has been a success story. 4Fabric, keen to do well have
had a massive impact on the country’s economy, and
stories of immigrants’ successful 5go-getters are used Think & share
as examples of what immigrants can achieve if they work
hard. Apart from personal success, they have greatly 6 Work in pairs. Discuss the questions.
contributed to the 6entrepreneurship of American 1 What three things would you do to make where you live a
society and helped make the USA into the home of better place?
7
cutting-edge and 8innovation technology. The 2 How popular do you think the ideas would be? How could
‘American Dream’ is very much an immigrant’s dream. you persuade people that they are useful?

Review 89
5–6 EXAM SKILLS
Listening Use of English

EXAM STRATEGY EXAM STRATEGY
When you have a listening task, always read the question When you do a cloze task, read the whole text first and look at
carefully, and think about who is talking and whether you each gap carefully. Decide if the sentence is testing grammar
need to listen for an opinion, an attitude, a feeling or a fact. or vocabulary. Then think about the correct form of each
This will help you to understand the answer options, and missing word, based on the words before and after the gap.
prepare you to listen for the right information.
3 Read the strategy above then read the exam task in Ex 4.
1 Read the strategy above. Then read the exam task in Ex 2. Look at the first gap. Is it testing grammar or vocabulary?
Identify what you need to listen for. Look at the whole sentence and think of the best word to
fill the gap.
2 6.11 You will hear three different extracts. There are
two questions for each extract. For questions 1–6, listen 4 Read and copy the text below. Think of the word which
and choose the best answer: A, B, C or D. best fits in each gap 1–10. Use only one word in each gap.
Extract one
You hear two friends discussing how one has been feeling.
g.
1 Why does the man mention his job at the bookshop?
n
yi
A to explain why he has no confidence
op
B to try to cheer her up
oc
C to show that he understands her feelings
ot
D to demonstrate his ability to make friends
ph
2 How does the woman respond to what he says?
or
A She tells him he should be more honest.
B She explains why she thinks their situations are different.
g
in
C She objects to him comparing himself to her.

ut
D She feels resentful that he misunderstands her.

rib
Extract two
st
You hear two friends discussing an advert for voluntary work.

di
3 What aspect of the situation do the friends agree about? Stereotypes and prejudice
e,
al
A The man has already done sufficient research into it. Stereotypes and prejudice are two things which often
rs
B The man has a lot to offer by volunteering. go hand in hand. But why is it that we form these ideas,
fo
C There is potential for the situation to change suddenly. 1 ) though we know they can be damaging? According
(...
ot
D The time isn’t right to get involved. to experts, we all need to form mental categories in (... 2)
l. N
4 What is the woman doing during the conversation? to understand the world around us – and that includes
ia
A encouraging the man to think about the consequences categorising people along with ideas and objects. The
er
of his decision amount of information that we are required to deal with

at
B insisting the man doesn’t commit himself to the job on a daily basis makes it impossible to analyse all of it in
em
C criticising the man for not being considerate enough a logical and sensible way. As a (... 3 ), if we are to interact
pl
D contradicting the man’s view of the current situation successfully with other people, we tend to categorise (... 4)
m
Extract three into groups. Two of the most typical categories we form
Sa
5 ) based on whether others are male or female and how

(...
You hear two friends discussing favourite novels.
5 What is the woman’s opinion about favourite novels? old they are. Unfortunately, once these prejudices exist,
6 ) can be very difficult to break through them. Some
(...
A People tend to change their minds too often.
B Certain novels will always stand out from the crowd. research also suggests that we see bigger differences
between particular groups (... 7 ) between others. This is
C Our idea of a favourite novel changes with time.
particularly the case with groups that we do not include
D Different genres aren’t impossible to compare. 8 ) in. While we believe that there is more independent
6 Why does the man mention Brave New World? (...
thought and behaviour within groups that we belong to,
A to give an example of one of his favourite books
we think of people in outside groups as being very similar
B to say film adaptations are better than books 9 ) other. One way of reducing potentially damaging
to (...
C to justify his preference for science fiction 10) encourage contact with
social prejudices is therefore (...
D to demonstrate that he agrees with his friend
people from a range of social groups.

5–6 EXAM SKILLS
Reading A They highlight current dangers and show us what might

happen if the issues we face now are allowed to run out
EXAM STRATEGY of control.
When completing gapped texts, you will need to look for B Thinking about unhappiness, without having to
general clues and specific information. Look at the topic of the experience it, may be a way of learning how to respond
sentences either side of the gap, key words, pronouns and use when bad things happen in real life.
of tenses. C At least in the short term they can make us feel better
about our world as it is today.
5 Read the strategy above. Then read the exam task in Ex 6. D That said, there is no guarantee that good will win and
Read the first paragraph and identify the key information bad will fail.
from the strategy. Which sentence (A–F) opposite matches E Of course, not everyone is a fan and many people prefer
all this information? the more comforting elements of fantasy and romance.
F We imagine ourselves in their position and if we would
6 Six sentences have been removed from the article.
Choose which sentence (A–F) fills each gap (1–6). behave like them – and whether we would survive.
Speaking
g.
Dystopian fiction EXAM STRATEGY
n
yi
How can we explain the appeal of dystopian fiction? After
In a discussion task, listen carefully when your partner is
op
all, by its very nature, it can be deeply depressing. War, a
speaking. You will need to respond to what they say by
oc
lack of human rights, brutal oppression by the state and
agreeing, disagreeing or adding information.
environmental ruin are just some of its more ‘popular’
ot
elements. (...1 ) But the feel-good nature of these utopian
ph
7 Read the strategy above. Think of some phrases you
stories often doesn’t ring true and what appeals to one
might use and add them to the categories below in
person will be someone else’s nightmare.
or
your notebook.
g
It can be argued that it’s part of human nature to want
in
1 Agreeing: (... )
to think about negative scenarios in which characters
ut
2 Disagreeing: (... )
experience dangerous situations and need to save
rib
2 ) If we have already rehearsed these

themselves. (... 8 Work in pairs. You are going to talk to each other
st
feelings through other people, we will be better about the ideas below. Imagine the following situation.
di
equipped to handle our own emotions and reactions. This

e,
may explain why teenagers tend to be fans of dystopian You want to do something to help less well-off people
al
stories. Each new generation grows up facing a different in your community. Talk to your English-speaking friend
rs
set of external threats, and dystopian fiction helps them about the benefits of each of these ideas:
fo
to consider certain scenarios without having to live • giving money to charity

ot
through them. (...3 ) Another reason for its particular appeal • doing some voluntary work
l. N
to them may simply be that dystopian stories tend to be • organising a campaign

ia
more engaging and exciting.

er
And naturally we like to identify with the heroes in these

Writing
at
stories. They exhibit qualities that many of us aspire to

em
4 ) Generally,
and they give us a more positive outlook. (... EXAM STRATEGY
not all the main characters triumph and another part of
pl
In a report, you need to cover all the points specified. Think

m
the appeal of dystopian literature is wondering who will

of ideas that you could mention for each of the points. Then
Sa
still be there at the end.

organise your writing into paragraphs with one paragraph for
Finally, dystopian stories not only reflect humanity and its each of the points in the task.
needs and imperfections, but they also cast a light on our
5 ) As well as focusing on what we need
existing society. (...
9 Read the strategy above. Then look at the exam task in
to avoid, they can show us how to prevent the worst from
Ex 10. Make notes, organise your ideas into paragraphs
happening. Whether they have the power to push society
and think of a heading for each paragraph.
into actually taking any long-term action is another matter.
6 ) Because no matter how imperfect it may be, it is
(... 10 Write a report for your teacher about an online
always preferable to the ones this genre depicts. community that you know about. Your report should
explain the purpose of the online community and who it
is for, its positive and negative aspects, and whether you
would recommend it to other people.

Exam skills 91
Saving our traditions Podcast about living Learning from A proposal
Celebrating freedom underground mistakes
VISION 360°
GRAMMAR READING SPEAKING A tour of a multicultural city
Uses of it Article about Explaining decisions
Articles and quantifiers cultural icons
Cultural and
natural heritage
n g.
yi
op
oc
ot
ph
or
g
in
ut
rib
st
di
e,
al
rs
fo
ot
l. N
ia
er
at
em
pl
m
Sa
Saving our traditions

1 Which of the following activities from your local area would
you recommend to visitors? Why?
a dance a food product or meal arts and crafts 2 7.01 Watch or listen. Copy and complete the
instrumental or vocal music poetry, storytelling or theatre information about the two activities.
traditional garments
Castellers Kumiodori
2 Is there an event or festival in your area that combines some Where does it 1) 3)
(... (...
of these activities? Do you think it’s important to keep these take place?
traditions going? Why? / Why not?
What 2)
(... 4)
(...
3 Have you visited cultural events and festivals in other places?
happens?
What did it / they celebrate? What were the main events?
Talk about cultural and natural heritage. 7.1 VOCABULARY
3 7.01 Watch or listen again. Answer the questions. 7 Languages like Scottish Gaelic and Breton are under (... )
1 What does UNESCO’s Intangible Cultural Heritage List because younger generations are not learning them any
protect? more or because the populations that speak them are
so small.
2 What reasons are given for starting the list?
8 Festivals like the carnival in Rio de Janeiro and the one in
3 How high do the human towers go?
g.
Venice are (... ) events attended by thousands.
4 When did Kumiodori start?
n
9 The Poetic Edda is an Icelandic book of poems that (... )
yi
5 Who wasn’t allowed to take part in Kumiodori but can now?
the legends and myths of the Norse world.
op
6 How does Amira suggest Darius could improve his morris
10 Most cultures have traditional (... ) that celebrate events
oc
dancing technique?
like births, marriages and deaths.
ot
4 REAL ENGLISH Read the phrases from the vlog. Then 11 In ancient Rome, a military success was often celebrated
ph
choose the correct meaning (A or B) of the phrases in bold. with a (... ) through the streets.
1 Er, why are you kitted out like that?
6 orVOCABULARY Work in pairs. Check the meaning of
g
A standing in a particular way the words in bold. Discuss the questions.
in
B wearing particular clothes

ut
1 Why or how do you think certain rituals originate? What

2 What’s the intangible list when it’s at home?
rib
purpose do they serve?

A Explain the meaning to me. 2 Is it possible to safeguard local traditions from outside
st
B Tell me where I can find it.

di
influences and also keep them alive?

3 My legs are turning to jelly just thinking about climbing to 3 Do you think practitioners of traditional crafts are
e,
al
the top! sufficiently valued in today’s world?

rs
A feeling active and ready to move 4 In what ways could a dying language or traditional craft
fo
B feeling weak because of nerves or skill be revitalised?

ot
4 Kumiodori might be right up your street. 7 Work in pairs. Discuss the questions using the
l. N
A It could be an activity that is suitable for you. words and phrases in the lesson.
ia
B It could be an unpleasant activity. • What large-scale cultural events from around the world
er
5 Is it still going strong? would you like to experience?

at
A losing popularity • What kinds of activities do they involve?

em
B continuing to succeed
8 MEDIATION Work in groups of three. Your teacher has
pl
5 VOCABULARY Copy and complete the sentences with the given you a project: to find out more information about
m
correct form of the words below. events on the Intangible Cultural Heritage List. On the
Sa
UNESCO website, choose another event. Do some research

characterise die keep large-scale mutual pass
online to find out where and when it takes place, what
procession recount ritual threat wealth
happens, and why it is interesting. Then present this
1 It is foolish to think that all modern ways are better than information to the rest of the class.
those of the past, so it’s important to (... ) traditions alive.
9 Present your ideas to the class and vote for the
2 Traditional skills such as piano making and watchmaking proposal that you think is most likely to succeed.
are (... ) out, which is a great pity.
3 When we learn about each other’s customs and 10 THINK & SHARE Work in small groups. Discuss the
traditions, this encourages (... ) respect. questions.
4 Before recording devices were invented, folk songs (... ) 1 Do you think UNESCO’s Intangible Cultural Heritage List is
down from generation to generation. a good idea? Why? / Why not?
5 Traditional Japanese paintings are (... ) by artistic 2 Do you think cultural heritage will naturally survive if it
refinement and often depict scenes from nature and isn’t on the list?
everyday life, or tell a story.
6 The anthropologist lived with the tribe for many years
and acquired a (... ) of knowledge about its traditions
and culture.

7.2 GRAMMAR Use it in different ways to talk about cultural activities.
Uses of it 4 In your notebook, rewrite the sentences below starting with It.
1 The fact that local people want to keep their traditions
1 Work in pairs. Read the title of the article. What alive is natural.
do you think ‘intangible heritage’ means? Read the first 2 Trying to bring the tradition back to life was a waste of time.
sentence to check your answer. 3 Watching craftspeople at work is always interesting.
2 Read the rest of the article and answer the questions. 4 Taking part in a traditional dance is a great experience.
• What do most practitioners think about the selection 5 The fact that the process can be long and complicated is
process? important to remember.
• Why do you think UNESCO wants national governments to 6 Celebrating traditional artists is essential if we want to
be involved? keep their traditions alive.
5 Add it to the sentences below in the appropriate position.
1 Don’t you love when people sing along with the traditional
Articles » Culture
songs?
2 Local artists appreciate when you give them a positive
Intangible Heritage online review.
3 The artists see as an endorsement of their talent and
g.
In 2005, UNESCO started the Intangible Cultural Heritage
n
List to recognise the work of traditional dancers, singers,
ability when they receive good reviews.
yi
poets, craftspeople and other artists around the world. 4 Local authorities regard as positive that visitors are
op
interested enough to leave reviews.
UNESCO enlisted the help of national governments to
oc
protect the work of the artists. 1It is an honour to be
5 I hate when traditional events are criticised for being
ot
old-fashioned and out of date.
accepted on the list, but also a responsibility, as cultural
ph
6 I don’t accept as fact that all cultural events should be
events and practices on the list have to be safeguarded
or
given heritage status.
by local authorities. UNESCO also introduced a tough
g
selection process. If governments don’t provide support to a 6 7.02 Listen to a travel vlog about a festival. What type of
in
nomination, 2it isn’t easy to get a cultural event or practice festival is it? What do they need to do to prepare beforehand?
ut
rib
on the list. Furthermore, 3it’s also important for UNESCO to

consider all the details of a nomination carefully, and this
st
di
makes the process extremely time-consuming. However,

e,
despite these rules, most practitioners accept the process

al
because 4they love it when their cultural event or practice is

rs
finally included on the list, and 5they see it as a privilege to

fo
be included with nearly 600 events from 131 countries.

ot
l. N
Uses of it
ia
er
We use it:
at
A to introduce the subject of the sentence (which can be

em
a gerund, infinitive with to or a clause). To be selected

for the orchestra is a privilege. → It’s a privilege to be
pl
7 7.02 In your notebook, rewrite the sentences using it.

selected for the orchestra.
m
Listen again and check.

Sa
B to replace a clause or infinitive that is the object of a 1 That so many people on the Shetland Islands are ready to
sentence. Visitors love it when they get to experience work hard to keep their tradition alive is encouraging.
an intangible heritage event.
2 They all love the moment when they burn the ship.
C with an adjective followed by an infinitive with to.
3 The locals regard remembering their Viking heritage as
Add of / for + noun / pronoun to say who or what the
an honour.
adjective refers to. It was difficult for some of the
candidates to be accepted. 4 To prepare for such a large-scale event isn’t easy.
D + as + noun / adjective + clause or infinitive after the 5 People need to think hard about whether they have time
verbs see, take, regard, accept and view. to participate.
Visitors often see it as the highpoint of their trip when 8 EXAM Work in pairs. Answer the questions. Use
they get to attend one of these events. constructions with it in your answers.
GRAMMAR BOOSTER P144 1 Which traditions and events are most popular in your
area? Do you enjoy taking part in these traditions or
events? Why? / Why not?
3 Look at the sentences in bold in the article. Read the
grammar box and, in your notebook, match each sentence 2 Do you know if any of these traditions have been given
to one of the uses. Some uses have more than one match. cultural heritage status? If so, do you know why they were
given it?
3 Are there any traditions that you think should be given this
© Oxford Universitystatus
Press if they don’t already have it? Why should they get it?
Recognise a speaker’s point of view in a conversation
about underground cities.
7.3 LISTENING
Going underground 3 What does Speaker 2 say about the houses in Matmata,
Tunisia?
1 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. A They were originally designed for a Stars Wars film.
1 What impact has climate change had on where you live and B The courtyard is surrounded by several rooms.
around the world? Use your own ideas and the ideas below. C They are built around a large central cave.
D They are made from an unusual type of sandstone.
food production health human habitats migration
4 What has happened to Matmata since 1969?
natural habitats natural resources weather patterns
A Many residents no longer live in underground houses.
2 How do you think these impacts will affect the way we live? B It has become easier to learn about the traditions of
g.
the residents.
n
STRATEGY Recognising point of view
yi
C The government of Tunisia has rebuilt the flooded houses.
op
The words we choose when we are agreeing or disagreeing D More tourists are visiting the place.
with someone vary according to the situation, and how
oc
5 What is it about working in the underground city that
polite we want to be. Listen for clues from the statements
ot
affects Speaker 3’s well-being negatively?
that follow polite phrases such as ‘That’s true’, ‘You have a
ph
A the freezing winter temperatures
point’, etc. to decide if a speaker completely agrees, agrees
B having to travel 32 kilometres in tunnels in order to do
but adds their own point of view or completely disagrees
or
anything
g
with the other speaker.
in
C not being exposed to enough daylight in the summer
ut
2 7.03 Read the strategy. Listen to two guests talking D being forced to get to work very early in the morning
rib
about underground living. In your notebook, match the 6 Which fact does Speaker 3 NOT mention about the
st
guests to questions 1–4. Write L (Liam) or Z (Zaha). What underground city?

di
phrases do they use to express their point of view? A Contrary to popular belief, it does not operate 24 hours
e,
Who … a day.
al
1 disagrees and expresses a different point of view the B People who work there suffer from depression.
rs
previous speaker said? (... ) C A large number of different facilities can be found there.
fo
2 agrees completely and adds a reason and some D It offers shelter from extreme weather conditions.
ot
supporting examples? (... )

l. N
PRONUNCIATION Recognising weak vowels

3 agrees with the reasons given to support a theory and
ia
adds a further point? (... ) Half of the vowel sounds that speakers of English produce
er
4 agrees with the other speaker’s summary of the are weak, and they often use a schwa. Any vowel letter or
at
situation? (... ) syllable formed by a vowel letter + r can be produced as a

em
schwa if it isn’t stressed, e.g. the, mother.

3 7.03 Work in pairs. Listen again. What is the
pl
speakers’ conclusion about underground cities? Think of 6 7.05 PRONUNCIATION Read the Pronunciation box.
m
more possible negative and positive features. Then read the sentences. In your notebook, put a line
Sa
4 In pairs. Think of reasons why people might build through the weak vowels. Listen and check.
underground towns / cities in Australia, Canada and Tunisia. 1 I can’t imagine living any other way.
2 I love it when I go down into my house in the summer.
5 EXAM 7.04 Listen to three people talking about life
3 These underground houses were perfect for surviving …
in underground towns and cities in Australia, Tunisia and
4 I get the metro into the centre.
Canada. Choose the correct answers: A, B, C or D.
1 What does Speaker 1 remember about his childhood? 7 EXAM Work in groups. What factors affect the
A He thought everybody should live in a cave. environment of your local neighbourhood? Explain how.
B His cousins didn’t like visiting him in Coober Pedy. Use the ideas below and your own ideas.
C He believed it was normal to live below the surface. cultural facilities cycle lanes green spaces
D The temperatures in the summer were too high. housing industrial zones play areas public transport
2 Speaker 1’s family came to Coober Pedy … shopping traffic congestion urban farming
A because it offered work opportunities.
8 MEDIATION Your friend is doing a project on houses in
B when opal was discovered there.
unusual locations. They are interested in the podcast and
C to learn how to become miners. would like more information. Write a message to them
D because it was the only natural thing to do. summarising the advantages and disadvantages of living in
an underground city like Matmata.
Unit 7 95
7.4 VOCABULARY Talk about celebrating freedom.
Celebrating freedom 4 VOCABULARY In your notebook, replace the underlined

words in the questionnaire with the correct form of the
1 EXAM Work in pairs. Answer the questions. highlighted words and phrases in the article in Ex 2.
1 What is the most popular traditional celebration where
you live? What do you know about the celebration?
2 What do you think attracts people to take part? Is there
Let’s celebrate! We want to know about
celebrations where you live, so please help us
anything that might put people off taking part? by answering the questions
2 Read the article. What are the objectives of the 1 At which celebrations do people really relax and
celebration, Juneteenth? enjoy themselves?
2 When do people wear the kind of clothes that will make
others notice and admire them?
JUNETEENTH
3 Do people ever take part in activities that repeat the
actions of past events as an entertainment, such as historic
battles or achievements?
4 What celebrations are usually restricted to family
The USA gave itself a new national public gatherings or parties attended by people who have not
g.
holiday on 19th June 2021, Juneteenth, the anniversary of seen each other for a long time?
n
5 What regional or national celebrations make people feel
yi
the Emancipation Proclamation, the law that freed African
good about their culture?
op
American slaves on 19th June 1865. Many states, such
as Texas, had observed the holiday for years and African 6 Which dates that mark a special event do you think should
oc
Americans had long cherished and enjoyed the celebration, be celebrated but aren’t?
ot
but it wasn’t until 2021 that it was decided that the whole 7 Which historical event is remembered with the greatest
ph
country should commemorate Juneteenth. As a result, a pride in your country?
or
lot of African American community leaders have latched 8 Which poems and stories are often used in public readings
on to the event as an opportunity to instil a sense of pride during national celebrations?
g
in
and heritage in young African Americans. Celebrations 9 Which events have businesses taken an interest in as an
ut
often include recitations of the Emancipation Proclamation, opportunity to sell goods, services, etc.?
rib
lectures and some exhibitions on African American history. 10 Which fun, entertaining events may appeal more to
However, there is also time for more light-hearted events children during national celebrations?
st
di
with processions, re-enactments of famous historic events,

barbeques, concerts, dances, and booths selling food
e,
5 Work in pairs. Answer the questions in the

al
springing up everywhere. Although many of the people

questionnaire. Compare your answers with another pair.
rs
who attend these events use them as an opportunity to

let their hair down and participate in reunions with friends
fo
6 Work in pairs. Read the facts below and discuss the

and family, they also see it as a chance to wear their best
ot
questions, giving reasons for your choices. Use words and

outfits and dress to kill. Overall, while the event provides
l. N
phrases from the lesson.

an opportunity to celebrate and have a good time, it
Which events …
ia
achieves two fundamentally important objectives: to

• invite you to let your hair down? • are lighthearted?
er
educate Americans about the country’s past and to work

• will instil a sense of pride? • involve dressing up?
at
for freedom for other peoples around the world.

em
• might involve recitations?

pl
3 VOCABULARY Check the meaning of the highlighted

Juneteenth celebrations
m
words and phrases in the article in Ex 2. Copy and

in Texas, 2021
Sa
complete the text below using the correct form of eight

of these.
• In Fair Park in the city of Dallas, residents enjoyed a host of festivities,

The first celebration of the freeing of slaves of African
1 ) on the Caribbean Island country of including a parade, opportunities to sample great food, live music,
descent was (...
entertainments for children and much more.
Trinidad and Tobago in 1985. Since then, many other
2 ) the idea of celebrating • At the Morton H. Myserson Symphony Center, Juneteenth was
countries in the region have (...
3 ) on Antigua and celebrated with performances of contemporary and gospel music. The
freedom, and public holidays have (... Symphony Orchestra was joined by singers Kearstin Piper Brown and
Barbua, the Bahamas, Barbados and Jamaica, amongst Kevin Deas, as well as harpist Mallory McHenry.
others. The celebration in Trinidad and Tobago is loved and
4 ) by residents and lasts a whole week. It includes poetry • Celebrations were not, of course, confined to cities like Dallas and
(... Houston. In Fort Worth, Ms Opal Lee walked 2.5 miles to commemorate
5 ), lectures, and musical performances. There are also
(... the 2.5 years it took for the news that they were now free to reach all
more (... 6 ) events with street parties and (...7 ) selling African
slaves of the United States.
arts and crafts. The week’s events end with the Flambeau • The residents of Denton in North Texas also celebrated in style, both
Procession, an event that (... 8 ) the fight against slavery.
online and in person. Events included live entertainment and a poetry
contest. Denton Public Library also hosted a presentation by author and
historian Donald J. Norman-Cox on the true origins of Juneteenth. Cox
examined and challenged some of the myths that are often held about
the African American community.
Use articles and quantifiers to talk about the past. 7.5 GRAMMAR
Articles and quantifiers 5 Work in pairs. Copy and complete the sentences with
a / an or –. Which sentences refer to ideas in general and
1 Work in pairs. Read the article. What events from which refer to specific situations?
international sporting competitions do you remember? 1 (... ) willingness and self-motivation are very positive attributes.
2 Anniversary celebrations show (... ) respect for people who
A GESTURE THAT REACHED THE WORLD STAGE have contributed to improving the country.
1
Athletes are usually obsessed by one thing: winning. But medal winners 3 These tourists have (... ) very limited background
Tommie Smith and John Carlos had other things on their minds during knowledge of our traditional rituals.
the Olympic medal ceremony in Mexico in 1968. They wanted 2the whole 4 Children should leave school with (... ) good understanding
planet to know about the racism that 3the African American had to of basic scientific principles.
suffer, and thanks to the global audience television provided, it did.
5 Going to university is not the only way to acquire (... )
As the US national anthem played, they each raised an arm and held
knowledge.
up a closed fist. Some people thought 4an athlete shouldn’t
make political statements, and on their return to the USA 6 Sam’s apology showed (... ) willingness to recognise his
the athletes were severely criticised by the media. Today, mistake.
however, their gesture is seen as a historic moment in the 6 Work in pairs. Read the grammar box and then
fight for Civil Rights and it is celebrated by many US citizens, answer the questions about the quantifiers below.
g.
especially on Juneteenth, and thanks to its exposure on
n
5
the internet, it is being recognised around the world. Quantifiers
yi
op
We use quantifiers to talk about amounts. We use different
2 Read the underlined phrases 1–5 in the article in Ex 1. Copy
oc
quantifiers depending on register (formal / informal), whether
and complete the rules and match them to the phrases. a noun is countable or uncountable, and whether we are
ot
Articles for generalising forming a positive or negative statement or a question.
ph
countable environment generalise people plural
or
g
in
A When we generalise, we usually use (... 1 ) or uncountable
a few a good deal of a little all any enough every
ut
nouns with no article. few little loads of lots of many much some whole

rib
2 ) about people, animals or things by

B We can also (...
introducing one example with a / an. Which quantifier(s) …
st
1 is / are the most informal?

di
3 ) noun to generalise
C We can use the + a singular (...
2 can only be used with countable nouns?
e,
about technology, musical instruments and species of

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animals. 3 can only be used with uncountable nouns?

rs
D We can use the before general expressions relating to 4 can be used with countable or uncountable nouns?
fo
4 ) around us.
the physical (... 5 is / are mostly used in questions and negative sentences?
ot
E We can generalise about specific groups of (... 5 ) in society

6 sound/s more positive when a is used before it / them?
l. N
by using the + adjective, or the + adjective + noun.

7 Work in pairs. Read the dialogue and copy and
ia
GRAMMAR BOOSTER P145 complete the gaps with a quantifier, an article or –.

er
Sometimes more than one answer is possible. Discuss

at
3 Choose the correct alternative. reasons for your choices.

em
1 We can learn a lot about – / the history by taking part in Jo I’ve found an interesting site for our project on the history
the / a re-enactment. 1 ) facts!
pl
of writing. It’s got (...

2 A / – historian who studies old documents may have to rely
m
2
Lia Yeah, but is (... ) information on it accurate?
Sa
on – / a science to prove when something was written. 3 ) writing only being around
Jo Well, this point here about (...
3 Why does the / – research into the past often focus on for 6,000 years is an interesting one. I mean, (... 4 ) research
the / – wealthy? 5
into the past is difficult if there aren’t (... ) documents.
4 A / – museum is a good place to spend the day if – / the 6 ) historians don’t just use written documents to
Lia Yes, but (...
weather is bad. find out about the past. They use (... 7 ) archaeology, which
5 The / – clenched fist often symbolises – / the protest 8 ) clues about how (...
provides (... 9 ) people lived in the past.
movement. Jo True, but (...10) knowledge based on documents is going to
4 Read the sentences and rules. Choose the correct alternative. be much more accurate.
Lia Well, written history is usually about the lives of (... 11) rich.
Abstract nouns and articles
Jo Maybe by combining documents and archaeology, we
A friendlier atmosphere would improve rapport. could learn (...12) more.
Rachel built a good rapport with the committee. 8 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Choose one of the
We 1do / don’t use articles before uncountable abstract topics below. Tell your partner what you know about it and
nouns to talk about ideas in general, but we 2can / can’t why you have chosen it. Answer any questions they may
use them before abstract nouns when we refer to have. Use articles and quantifiers from this lesson.
specific situations. 1 a historical period that you find most interesting
GRAMMAR BOOSTER P145 2 a historical film, series or book that you have really enjoyed
Unit 7 97
7.6 READING Identify the writer’s focus.
Cultural icons
1 Work in pairs. Discuss the questions.
1 What do you know about the cultural icons in the photos?
Which countries do you associate with them?
2 Think of three cultural icons from your country. What
do you think they tell people in other countries about
your country?
STRATEGY Identifying the writer’s focus
The
Writers often use the first paragraph of a text to outline
IMPORTANCE
the main topic and give an indication of its focus. Use your
knowledge of text structure, linking words and discourse
markers to identify the topics the writer intends to discuss
later on in the text.
2 Read the strategy. Then read the first paragraph of the of cultural icons
g.
article. Choose the best description of the writer’s focus in
n
1 What do Mickey Mouse, the Taj Mahal, Don
yi
the text.
op
A Cultural icons become associated with national identity Quixote, Ferrari, sushi and red double-decker
buses all have in common? The answer is that
oc
despite their initial unpopularity and the fact that they
may have been created by foreigners. they are all instantly recognisable icons that the
ot
world associates with the countries that they
ph
B Cultural icons become associated with national identity
come from. Such icons are often much
so long as their origins are local, not foreign, and
or
more effective at representing a country
they are popular at home and abroad. on the international stage than the
g
C Cultural icons become associated with
in
flags, coats of arms and anthems used
national identity if they are easily
ut
by governments. They are also often more successful

recognisable, look unique, and are
rib
than official symbols at instilling a sense of pride and

instantly popular with the public. unity in a nation’s population. However, although we
st
might think our beloved unofficial cultural icons represent

di
3 7.06 Read the whole article. Which paragraphs

our country’s uniqueness, we often have people from other
e,
develop the topics mentioned in the opening paragraph?

countries to thank for their existence. What is more, although
al
4 EXAM Read the article again. Choose the correct answers.

rs
these symbols are believed to perfectly represent our nations

1 What have people from other countries possibly done? today, some were originally strongly disapproved of.
fo
A ignored other countries’ cultural icons 2 Mention the Burj Khalifa and lots of people will immediately
ot
think of the city of Dubai in the United Arab Emirates. At

l. N
B made cultural icons popular

829.8 metres high, the Burj Khalifa is the world’s tallest
C helped create cultural icons
ia
building, and it has become a symbol of the country’s

D disapproved of cultural icons
er
growing economic power. However, while the building has

at
2 What do we learn about the Burj Khalifa? quickly become a cherished icon of the city and country, it
em
A It is based on the traditional architecture of the UAE. was actually designed by a team of architects thousands of
B It is made of local materials and built by local labour. kilometres away in Chicago and built by an army of 12,000
pl
C It was designed by a local architect. workers brought in from over 100 countries working for
m
Sa
D It symbolises how the country’s economy has evolved.

3 What did a European immigrant do in Britain? 6 How would it benefit people to know where cultural
A open fish and chip shops all over the country icons come from?
B take advantage of existing recipes A It would make us appreciate the interdependence
C introduce a Belgian dish to the country of countries and peoples.
D invent a new way of cooking fish B It would make us appreciate that they are always
4 What happened to Gustave Eiffel? loved by a nation’s citizens.
A He built many monuments. C It would teach us that cultural icons are very
B He became popular in Paris. similar in all countries.
C He was asked to leave Paris. D It would teach us that they aren’t necessary for
D His work was criticised. creating a national identity.
5 What did agricultural workers in Scotland do?
A look down on the people in cities
B wear special clothes for celebrations
C wear clothing that was not appreciated
D leave their jobs and move to the cities

7.6 READING
30 international companies. Furthermore, 25,000 tonnes of

steel used in the construction of the tower came from the Palast
der Republik, the demolished parliament building of the former
state of East Germany.
3 The Burj Khalifa, however, is not the only cultural icon with an
international background. The Statue of Liberty was designed
and built in Paris before being shipped to New York, and it was
a Danish architect, Jørn Utzon, who designed Sydney Opera
House. Natural and culinary symbols can also have international
roots. It was French botanist, Carolus Clusius, who introduced
the tulip into Holland, where it became the national flower, from 5 The Parisians are not the only ones to have at first rejected
Turkey. Britain’s unofficial national dish, fish and chips, also owes something that they were to later embrace. The kilt, a type
its existence to outside influences. Sixteenth century immigrants of skirt, was seen by urban Scots as a garment that was
from Portugal introduced the British to fried fish, and 19th worn by poor agricultural workers from the Highlands, and
century Belgian immigrants did the same with fried potatoes. they looked down on both. However, with the arrival of the
Then, in 1860, an immigrant from Eastern Europe, Joseph Malin, Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, the kilt became a
combined the two and opened Britain’s first fish and chip symbol of nostalgia for country life and wealthy Scots
shop. By 1935, there were 35,000 fish and chip
g.
started wearing them on festive occasions.
shops across the country, firmly establishing
n
Today, the kilt has become an iconic symbol
yi
the dish as Britain’s favourite. Today, few of Scotland, and Scotsmen view it as an
op
Britons are aware of the international essential item when they want to dress to
oc
roots of fish and chips, but in fact, kill for a wedding or anniversary celebration,
if you look into the history of
ot
or even when they get kitted out to go to a
any country’s cultural icons, you’ll
ph
football or rugby match.
probably discover an important
6 Evidently, many of us need to feel that we
international contribution that is now
or
belong to a social group, and cultural icons help us
g
forgotten or undervalued.
in
create shared identities. However, an awareness of their
4 While a nation’s citizens are often unaware of the
ut
history would help us realise that their current status as

international roots of a cultural icon, they are also
rib
cultural icons is not necessarily permanent. Furthermore,

frequently unaware that a few much-loved icons we would learn that they connect us with, rather than
st
were despised in the past. It is certainly hard to separate us from, the rest of humanity.
di
believe that that is what happened to the tower

e,
built by Gustave Eiffel, but it did. When the tower

al
was completed on 31st March in 1889, it was

rs
considered by many to be an eyesore on the Paris

fo
skyline. An article entitled Protest against the

ot
Tower of Monsieur Eiffel, signed by important

l. N
French artists and writers of the time, observed

succinctly that the tower had sprung up
ia
‘like a gigantic black factory chimney’ that

er
humiliated the city’s great buildings and

at
monuments. Today, you would find it hard

em
to meet any Parisian who doesn’t love the

tower and consider it the quintessential
pl
symbol of the city.

m
Sa
5 VOCABULARY Look at the highlighted words and phrases in the 6 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Invent
article. Copy and complete the sentences. five new cultural icons that represent people of
1 Some teachers (... ) all technology more enthusiastically. your generation in your country. Use your own
2 With just a few words, Marta (... ) expressed what we all felt. ideas and the ideas below.
3 There was great (... ) within the team, and we all played for each a brand a book a building a dish a film
other. an item of clothing a popular personality
4 New York is the (... ) North American city, with its instantly a site of natural beauty a song a town
recognisable skyline and bright lights.
5 Mickey Mouse is one of the most (... ) cultural icons, not only in the 7 Work in groups. Choose the best five new
USA, but all over the world. cultural icons. Give reasons for your choices.
6 My grandmother often talks about her youth with (... ).
7 The (... ) of the Swiss city of Bern is red and yellow
with a black bear, the emblem of the city.
8 The old cinema has been unused for ten years and has
become an ugly (... ).

Unit 7 99
7.7 GLOBAL SKILLS Learn from your mistakes.
Learning from mistakes 3 What type of mistakes did you describe in Ex 1?

4 7.07 Work in pairs. You’re going to hear a lecture
1 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Describe a mistake on learning from mistakes. What do you think the speaker
that you made recently. Why do you think you made the might suggest for addressing A–D in the article? Listen and
mistake? Have you learned anything from it? check.
2 Read the article. In your notebook, match the situations 5 7.07 MEDIATION A friend couldn’t attend the lecture.
1–4 below to the different types of mistakes A–D. Listen again. Then summarise the important points for your
1 Cleaning an antique bronze object, but then finding out friend in a text message using the table below to help you.
that it would have achieved a higher price at an auction if
you hadn’t done so. The mistakes The lessons learned
2 Arriving on stage to give a recitation at the end-of-year Carelessness 1 We should give …
school celebration for parents without a copy of your 2 We should try not to …
poem to read out.
3 Constantly forgetting where you’ve locked up your bike. Over-stretching 3 It’s a good idea to …
4 Frequently playing the wrong notes on a difficult piece of 4 Get help and …
music you’ve never played before. ‘Aha’ moments 5 Be prepared to …
g.
6 We should also …
n
LATEST ARTICLE
yi
7 Two rules to remember: …
op
The big-time
oc
6 VOCABULARY In your notebook, match the words in 1–7 to
ot
the phrases in A–G to form collocations.
ph
1 set A something into perspective
2 get or B an open mind
g
3 put C realistic goals
in
ut
4 take D constructive feedback

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FOUR types of everyday 5 keep

6 face
E your time
F your mistakes
st
di
mistakes that we all make 7 accept G a problem

e,
7 Copy and complete the questions with the words and

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A Carelessness
phrases in Ex 6.
rs
You sent an urgent message to a friend about a change

1 How do you try and put your worries (... )? Does it help to
fo
of plans, but your friend still hasn’t turned up. You check
do this or not?
ot
your phone and see that you’d typed your message, but
2 Have you ever failed to achieve something simply because
l. N
hadn’t pressed send! A typical example of a careless

mistake. They happen when we’re doing something that you didn’t (... ) realistic goals?
ia
we already know how to do, but because of multitasking, 3 Have there been any times when you’ve chosen not to
er
poor concentration, over-optimism or rushing to finish, face a (... )? What happened?

at
we get it wrong!
4 Which people in your life do you go to to get (... )? How
em
B Over-stretching good are you at giving it?

pl
You’ve just started skiing but can’t resist following 5 How important is keeping an (... ) for gaining new
m
your experienced skier friends down a steep run. Not experiences and developing a growth mindset?
Sa
surprisingly, it ends badly! Over-stretching is the result 6 In your view, is it better to take your (... ) or finish something
of trying to do something that we’ve never done before. quickly? What are the pros and cons?
However, it’s a good sign (if you don’t get injured!) 7 How important do you think it is to (... ) your mistakes and
because it means that you are rising to the challenge!
take responsibility for them?
C ‘Aha’ moments 8 Work in pairs. Discuss the questions in Ex 7.
You made a cake following the instructions in the recipe
carefully, but accidentally used salt instead of sugar, so 9 THINK & SHARE Work in groups. Read the quotes
the cake was a disaster. ‘Aha’ mistakes happen when we about mistakes. What is the message in each case? Which one
think we have achieved what we wanted to, only to find do you agree with? Which one do you think is the best? Why?
that the result is something quite different!
The greatest mistake that
Take chances, make
D The big-time we make is living in constant
mistakes. That’s
Important exams, job interviews or major sporting fear that we will make one.
how you grow.
events. When people fail at these moments, they think John C. Maxwell
Mary Tyler Moore
their life is effectively over and they’ll never recover. But
everyone makes a few of these big-time mistakes in their A person who never Learn from the mistakes of
lives, even though they really hurt at the time. And the made a mistake, never others. You can’t live long
important point is that we almost always survive them! tried anything new. enough to make them all
Albert Einstein yourself.
© Oxford University Press Eleanor Roosevelt
Explain decisions and demonstrate active listening in a discussion. 7.8 SPEAKING
Explaining decisions STRATEGY Active listening

To listen to someone actively:
• make sure you face the speaker and keep eye contact
• don’t interrupt them and listen without judging
• show that you’re listening by nodding and smiling
• ask relevant questions
• reflect and summarise at the end.
5 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Read the strategy.

Then discuss the questions.
1 What type of daily decisions do you have to make? Use
1 Which activities have you had to make decisions about
your own ideas and the ideas below.
recently? What influenced your decisions? Use your own
ideas and the ideas below. being online classes clothing community activities
entertainment food homework housework
being in a sports team doing a hobby
money relationships sleeping social activities
doing a part-time job doing voluntary work
g.
transport work
participating in local traditions
n
yi
2 Do you find it easier to make decisions about some things
op
2 What important decisions do you think you’ll have to
more than others? Why?
make in the next few years? Why?
oc
3 Is it best to make your own decisions or ask for advice?
ot
2 Work in pairs. Look at the factors that might affect a 4 Which is better: planning carefully or being more
ph
decision about leaving home. Put them into three groups: spontaneous and open-minded? Why?
A: Reasons for leaving home, B: Reasons for staying at
home and C: Reasons which could be both. 6 or
THINK & SHARE EXAM Work in pairs. Look at the
g
diagram below. Use phrases from the Phrasebook to
in
be in your comfort zone become independent discuss the things people need to consider when making
ut
challenge yourself discover different perspectives these decisions. Use the ideas from the strategy to show
rib
experience new places gain confidence active listening.

st
have a family support system make new friends

di
see your family on a daily basis understand local culture leaving

e,
home
al
3 7.08 Listen to a conversation between two students

rs
about leaving home. Which of the reasons in Ex 2 do they

fo
mention? Which ones do they mention as reasons for

ot
staying and which ones as reasons for leaving? What might

l. N
doing a people need to travelling

4 7.08 Read the Phrasebook. Listen to the conversation consider when
ia
again. Then copy and complete the phrases. part-time job alone
making these
er
decisions?
at
PHRASEBOOK Explaining decisions

em
Introduce an explanation
pl
But, (...1 ) happens, I really want to …

m
Bearing in mind recent events, I’m going to … deciding

Sa
After (...2 ) everything into account, it’s the best … what to study
In view of the situation, I’ve decided to …
Clarify an explanation
3 ) is … 7 Work in groups. Compare your answers to Ex 6.
True, but what I’m trying to (...
4 Rank the ideas in order of importance. Give reasons for
To be more (... ) …
5 ) at is … your ranking.
What I’m (...
6
(... ) me put it this / another way … 8 REFLECT Work in pairs. Reflect on how you used the
Check understanding phrases from the Phrasebook and the strategy in your
Are you (... 7 ) me? discussions in Ex 6.
Is that clear? • What did you do well?
Do you see what I mean? • What could you do better next time?
Show understanding
Got (...8 ).
That makes (... 9 ) sense.
I think that’s totally understandable.

Ask for clarification
Sorry, but could you go over that again.
I’m sorry, I don’t (... 10).
I’m not sure I exactly understand.

Unit 7 101
7.9 WRITING Build strong arguments to support an objective.
A proposal STRATEGY Building a strong argument

1 Work in pairs. Why do you think people It is easier to organise our material into a successful
sometimes want to save a monument, an old building or proposal if we have a clear objective. Once we know our
a neighbourhood in their home town? Use your own ideas aim, we can organise our supporting arguments to build as
and the ideas below. strong a case as possible.
architectural merit civic life cultural significance 3 Read the strategy. In your notebook, match paragraphs
famous residents historical importance 1–5 of the proposal to the descriptions A–E.
This paragraph …
2 Read the proposal. Why does the writer want to save A explains how the buildings could be used by visitors to
the buildings? What is the connection with the photo? the trail. (... )
B describes the wider benefits to the country as a whole of
saving the buildings. (... )
A PROPOSAL TO SAVE OUR HISTORY C gives information about the buildings’ past. (... )
1 Introduction D describes the problems that the buildings have and their
The main objective of this proposal is to suggest why three consequences. (... )
g.
small, derelict farms on the route between Selma and E states the writer’s aim and provides information about
n
yi
Montgomery in Alabama should be saved. the location and current state of the buildings. (... )
op
2 Historical interest 4 Work in pairs. What are the writer’s strongest
oc
The background to this proposal is the fact that these farms
arguments in the proposal? How do they support the aim
ot
played a significant role in the nation’s history. They are
of the proposal? Give reasons for your answers.
situated along the Selma to Montgomery National Historic
ph
Trail, which was established in 1996 and they are landmarks 5 Copy and complete the Phrasebook with the words below.
from the famous 1965 Civil Rights march led by Dr Martin
or
background highly implemented objective suggest
g
Luther King along this route. The march was long and
in
dangerous and the people taking part had to stop at the farms
ut
to rest or to spend the night. The families who lived there PHRASEBOOK A proposal
rib
risked their lives to show solidarity with the marchers; if it had Stating the purpose of the proposal
st
not been for their courage, one of the most significant events The main (... 1 ) of this proposal is to (...
2 ) why …
di
in American history might never have taken place. The purpose of this proposal is to examine / evaluate …
e,
3 Current situation This proposal aims to show / suggest / outline …

al
Today, the farms continue to be owned by the same Providing background information
rs
families. Unfortunately, they are in such poor condition Some of the issues are …
fo
that their very existence is under threat. Even though these The (...3 ) to this proposal is …
ot
properties have been accepted onto a list of America’s most Currently the situation is …
l. N
endangered historic places, many people are unaware of Making recommendations

their importance in contemporary US history, and preserving We would recommend that …
ia
them will be costly. 4 ) recommended that …

It is (...
er
4 Recommendations
at
It would be advantageous …
It is highly recommended that the farms are safeguarded so
em
Conclusion
that the role they played in the Civil Rights Movement is not Supposing these recommendations are carried out …
pl
forgotten. If saved from ruin and turned into museums or Unless the suggestions above are (... 5 ), …
m
education centres, they could help teach people travelling

Sa
along the trail about the difficulties faced by African 6 EXAM Read the task. Then write your proposal.
Americans in their fight for integration.
Write a proposal to save part of your local area’s heritage.
5 Conclusion
Unless the suggestions above are implemented, we will be • Use your own ideas or an idea from below.
missing a valuable opportunity to help promote mutual
respect and take an important step towards improving race
a historic building / monument
relations in the USA. a festival a traditional ritual
• Note down strong arguments and organise them into
paragraphs.
• Ensure each paragraph has a clear purpose.
• say clearly what the objective of the proposal is?
• use a neutral style and present the facts?
• use vocabulary from this unit and the Phrasebook?
• conclude by giving a personal opinion?

7.10 REVIEW
Grammar 5 It is estimated that over 2,000 languages are (... ), and losing
them would be a tragic loss for humanity.
1 EXAM Copy and complete the second sentence so that it 6 A country’s museums (... ) many of its treasures and
has the same meaning as the first. Use the word given but do preserve them for future generations.
not change its form. Use no more than five words, including
the word given. 4 Copy and complete the sentences with one word.
1 Could you help us safeguard our local traditions? 1 New shops are springing (... ) all over the city.
APPRECIATE 2 The locals (... ) their traditions and make a big effort to
We (... ) you could help us safeguard our local traditions. put on a great festival every year.
2 Processions are fine, but I prefer hearing people recount 3 Nick latched (... ) to the trend when he realised he could
legends. LIKE get more viewers by following it.
Processions are fine, but I (... ) I hear people recounting 4 Hearing about their ancestors’ triumphs instilled a sense
legends. of (... ) in the young warriors.
3 I think you should open up the event to more people. IDEA 5 After studying hard all week, I always look forward to letting
my (... ) down with my friends at the weekend.
It’d be (... ) open up the event to more people.
4 Young people need to understand the significance of their 6 There will be public events to celebrate the (... ) of our
local history. IMPORTANT country’s independence.
ng.
It’s (... ) to understand the significance of their local history.
Cumulative review
yi
5 Some governments seem to think ignoring local traditions
op
is acceptable. AS 5 EXAM Read the text about the Seven Wonders of the
oc
Some governments regard (... ) to ignore local traditions. World. Choose the correct answer: A, B or C.
ot
6 Asking for support from local business people is a waste
ph
1 ) lists on the internet. My 10 funniest films this
It is hard (...
of time. IT
year or The 20 best sports cars ever made are just a couple
(... ) time asking for support from local business people.
or
of examples. However, (... 2 ) list writing is not a modern
g
7 We couldn’t see anything at the event because of the 3 ) ancient Greeks who started the
in
crowds. DIFFICULT phenomenon, and it was (...

ut
fashion with The Seven Wonders of the World. It seems to have

The crowds (... ) us to see anything at the event.
rib
been written to instil a sense of (... 4 ) in the Greeks themselves,

8 It’s a necessity that practitioners practise regularly. FOR
as five of the wonders were built by them. What is more, six
st
It’s (... ) practise regularly. of the monuments were situated around (... 5 ) Mediterranean
di
6
Sea, so it was a kind of guide for (... ) Greek tourists. Of course,
e,
7 ) their choices to the part of

al
it was only natural for them (...

rs
a a few any little the (x4) whole 8

the world they knew. (... ) Greek traveller of the time would
fo
not have been aware of other great constructions, such as the

1 The legend claims Robin Hood stole from (... ) rich to give
Great Wall of China. However, despite the list’s limitations, it
ot
to (... ) poor. 9 ). It has

has kept the names of the original ‘Seven Wonders’ (...
l. N
2 (... ) of our events haven’t been successful. also encouraged us to make our own lists of places that we
ia
3 The (... ) town takes part in the festival. 10).

should (...
er
4 Are there (... ) professional athletes today who don’t have

at
a sponsor? 1 A escape B for escaping C to escape

em
5 (... ) piano is possibly the most popular of all musical 2 A – B the C a

instruments. 3 A – B the C a
pl
4 A B C
m
6 Working as (... ) doctor today is a tough job. pride threat respect

Sa
7 We had (... ) time, but we managed to finish the work. 5 A – B a C the

8 (... ) heat in summer in Seville is unbearable. 6 A a B the C –
7 A limit B to limit C limiting
Vocabulary 8 A A B – C The
9 A alive B traditional C festive
3 Copy and complete the sentences with the correct form of 10 A originate B safeguard C recount
the words and phrases below.
a wealth of knowledge characterise large-scale event Think & share

procession safeguard under threat
1 The (... ) was led by a band and it began at one end of town 1 Make a list of seven wonders of your local area that you
and ended in the square. think people should visit. What is special about the places?
2 Millions of people watch (... ) like the Olympic Games 2 Compare your lists. Decide on the best seven wonders.
on television.
3 Countries and cities can be (... ) by their cultural icons.
4 The inhabitants of the Amazon rainforest have (... ) of
medicinal plants.

Review 103
Learn about how immigrants have shaped New York over the last
7 century and create a multicultural tour of the city.
The world comes to New York
ng.
yi
op
oc
ot
ph
or
g
in
ut

rib
st
1 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Discuss the questions. 4 Listen to the tourist guide and decide if the sentences
di
1 What are the most popular destinations for young people below are true (T) or false (F).
e,
that leave your country? 1 Broadway runs parallel to 5th Avenue.

al
2 What things should a person who wants to move to a big 2 Bryant Park is a good place to get away from the crowds.
rs
foreign city think about before leaving? 3 The Chrysler Building is easy to identify.
fo
3 What are the main benefits / problems of living in a big 4 The Empire State Building opened less than a year after
ot
foreign city? the Chrysler Building.

l. N
EXPLORE 5 Look at the fact file about cultural icons of New York.
ia
er
Access the interactive 360º content now! Can you think of any others? What places, buildings,
at
statues or objects are important symbols of your country?

em
Why are they important?

2 Work in pairs. Explore the photo of New York. Can
you name any of the buildings or landmarks? 6 Work in pairs. Choose one of the cultural icons of
pl
your country. Go online and find out information about it,

m
3 ALL HOTSPOTS Explore the hotspots and find these

Sa
including:
things:
• where you can find it
1 a symbol of New York
• its history
2 a famous festival in New York
• more reasons why it’s become an important symbol of
3 a description of the view
your country
4 a place where many people arrived in New York
5 reasons people love New York 7 Watch the video about the history of immigration to
New York. Answer the questions.
1 What was Ellis Island between 1892 and 1954?
2 Why is it significant to 40% of Americans?
3 What happened when people arrived on Ellis Island?
4 What is Ellis Island now?

ng.
yi
op
oc
ot
ph
or
g
in
ut
Learning Situation
rib
st
8 Listen to the radio phone-in about immigrants’ CREATE … a multicultural tour of New York City
di
stories. Which person or people (Marina, Ricardo, STEP 1

e,
or Emer) … Work in groups. Choose four or five ethnic groups with large
al
1 had a difficult time when they first arrived?

rs
communities in New York to focus on. Below are some suggestions.

2 was born in the USA? Each person in the group should focus on one community.
fo
3 arrived much later than many people from

ot
their country? African American Brazilian Caribbean Chinese

l. N
German Irish Italian Puerto Rican

4 has ancestors who came here because of the
ia
conditions in their homeland?

STEP 2
er
5 talk about their cultural heritage?

at
6 stayed here because of love? RESEARCH IT!

em
Go online and do some research into your community. Find out about:
9 Look at the blog post about festivals in • the neighbourhoods they live in
pl
New York. Work in pairs and discuss the questions.

m
• their best cafés and restaurants and most popular dishes

1 Which festival looks most appealing to you?
Sa
• places to experience their culture (music, art, dance, etc.)

2 Why do you think it’s important for immigrant
• any festivals they celebrate
communities to celebrate festivals?
3 What unique festivals do you celebrate in your STEP 3
country? Find or create a map of New York City showing the different
neighbourhoods and places.
10 THINK & SHARE Work in groups. Discuss the
STEP 4
questions.
Use your research to prepare your tour.
1 What do you think would be the pros and cons for
• Decide on the places you will visit. Make sure you visit at least one
you if you moved to New York?
thing from each of the communities you chose.
2 Why do you think so many generations of
• Find a photo and write a short description of each place. You could
immigrants move to the USA?
even find some music from your community to play!
3 What effects has immigration had on American
• Decide on the route that you are going to take, and the start and
culture? Think about music, film, digital media
finish points.
and sport.
STEP 5 SHARE IT!
Present your tour to the class. Each member of the group presents one
community. Listen to the other presentations. Which tour would you
most like to go on? Why?
Vision 360° 105
Money management People speaking about Project management An opinion essay
Online shopping living without money
GRAMMAR READING Moving a Patrick speaks
Advanced infinitive forms Article about the conversation
Advanced uses of -ing low-cost economy forward
forms GRAMMAR BOOSTER P146–147
Money
talks
n g.
yi
op
oc
ot
ph
or
g
in
ut
rib
st
di
e,
al
rs
fo
ot
l. N
ia
2 Read the questionnaire and answer the questions.

er
your relationship with

at
What’s
em
money?Finourdquizout! with
pl
m
Money management
Sa
1 I spend money …
A only on things that are essential.
1 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Look at the items B whenever I have it.
and experiences below, and their cost. Decide which C sensibly.
interests you the most. Then discuss how you would find
the money to pay for it. 2 When I want something that costs more than I have, …
A I save for it, then buy it.
B I borrow money to pay for it.
ELECTRIC
Beach
C I decide not to buy it.
TABLET SCOOTER,
holiday
max speed 3 Saving money is something …
32GB internal A I do all the time.
storage 25 km/h
€370 hotel + flight, B I never seem to be able to do.
1 week: €280
€420 C I do when I have a clear objective.
4 At the end of each month …

A I know exactly how much I’ve spent and saved
to the last penny.
B I usually run out of money and have to borrow.
C I’ve usually spent most of my money.
SKYDIVING 5 I think having a budget is …
L 10 DRIVING LESSONS
+ TEST: €295 course + 1 jump €320 A important for managing my spending.
B not necessary at my age.
106 Unit 8 Complete all activities in your notebook. C a good idea if you want to save for something.
Talk about managing money. 8.1 VOCABULARY
3 Work in pairs. Read the results. Compare your 8 VOCABULARY Choose the correct alternatives to
answers to the questionnaire. What are the differences complete the money management tips.
and similarities?
Mostly As: It’s good to be careful with your money, but don’t Money Management ABCs:
let it become an obsession. Occasionally spending a little
and letting your hair down with friends is also important. Saving money made easy
Mostly Bs: You need to be more sensible with your money If you receive 1an allowance / earnings from your parents,
and avoid borrowing and getting into debt. or have a part-time job, you should think about opening a
2
debit card / current account. Be sure to keep a close eye on how
Mostly Cs: You appear to have a balanced attitude to much money you 3go through / pay off every week. Decide how
money: you appreciate that it’s necessary to save, but
without this being your only objective.
much you need to 4live on / pay off and then 5pay your way /
put the rest aside. You can do this automatically through your
bank account. You may need to 6tighten your belt / splash out
4 8.01 Watch or listen. What answers do you think at first and avoid 7broke / costly purchases and 8extravagant /
Kaya would give to the questionnaire in Ex 2? Why? necessary outings, but it’ll all be worth it in the end!
g.
5 8.01 Watch or listen again. Answer the questions.
n
yi
1 What is Darius planning to do?
op
2 What are the three tips that Kaya shared with Darius?
oc
3 What does Kaya want to buy? Why?
ot
4 Where does she work?
ph
5 How much of her salary does she save?
6 How does she avoid spending too much?
or
g
7 What does ‘FOMO’ refer to?
in
8 What does Amira say she might do?

ut
rib
6 REAL ENGLISH In your notebook, match phrases 1–5 to

9 EXAM Work in pairs. Replace the words and phrases
definitions A–E.
st
in bold with words and phrases from Ex 7. Sometimes

di
1 If something is under way, more than one answer is possible. Discuss the questions.
e,
2 If something costs a bomb, 1 Which of the following are common in your friendship
al
3 If something does the trick, group? Is this typical of young people in your country?
rs
4 If you let someone in on something, • getting a sum of money from your parents every week
fo
5 If you say something sounds like a plan, • having a bank account and using a bank card to pay
ot
A it helps you succeed in solving a problem or achieving for purchases

l. N
something. • having a part-time job and saving money from your

ia
B you share a secret with them. wages

er
2 How much money do you usually spend in a week? What

C you think that a suggestion is good.
at
do you usually spend it on?

D it has already started.
em
3 Would you ever consider spending a lot of money on a

E it’s very expensive. special purchase? If so, what?
pl
7 VOCABULARY Check the meanings of the words and 4 What do you think are the best ways to save money?
m
Sa
phrases below. In your notebook, add them to the

10 EXAM Work in groups. Prepare a budget for a
correct category.
camping weekend in your country in the summer. Use the
allowance broke costly current account ideas below. Discuss the questions.
debit card earnings extravagant go through
live on pay off pay your way put aside activities camping equipment campsite
splash out tighten your belt clothing food and drink transport
1 money you receive (... ) • What do you already have, what would you need to buy
2 related to banking (... ) and what could you borrow?
3 spending money (... ) • What would be the most costly items?
4 saving money (... ) • How do you think you could tighten your belt?
5 synonyms for expensive (... ) • How much could you put aside between now and the
6 not having any money (... ) weekend?
• How much would you need to live on for two days?
• What would you like to splash out on during the weekend?
11 Present your budget to the class. Which one do you
think is the most realistic? Why?

8.2 GRAMMAR Use advanced infinitive forms to talk about finance.
Advanced infinitive forms 4 Read the sentences. Then copy and complete the rules with
the words in the box below.
1 Read the title of the book review below. What does it 1 They appear to be enjoying their shopping trip.
suggest about people’s relationship with money? 2 Priyanka is the first person in the class to have found a job.
3 Could you try not to go through your allowance so quickly?
The book What You Should Have Learned About
Reviews
Money, But Never Did by Sophia Bera offers continuous

negative
perfect
young adults the opportunity to reflect on the importance
of money as they start their working lives. Written clearly, Infinitive forms
Bera’s ideas are easy to follow. She makes important
points such as the first thing to do when you start earning 1 We use (... ) infinitives (e.g. to be watching, to be
is to build up emergency savings. She also focuses on talking) to describe something taking place in the
the future and states that you’re never too young to start same time frame we are talking about.
planning for giving up work. You don’t want to work hard 2 We use (... ) infinitives (e.g. to have done, to have
throughout your career only to find that you have no money bought) to express the same kind of meaning as past
to retire on! Although the book is about personal finance, or perfect tenses.
Bera is not so obsessed with her subject as to ignore 3 We make (... ) forms (e.g. not to go, not to be) by putting
other important issues, such as quality of life. The book not before the infinitive.
g.
questions why some people want to dedicate their lives to
n
yi
making lots of money, despite the potential negative effects
op
on their personal relationships. To sum up, this is a book 5 Copy and complete the sentences with the forms below.
oc
that every young, and not so young adult should read,
especially if you haven’t got a financial expert to speak to! to tighten not to go through to be dying out
ot
to have arrived to have put aside too much time
ph
2 Read the review in Ex 1. Find an example for each
1 I don’t think he can have earned enough money this
grammar rule.
or
month (... ) anything for the trip.
g
Advanced uses of infinitives
in
2 It takes Jan (... ) to maintain a high profile online.
ut
We use infinitives … 3 I encouraged Maria (... ) her belt.

rib
A after too or enough. 4 I noticed that using cash seems (... ).

st
B after some nouns, e.g. chance, decision, reason. 5 Please try (... ) all your allowance, as you won’t get any
di
C after certain adjectives, e.g. surprised, certain, easy. more money until the end of the month.
e,
D to replace a relative clause … 6 We missed our train and were disappointed (... ) after the
al
concert had finished.

rs
a after the first, the second, etc., the last, the only and
6
fo
some superlatives. 8.02 Listen to two friends chatting about money matters.
b after nouns to show how it is used. Copy and complete the answers using to + infinitive forms.
ot
1 What decision has Jonah made?

l. N
E after certain verbs, or verb + object.

F after only to express a disappointing outcome. He’s made the decision (... ).
ia
G in some linking or attitude phrases, e.g. to be honest, 2 How does he feel about the decision? He’s really happy …
er
and excited … but he also feels daunted because there are

at
to summarise.
so many things (... ).
em
H after so + adjective + as
3 What did he do to prepare himself? His mother
pl
persuaded him (... ).

m
4 Was he happy with his decision? Yes, he was glad (... ).

3 Copy and complete the sentences with a word from A and
Sa
the to + infinitive form of a verb from B. 5 What did he learn? He learned how …. and how not (... ).
6 What does he need to do now? He needs (... ).
A
as decision debts enough
likely only promised last 7 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Use infinitives to
complete the sentences with information about yourself
B
be be able find pay pay off and your relationship with money. Write three sentences
spend splash tighten that are true and three that are false.
1 I often need to remind myself …
1 Consumers are (... ) less when they use cash.
2 I never have enough money …
2 I’ve got a few (... ) before I can start saving.
3 I’ve promised myself not …
3 The company made a (... ) its belt by reducing its
4 I think I’ve got the ability …
advertising budget.
5 This time next year, I plan …
4 Mario has (... ) his way now that he’s got a job.
6 My dream in life is …
5 We aren’t so rich (... ) to put aside any money.
6 He queued for ages in the shop (... ) he’d forgotten 8 Work in pairs. Listen to your partner’s sentences.
his wallet. Decide which are true (T) and which are false (F). Give
7 These trainers aren’t expensive (... ) real designer ones. reasons for your decisions.
8 Mo was the (... ) out on a decent phone in our family.
Understand sentence stress in different extracts
discussing alternatives to money.
8.3 LISTENING
Living without money 5 Work in pairs. Which alternative to traditional money

do you think is the best? Why?
STRATEGY Sentence stress
The way we stress words in a sentence can affect the whole
meaning of the sentence. We choose to stress certain
words to indicate what is important, to make a contrast or
to correct what someone has said.
6 a Work in pairs. Read the strategy and the questions

below. Which of the two words in bold would you stress in
the answers?
1 A And he did that for six months, you say?
B No, he spent a year living without money.
2 A Did he write his book in a cave?
B No, he wrote a book about living in a cave.
g.
3 A How many types of money do you have?
n
B We have two types of money.
yi
4 A How much money goes to charity?
op
1 Work in pairs. Read the phrases about money.
B Three per cent of what you spend goes to local
oc
Discuss what they mean. Think of a context when you
charities.
ot
think someone might use them.
5 A Are only parts of the town involved?
ph
Money makes the world go round. B No, the whole town is involved in the experiment.
or
6 A Where did you volunteer?
g
More money than sense. B I volunteered to work on the farm.
in
ut
b 8.04 Listen and check your answers. Then practise

rib
reading the exchanges with your partner.

TIME IS MONEY.
st
7 EXAM 8.05 Listen to a conversation between two

di
Money isn’t everything.

friends about having a money-free weekend. Choose the
e,
correct answers.
al
rs
1 Why does Joe suggest a money-free weekend to Syed?

fo
A He wants to save his allowance.

Money doesn’t grow on trees. B Neither of them have any money.
ot
l. N
C He’s spent half of his allowance.

2 MEDIATION Work in pairs. Your friend is doing a project D Syed hasn’t got anything to do.
ia
2 What does Syed think of Joe’s suggestion at first?

er
on cultural attitudes to money, and they’ve asked you for

at
help. Research three or four more sayings about money A He isn’t very enthusiastic.
em
online and discuss together what they mean. Then tell B He already knows about the idea.
other pairs. C He says money is not important.
pl
3 D He thinks it’s a great idea.

m
8.03 Listen to three people, A, B and C discussing

Sa
alternatives to traditional currency. What does each 3 Why does Syed want to go to the exhibition?
alternative involve? A He has seen ones like it before.
4 EXAM 8.03 Listen again. In your notebook, match two B He says he loves museums.
sentences 1–6 to each speaker. C He’s excited to learn it’s free.
Speaker A (... ), (... ) D He thinks it sounds interesting.
Speaker B (... ), (... ) 4 How keen is Syed to tour a factory?
Speaker C (... ), (... ) A Not very – unless it makes motorbikes.
B Very – if he eats first.
This alternative to traditional currency …
C Quite – so long as its completely free.
1 was shared by an international community.
D Not very – it sounds expensive.
2 was written about and the story was shared with
the public. 8 Work in groups of three. Think of free activities
3 originally had educational objectives. that you could do where you live at the weekend. Choose
4 decreases in value over time. the best three activities to do as a group.
5 was only experienced by one person. 9 Present your three activities to the class. Give
6 was used by people who offered their services reasons for your choices. Choose the three best activities
as payment. from the whole class.

Unit 8 109
8.4 VOCABULARY Talk about online shopping.
Online shopping 3 EXAM MEDIATION One of your English-speaking friends

frequently shops online. Send a message summarising two
1 EXAM Work in pairs. What are the advantages of the techniques retailers use that they should be aware of.
and disadvantages of online shopping? Use the words
4 VOCABULARY Work in pairs. Choose the correct
below to help you.
alternative to complete this consumer’s thoughts on online
convenience
delivery environmental impact no crowds shopping. Do you agree with their opinion? Why? / Why not?
payment prices privacy returns security size
I try to shop only locally and support small businesses
2 Read the infographic. In your notebook, match the whenever I can, but there are times when shopping
messages 1–4 from shopping sites to the techniques A–D. online is so much more convenient. Even though their
1
1 No thanks, I like paying full price! profit margins / promotions are small, because of the
2 Hi Gina. You’ve forgotten your novel. There’s only one left vast quantities they sell, large online shopping companies
in stock. Come back and get it before it disappears! can afford to offer huge 2discounts / shopping baskets,
especially at those crucial times of year when everybody
3 One click, and it’s yours!
is shopping for presents for friends and family. With
4 Other customers bought these items with this product at 3
fierce competition / free shipping and a huge range
a 10% discount.
of goods and brands, it really is the best option. And the
g.
shopping sites are so good at 4browsing / nudging you
FOUR
n
WAYS ONLINE RETAILERS
yi
into buying with perfectly-timed 5emotional responses /
op
GET YOU TO SPEND MORE. notifications and clever gift 6billing / bundles that make
oc
simple products seem so 7appealing / triggering. It’s
Online shopping is fast, easy and convenient.
ot
no wonder I end up going on an online 8impulse buy /
However, fierce competition between online
ph
shopping spree!
retailers to improve their profit margins
means they use numerous techniques to
nudge us into going on a shopping spree on
or
5 VOCABULARY Copy and complete the advice for
g
in
their sites. Here are four to look out for. online shoppers with some highlighted words from the
ut
infographic in Ex 2.
rib
A B
ONLINE SHOPPING
st
BUNDLES SCARCITY
di
e,
There’s no point buying You patiently browse

DOS
al
a new printer without ink online and you find a pair

rs
and paper, is there? When of trainers that interests

fo
you order a product, many you, but you begin to panic. 1 ) before
Decide if you really need the products in your (...
sites suggest a list of other Why? Because notifications
ot
paying for them.

things that customers inform you that three other
l. N
supposedly add to their customers have already 2 ) between retailers. (...

Take advantage of the (... 3 ) different
ia
shopping basket to use put the trainers in their sites to check prices for the same product. However,
er
with it. To make the bundle baskets, leaving only one remember to compare transport costs; some retailers offer
at
more appealing, free more pair in stock! Will the 4 ) but others charge for it.
(...
shipping or a discount retailer’s attempt to trigger
em
5 ) on the products that you really

Look for discounts and (...
might be offered. However, an emotional response
pl
do you really need the encourage you to make an want to buy.

m
extras? impulse buy?

Sa
DON’TS
C D
EMBARRASSMENT FAST PAYMENT 6 ) that attempt to (...
Ignore (... 7 ) by claiming that other people
Nobody likes feeling stupid, Shopping websites make 8 ) you
are interested in the same product. Their goal is to (...
so when shopping sites paying easy through into spending money and making an (... ). 9
offer potential clients automatic payment
special discounts or systems that store your Don’t provide bank details or fill in your financial details and
10) information on a public computer.
(...
promotions for registering billing and debit card
with them, they don’t just details. This speeds up 11) unless you really think you need all
Don’t buy a (...
provide ‘Yes, please’ and the process, but also
‘No, thanks’ buttons to click means you think less the products.
on. To refuse the offer, you about your purchases.
have to click on one that Would you buy less if
says, ‘No thanks, I hate you dedicated some 6 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Think of three dos
saving money,’ forcing you time to considering each and don’ts for offline shopping. Use words and phrases
to ask yourself ‘Am I doing purchase more carefully? from the lesson.
the right thing?’
7 Work in groups. Present your dos and don’ts for offline
shopping. Which do you think are the most useful? Why?
Use advanced -ing forms to talk about shopping experiences. 8.5 GRAMMAR
Advanced uses of -ing forms 5 Work in pairs. Use the phrases below with an appropriate
-ing form to share your opinions on sales shopping.
1 Work in pairs. Why do shops have sales? Do you
think people really save money at sales? Why? / Why not? enjoy It’s no good look forward to
seeing how busy the shops are shopping at the sales
2 Read the article. Have you ever bought anything on Black
Friday? If so, was it a bargain? If not, why not? It’s no good looking for bargains when the shops are so busy.
6 Look at the example sentences. Copy and complete the
rules with the words below.
The term Black Friday was first used in Philadelphia
in the 1960s to complain about traffic problems. negative passive perfect perfect passive
Residents had difficulties moving around the city
because of the traffic caused by the Thanksgiving
holiday, which takes place on the fourth Thursday
Present participle forms
of November. After a day of celebrating at home, 1 We use (... ) -ing forms (e.g. having done) to refer to
people enjoyed walking in town and thought it was a time before another time in the main clause.
good exercise, but retailers had other ideas. Seeing Having found the ideal gift, I clicked on ‘buy now’.
how busy the streets were, they started lowering 2 We can use (... ) -ing forms (e.g. being invited) and
g.
their prices to attract customers into their shops.
(... ) -ing forms (e.g. having been sold) to focus on the
n
Decades later, US-owned retailers began introducing
yi
action and not the person who does the action.
op
Black Friday abroad too and their promoting of the
day was a success. Shopping on this day, both in Having been notified of a new promotion, I accessed the
oc
stores and online, is now an international event, website.
ot
and millions of consumers look forward to making 3 We usually form (... ) forms (e.g. not knowing) by
ph
savings on Black Friday. putting not before the -ing form.
or
Not having a computer, I rarely shop online.
g
in
3 Match the phrases in bold in the article to the rules A–H

ut
below. Some examples illustrate more than one rule. 7 Copy and complete the sentences with the words in
rib
brackets.
Advanced uses of -ing forms
st
1 Zanna hates (... ) (be / manipulate) by advertising

di
We use -ing forms … campaigns.

e,
2 (... ) (be / offer) free shipping, Kevin decided to buy online.

al
A after certain verbs , e.g. enjoy, like, start.

rs
B after prepositions. 3 (... ) (not / know) how to return the goods, I waited to
fo
C after to when it’s used as a preposition. receive a notification.

ot
D after phrases with it, there and have, e.g. it’s no good, 4 (... ) (try) the shoes on, I realised they didn’t fit and decided
l. N
there’s no use and have difficulties. to return them.

E as the subject or part of the subject of a verb. 5 (... ) (not / want) to spend too much, he added a daily
ia
spending limit to his debit card.

er
F as the object or part of the object of a verb.

at
G after possessive adjectives, e.g. his, my, their. 6 (... ) (be / pay) at the end of the month means I have to
em
H in participle clauses to express the sequence of budget carefully in order to pay all my bills.
events, reasons, a result or a condition. 8 a 8.06 Listen to a conversation between two friends
pl
about online shopping. What purchases do they talk about?

m

Sa
Choose your answers from the box.

4 Copy and complete the sentences with the word given books clothes
computer games food footwear
and an -ing form. Use no more than five words and do not jewellery make-up
mobile phones music
change the form of word given.
1 It annoys me when I’m tricked by promotions. OBJECT b 8.06 Listen again. Copy and complete the extracts
I (... ) tricked by promotions. using -ing forms. Do you agree with the speakers? Why? /
2 I find it difficult to identify fake reviews. HAVE Why not?
I (... ) fake reviews. 1 (... ) online is so convenient, and for some things it’s so
much better.
3 I hate that he capitalises on people’s weaknesses. HIS
2 You’ve got a much better chance of (... ) a bargain.
I don’t like (... ) people’s weaknesses.
3 I never buy anything without (... ) it on first any more.
4 Increasing their profit margin is what concerns them. ABOUT
4 I hate (... ) when they don’t fit!
They’re concerned (... ).
5 And I hate (... ) take them to the post office to send them back.
5 Some people find shopping sprees fun. LIKE
Some people (... ) on shopping sprees. 9 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Use -ing forms to
6 It’s useless to nudge people who never respond. USE discuss which shopping method is best for the items in the
There’s (... ) people who never respond. box in Ex 8a. Give reasons for your opinions.

Unit 8 111
8.6 READING Use prior knowledge to understand an article.
The low-cost economy

1 Work in pairs. How many problems
(environmental, social, etc.) can you identify
in the photos? Compare your answers.
The high price of the
STRATEGY Using prior knowledge
We use titles, captions and images to make
low-cost economy
predictions about what we are going to read. Buying clothes has never been cheaper. Teenagers and young adults
Furthermore, as we begin reading a text, today spend a much smaller percentage of their allowances and
we use the new information to review and earnings on fashion than their parents ever did. In real terms, today’s
adapt our predictions about what to expect shoppers spend between 50% and 75% less. Fashion, however, is
in the following sections or paragraphs. not the only industry to see its prices fall dramatically. Producers
By constantly revising our predictions, we of electronic products, toys and furniture are just a few of the many
improve our understanding of the text. manufacturers that have joined the low-cost revolution. Evidently,
such a situation would appear to benefit consumers. However,
2 Read the strategy. Then read the title of the consumers are also citizens and in the long term, low-cost goods can
g.
actually turn out to be extremely costly.
article and predict which of the problems
n
To join the low-cost
yi
that you identified in Ex 1 are likely to be
op
mentioned in the article. revolution, companies
have had to tighten
oc
3 Read the first paragraph. Do you need to their belts and produce
ot
revise the predictions that you made in Ex 2? cheaply, resulting in
ph
4 8.07 Read the article. Are there any huge reductions in their
or
topics that surprised you? If so, which ones? spending on workforces.
The introduction of
g
5 Read the article again. According to the text,
in
computer technology in
ut
are the sentences true (T), false (F) or doesn’t the workplace in the 20th
rib
say (DS)? In your notebook, correct the century led the revolution.
false sentences. Many businesses in
st
1 Fashion is the industry in which the cost of labour-intensive industries

di
its products have dropped the most. replaced their workforces

e,
with robots. Others closed their factories and outsourced production to

al
2 It’s less economical to have robots

the developing world, where salaries are barely enough to live on. They
rs
produce clothes than employing a human

further increased their profit margins by moving their headquarters to
fo
workforce.
tax havens, from where digital technology enabled them to contact their
ot
3 No people are needed to take goods on suppliers around the world and control distribution with just-in-time
l. N
and off ships these days. delivery systems. This new method of manufacturing was aided by the
4 Shopping for low-cost economy goods has invention of the shipping container. Loading and unloading a ship used
ia
accelerated both the production of goods

er
to require the work of between fifty and a hundred dock workers and
and environmental damage.
at
took weeks. Today, an almost fully automated process does the job in
em
5 Young people discard their clothes so approximately twenty-four hours, making distribution of goods much
quickly because they aren’t made well. faster and cheaper.
pl
6 There used to be a better balance between However, it isn’t just jobs that have been affected by the low-cost
m
the costs and benefits to society of the revolution and the technology that it uses. The planet’s resources
Sa
clothing industry. are being used up and the environment is being polluted at a faster
7 Consumerism has generated taxable rate than ever before because of a dramatic growth in consumerism
income that governments can use to driven by the low-cost economy. Approximately 100 billion items
of clothing are made every year and the fashion industry produces
improve public services.
10% of global carbon emissions producing and distributing them.
8 Providing information about the real costs The manufacturing process also involves the use of chemicals that
of the low-cost economy might influence
consumer habits.

8.6 READING
6 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs.

1 Livia Giuggioli, co-founder of
environmental campaign group Eco-Age,
suggested we ask ourselves if we will
wear a garment a minimum of thirty times
before buying it. Do you think it would be
easy to persuade young people to follow
this advice? Why? / Why not?
2 Do you think it would be a good idea to
provide information about the social and
environmental cost of a product on labels?
Why? / Why not?
3 How willing do you think people would be
endanger workers’ health and pollute the environment. Furthermore, to pay more for a product made by workers
we hardly wear the cheap clothes that we buy. A survey by the British who receive a fair wage and good working
charity Barnardo’s found that 33% of young people consider an item conditions?
g.
of clothing old after wearing it just three times and that most clothing
n
is just worn seven times. We also throw away half of the pieces of 7 VOCABULARY Copy and complete
yi
clothing produced: burning or sending to landfills 50 billion items the sentences with the correct form of
op
within twelve months of buying them. the highlighted compound words from
oc
In the past, manufacturers could claim that the negative effects of the article.
ot
their industries were balanced by the taxes that they paid and the 1 This crop is still harvested using (... )
ph
jobs that they provided. However, technology has created a digital methods and a large human (... ).
economy that allows these multinational companies to avoid paying
taxes in the countries where they sell their goods, reducing the or 2 Why does this firm (... ) all of its computer
g
work? Mainly so that they can use (... )
in
amount of money that governments receive for funding essential labour.
ut
public services such as education, health and social care. Moreover,

3 This island is known to be a popular (... )
rib
the jobs that low-cost companies create in shops and distribution

for the very wealthy and many companies
centres offer such low earnings that workers pay few taxes, and
st
have their (... ) here.

di
sometimes actually need support from public services to survive.

Some experts suggest the low-cost economy makes governments
4 (... ) manufacturing methods avoid waste
e,
vulnerable to going broke. by producing goods as they are needed.

al
5 The entire production process has now

rs
Evidently, such an insecure system is not sustainable in the long

been (... ).
fo
term and governments have started to react. In 2021 an agreement

was thrashed out to create a global tax system that would force 8
ot
EXAM Work in pairs. Think about

companies to pay more taxes. However, consumers have a say
l. N
how you feel about your clothes and what

in whether the low-cost economy continues as it is, but first your motivations are for buying them.
ia
they need to be informed. To that end, organisations such as the Discuss the questions.
er
World Trade Organisation are developing labels that will raise

• What motivates you to buy clothes?
at
consumer awareness about the conditions in which a product was

• How do you feel when you buy something
em
manufactured and its environmental impact. Hopefully, we will all

then be able to appreciate the real cost of the things we buy, and in new?
pl
the future, think twice about buying low-cost goods. • How long does the satisfaction of buying
m
something new last?

Sa
• How many of your clothes do you never

wear?
• What could you change about your
clothes-buying habits?
9 Work in pairs. Discuss three
alternatives to frequently buying low-cost
clothing. Use your own ideas and the ideas
below. Compare your list with the class.
borrow ethical local make
quality
recycling repair
second-hand swap vintage

Unit 8 113
8.7 GLOBAL SKILLS Evaluate the rules of project management.
Project management 5 Read the article about young business person Noa Mintz.
Which of the Golden Rules did she follow?
The solution to a problem that became a business

Twelve-year-old Noa Mintz was an unsatisfied customer. She gave
her mother regular feedback on the babysitters being hired to look
after her and it was mostly negative. The outcome? Young Noa
decided to look for a babysitter herself. After some searching, she
finally found a babysitter who was great. There was fierce competition
amongst all her mothers’ friends to find great babysitters and nannies
for their children, and they wanted Noa to help them out. As a result,
Noa started browsing online employment agencies looking for
suitable babysitters and soon realised that finding nannies for families
could be turned into a full-time business, so she gained a foothold in
the market by setting up her own website, Nannies by Noa.
1 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. The photo Noa’s site included links to a rigorous selection process for both
n g.
shows a young entrepreneur. What do you think nannies and the families that wanted them, so that Noa could make
yi
are the key requirements for a young person to be sure she was putting the right people together and keep track of
op
successful in business? the people that she was dealing with. Nannies by Noa soon started
oc
attracting parents from all over New York. In fact, Noa soon realised
2 Work with another pair and compare your lists that she was prioritising Nannies by Noa to such an extent that it
ot
in Ex 1. What are the similarities / differences? was taking over her life. Her earnings were great, but the business
ph
was putting constraints on her personal life; she wasn’t focusing on
3 VOCABULARY In your notebook, match the rules
1–7 for managing a project to the explanations A–G. or
her studies, and she had no downtime or social life. As a result, she
reflected on her approach and decided to spend less time working on
g
Check the meaning of any of the highlighted words
in
her company, delegating the day-to-day operations to a CEO (chief
that you don’t know.
ut
executive officer).
rib
Now Noa still works for Nannies for Noa, but she also has time for her
friends. In fact, she feels she now has time to focus her attention on
st
GOLDEN RULES
certain aspects of her company. She must be doing something right,
di
The because she employs over 150 babysitters and nannies in the New
e,
York area and earns a healthy income, so the company more than
al
pays its way!

rs
of project management
fo
6 Work in pairs. Read the article again. Put the events in the
ot
1 Create a good A imagine the worst-case scenario correct order.

l. N
project plan - and create a flexible strategy A Noa searched for babysitters for other families.
ia
so you can deal with sudden

2 Progress step B Noa shared responsibility for running the company.
er
changes.
by step - C Noa established a system for matching families and babysitters.
at
B keep records of everything

em
you do. D Noa searched for her own babysitter.

3 Be agile and
expect the C decide what is most important E Noa gave her mother feedback on babysitters.
pl
unexpected - and focus your attention on it. F Noa set up her own website.
m
Sa
D If you can do something today, 7 THINK & SHARE Work in small groups. Think of a service
4 Don’t
do it! or product that you aren’t happy with (see the examples below).
micromanage -
E think about your goals, the What things are you not happy with and what would improve the
5 Prioritise - scope of the project and the service or product? Make a list.
possible constraints.
6 Don’t postpone - food delivery service online streaming service
F delegate and let others help you.
public transport school meals shopping website
7 Keep track of G break your work down into
information - several milestones and 8 Work in groups. Imagine you have been tasked with
develop steadily.
improving the service or product you discussed in Ex 7. Use the
prompts below and your own ideas to make a plan of action.
• give feedback on the current service
4 MEDIATION Work in pairs. Your friend has an • identify competitors and market
interview for a project management job, and
they have messaged you to ask for advice. Write a • think of the time / budget constraints and how that would
message back with three or four of the golden rules impact the project
in Ex 3, using your own words. Try and make the • decide what the most important tasks are and prioritise them
rules more memorable by giving examples. • decide who’s doing which task
9 In new groups. Present your plan. Then decide which plan
you like the best. Give reasons.
Ask for information to help move a conversation forward. 8.8 SPEAKING
A B C D
Moving a conversation forward PRONUNCIATION Asking for or confirming information

We can use questions to ask for new information or to check
1 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Look at
that the information that we already have is correct. When we
g.
the photos. What alternatives to consumerism do
n
ask for new information, our voices usually go down at the end
they show? What do you think the advantages and
yi
of the question. When we check, our voices usually go up.
disadvantages are of each one?
op
oc
2 8.08 Listen to two friends talking about buying 5 8.09 PRONUNCIATION Read the Pronunciation box.
ot
phones. Explain the differences between buying one Listen to the questions. Decide which questions ask for new
ph
that is second-hand and one that is refurbished. information and which check information.
1 Did you buy a second-hand one?
3
or
8.08 Read the Phrasebook. Listen again and copy
and complete each phrase with two or three words. 2 Are you talking about the environment?
g
in
3 How do you feel about refurbishment?

PHRASEBOOK Moving a conversation forward
ut
4 Do they test them?

rib
Open questions 5 Is yours refurbished?

st
1 ) of … ?
Why do / don’t you like (... 6 What do I think?
di
2
What would (... ) of … ?
6 Work in pairs. Practise asking the questions from
e,
What’s (...3 ) of … ?
al
4
How (... ) about … ? Ex 5. Decide if your partner is asking for new information or
rs
What do you think of the idea that … ? checking information.

fo
Follow-up questions 7 Work in pairs. Read the article. How realistic do you
ot
5 ) say that?
(... think making such a change would be for most people?
l. N
What else can you tell me?

How (...6 ), exactly?
ia
Popular articles
How would people deal with that?
er
2 days ago | Lifestyle

Who would it appeal to?
at
Downshifting
em
People who downshift try to improve their personal lives by working

STRATEGY Keeping a conversation going
pl
less and having more downtime. In most cases, to make this

m
You may sometimes need to help a conversation move achievable, people who want to downshift have to accept a lower
Sa
forward. Do this by asking open questions (when, standard of living. They might live in a smaller house or flat, use
where, why, etc.) that will allow the other person to public transport and shop at second-hand shops. But with more
express opinions. Listen carefully to their answers and free time, they might use it to produce their own food, make and
ask follow-up questions to move the conversation repair things and have more time to share with friends and family.
further forward.
8 THINK & SHARE EXAM Work in groups of three. Discuss
4 THINK & SHARE Read the strategy. Work in the questions. Use the questions in the Phrasebook to extend
pairs. Use open questions from the Phrasebook to ask the conversation.
a question about each topic below. Ask a follow-up 1 What would be the advantages and disadvantages of
question to continue the conversation. downshifting in a city or the countryside? Why?
2 What aspects of downshifting do you think most people
buying second-hand goods making things yourself would like to adopt? Why?
reducing consumerism refurbishing technology
repairing things yourself 9 REFLECT Work in the same groups. Give feedback to your
partners. Think about the following questions.
1 Did they discuss both the advantages and disadvantages?
2 Did they use questions to move the conversation forward?
3 Did they use appropriate intonation to ask for or confirm
information?
Unit 8 115
8.9 WRITING Write an opinion essay.
An opinion essay 3 Read the essay again. Which paragraph …

A provides background information and an example?
1 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Discuss the questions. B gives the writer’s opinion?
1 Before you buy something, do you ever read online C explains one way in which a system is used?
product reviews? Why? / Why not? D presents the topic and asks a question?
2 How do you know which reviews to trust?
STRATEGY Concluding
3 How do you finally decide whether or not to buy a product
or service? Conclude an opinion essay by summarising the information
in the preceding paragraphs. Do not add new information.
2 Read the essay. What do you think a ‘review farm’ is?
Make recommendations about what people can do and /
or speculate about what might happen in the future.
Can you trust online reviews? 4 Read the strategy. Which statement would not be
suitable in the conclusion to the opinion essay in Ex 2?
1 A significant number of shoppers use the internet, but not 1 In my view, consumers may well decide to ignore online
all of them go online to add something to their shopping reviews in the future.
basket and buy it immediately. In fact, 75% of shoppers are
g.
2 In light of the above, it is important for reviews to contain
n
thought to go online to read reviews of products that they are pictures or videos.
yi
considering buying. That is to say, the internet is where people
3 Personally, I feel that review sites should do more to
op
go when they need advice as consumers, but the question is:
tackle the issue of fake reviews.
oc
is it good advice?
5 Read the Phrasebook. In your notebook, add the
ot
2 As a rule, most shopping or service websites provide
ph
customers with the opportunity to write a review on their
underlined phrases from the essay.
or
purchasing experience. This, in turn, helps potential customers PHRASEBOOK An opinion essay
to find out what a product’s attributes are and if previous
g
Making generalisations
in
buyers were happy with it before they splash out on the
1)
(...
ut
product themselves. To put it another way, reading about

2)
(...
rib
customer experiences can influence whether potential

customers buy something or not, and positive reviews There is widespread agreement that …
st
3)
(...
di
naturally attract the most attention.

Providing evidence
e,
3 Companies have realised that glowing reviews make their 4)

(...
al
products more appealing and often nudge people into buying.

This evidence supports the point that …
rs
Therefore, it is perhaps not surprising that investigations 5)

(...
fo
show that a majority of positive online reviews are fabricated

This point of view is supported by …
ot
to give companies a competitive edge. As proof of that, a

Restating a point
l. N
recent report revealed that ‘review farms’ are flooding some 6)

(...
popular shopping sites with fake reviews. In some cases,
ia
In other words, …
almost 70% of the reviews, especially for unknown brands,
er
7)
(...
were found to be entirely made up.
at
By way of illustration, …
em
4 To conclude, it would seem to me that it is almost impossible to Making recommendations

find unbiased opinions on products and services online. A case In light of the above, I suggest …
pl
in point is the number of five-star reviews that the cheapest Perhaps the most effective way of … , would be …
m
quality products receive. All in all, to get information that we can 8)

(...
Sa
really trust, perhaps we should go back to relying on peer-to-peer To improve the situation, I recommend …
recommendations made by friends and acquaintances.
6 Work in pairs. Choose one of the statements for an

opinion essay below. Brainstorm some ideas for what
points to make in the essay, and the evidence you can use
to support them.
• Online shopping is destroying local shops and communities.
• What you wear speaks volumes about you as a person.
7 EXAM Write your opinion essay using your ideas from
Ex 6.
• use infinitives and advanced -ing forms?
• use a formal / neutral style?
• use phrases from the Phrasebook?
• use the strategy and finish with a strong conclusion?

8.10 REVIEW
Grammar 4 EXAM Copy and complete the sentences with one word.
1 If you buy these three products in a (... ), you will pay less
1 Copy and complete the second sentence with an infinitive than if you bought them individually.
form so that it has the same meaning as the first. 2 It was clear that the advertising campaign for baby food
1 We didn’t come by train as there weren’t enough seats. had (... ) an emotional response among parents.
There weren’t enough seats (... ). 3 There were three products in my shopping (... ), but I
2 Kylie stopped taking piano lessons because they cost hadn’t clicked to buy any of them!
too much. 4 The profit (... ) on one flight is very small and airlines make
It cost Kylie (... ). money by offering lots of flights.
3 It seems to me that Harriet is spending a lot of money. 5 The website said there was free (... ) if I spent over €50.
I noticed that Harriet seems (... ). 6 We were going to go on a shopping (... ), but then we
4 They won’t let us in after 8 p.m. so don’t be late! decided not to buy more than one thing each.
Please try not (... ). 7 I wasn’t planning to buy anything, but then I saw the top
5 We missed the match and we were really disappointed. and I made an (... ) buy.
We were really disappointed (... ).
6 I booked a cheap flight, but it was cancelled a week later. Cumulative review
g.
I booked a cheap flight only (... ).
n
5 Choose the correct alternative to complete the text.
yi
2 Copy and complete the sentences with the correct
op
participle forms of the verbs in brackets. The making of a T-shirt
oc
1 (... ) (provide) a good after-sales service, the shop • The T-shirt design is created in Europe or the USA with
ot
received excellent reviews. the aim of making it 1broke / appealing / extravagant
ph
2 There’s no use (... ) (read) online reviews because most of to consumers all over the planet.
them are fake.
or
• Genetically modified cotton is grown in Mississippi,
g
3 (... ) (be / send) poor quality goods, Jamal decided to USA. Giant machines pick the cotton, 2doing / do /
in
return them. to do a job that hundreds of people did before.

ut
4 People don’t approve of their (... ) (increase) prices • 3Being sent / Having sent / Having been sent to
rib
because of the pandemic. Indonesian factories, machines turn the cotton into
st
5 The article recommended (... ) (buy) electrical goods material for 4making / to make / make T-shirts.
di
online. • Workers in Bangladesh are then sent the material

e,
5
6 Not (... ) (receive) the computer after waiting for a week, turning / to be turned / turn into T-shirts.
al
Manufacturers choose to make their T-shirts in

rs
Zahra cancelled the order.

Bangladesh because local workers have some of the
fo
7 Sam hates (... ) (be / made) to pay for shipping costs.

lowest 6allowance / earnings / billing on the planet.
ot
• Costs in clothes shops and distribution centres are kept

Vocabulary
l. N
down by paying employees salaries that are just enough

ia
to 7live on / splash out / go through.

3 Read the article. Choose the correct answer: A or B.
er
• Aggressive marketing techniques, including the use

at
Although six-year-old Cory Nieves and his mum of special offers and 8promotions / billing /
em
1 ) and saved as much as they could,

had (... shopping sprees, help sell the T-shirts to buyers in
shops and online.
pl
they were worried that they didn’t have much

• Despite 9impulse buys / fierce competition /
m
2 ). To try and improve their situation,

money to (...
Sa
they decided to spend the little money they had on shopping baskets, the low costs of production
ingredients to make chocolate cookies to sell at market and well-developed marketing techniques almost
3 ) at the
booths in New Jersey. It was a success, and their (... guarantee decent 10profit margins / free shipping /
weekends soon reached $150. However, instead of (... 4 ) and notifications for the manufacturers.
5
spending their income on (... ) items that they didn’t need,
they went to a bank and opened a (... 6 ), saving most of the
money until they could invest in a commercial kitchen.

Today, fifteen-year-old Cory and his mum sell their cookies
Think & share
to shops and online, and the business, Mr Cory’s Cookies, is 6 EXAM Work in pairs. Discuss the questions.
worth over $1 million! 1 Do you ever think about where or how your clothes were
made before you buy them? Might this influence what
1 A tightened their belts B paid their way you buy? Why? / Why not?
2 A splash out B live on 2 In what way can consumers bring about changes in the
3 A earnings B allowances clothing industry?
4 A putting aside B splashing out 3 What other consumer products have similarly high profit
5 A extravagant B broke margins and aggressive marketing techniques?
6 A current account B allowance

Review 117
7–8 EXAM SKILLS
Listening 4 In your notebook, use the word given in brackets to form a

word that fits in each gap 1–10.
EXAM STRATEGY
When you do a True, False or Doesn’t Say task, underline the
key words in the statements and try to predict words that you
Uluru – World Heritage Site
might hear in the recording. Uluru, once known as Ayers Rock, is a gigantic red rock
1 ) (CENTRE) Australian desert. Approximately
in the (...
1 Read the strategy above. Then read the exam task in half a billion years old, it measures over 300 metres
2 ) (HIGH), making it taller than Paris’s Eiffel Tower.
in (...
Ex 2. Find the key words in 1–8. Think of words that you
may hear in the recording. Not only is it home to many rare animals and plants,
it is also a place of huge cultural importance to the
2 8.10 You will hear a historian giving a lecture about the
Anangu people. Among Uluru’s sites with a spiritual (... 3)
collapse of civilisations. For each statement 1–8, write true (SIGNIFICANT) are caves painted with (... 4 ) (ASTONISH)
(T), false (F), or doesn’t say (DS). rock art, telling the stories that are handed down from
1 The Bronze Age Collapse affected a number of generation to generation of the indigenous peoples. The
civilisations around the world. (... ) Anangu are among the oldest societies on our planet.
2 Most experts agree on the main cause of the Bronze Age 5 ) (ARCHAEOLOGY) have estimated that this area of
(...
g.
Collapse. (... ) Australia has been inhabited for over 30,000 years. Uluru-
n
yi
3 We can’t be certain where the Sea Peoples originally Kata Tjuta National Park, where Uluru is situated, was
op
came from. (... ) added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1987, in
6 ) (RECOGNISE) of its outstanding natural beauty and
(...
oc
4 The weather was particularly bad in parts of Europe
7 ) (REMARK) geological formations.
also because of its (...
between 1225 and 1175 BCE. (... )
ot
ph
5 Something which had once helped the Bronze Age Seven years later, the park was given double World
Heritage status because of the special (... 8 ) (RELATION)
kingdoms was eventually bad for them. (... )
6 There is a similarity between the Bronze Age Collapse or
the Anangu people have with the landscape around it.
g
and the end of the Roman Empire. (... ) Only a few dozen other sites around the world have this
in
status. Today, the authorities work (...9 ) (CLOSE) with the

ut
7 Several leaders of the Roman Empire died from illness.

Anangu people, using modern techniques and traditional
rib
(... ) 10) (KNOW) to protect the site, which is visited by more

(...
8 The speaker says that today’s technology will make us
st
than a quarter of a million tourists from around the world

di
stronger than in the past. (... )

each year.
e,
Use of English
al
rs
EXAM STRATEGY
fo
ot
When you do a word formation task, read the sentence

l. N
and decide what kind of word you need, e.g. a verb, noun,
adjective or adverb.
ia
er

at
Ex 4. Read the whole text and decide what kind of word is

em
needed for each gap.

pl
m
Sa
Reading
EXAM STRATEGY
Multiple-choice options often repeat words from the text, but
this does not necessarily mean that the statements are true
They are often used to distract you. Underline the key words
in each statement to help you understand the meaning of the
whole sentence and not just the individual words.

Ex 6. Find the key words in each option and think of other
ways of expressing these ideas.

7–8 EXAM SKILLS
6 Read the article about gold. For each question 1–5, choose 3 The gold taken from the Aztecs by Cortés …
the correct answer: A, B, C or D. A was used to pay for more fighting.
B was not what the Spanish had expected to find.
C was eventually returned to them.
The value of gold D was mainly bought by the heads of European countries.
What is it that makes us prize gold so much and how did 4 According to the text, in the past, people …
it come to be so valuable? In some ancient civilisations, A buried their gold instead of giving it to their children.
for example in Egypt, gold was initially of little value
B did not appreciate how long gold can last.
compared to other metals or minerals. But by the third
C regarded gold in the same way as we do today.
millennium BCE the Egyptian Pharaohs, who were
regarded as gods, had come to view it as fitting their D were interested in gold’s spiritual and practical uses.
special status, and it consequently became symbolic of 5 Gold continues to be significant …
royal authority. As a sign of status for the upper classes in A despite the fact it is found in nature.
society, it therefore became a representation of power. B for more than one reason.
Gold also carried symbolic and spiritual meaning for C although not as much as before.
the Aztecs and many other societies in ancient America. D depending on how much is available.
However, the Aztecs valued jewels such as jade and
g.
Speaking
n
turquoise more highly, and even the colourful feathers
yi
of the quetzal – a bird of great importance to them and
op
the Maya, which they regarded as a god of the air and EXAM STRATEGY
oc
a symbol of goodness and light. But Aztecs used gold If you are not sure how to answer a question, say something
ot
plentifully for decorative purposes, and had stores of gold like That’s a difficult / interesting question or I’m not really sure
ph
jewellery, plates and other treasure. This desire for their how to answer that. Then explain why you find it difficult to
stores of unimaginable treasures is of course what drove answer or give both possible sides of an argument.
the Spanish under Cortés to destroy the Aztec Empire. The or
g
Spanish rulers used the stolen gold not only to fund their
in
wars, but also to pay off their debts, and in this way the
ut
Ex 8. Which questions are most difficult for you to answer?

precious metal found its way to other countries in Europe.
rib
How could you explain why you find them difficult?

Gold has many qualities that make it highly desirable in
st

di
most societies today. It may have lost its spiritual and

mystical qualities for the majority of us, but it is still widely 1 Which historic site would you most like to visit, and why?
e,
2 What can we learn from studying the past?

al
used as a status symbol. Perhaps this is due to the fact

rs
that it is incredibly strong and lasts for many years. This is 3 How important is it to protect historic buildings and sites?
fo
also a quality that has been admired from ancient times; 4 Is it better to spend money on building new homes or on
not only was it an asset that could be used to preserve preserving places of cultural heritage?
ot
wealth and to pass on from generation to generation, it 5

l. N
What do you most enjoy spending money on? Why?

was often buried with people in the belief that it could 6 ‘The love of money is the root of all evil.’ Do you agree?
ia
accompany them into the next life. Why? / Why not?

er
But despite this physical durability, gold is soft and easy 7 What advice would you give to someone who wants to
at
to shape using the most basic of tools and without the save money?
em
need to heat it, which is why it was one of the first metals 8 Why do you think making money is so important to some
pl
to be exploited by humans. And not only can it be found people?

m
in nature in pieces up to the size of small rocks, it is of

Sa
course an attractive colour – and it shines. The attraction Writing

of gold endures in many ways and it is still accepted by
nations around the world as an international currency. EXAM STRATEGY
It’s important to fully develop the points that you mention
1 Gold became important in ancient Egypt … in your writing. When you give opinions or describe feelings,
A because only the Pharaohs could afford to own it. remember to give reasons for them.
B as a symbol of spirituality.
C due to its connection with the Pharaoh’s power. 9 Read the strategy above. Then look at the exam task in
D once there was a shortage of other metals. Ex 10. Make notes about each point, including any relevant
2 Why is the quetzal bird mentioned in paragraph 2? reasons and examples.
A to show that the natural world was more important in 10 Write a review of a film or book in which money is an
the past important theme. Include the following information:
B as an example of something the Aztecs valued more • a brief summary of the story and main characters
than gold • the role that money plays
C to illustrate that the Aztecs believed in many • your general opinion of the film or book
different gods • whether you would recommend it to other people, and why
D because it was significant to both the Aztecs and
the Maya
Exam skills 119
1 VOCABULARY BOOSTER
Growing and learning 5 Copy and complete the blog post with the words below.
accuracy
assumptions calculations contradicted
1 GET STARTED 1.12 Copy and complete the sentences
scenario
stake tendency variables
with the words below. Listen and check.
> Group blog
attempt
be (x2) fulfil
master
overcome pick up watch
Our future of cinemas project: some reflections
1 Pablo couldn’t go to classes in person when he was ill, Our project on predicting the future of cinemas wasn’t easy,
but he was able to (... ) online tutorials. because the group members had a (... 1 ) to work in different ways.
2 Winning the engineering prize would (... ) a boost to 2

Some people made a lot of (... ) before they looked at the facts,
Oscar’s confidence. while others wanted to consider all the facts – even those that (... 3)
their own ideas. It was hard to predict the future with much (... ) 4
3 Last year, Ella managed to (... ) a dream when she had her
because there were so many (... 5 ) – including the Covid pandemic,
first newspaper article published.
which meant that, at one point, the future of cinemas was at (... 6 ).
4 I haven’t had time to learn a lot of Spanish, but I’ve
managed to (... ) the basics, so I should be OK when I go However, there were some statistics available, such as the results
of surveys on cinema attendance, so we were able to do some (... 7)
to Spain.
using these figures. One survey showed that the 18–24 age group
5 I like the candidate, but I don’t think he’ll (... ) motivated
g.
accounts for more sales of cinema tickets than any other. The birth
enough to succeed in this job.
n
yi
rate in our town has been rising steadily over the last ten years, so if
6 The new computer system wasn’t easy to use at first, but
op
this trend continues, the future for our town’s cinemas looks bright.
eventually I managed to (... ) it.
It seems that the availability of content on streaming platforms
oc
7 Tell me about a time when you worked well as part of hasn’t put people off the cinema, and we predict a (... 8 ) where there
ot
a team to (... ) a problem. is room for both.
ph
8 We’re going to (... ) to complete the building project within
two months.
6 EXTEND or 1.14 In your notebook, match the words and
g
2 1.13 In your notebook, match 1–4 to A–D to make phrases below to the definitions. Listen and check.
in
phrases. Listen and check.

ut
born leader high achiever know-it-all lazybones

1 extensive A arithmetic
rib
live wire people person show off slowcoach

2 mental B generation
st
3 older C language a person who …

di
4 second- D vocabulary 1 is full of energy

e,
2 acts as if they are very clever

al
3 Work in pairs. Copy and complete the questions with

rs
3 tries to impress other people

phrases from Ex 2. Then discuss.
fo
4 takes a long time to move or act

1 Are you finding it easy or difficult to acquire a (... )?
ot
5 enjoys, and is good at, being with and talking to others

2 Would you say you have an (... )?
l. N
6 doesn’t want to work or be active

3 Do you have any tips for improving your (... )?
7 is very successful, particularly in their work or studies
ia
4 Who do you think finds it easier to learn new skills

er
– people of your age, or the (... )? 8 is good at showing or telling others what to do
at
4 PRACTISE Choose the correct alternative. 7 Copy and complete the speech bubbles with the words
em
and phrases from Ex 6.

1 If you set yourself goals which are achievable / vulnerable /
pl
overwhelmed, you’re more likely to succeed. 1

I usually think carefully before I do things. People
m
2 As long as it’s self-motivated / persistent / constructive, sometimes think I’m a bit of a (... ), and I’ve even
Sa
criticism doesn’t bother me. I can learn from it. been called (... ), but I just like to consider all the
3 When Kate didn’t get the job, she felt resilient / resentful / options before I act!
malleable because she thought it was unfair.
2
4 If you don’t get onto the course you want, don’t give up – be I always get good exam marks and am
inevitable / overwhelmed / persistent and keep trying. a (... ). As a result, people say I’m a (... ), but
5 People who are resilient / self-motivated / achievable I won’t pretend I don’t know something
aren’t afraid of making mistakes because they know they when I do!
can learn from them. 3
6 Mistakes are vulnerable / inevitable / malleable. I couldn’t do a job where I have to work on my
They’re part of life, and you can’t avoid them. own – I’m a (... ). But telling people what to do
7 Dan is feeling overwhelmed / constructive / persistent doesn’t come naturally to me – I’m not a (... ).
with work. He’s working on so many different projects. I prefer working as part of a team.
8 Do you think characteristics like intelligence are fixed or 4
more resentful / malleable / persistent? I’m quite a (... ) – I can’t sit still for long, and I always want
to be doing something. Some people say I’m a (... ), but
they don’t understand me. Being positive about your
achievements helps other people to think positively too.

120 Vocabulary booster Complete all activities in your notebook.
Finding your niche 5 She only found out about the job by word of mouth.
A hearing about it on the news
1 GET STARTED 2.08 Copy and complete the phrases with B people telling each other
the prepositions below. Listen and check. 6 You need to be prepared to push your boundaries and
try some different things.
by from into of on to
A go beyond what you thought was possible for you
1 be capable (... ) 4 be inspired (... ) someone B look or travel further away from home
2 focus your attention (... ) 5 put the theory (... ) practice 7 A holiday job can be a useful opportunity to try
3 have the potential (... ) 6 work (... ) home something out and see if you like it.
2 Copy and complete the sentences with the correct form of A test something to find out how useful it is
the phrases in Ex 1. B do something to find out how you feel about it
1 She’s really good at maths and physics. She (... ) 8 We are impressed that Kate has shown willingness to
become a great engineer and come up with some truly learn new IT skills on the job.
groundbreaking technologies. A been happy and ready to do something
2 Some people prefer to have jobs where they can (... ), so B helped other people to do something
that they have more flexibility to balance the demands of 5 Choose the correct alternative.
g.
work and family life – and to avoid a lengthy commute.
n
3 He probably wouldn’t have applied to study drama at
yi
university if he hadn’t (... ) an enthusiastic drama teacher. How to get ahead in your chosen career
op
4 Learning facts and understanding processes is a vital part It’s essential to have an online 1credibility / demographic /
oc
of medical training, but to succeed as a doctor you need presence. Keeping a high 2profile / content / target online can
ot
to be able to (... ). help you to stand out from the 3audience / crowd / network,
ph
5 If you want to be a lawyer, you’ll have to (... ) your studies but it’s only part of the picture. Whatever your area of work,
for the next few months, which means spending less or
you will still have to work hard to establish your 4demographic /
engagement / reputation and build your 5attributes / credibility /
g
time socialising.
in
crowd. When it comes to creating 6content / niche / network for

6 I never thought I would (... ) running 10 km in less than an
ut
your online platforms, it’s useful to 7stand out / carve / define

hour, but I did it last week for the first time – it was a new
rib
your audience. What is your target 8demographic / engagement /

personal best!
st
presence and how can they help you?

3
di
Work in pairs. Copy and complete the questions with

the correct form of the verbs below, then discuss.
e,
6 EXTEND 2.09 In your notebook, match 1–7 to A–G to

al
do face maintain take make phrases. Listen and check.

rs
1 have a burning A zone

fo
1 When you are working or studying, what helps you to (... )

your focus? 2 do well for B ground
ot
3 get something off the C potential

l. N
2 How do you respond when you are (... ) a challenge?

3 Can you think of a time when you (... ) control of a 4 leave your comfort D thing
ia
situation by (... ) something positive? 5 make your E ambition

er
6 not be my F mark
at
4 PRACTISE Choose the correct explanation (A or B) of the

7 show your G yourself
em
phrases in bold.
1 Dan hopes that his second language will give him a 7 Copy and complete the sentences with the correct form of
pl
competitive edge over the other applicants for the job. the phrases in Ex 6.
m
1 Zak doesn’t want to come to the concert with us. He loves

Sa
A prize
B advantage music, but classical music (... ). He prefers jazz.
2 I need some tips for making a successful pitch for the 2 We’ve been preparing to start our own business for
job I really want. months, and I’m delighted to say that we’ll finally be (... )
A giving a talk to try and persuade or convince someone with a launch event this weekend.
B getting off to a good start in something 3 Interviews can feel less scary if you think of them as a
chance for you to (... ) to the interviewers.
3 Sometimes, you have to think outside the box to come
up with an original idea. 4 Volunteering for a charity was a new experience, and it
forced me to (... ).
A think in a way that is different or imaginative
5 Ali made a lot of money when he sold his company to
B think in a way that is different from the way someone
investors. He’s really (... ).
wants you to think.
6 Have you always (... ) to work in theatre production, or is it
4 If you want to fulfil your potential, you need to work hard.
a more recent desire?
A be happy in your chosen career
7 The competition gave the winning students the
B achieve all that you are capable of opportunity to (... ) on the fashion industry by having their
designs exhibited at a major show.

Vocabulary booster 121
Influencing attitudes 4 In your notebook, match 1–7 to A–G to make sentences.

1 That was a terrible presentation. I thought the speaker
1 GET STARTED 3.11 Choose the correct answer: A, B would never stop
or C. Listen and check. 2 After questioning several witnesses, police are
1 You are free to act however you like, but you have to (... ) 3 When the reporter asked the actor about her private life,
the consequences of your actions. the actor stonewalled. She
A accept B acquire C adapt 4 That was an excellent article. The journalist had clearly
2 If you want to be a paramedic or a pilot, you need to be 5 The politician talked a lot, but he
able to make quick decisions and (... ) under pressure. 6 Skilled communicators build rapport by
A contribute B cope C deal 7 At the end of the presentation, members of the audience
3 Sam is finding it increasingly difficult to manage all the (... )
on his time. A investigated the issue in depth.
A demands B failure C skills B didn’t actually give a direct answer to the question. In
fact, he was extremely evasive.
4 The interview task will give you a chance to (... ) your
presentation skills. C following a new line of enquiry.
A propose B overreact C demonstrate D asked some very pertinent questions.
g.
5 When they offered him his dream job as a games designer, E droning on about himself.
n
he didn’t (... ) for a second. He accepted straightaway! F asking open-ended questions.
yi
G didn’t want to talk about it at all.
op
A acquire B hesitate C contribute
oc
2 In your notebook, replace the underlined words with the 5 EXTEND 3.12 In your notebook, match the words and
ot
words below. phrases below to the definitions. Listen and check.
ph
challenge conflict
leadership ambassador ministry presidency referendum
or
overreact propose self-confidence representation republic revolutionary spin doctor
g
1 When a group of people with strong ideas and opinions 1 involving great or complete change
in
2 a government department that has a particular area of

ut
work together, some disagreement is inevitable.

responsibility
rib
2 Her strong ability to direct and manage people made her

the natural choice as captain of the football team. 3 a person who lives in a foreign country as the senior
st
representative of their own country

di
3 The team suggest that we update our website.

4 a public vote on a particular issue
e,
4 Would you say that your trust and belief in your own
al
abilities has increased since you started volunteering? 5 a country governed by an elected president and
rs
5 Everyone has a responsibility to question unfair or politicians, where there is no king or queen
fo
outdated ideas. 6 the job of being president, or the period of time

ot
6 In order to learn from your mistakes, you need to be able somebody holds this job
l. N
to accept criticism. Try not to respond too strongly! 7 the job of presenting information to the public about
something in the way that seems most positive
ia
3 PRACTISE Copy and complete the text with the correct

8 having people who will speak, vote or act for you
er
form of the words below.

at
6 Copy and complete the dialogues with words and phrases

assurance autonomy compromise
em
from Ex 5 in the correct form.

difference dispute fairness outcome
1 A What are you thinking about?
pl
m
B I’m trying to decide how to vote in the (... ).

Teaching a child
Sa
2 A The government has changed the exam system again!
valuable life skills B I know – the (... ) of Education is always making

changes!
Resolving (... 1 ) of opinion isn’t always easy for adults, so imagine 3 A Do you think the same party will win the election again?
how it can feel for children! Children often have a strong sense of B I don’t know. But their (... ) are trying hard to create a
2
(... ). and a dislike of situations that they feel are unjust. However, positive image.
with some help, even very young children can learn some basic 4 A Why is there a flag on that house?
3
techniques to help them find their way through (... ) with their B It’s where the Mexican (... ) lives.
playmates to find a (... 4 ). If a child can first learn to recognise their
5 A How long has the country been a (... )?
feelings, then calm down and identify the source of the conflict, B Since the King gave up his power peacefully 70 years ago.
they’re already well on the way. From there, they can start to 6 A What do you think has been the most (... ) invention
think about possible solutions. Adults can give (... 5 ) that the goal
in history?
is to think about the possibilities, not necessarily to get a perfect
6 ). This gives children the chance to think for themselves, B
Hmmm … probably the internet.
(...
7 ). 7 A I think we need a different voting system.
practising skills which will eventually lead to greater (...
B I agree. We need to ensure greater (... ) for minority
groups.
8 A Who has had the longest (... ) in US history?
© Oxford UniversityBPress
Franklin D. Roosevelt – he won four elections.
Channels of communication 5 Copy and complete the sentences with the correct
form of the phrasal verbs below. Then match them to
1 GET STARTED 4.10 Look at the words below. Choose synonyms A–G.
eight which you can use to describe a piece of art. Listen come across cut down get (sth) across
and check. go through hold on take in work (sth) out
addictive beneficial
colourful detailed 1 Oscar is trying to (... ) on the time he spends on social
dramatic flexible
humorous realistic media. (... )
striking thought-provoking vivid
2 You spoke clearly and maintained eye contact in the
2 4.11 Choose the correct alternative. Listen and check. interview so you (... ) really well. The interviewers were
very impressed. (... )
1 You won’t forget the new art gallery if you’ve seen it – the
architecture is very addictive / striking / flexible. 3 Making eye contact will help you to (... ) your point (... ) to
your audience. (... )
2 That TV show really made me laugh. It’s a humorous /
vivid / colourful insight into the advertising industry. 4 Please don’t throw those old magazines out. I was
planning to (... ) to them. (... )
3 This artist must have had a lot of patience because it
must have taken ages to paint something as beneficial / 5 We’ve been trying to (... ) this problem (... ) all morning.
flexible / detailed as this. Can you help? (... )
g.
6 Emily’s article is very thorough. She must have spent
n
4 The documentary was incredibly colourful /
yi
thought-provoking / addictive. It really made us think. hours (... ) all the recorded interviews. (... )
op
5 Pop Art uses bright, vivid / detailed / beneficial colours 7 The children weren’t really listening, so they didn’t (... )
oc
to paint everyday objects. what the teacher was saying. (... )
ot
6 That artist’s style is extremely beneficial / realistic / A keep E make an impression
ph
flexible. Her paintings look almost like photographs. B solve F make something understood
7 I’m not keen on the current trend for black and white C
or
reduce G understand and remember
g
room decoration and furniture. I prefer a more D examine carefully
in
humorous / thought-provoking / colourful style.

ut
8 The exhibition included some dramatic / humorous / 6 EXTEND 4.12 In your notebook, make collocations
rib
addictive photos of protesters demonstrating. with the words below. Listen and check.
st
campaign content endorsements
di
list loyalty market
1 Do you think TV drama series can be addictive? Have you
e,
al
ever ‘binge watched’ several episodes in one sitting? 1 advertising (... ) 4 mailing (... )
rs
2 In which ways are the arts beneficial to society? 2 brand (... ) 5 sponsored (... )
fo
3 Describe a famous painting to your partner. Can they 3 celebrity (... ) 6 target (... )
ot
guess which one it is? 7 Copy and complete the text with collocations from Ex 6.
l. N
ia
What exactly are the ingredients that make a successful

er
1 )? Well, in part, it depends what it is trying to achieve.

(...
at
The goal may be to launch a new product, increase sales of

em
an existing product or perhaps to build (... 2 ). Whatever the

3
goal, identifying the (... ) – the people you want to reach
pl
m
– is an essential first step. Nowadays, there are many

Sa
more methods and platforms through which this audience

4 PRACTISE The underlined words in the sentences below can be reached, not just via a traditional (...4 ) – although
are in the wrong place. Change them to the correct position. an electronic version of this can still be useful. With the
1 I can’t stop singing the simile from that advert. increased use of social media and a wider range of digital
2 Some of the most effective adverts use a simple parody – platforms, keeping the message consistent is a challenge.
like ‘mash’ and ‘smash’, or ‘pop’ and ‘stop’. However, these same platforms offer opportunities for
advertising methods like (... 5 ), where the advertiser pays for
3 Comparison, in the form of hashtags, is often used in
adverts. You can spot this by the use of ‘as’ and ‘like’. material and a social media influencer or publisher shares
it. They also create more opportunities for (... 6 ), which are
4 A jingle is a witty use of words. One example is two words
effective because these stars already have their own fan
that sound the same but have different meanings.
base and audience.
5 Many advertisers use pun to increase the exposure of
their content on social media.
6 The main purpose of an advertising exaggeration is to 8 Work in pairs. Discuss the questions.
make you remember a brand and its benefit to you. 1 What is the best advert you’ve ever seen? And the worst?
7 Advertisers sometimes use rhyme by making an advert 2 Would you say you are loyal to any particular brands?
that copies a more traditional style but makes certain 3 Do celebrities influence your decision to buy a product?
features more obvious, to be funny.
8 Advertising language often involves the slogan of a
product’s benefits, to make it sound better than©itOxford
really is.University Press
Social values 2 A I think we need to get involved in the community

more – and improve (... ) in our town.
1 GET STARTED 5.09 In your notebook, match the words B That’s ambitious! What are you going to do?
below to the definitions. Listen and check. A Well, first I’ve (... ) help out at a food bank for a couple
absorbed aggressive
innovative passionate of hours a week.
sensitive single-minded sophisticated user-friendly 3 A Did you pick up any useful (... ) while you were
volunteering on the community website?
1 having strong feelings of enthusiasm for something or B Yes, although I also realised how far the broadband
belief in something speed in the village (... ) the city.
2 clever and complicated in the way it works 4 A We need to do something to build up the band’s (... ) so
3 only thinking about one particular aim or goal because that more people know about us.
you are determined to achieve something B Well, we could take a (... ) approach and play at the
4 angry and behaving in a threatening way, with the summer festival in our local park.
potential to be violent or attacking
5 aware of and able to understand other people and their 5 Choose the correct alternative.
feelings 1 Be kind to yourself. Try to focus on your positive qualities,
6 easy for people who are not experts to use or understand not your expectations / flaws / affirmations.
g.
2 No one can live up to the affirmations / expectations /
n
7 very interested in something, to the extent that you aren’t
yi
paying attention to anything else perceptions created by social media, so it’s best not to try!
op
8 introducing new ideas or ways of doing something 3 Finn is a very considerate / proactive / self-critical
oc
person. He always tries to think about other people’s
ot
feelings.
ph
artificial delivery distance 4 Sometimes, you have to be insecure / worthless /
on-demand social wearable assertive and keep asking questions.
or
5 I felt a lot of perception / empathy / potential for the
g
1 (... ) learning gives you the flexibility to study whenever
in
main character. I could really imagine what she was going
and wherever you like, as long as you have access to the
ut
through.
study materials.
rib
6 This job is temporary, but it has the perception /

2 (... ) intelligence is a branch of computer science which
empathy / potential to become permanent.
st
involves building machines that can copy human thought

di
processes to perform tasks. 6 EXTEND 5.10 Choose the correct explanation of the
e,
3 The growth of (... ) content means that you can watch words in bold in the sentences below. Listen and check.
al
several episodes of your favourite TV show in one 1 Imagining the future can keep your worries in perspective.
rs
evening. Ask yourself ‘Will this matter in five years’ time?’

fo
4 (... ) technology, like fitness trackers and smartwatches, A ensure you continue to make something a priority and
ot
can be very useful for monitoring health. focus a lot of time and energy on it
l. N
5 (... ) interaction is essential for our mental and physical B think about something in a reasonable way, without
ia
health, and it forms the basis of all our relationships with making it seem worse than it is
er
other people. 2 I lived in Brighton for sixteen years while I was growing
at
6 Developments in technology in the early 2000s had a huge up. By the time I left, I knew it like the back of my hand.
em
impact on (... ) methods for entertainment, and streaming A be very familiar with something
services became more widely available.
pl
B be aware of everything that is happening

m
3 Work in pairs. Discuss the questions. 3 Actors have to learn their lines by heart before they
Sa
1 What activities would you do more if there was no social perform on stage in front of an audience.
media? A learn how to say something with feeling
2 What do you think is the most useful technological B learn something so you can repeat it from memory
development of the last ten years? 4 If you don’t speak Spanish, you’ll be at a disadvantage
3 What influence do you think technology has had on travelling round South America.
human relationships? A less able to succeed and make progress
B unable to see where you’re going next
4 PRACTISE Copy and complete the dialogues with the
correct form of the phrases below. 5 When they asked me what I thought my strengths were,
my mind went blank!
alternative perspective civic life fan base grassroots A only able to think of the opposite thing
lag behind screen time sign up to transferable skills
B not able to remember a particular thing
1 A A
lfie has way too much (... ) – he’s always on his phone. 6 Ben feels really out of his depth in his new job – he’s
He needs to socialise more. never worked with this software before.
B Maybe, but an (... ) is that he does lots of that via A not having the knowledge or skills to deal with a situation
social media. B having too many qualifications

Human nature 5 In your notebook, match 1–7 to A–G to make

collocations. Then use them to complete the text
1 GET STARTED 6.12 In your notebook, match the words below.
below to the definitions. Listen and check. 1 disaster A aid
co-ordinate
distribute
eliminate 2 emergency B awareness
encounter preserve threaten 3 field C healthcare
4 humanitarian D management
1 keep someone/something alive, or safe from harm or danger
5 preventive E missions
2 be likely to harm or cause damage
6 raise F relief
3 organise the different parts of an activity and the people
7 rescue G workers
involved in it so that it works well
4 give things to a large number of people or share something
between a number of people
ABOUT US BE INVOLVED
5 experience something, often unpleasant or difficult, while you
are trying to do something else
6 remove or get rid of something Founded in 1942, Oxfam is one of the world’s
biggest (...1 ) organisations. It is actually a confederation of
g.
2 6.13 In your notebook, match 1–3 to A–C to make phrases.
17 organisations working in 90 countries worldwide. Oxfam
n
Listen and check.
yi
works to end poverty and (... 2 ) of the underlying causes and
op
1 extended A family inequalities that contribute to it. For example, it does a lot
2 lifestyle B living
oc
of work to support (... 3 ), as illness can affect people’s ability
3 standard of C choice
ot
to work and go to school. Without education and work,
ph
it is much harder for people to escape poverty. Another
3 Work in pairs. Copy and complete the sentences with the 4 ) – organising a
important aspect of Oxfam’s work is (...
or
phrases in Ex 2. Then discuss the questions.
response to earthquakes and other catastrophic events,
1 Your (... ) includes not only parents and children, but also
g
and offering (... 5 ), for example food and medicine, in the
in
grandparents, uncles, aunts and cousins. How important is it aftermath. This often involves working with other aid
ut
to you to keep in touch with yours? agencies to organise (... 6 ), quickly sending out resources
rib
2 Your (... ) is the amount of money you earn and the level of 7
and (... ) to help on the ground.
st
comfort that you have. It can be influenced by the (... ) you

di
make. Which one do you think will make you happiest?

6 EXTEND 6.14 In your notebook, replace the
e,
4 PRACTISE Choose the correct alternative. underlined words and phrases with the correct form of
al
rs
1 The recent heavy rain and floods displaced / got out of control / the words and phrases below. Listen and check.
fo
immigrated people from several villages, who were forced to

contribute to the economy drive political discourse
move from the area.
ot
first-generation immigrants higher-skilled migrants

2 In 1865, 150 people settled / immigrated / emigrated from
l. N
multicultural society push down wages

Wales and travelled 13,000 km across the Atlantic to establish
ia
a community in Patagonia, Argentina. 1 One of the big advantages of living in a community

er
3 Juan decided not to apply for the job in Canada because he with people from lots of countries is that you can
at
didn’t want to emigrate / uproot / spike his family at that learn about different traditions and ways of life.
em
stage in the children’s education. 2 I fear that the opinions influencing the discussion
about life in society are less tolerant than ever.
pl
4 A new programme aimed at encouraging destiny /

m
entrepreneurship / cutting edge technology in school 3 The report shows how much money the arts and
Sa
leavers was launched last month. culture sector generated and spent last year.
5 After travelling and working in several different countries, Liz 4 The country’s entrance requirements for workers
and Mike decided to trace their ancestry / settle / uproot in with professional qualifications who have moved
New Zealand for a few years. from another country are different from those for less
6 The USA has long been regarded as a(n) melting pot / spike / well-qualified workers.
entrepreneurship due to its cultural, racial and ethnic 5 The study focused on how strongly children whose
diversity – but this applies to some cities more than others. parents had moved from another country identified
7 He’s an enthusiastic and promising young fabric of society / with their parents’ culture of origin.
go-getter / innovation, but he needs to learn to be a team 6 There is some evidence that the digital revolution
player too. has caused the amount of money that people get
8 We don’t want to do what we’re told to do – we want to paid for working to decrease.
control our destiny / be the fabric of society / trace our 7 Work in pairs. Discuss the questions.
ancestry. 1 How multicultural is the town where you live?
2 What is the most multicultural city you’ve visited?
3 What are some of the main opinions driving political
discourse in your society? Which ones do you agree with?

Cultural and natural heritage 4 Choose the correct answer: A, B or C.

1 My grandparents had an enormous party to celebrate their
1 GET STARTED 7.09 In your notebook, match 1–8 to 50th wedding (... ).
A–H to make phrases. Listen and check. A re-enactment B reunion C anniversary
1 add A attention to 2 The costumes at the parade were amazing. Some of the
2 convey B the issues participants were really dressed to (... ).
3 draw C a contribution A kill B instil C cherish
4 engage with D assistance 3 Why not time your trip to Brazil to coincide with the Rio
5 make E a sense of Carnival, for an opportunity to really (... )!
6 provide F a new dimension A latch on to B spring up C let your hair down
7 retain G its independence 4 The Romans recreated battles for public entertainment,
8 suffer H hardship so (... ) of historical events aren’t new.
A reunions B recitations C re-enactments
2 Copy and complete the sentences with the correct form of
5 A Some neighbours have decided to organise a street
the phrases in Ex 1.
party to (... ) a sense of pride in the local community.
1 The work of the street artist Banksy (... ) of greed, war and
A cherish B instil C observe
human rights.
g.
6 The last ten years has seen an increase in the number of
n
2 Historically, many writers have produced their best works
yi
music festivals – several have (... ) since last year alone.
after a period when they have (... ).
op
A let down B commemorated C sprung up
3 The miniature art of Iran, Turkey, Azerbaijan and
oc
Uzbekistan (... ) the most important people in a picture by 7 There’ll be a lot of people trying to buy food at the festival,
ot
making them bigger. so whichever one of us gets there first should join the
ph
queue for the (... ) selling noodles.
4 Entrance to the performance is free, but we would ask you
A anniversary B booth C pride
or
to (... ) to support the dance company’s work.
5 Edvard Munch’s famous painting The Scream (... ) fear 8 ‘National Sleepyhead Day’, is one of the more unusual
g
holidays that is (... ) in Finland. The last person sleeping in
in
through the use of intense colours.

ut
the house can be thrown into a lake or sea!

6 The money raised will be used to (... ) to young musicians
rib
who are trying to establish themselves. A observed B sprung up C latched on to

st
7 Computer technology has (... ) to the ancient art of 5 EXTEND 7.10 In your notebook, match the words and
di
calligraphy as artists can experiment with different phrases below to the definitions. Listen and check.
e,
digital tools.
al
blue blood chronicle

demographic shift descendants
8 The café has so far managed to (... ) as a local business,
rs
integration mythology peasant uprising
although several chains have tried to buy it.
fo
1 (especially in the past) a farmer who owns or rents a small

3 PRACTISE Copy and complete the text with the words
ot
piece of land
below.
l. N
2 being from a royal or noble family

dying out keep (sth) alive mutual respect
ia
3 a written record of events in the order they happened

er
originated passed down practitioners 4 ancient stories of a particular culture or society, often told to
at
traditional rituals wealth of knowledge describe their early history or explain natural events
em
5 a change in the data relating to the different groups within

a population
pl
Tree beekeeping culture was added to UNESCO’s list of

m
6 the action or process of successfully joining or mixing with

Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2021. The practice (... 1 ) in
Sa
a different group of people

2
Poland over 1000 years ago, and includes (... ), practices 7 a person’s children, their children’s children, and all the
and beliefs related to wild bees living in tree or log hives in people who live after them and are related to them
forests. (...3 ) possess a (...
4 ) about their craft, for example how
8 the situation where a group of people join together in
to take care of bees using traditional tools and techniques.
order to fight against the people who are in power
Unlike in other forms of beekeeping, they look after the bees
in a way which doesn’t interfere with their natural lifecycles 6 Work in pairs. Discuss the questions.
while they produce honey. This knowledge has traditionally 1 To what extent do you think it’s important for art to
been (...5 ) within families, but nowadays, group workshops
engage with the issues that affect society, e.g. poverty,
offer an additional opportunity to (... 6 ) the
consumerism, human rights?
7
practice (... ) and prevent it from (... ). 2 Do you know of any dance or music which conveys a sense
Workshops also build a sense of suffering hardship? If so, how does it do this?
of community and promote 3 Do you think that governments should provide financial
8 ) between people and
a (... assistance to artists, musicians and writers? Why? / Why not?
the environment, and a
4 Can you think of examples of cultural integration in your
shared awareness of our
town? If so, what is the effect of this?
responsibility towards it.

Money talks A
B
off the money she’d borrowed from the bank.
aside £20 a month in a savings account.
1 GET STARTED 8.11 Copy and complete the phrases with C your way and be more independent.
the words below. Listen and check. D on while studying at university.
build up cut out get
keep E through your allowance before the end of the month,
owe send/receive spend you might need to spend less on going out.
F your belt until you’ve found another one.
1 (... ) someone money
G out on a more extravagant present than usual.
2 (... ) your money wisely
3 (... ) non-essential items 5 Copy and complete the text with the words below.
4 (... ) a confirmation email browse fierce competition
impulse buy
5 (... ) your savings account notifications nudged promotions
6 (... ) track of your finances shopping spree shopping basket
7 (... ) your spending under control
2 Work in pairs. Copy and complete the questions. Use
the phrases in Ex 1 to help you. Then discuss the questions
g.
with a partner.
n
yi
1 What do you think is the best way to build up your (... )?
op
2 What (... ) could you cut out if you wanted to save some 1 ) and bag a bargain or two on Black
If you’re hoping to go on a (...
oc
money? 2 ). Ask
Friday, it might be worth pausing before you pile up your (...
ot
3 Do you keep (... )? If so, how?
yourself if it’s really worth it. The opinions of consumer experts
ph
4 Do you think you spend (... )? Why? / Why not? and retail analysts are mixed. Undoubtedly there are some good
5 What tips would you give a friend who is trying to get
or
deals if you know where to look – and a(n) (... 3 ) isn’t necessarily
their (... )? a bad thing. However, it’s also easy to make purchases you might
g
in
6 What advice would you give someone who (... ) a friend come to regret when there are (... 4 ) offering discounts and special
ut
money but can’t afford to pay it back? deals on every website. You’re being bombarded by (... 5 ) regarding
rib
3 8.12 Match a word from A to a word from B. Then copy items you’ve looked at online. These are designed to trigger
st
and complete the text with the missing phrases. Listen your emotions to make you buy things quickly before someone
di
else does! So, what can you do to avoid being (... 6 ) towards a
and check.
e,
purchase that you don’t really want or can’t afford? Be clear about
A B
al
what you’re shopping for, and only buy it for a price you’re able
pick up your package
rs
7 ) a range of sites and do some research, you’ll

to pay. If you (...
potential number
fo
be able to compare prices. Then you can take advantage of the

reference offer
ot
8 ) between different retailers while at the same time avoiding

(...
l. N
shipping customers unnecessary spending.

special costs
ia
track a bargain
er
6 EXTEND 8.13 Choose the correct answer: A, B or C.

at
1 Online businesses are constantly having to come up with Listen and check.
em
new ways to attract (... ). 1 If you pay through the (... ) for something, you pay too
2 I don’t think it’s ever worth paying full price for anything – much money for it.
pl
I only buy products on (... ). A arm B mouth C nose

m
Sa
3 If you download this app, you can use it to (... ) – then you 2 If you (... ) out for something, you spend a lot of money for
can make sure you’re at home when it’s delivered. it, usually unwillingly.
4 The trainers were the same price on both websites, so Max A make B hand C fork
chose the company with the cheaper (... ). 3 If you buy something for (... ), you pay very little money
5 Please quote your (... ) when making an enquiry about your for it.
booking. A peanuts B beans C rice
6 I managed to (... ) in an online sale last week. I bought a 4 If something costs an arm and a (... ), it’s very expensive.
new pair of headphones with a 50% discount! A hand B leg C foot
4 PRACTISE In your notebook, match 1–7 to A–G to make 5 If something is (... ) cheap, it’s very cheap.
sentences. A rock B sand C dirt
1 If you lose your job, you’ll have to tighten 6 If you (... ) the bill for something, you pay for it.
2 I’m trying to work out the minimum amount I’ll need to live A foot B hand C arm
3 When Alex got a part-time job, she was able to start paying 7 If you make a fast (... ), you earn money quickly.
4 For Oscar’s eighteenth birthday, let’s splash A cash B buck C note
5 When you leave home, it’s time to start paying 8 If you live from hand to (... ), you spend all the money
6 I really want to buy a new phone, so I’m putting you earn on basic needs without being able to save any.
7 If you find that you’re going A mouth B pocket C fork
GRAMMAR BOOSTER
0.1 Perfect tenses 1 In your notebook, correct the tenses. There are two
correct sentences.
Present perfect simple 1 I can’t believe it – I’m working here for a year already!
We use the present perfect simple to focus on the result of a 2 We didn’t finish cooking by the time the guests arrived.
finished or repeated action or situation that is connected to 3 How long did you know your closest friend?
the present. 4 By the end of yesterday, they have painted the whole
We’ve seen that film three times. house.
I’ve walked to work every day this week. 5 I saw Mo earlier. He’s just had his first driving lesson.
6 My brother didn’t leave home yet. He still lives with
Present perfect continuous my parents.
We use the present perfect continuous to focus on the 7 Emily doesn’t move into her new apartment yet. She’s
action or situation that started in the past and is still moving at the end of this month.
continuing or that has just finished. 8 Before our trip last summer, we’d never been to Canada.
I’ve been trying to contact him all morning.
2 Copy and complete the sentences with the past perfect
My hair’s wet because I’ve been swimming. simple or past perfect continuous form of the verbs below.
g.
Past perfect simple apply cycle
finish leave
look
n
not pay back not see wait
yi
We use the past perfect simple to talk about a past action
op
or situation that finished before another past action or
1 By the time they arrived in the village, they (... ) for
situation.
oc
seven hours.
ot
We had arrived at the station when I called you.
2 She (... ) Tokyo just before a typhoon closed the airport.
ph
Past perfect continuous 3 As soon as he (... ) his homework, he fell asleep.
We use the past perfect continuous for longer actions or or
4 She couldn’t trust him after she discovered he (... ) the
g
situations in progress before another action or situation in money he owed her.
in
the past. 5 (... ) for your friend for long when you saw him standing
ut
next to you?
rib
He’d been working in New York since the start of the year
when he got a promotion. 6 We (... ) such a great film at the cinema for ages.
st
7 She (... ) for her house key all morning when she finally
di
for and since found it in the washing machine.

e,
8 After he (... ) for the job, he decided he needed to buy

al
We use the simple form with state verbs and for or since to
rs
talk about how long a completed action lasted. a new suit.

fo
She’s owned her car since January. 3 Copy and complete the text with the correct present or
ot
We hadn’t known each other for long before we got past perfect form of the verbs in brackets.
l. N
married. I went on holiday to Barcelona with two friends last week.

ia
We use the continuous form with action verbs and for or The holiday was a lot more expensive than we (...1 ) (plan)
er
since to emphasise how long an action has or had been originally. But it’s OK – all of us (...2 ) (do) part-time jobs earlier
at
in progress. in the year so we had some money saved up. The main
em
We’ve been studying since 10 a.m. Let’s take a break. reason we wanted a holiday was that we (...3 ) (not have)
a break from studying and working for over a year. We (...4 )
pl
She was exhausted after she’d been running for four hours
(graduate) from college just a few days before we decided to
m
non-stop.
go, so we didn’t really have a plan at the time. But basically,
Sa
We can use the simple or continuous form with certain verbs within a few days of booking, we (...5 ) (decide) which places
(e.g. live, stay, study, work) and for or since. The meaning is we wanted to visit and where we wanted to eat.
basically the same.
Just two weeks after that, we (...6 ) (check) into the hotel and
We’ve lived/’ve been living here for about a year now. we were eating tapas at a pavement table in a beautiful café.
I’d worked/’d been working there for six months when they We had an amazing time! Since we came home, I (...7 ) (relax)
promoted me. a lot – and I (...
8 ) (not think) about working or studying once!
TIP
We often use time words or phrases such as when, while,
before, after, as soon as and by the time to connect events
using the perfect tenses.

128 Grammar booster Complete all activities in your notebook.
GRAMMAR BOOSTER
0.2 Used to, would and be / get used to 1 Choose the correct alternative.
1 I remember I used to / would like primary school,
Used to and would for past habits especially when we had storytime.
We use used to + infinitive to talk about past habits and 2 On warm days, we would / were used to often have our
typical behaviour, and states and situations that no breakfast in the garden.
longer exist. 3 I didn’t use to / wouldn’t understand those song lyrics,
She used to get up at 6.00 a.m. to go to the gym before work. but the meaning is so clear to me now.
We used to live in Leeds. We moved here last year. 4 My grandmother was always used to / would always
give me some pocket money when we visited her.
TIP 5 You must be used to / use to sharing if you have six
We always use the past simple for a finished action which brothers and sisters!
happened only once in the past. 6 It was hard when they moved to a large town because
they used to / were used to living in a village.
We also use would + infinitive to talk about past habits and 7 Did you use to / Are you used to have to do homework
typical behaviour. This use of would is quite formal and every day?
usually more common in written English. Note that we do 8 He’s been here a few years, but he still didn’t use to /
not use would to talk about past states.
g.
isn’t used to living in such a hot country.
n
She would get up at 6.00 a.m. to go to the gym before work.
yi
2 Copy and complete the second sentence so it means the
(NOT We would live in Leeds. We moved here last year.)
op
same as the first.
oc
be used to and get used to 1 She lived in a flat, but now she lives in a house.
ot
She (... ) in a flat but now she lives in a house.
We use be used to with an -ing form to talk about activities
ph
that we do regularly and find easy or familiar. 2 He has started swimming every day, but it doesn’t feel
normal for him yet.
I’m used to going to bed early on weekdays. or
He (... ) every day.
g
Are they used to walking long distances?
in
3 I go to school by bus now and it’s starting to feel more

ut
We use get used to with an -ing form to talk about activities normal.
rib
that we started doing recently. We often use it in the present I (... ) to school by bus.
continuous and present perfect continuous tenses, and it
st
4 We play a lot of basketball now, but we didn’t at our

di
means that the activity is becoming easier or more familiar.

old school.
e,
Since he broke his right arm, he’s been getting used to

We (... ) a lot of basketball at our old school.
al
using his left hand for everything.

5 You aren’t confident driving on the left, but it will seem
rs
We can also use be / get used to with a noun. normal soon.

fo
I’m still getting used to my new phone. You (... ) on the left.
ot
We can also use be / get used to in other tenses to talk about 6 Nowadays, it’s normal for consumers to buy clothes
l. N
activities or situations that were familiar in the past, have online.

ia
become familiar now or will become familiar in the future. Nowadays, consumers (... ) clothes online.
er
I found the work hard at first, but I soon got used to it.
at
3 Copy and complete the text with the correct form of used
em
We’ve got used to living in London and we like it now. to, be used to or get used to and the verbs in brackets.
The new routine may seem hard at first, but I’m sure you’ll I (...1 ) (live) in Sweden, but I married an Italian woman and
pl
get used to it. now I live in Parma, Italy. I’ve been here for six years now,
m
Sa
so I am very comfortable here – I would definitely say I (...2 )

the lifestyle. Life is more hectic here than in Sweden, but
I really enjoy that. I had to (...3 ) (eat) lots of pasta, particularly
tortellini, which is Parma’s local speciality. In Sweden, I (...4 )
(not / have) pasta very often, but now I (...5 ) (cook) it once or
twice a week! It was also quite hard for me to (...6 ) (hear) a
different language all the time. I still sometimes have to ask
people to repeat things. The only other thing I (...7 ) (not do) is
drinking the coffee here. I know, espresso is supposed to be
the best coffee in the world, but it’s just too strong for me. In
Sweden I (...8 ) (drink) a lot of coffee, but it was much weaker.
Still, I do love the smell of espresso!

Grammar booster 129
GRAMMAR BOOSTER
0.3 Modal verbs 1 Choose the correct alternative.

1 You aren’t getting enough exercise. You ought to /
Advice, obligation and necessity needn’t / may come swimming with me once or twice
We use should, shouldn’t and ought (not) to for mild a week.
obligation or to give advice about the present or future, or to 2 He should / must / can’t have got a good mark in his
say what the right or wrong thing to do in the past was. exam – he’s been offered a place at a top university.
You should / ought to eat before you go to school. 3 We mustn’t / oughtn’t / needn’t cook this evening. I’ve
I shouldn’t have stayed up so late last night. ordered a pizza.
4 We might / should / can hurry up. We’re going to be late.
We use must, need(ed) to and have to (had to) to talk about
an obligation, a rule or the law. Note that we can’t use must 5 Please go back to the reception area. You
to talk about obligation or necessity in the past. We use are not supposed / don’t have / needn’t to be in here.
needed to or had to instead. 6 Drivers must / should / could keep to the 30 m/ph speed
You need to wait in that queue over there.
limit or face a fine.
7 Oh dear – the cake is burnt! I can’t / mustn’t / shouldn’t
She had to set up an account before she could place an order.
have put the oven on at such a high heat.
We use mustn’t to say that something isn’t allowed or to give 8 Gina’s supposed / able / allowed to be here by now.
strong advice against something. We use wasn’t / weren’t
g.
I’ll text her to see what’s happened.
n
allowed to to talk about this in the past.
yi
We mustn’t use our phones in class unless the teacher lets us. 2 Copy and complete the sentences with the modals below.
op
My gran wasn’t allowed to wear trainers to school. can’t
didn’t need to
had to may
might have
oc
We use don’t (didn’t) have to, don’t (didn’t) need to and should should have will be able
ot
needn’t (have + past participle) to talk about things that are
ph
1 Did you hear that scratching sound a minute ago?
not or weren’t necessary.
or
It (... ) been a mouse.
You don’t have to wash up. We can use the dishwasher.
2 The economy (... ) improve after the new agreement on
g
in
TIP trade. Experts think it probably will, anyway.

ut
3 That (... ) be the best meal I’ve ever had – I’m absolutely
We use needn’t have + past participle to say that something
rib
certain!
that was done was unnecessary.
st
I needn’t have taken an umbrella. It didn’t rain. 4 We (... ) to cook more curries now we’ve got all
di
these spices.
We use didn’t need to + infinitive to say an action was
e,
5 He (... ) stay in a hotel in Madrid because his sister lives

al
unnecessary, whether or not it was completed.

there, so he stayed with her.
rs
Entry was free, so we didn’t need to pay.

6 The fridge (... ) smell bad. I spent hours cleaning it
fo
We use be (not) supposed to to talk about more informal yesterday – it’s cleaner than it’s ever been!
ot
rules and people’s general expectations. 7 You (... ) asked before you borrowed my jacket!
l. N
He isn’t supposed to play computer games until he’s done 8 I’m not sure but this soup (... ) need some more salt.
ia
his homework. 3 In your notebook, write a new sentence with the same
er
meaning as the first using a modal. More than one answer

at
Possibility, probability and certainty

em
may be possible.
We use may, might and could to talk about the possibility of 1 It’s a good idea for you to eat five types of fruit and
pl
something happening. It can refer to the present or future. vegetables every day.
m
We might need some more sugar to make this cake. You (... ) five types of fruit and vegetables every day.
Sa
The order has been dispatched so it could arrive tomorrow. 2 You are not allowed to enter the building site without
We use should to say that something is probably true or we a hard hat and safety goggles.
think will probably happen in our opinion. You (... ) the building site without a hard hat and safety
You should feel better after taking this medicine. goggles.
3 At mealtimes in my house, you’re expected to finish
We use must and have to (had to) to express certainty or a everything on your plate.
strong possibility. We use can’t to say we think something is or
At mealtimes in my house, you (... ) everything on your
was impossible.
plate.
You must have left your coat on the train.
4 It’s possible that eating this meat raw will make you ill.
You can’t still be hungry. You’ve only just eaten a huge lunch.
Eating this meat raw (... ) you ill.
We use be able to to talk about ability in the past, present or 5 It isn’t possible that this meal was only two euros.
future. This meal (... ) only two euros.
You’ll be able to see a lot more clearly with these new glasses. 6 Is it necessary to use chopsticks when we eat sushi?
We use can to talk about ability in the present and about Do (... ) chopsticks when we eat sushi?
general truths.
You can buy sandwiches for half price after six o’clock.

GRAMMAR BOOSTER
0.4 Advanced comparatives 1 Choose the correct alternative.

We use as … as to say that two people or things are equal, 1 Majorca is not / not as / not nearly popular as Ibiza with
or (not) as … as to say that they are not equal. younger travellers.
Is solar energy as productive as wind energy?
2 These days winter is nothing / nowhere / not quite like
as severe as it used to be.
The gadget was not as effective as I had hoped it would be.
3 The quality of phone camera images is getting
We can use various words and structures with as … as to more and more / less and less / better and better.
express the degree of difference between things we are 4 Amazingly, flying was three times cheaper / as cheap /
comparing. These include: far cheaper than going by train.
• equally / just / every bit to express similarity. 5 I find playing sport significantly / slightly / equally as
A phone can be just as expensive as a computer. enjoyable as playing computer games.
• not quite / nearly / almost to express a small degree of 6 Our new car is nearly / almost / considerably more
difference. environmentally friendly than our last one.
I find maths almost as interesting as computer science. 7 The more work we do on our project today, the more /
• not nearly / nowhere near / nothing like to express a larger the less / less we’ll have to do tomorrow.
degree of difference. 8 The Italian restaurant is every bit / a little / not quite
g.
Life is nowhere near as simple as it used to be. closer than the Mexican restaurant.
n
• twice, three, etc. times to express a specific degree of
yi
2 In your notebook, correct the mistake in each sentence.
op
difference.
1 Is it a public holiday? The roads aren’t as busy than usual.
oc
My new laptop is twice as powerful as my old one.
(... )
ot
We can also use a range of words and phrases with a 2 The internet connection is slower far than it was
ph
comparative adjective or adverb to express a degree of yesterday.
difference, including:
or
(... )
• slightly, a bit and a little to express a small difference. 3 My new students are just as resourceful I hoped they
g
in
This printer is slightly more expensive than that one. would be.
ut
• a lot, far, much, a great deal and considerably / (... )

rib
significantly to express a larger difference. 4 I think more you exercise, more you need to exercise.
st
The broadband speed is far faster than it was a few Your body likes to be active.
di
years ago. (... )

e,
• 10%, five hours, twice/three times to express a specific 5 Laptops are getting lighter than lighter as technology
al
degree of difference. develops.

rs
This engine runs 30% more efficiently now it has been (... )
fo
serviced. 6 The film is as every bit amazing as the book!

ot
(... )
l. N
We can use double comparatives, e.g more and more +

adjective, less and less + adjective, or –er and –er, (e.g. easier 7 The city centre is bit less polluted than it was five years
ia
and easier) to emphasise a difference or to show that it is ago.

er
changing continually. (... )

at
Technology is getting more and more sophisticated.

em
8 The quickly he speaks, less intelligible he becomes.

We can use comparatives with the … the … when one (... )
pl
change is connected to another change.

3 Copy and complete the sentences with the words and
m
With most computers, the bigger the memory, the more

Sa
a comparative form of the adjectives in brackets.

expensive it is. 1 Money is (... ) (nowhere / important) good health.
2 The older you get, (... ) (wise) you become.
3 This week’s assignment is (... ) (not / nearly / easy) last
week’s assignment.
4 I don’t agree that life is (... ) (not / hard) for teenagers
today as it was 50 years ago.
5 Electric vehicles are getting (... ) (cheap / cheap) as the
technology improves.
6 The more carefully you do your experiment, (... ) (reliable)
your results will be.
7 My sister is (... ) (great / deal / interested) in artificial
intelligence than I am.
8 Our energy consumption has been (... ) (20% / low) since
we made some lifestyle changes.

Grammar booster 131
GRAMMAR BOOSTER
1.2 Advanced question forms 1 Copy and complete the statements with question tags.
1 Carmen likes working with people who are self-
Question tags motivated, (... )?
We use question tags to turn a statement into a question. We 2 He’s really gained a foothold in his writing career, (... )?
use them: 3 The second team weren’t very resilient, (... )?
• to check information that we believe is true. 4 You came up against a very tricky problem, (... )?
The report’s due in on Friday, isn’t it? 5 It won’t be an easy project, (... )?
• to comment on something where we expect someone to 6 We didn’t achieve our aims, (... )?
agree with us. 7 You wouldn’t want to give up now, (... )?
It’s cold, isn’t it? 8 They’re doing a great job, (... )?
If the statement has an auxiliary verb or a modal verb, we use 2 In your notebook, write a subject or an object question
it in the question tag. We use the negative form after a positive about the underlined information in each sentence.
statement and the positive form after a negative statement. 1 Darius decided to do a training course.
She’s got a fixed mindset, hasn’t she? (... )
This assignment won’t take long to complete, will it? 2 Making progress improves your motivation.
g.
We use do when there is no auxiliary verb. (... )
n
They prefer people with a positive outlook, don’t they? 3 Maya advised Ali on his assignment topic.
yi
op
He never arrives on time, does he? (... )
4 The SMART goals technique helps team leaders to
oc
We change names to pronouns.
prioritise their aims.
ot
Ella’s working with us on the project, isn’t she?
ph
(... )
Subject and object questions 5 Karl gave a talk at a conference in Madrid.
When we make subject questions, the question word is the or
(... )
g
subject. We don’t use do with a subject question. We often use a
in
6 Emily and I worked on our presentation in the library.
ut
short answer using an auxiliary verb or just the key information. (... )
rib
Who wrote this list of aims? Paul did. / Paul. 7 Fred’s project team went on a research trip to Argentina.
st
What is the aim of the project? (... )

di
Which was the easiest goal to achieve? 8 A lack of communication makes projects more difficult.
e,
When we make object questions, the question word is the (... )

al
object. We use do to ask an object question.

rs
3 Copy and complete the questions in the dialogue.

What did you put down for your SMART goals?
fo
Dan How’s your project going?

Who do you think is the most capable team member?
ot
Pria It’s going slowly.

l. N
Where did they publish their research? Dan (...1 ) slowly? I don’t understand – you’re usually
Whose presentation did you find the clearest? so quick.
ia
er
Pria I know. But this one’s been really tough.

Other types of advanced questions
at
Dan (...2 ) it? I thought it was easier than the previous one.
We can check understanding or express surprise using
em
Pria It isn’t the project itself, it’s more the team. They aren’t
normal statements as questions. We use rising intonation at
motivated enough.
pl
the end of the question.

Dan Not (... 3 )?
m
A Jamal’s goals aren’t specific enough.

Sa
Pria No. Some people haven’t completed their tasks on

B They aren’t specific enough?
time. Others don’t turn up for meetings.
We can use short reply questions to express understanding or Dan (...4 ) is in charge of the project?
interest. Pria No one’s in charge. That’s the problem.
A I’ve hit all my targets for this month Dan (...5 ) anyone checked on progress?
B Have you? That’s great! Pria No, they haven’t. All the tutors are busy with other
We use negative questions to ask for confirmation, show things.
surprise, make an invitation or present an opinion in a less Dan That isn’t great, (...6 )?
direct way. Pria No, I really need some help.
Aren’t these new goals more achievable? Dan (...7 ) you? I can lend you a hand, if you like.
Aren’t you supposed to be on holiday this week? Pria (...8 ) you? That would be fantastic!
Why don’t you come with us?
Doesn’t it seem like we are spending too much time on this?
We can use echo questions that repeat what has been said to
show surprise and disbelief.
A The deadline for the first phase of the project is tomorrow.
B The deadline’s tomorrow?
GRAMMAR BOOSTER
1.5 Future tenses and the future in the 1 In your notebook, correct the mistakes in the future tense
in each sentence. Write the correct words.
past 1 What are you doing this time next year? (... )
Future continuous 2 He’s going to have already left by the time we arrive. (... )
We use the future continuous to talk about an action that 3 I’ll make dinner by the time you get home! (... )
will be in progress at a particular time in the future. We 4 I’m so late that I can’t imagine anyone will still be wait for
usually use a future time phrase at the beginning or the end me. (... )
of the sentence. 5 How many countries will you be visiting by the end of
This time tomorrow, I will be taking my driving test. your journey? (... )
6 In my new job, I will have written lots of news stories. (... )
Future perfect simple 7 Will you be finishing your assignment by tomorrow? (... )
We use the future perfect simple (will / won’t have + past 8 Next year, I’ll be studying here for three years. (... )
participle) to talk about an action or event that will be 2 Copy and complete the sentences with the correct form of
completed by a particular time in the future. the words in brackets.
By June, we’ll have finished all our exams. 1 Construction was due (... ) (begin) when the building
company pulled out of the project.
g.
Future perfect continuous
n
2 He (... ) (be going to) go on holiday last week, but
yi
We use the future perfect continuous (will / won’t + have + suddenly changed his mind.
op
been + -ing) to say how long an action will have been in
3 I knew Roger (... ) (not listen) to my advice. I’m sure he
oc
progress at a particular time in the future. We often use time
regrets that decision now.
ot
phrases starting with this time… , in … time, and by … , e.g.
4 The train was about (... ) (leave) when I realised I had left
this time next week, in a few days’ time, by the end of the year.
ph
my wallet at home.
We usually use for … to specify the duration.
In a few minutes, they’ll have been playing this tennis match or
5 The scientists believed they (... ) (be) on the verge of a
major discovery.
g
for six hours.
in
6 She (... ) (think) of getting a takeaway for dinner, but

ut
We can also use these three tenses to speculate about the decided to cook instead.
rib
present. 7 He was thinking of (... ) (leave) when we asked him to stay.

st
It’s a beautiful day – the kids will be playing in the garden. 8 We figured you (... ) (not be going to) come because you
di
It’s only 7.30 – Sam won’t have woken up yet. had an exam the next day.
e,
Rachel will have been waiting all morning for her exam
3 Copy and complete the dialogue. Write the verbs in
al
results.
rs
brackets in the correct future form.

fo
Future in the past Ken I guess you (...1 ) (set off) soon?
ot
Anya Yes, this time next week I (...2 ) (swim) in a hot spring
When we talk about the past, we can use the following
l. N
in Japan.
structures and phrases to talk about something that was in
Ken Sounds great. Why Japan?
ia
the future at the time we were speaking:

er
Anya Originally I (...3 ) (go) to Thailand, but I got an email

was / were going to + infinitive
at
from an old Japanese friend. I haven’t seen her for

em
past continuous about five years.

was / were about to + infinitive Ken That’s a long time.
pl
Anya I know. I (...

4 ) (think) of going last year, but I hadn’t
m
was / were due to … + infinitive

saved enough money.
Sa
was / were on the verge of / thinking of … + -ing form Ken So she (... 5 ) (change) quite a bit?
would + infinitive (as past form of will) Anya Actually I checked her Instagram and she looks
The last time I saw them, they were heading for the exactly the same.
library. Ken That’s good. (... 6 ) (she / meet) you at the airport?
Zoe’s presentation was due to start but she couldn’t find Anya I hope so! And knowing how organised she is, I’m sure
her notes. she (...
7 ) (already / book) the tickets for the hot springs.
I was on the verge of giving up when Tim offered to help. Ken Great.
I knew Michael would finish the project on time. Anya And I imagine she (... 8 ) (research) restaurants for weeks.
She loves eating out!

Grammar booster 133
GRAMMAR BOOSTER
2.2 Relative clauses 3 Candidates (... ) come across as confident in interviews

generally do well.
Reduced relative clauses 4 I’d love to do an internship (... ) is related to the fashion
Who, which, that, whom, and whose are common relative business.
pronouns. Why, when and where can also function as 5 People (... ) are living outside urban areas have to travel
relative pronouns. further for work.
Young people who don’t have qualifications are at a 6 She sent her CV to a company (... ) only recruits applicants
disadvantage. with MAs.
The person to whom I spoke was very helpful. 7 Companies (... ) are based in Madrid are often popular
He’s the executive whose father owns the company. with university graduates.
8 She is the trainer (... ) presentation we are going to this
I went back to the shop where I did my first part-time job.
afternoon.
The relative pronoun must be included in a non-defining
relative clause. 2 In your notebook, put the words in the correct order
to make sentences. There may be two alternatives in
Software engineers, who can earn good money, often have
some cases.
to work under a lot of pressure.
1 this is / in / the / that I’m / most / position / interested / .
g.
We can omit the relative pronoun when it is the object of a (... )
n
defining relative clause.
yi
2 company / to / would / which / for / you like / work / ?
op
The company (that) I worked for was based in Dubai.
(... )
oc
We can also omit both the relative pronoun and the auxiliary 3 which / systems engineering / about / I know / is a field /
ot
verb to form a reduced relative clause if they come before a: nothing / .
ph
• past participle (-ed). (... )
Positions (which are) advertised online sometimes get 4 an office / jobs / who / in many / share / you can’t / with /
hundreds of applicants. or
choose / you / .
g
in
• present participle (-ing). (... )
ut
Students (who are) doing internships don’t get paid. 5 I / in / the / didn’t like / room / I was interviewed / which / .
rib
(... )
TIP
st
6 get used / working / to / late / is / that you / something /

di
Note that the present participle is used in active sentences have to / .

e,
and the past participle is used in passive sentences, (... )

al
regardless of whether the sentence refers to the present or

rs
the past. 3 In your notebook, combine the underlined sentences 1–6

fo
by adding one word to make a reduced relative clause in

ot
the sentences below.

Prepositions in relative clauses
l. N
Harriet Have you found a job yet?

In informal situations, prepositions in relative clauses go Sami Not yet. 1Some jobs are advertised. They need
ia
after the verb. previous experience.

er
I didn’t get any of the jobs I applied for.

at
Harriet 2I know someone. They are looking for a delivery

em
My manager is the person I have learned the most from. person.

In formal situations, prepositions in relative clauses come at Sami Oh great!
pl
the start of the relative clause before whom or which. Harriet Is that something you’d be interested in?
m
Sami A delivery job would be great. 3I like jobs that

Sa
I didn’t get any of the jobs for which I applied.

My manager is the person from whom I have learned the involve flexible hours.
most. Harriet Fantastic. 4The company is based in the city centre.
It is recruiting. Is that OK?
We never put prepositions that are part of phrasal verbs or
passive structures at the start of the clause. Sami Yeah. I’m living nearby with my sister.
I’m impressed by people who don’t give up. Harriet Great. 5They pay an hourly rate. It is £11 higher than
the average.
I’m impressed by people up who don’t give.
Sami That sounds great.
1 Copy and complete the sentences with a relative pronoun, Harriet OK. 6Tom is the name of the guy who runs the place.
where necessary. When a relative pronoun can be omitted, Shall I call him and say you’re interested?
cross out any other unnecessary words.
Sami Yes, please.
which who whom whose 1 The jobs (... ) need previous experience.
1 I applied for the job (... ) I saw advertised online. 2 I know someone (... ) for a delivery person.
2 Mr Soames is the person to (... ) you should refer 3 I like jobs (... ) flexible hours.
your query. 4 The company (... ) is based in the city centre.
5 The hourly rate (... ) is £11 is higher than average.
6 The place is run by a guy (... ) Tom.
GRAMMAR BOOSTER
2.5 Ellipsis and substitution 1 In your notebook, write shorter sentences to avoid
repetition.
Ellipsis 1 He identified his goals and he identified his target
We use ellipsis (omitting words) to avoid repetition of the demographic.
same information in a sentence. 2 A Have you updated your profile?
We often omit a repeated verb or verb phrase after an B No, I haven’t updated my profile.
auxiliary or modal verb. 3 I don’t have an online presence even though I should
A Has John got an online presence? have an online presence.
B Yes, he has (got an online presence). 4 He planned to tweet about the decision, but he didn’t
tweet about it.
A Should I check these details?
5 If you go to the presentation, I won’t have to go to the
B Yes, you should (check these details). presentation.
A Can we leave a little earlier today? 6 His tweet was short, but his tweet was interesting.
B I’m afraid we can’t (leave a little earlier). 7 They’ve never studied Spanish, but they’d like to study
We can also omit subject pronouns, verbs, articles and Spanish.
nouns after and and but if they are already in the first part of 8 She doesn’t have to finish her assignment tonight, but I
g.
the sentence. New information must be retained. have to finish my assignment tonight.
n
She loved networking and (she loved) tweeting.
yi
2 Copy and complete the sentences with a positive or
op
He said he’d update his profile, but I doubt if he will (update negative reply using the word in brackets.
oc
his profile). 1 A Do you think Omar will get the job?
ot
I’d like a coffee and Ron would (like a coffee), too, but Kiara B I (... ) (hope). He deserves to.
ph
wants an orange juice. 2 A Do you think that review will improve your ranking?
or
We use do/don’t in place of must or (don’t) have to. B I’m (... ) (afraid). The competition is too strong.
g
Ade must/has to do more training, but you don’t (have to). 3 A Does Mo stand out from the crowd enough?
in
We usually omit a repeated infinitive after verbs followed by B I (... ) (think). He’s got a unique style.
ut
to + infinitive, e.g. (would) like, need, want, intend, used. 4 A Adriana isn’t going to get promoted, is she?
rib
She isn’t going to the presentation, but she wants to (go to B I (... ) (guess). Her appraisal just wasn’t
st
the presentation). good enough.

di
5 A Does Monika plan to keep a high profile?

e,
Substitution B I (... ) (expect). She’s very ambitious.

al
rs
We can also avoid repetition by substituting a whole clause 6 A Do you think he’s going to carve a niche in his field?
fo
with so after the following verbs: assume, be afraid, believe, B I (... ) (suspect). He never seems to have any new ideas.
expect, guess, hope, imagine, presume, suppose, suspect and
ot
think. 3 Copy and complete the dialogue with one word in

l. N
each gap.
A You’ll get more likes if you add hashtags.
ia
Harry Do you think you’ll get a good job after you leave
B I guess so.
er
school?
at
We use it … so with appear and seem. It refers back to the Layla I hope (...1 ). My dad wants me to go to college, but I’m
em
object clause of the previous sentence. We put so at the end not sure I want (...2 ).
of the sentence. Harry Why not? Won’t you get a better job if you go to
pl
A Amina’s got a lot of experience building online profiles.

m
college?
Sa
B It appears / seems so. Layla I (...3 ) think so. You can learn things while you work.
We use not or not (verb) so in negative replies after appear, Harry I don’t want to work straightaway. I’m going to work
believe, expect, imagine, seem, suppose and think. the rest of my life anyway.
A Did she get the job? Layla I’m (...4 ). I’m going to make millions then retire when
B It appears not. / I don’t think so. I’m 30. I don’t want to work till I’m in my sixties.
Harry (...5 ) do I, but do you really think you’ll be able to retire
We only use not in negative replies after assume, be afraid,
when you’re 30?
guess, hope, presume and suspect.
Layla (...6 ) seems not, but I’d like (...7 )!
A He won’t forget to help us build the website?
Harry To be honest, I (...8 ), too!
B I hope not.
We use neither or nor to avoid repeating a negative
sentence.
A I don’t enjoy reading negative comments.
B Neither / Nor do I.

Grammar booster 135
GRAMMAR BOOSTER
3.2 Advanced passive structures 4 The minister defended the recent actions for which he
has (... ) (criticise).
We often use the passive in formal situations such as public
5 For students to (... ) (allow to) use online material during
announcements and notices.
exams may cause problems, according to some teachers.
Passengers are reminded to take their belongings.
6 Everyone must (... ) (warn) beforehand about yesterday’s
We can use the passive with: decision to limit internet use.
• modal verbs in the present and past. 7 Websites (... ) (access) during lessons need to be
Decisions about educational policy have to be made at monitored.
government level. 8 The photos (... ) (post) on social media by the organisers
Ministers should have been given more time to make a yesterday.
decision. 2 Copy and complete the sentences with the correct form of
• a present or past continuous form. We rarely use the both have and the words in brackets.
passive form with the future continuous, present perfect 1 The university (... ) (its web security / upgrade) last month
continuous or the past perfect continuous. after staff data was stolen by a hacker.
We are always being presented with technical innovations. 2 All the children (... ) (their mobile phones / return) later
• an -ing form. Verbs that are followed by an -ing form can this afternoon, after their lessons have finished.
g.
be followed by a passive gerund. 3 My son hates (... ) (his hair / cut).
n
Being taught using songs is popular with some children.
yi
4 I hope (... ) (my house / paint) next month.
op
• an infinitive. Verbs that are followed by an infinitive can 5 They’ve decided that they (... ) (their wedding photos /
be followed by a passive infinitive.
oc
take) by a professional photographer.
ot
It’s always helpful to be shown what to do. 6 (... ) (your eyes / check) recently?
• a verb + dependent preposition.
ph
7 They can’t shower at home, because they (... ) (their
His inability to use technology in the classroom has been bathroom / replace) at the moment.
commented on. or
8 Luckily, Emilia (... ) (her tablet / repair) a few days before
g
• a verb + two objects. Either object can become the
in
her laptop broke!
ut
subject of the passive form, but it’s more usual for the
3 Copy and complete the second sentence so that it means
rib
indirect object to become the subject.

the same as the first. Use the passive form.
st
She was sent a new laptop by her mother.

1 Investigators have identified the problem of cheating
di
• an adverb between be + past participle. using mobile devices.

e,
He was often told off for not handing in his homework. The problem (... ).
al
rs
TIP 2 The examination board will not give a grade to students

fo
found to have used mobile devices during an exam.

We can only use the passive with transitive verbs because
Students found to have used mobile devices in exams (...).
ot
the object of the verb (in the active sentence) becomes the
l. N
subject in the passive sentence. 3 The government told parents they must co-operate with
the educational authorities.
ia
Parents (... ).
er
have + object + past participle

4 The government blames colleges for having too much
at
When we talk about services and things we arrange for other

em
autonomy in relation to exam procedure.

people to do for us, we use have + object + past participle.
Colleges (... ).
We can replace have with get in informal situations.
pl
5 The Education Minister should have resolved the issue

m
I’m having my hair cut tomorrow.

sooner.
Sa
I got my smartphone repaired for £45. The issue (... ).

We use the same form with have (but not with get) to talk 6 Students are always telling us that the rules are outdated.
about when someone does something bad to us. We are (... ).
I had my bike stolen. 7 Educational authorities and school leaders have agreed
Don’t confuse the past simple form with the past perfect in on a new set of guidelines.
an active sentence. Compare: A new set of guidelines (... ).
I had it repaired last week. (= Someone did it for me.)
I had repaired it last week. (= I did it myself.)
1 Copy and complete the sentences with the correct form
of both be and the verb in brackets.
1 Teachers should always (... ) (inform) about changes to
educational policy.
2 Materials (... ) (use) in class are often downloaded onto
the students’ phones.
3 Parents have rarely (... ) (ask) what they think.

GRAMMAR BOOSTER
3.5 Passive reporting structures 2 Copy and complete the dialogue using the correct passive
form of the verbs in brackets.
We can use the passive form of reporting verbs to report
what people say or think. Some common reporting verbs Interviewer In a study a couple of years ago, it (...1 ) (report)
include: assume, believe, claim, consider, estimate, expect, that ‘fake news’ travelled more quickly on
hope, know, report, say, suggest, think and understand. social media than the truth. In the same
study, 126,000 rumours and false news stories
We can also use the passive form to report functions such as (...2 ) (estimate) to have spread on one platform
requests, suggestions and offers. over the previous eleven years. What do you
Candidates have been asked to prepare a presentation as think about that, Don?
part of the interview process. Don Wow! That’s amazing, but I can believe it.
We often use the passive in formal writing such as reports, Having said that, people (...3 ) (believe) to have
newspaper articles and academic papers. become less likely to accept a news story at
face value now, and it (...4 ) (hope) that there
There are different types of passive reporting structures:
will be fewer fake news stories in the future.
• Impersonal it: It + passive + that clause Interviewer But how can we spot a story that’s fake?
This is a common way to report what is being said by
Don Well, fake stories usually only tell one side
people or an unspecified group of people.
of the story whereas real stories (...5 ) (consider)
g.
It is thought that the school will allow internet access but
to be more balanced.
n
only under supervision.
yi
Interviewer And it (...6 ) (assume) that a fake story simply
op
It was believed that certain criminal organisations had been repeats the same message without giving any
oc
involved. evidence or quoting any authorities, right?
• subject + passive + simple infinitive (to be)
ot
Don Exactly. It (...7 ) (say) many times before, but
ph
We can use this structure to refer to general states or a if you repeat a lie enough times, people will
single action. start to believe it. So it’s important to always
The new research is believed to be very interesting. or question the source of the story – and don’t
g
in
The cost of the damage had been estimated to be over forget to ask for evidence.
ut
£1 million.
3 Copy and complete the second sentence so that it means
rib
• subject + passive + continuous infinitive (to be … -ing) the same as the first.
We can use this structure to refer to actions and events in
st
1 It was said that the government had decided on new

di
progress at the time of speaking.

security measures.
e,
Archaeologists are known to be investigating the site. The government (... ).

al
• subject + passive + perfect infinitive (to have + past participle) 2 The Prime Minister is understood to be concerned about
rs
We can use this structure to refer to completed actions in the situation.

fo
the past.
It (... ).
ot
Scientists were said to have been upset about the lack of

3 It is believed that the Education Secretary is looking into
l. N
progress.
the problem.
ia
1 Choose the correct answer: A, B or C. The Education Secretary (... ).

er
1 It (... ) that the interviewer asks probing questions. 4 The psychologists were thought to have spent nearly ten
at
A is knowing B knows C is known years studying problem-solving processes.

em
2 The media (... ) to have taken steps to stop fake news. It (... ).
pl
A are believed B believed C believe 5 It has been estimated that young children ask almost 400
m
3 It (... ) that students would prefer to have access to mobile questions every day!
Sa
technology in the classroom. Young children (... ).

A has understood B has been understood 6 The police have been reported to be putting greater
C has been understanding emphasis on data fraud.
4 The report (... ) to be full of factual errors. It (... ).
A was said B was saying C said
5 It (... ) that data was accessed illegally from school records.
A be suggested B been suggested
C had been suggested
6 Ministers (... ) to be in agreement about how to tackle
the problem.
A are thinking B were thought C have thought

Grammar booster 137
GRAMMAR BOOSTER
4.2 Modals of speculation 1 In your notebook, match 1–6 to A–F.

We use modal verbs to express different degrees of certainty 1 This presentation is very long. The audience might get
about situations or events. bored.
2 You can’t have been watching the commercial carefully
We use must + infinitive to speculate about something we enough. You missed the joke at the end.
think is certain in the present. Note that we use can’t rather
3 Those adverts are quite similar. They could have been
than mustn’t for the negative.
made by the same company.
This actor is really good. He must be very experienced.
4 These photos are very high quality. You must have an
She can’t be here already. It’s only six o’clock. excellent camera.
We use could, might (not) and may (not) + infinitive to 5 The company must have made lots of money last year. All
speculate about something that seems possible in the the staff got a big bonus.
present or the future. 6 This jingle sounds a bit slow and quiet. The target
Why don’t you come with us? It could be fun. demographic may prefer something livelier.
They might not finish the photo shoot by the end of the week. A something we think is certain in the present
We need a sunny location for this ad, so Greece may be B something we think is possible in the future
an option. C something we think is possible in the past
g.
We don’t use may in questions, only could or might. D something we think is possible in the present
n
yi
Might Hugo be interested in the project? E something we think is certain in the past
op
Could they find the questions too challenging? F something we think is impossible in the past
oc
We use modal verb (can’t / must / could / might / may) + 2 In your notebook, rewrite each sentence using a modal
ot
perfect infinitive (have + past participle) to speculate about verb so that it has a similar meaning. In some sentences,
ph
the past. you can use more than one modal verb.
The new advert is amazing. It must have cost a fortune.
or
1 They are not sure the advert will be a success.
g
This slogan is difficult to understand. They might have had 2 Perhaps our clients were expecting the adverts to be
in
a problem translating it. more artistic.

ut
3 I’m sure your call for action got everyone’s attention.

rib
We use modal verb + perfect continuous (have been + -ing)

to speculate about something happening at a particular 4 It certainly was not possible for us to create an
st
advertising campaign on that budget.

di
moment in the past.

5 It’s possible for the slogan to be a bit catchier.
e,
Could our client have been talking to another advertising

al
company? 6 I am certain that the advert was censored in some markets.

rs
The models are covered in fake snow. They must have 3 Copy and complete the sentences using the verb
fo
been shooting the skiing scene. and a modal of speculation. There may be more than
ot
We use modal verb + perfect passive infinitive (have been + one answer.
l. N
past participle) to speculate about the past in the passive 1 go

ia
voice. A Where is the photographer?

er
She doesn’t work at this agency any more. She might have B I’m not sure. He (... ) to get a coffee.
at
been fired. 2 miss

em
The sound quality is quite poor. This jingle must have been A Why are the models late?
pl
recorded in a hurry. B No one knows. They (... ) their train.

m
3 get
Sa
A The producer isn’t here.

B He (... ) my message.
4 turn off
A It’s dark in the studio.
B The assistant (... ) the lights.
5 steal
A I can’t find the camera anywhere.
B Oh dear! It (... ) while we were waiting for a taxi.
6 be
A The crew ate a huge lunch.
B They (... ) hungry again already.

GRAMMAR BOOSTER
4.5 Adverbs 1 Choose the correct position for the attitude adverb.
1 People naturally use naturally hand gestures while they
Attitude adverbs speak.
We use attitude adverbs to describe our attitude to the state 2 Personally, I think that personally trying to copy other
or action being described in the sentence. people’s style is a bad idea.
Attitude adverbs often end in -ly: 3 Sadly, some gestures can lead sadly to misunderstandings
and arguments.
admittedly, apparently, evidently, honestly, luckily,
naturally, obviously, personally, sadly, surprisingly 4 The man’s hand gestures were very clear and expressive.
He was evidently annoyed evidently.
They can go at the beginning of a sentence for emphasis, or 5 Facial expressions luckily are luckily similar across
before the main verb but after be. cultures, so if you don’t know the language, you can still
Obviously, people who use hand gestures are easier understand how someone is feeling.
to understand. 6 I’m honestly not very good at logic puzzles honestly.
People who use hand gestures are obviously easier
to understand. 2 Copy and complete the sentences with the words below.
Sometimes more than one word is possible.
Focus adverbs
g.
also especially even just mainly only
n
We use focus adverbs to highlight important information.
yi
They go immediately before the item they qualify. 1 I can understand British sign language. I can (... )
op
understand American sign language.
Some focus adverbs, e.g. only and just describe a limit to
oc
something. 2 The recognition test is very quick. It (... ) takes three
ot
minutes.
Fernando is coming with us to the beach.
ph
3 Henrik and Anna enjoy travelling to other countries, (... )
Only Fernando is coming with us to the beach.
or
countries where they can try out their language skills.
(= no one else is coming with us.)
4 People (... ) focus on what they want to hear, nothing else.
g
Fernando is just coming with us to the beach.
in
5 Ellie, the chimpanzee can understand a lot of human

ut
(= he isn’t joining us for our other plans, i.e. before or after

communication. She can (... ) understand complex hand
rib
we go to the beach) gestures.

st
We use mainly, especially, particularly to partially limit 6 She (... ) uses email to correspond, but she occasionally
di
something. calls when it’s urgent.

e,
I’d like everyone to be there, especially Jamal.

3 Choose the correct alternatives to complete the email.
al
Other focus adverbs, e.g. also, as well, even, too add more
rs
information.
fo
Serena speaks Mandarin. She can also speak Japanese. Hi Auntie Jen,
ot
How are you? I wanted to tell you about a(n) 1totally /

l. N
or She can speak Japanese, too / as well.

very / extremely amazing trip we went on last week,
ia
Adverbs with gradable and ungradable to the Museum of Brands, in London. It was 2a bit /
er
adjectives absolutely / very fascinating. The museum shows the

at
history of branding, advertising and packaging through

em
We can use adverbs to modify adjectives (make the a collection of everyday objects. Some of them are
meaning stronger or weaker). Most adjectives are gradable, 3
pl
completely / totally / quite old – there are breakfast

which means there are different grades or levels of the
m
cereal boxes from over 100 years ago!

quality they describe, e.g. angry, cheap, cold, happy, hot,
Sa
hungry, interesting, new, old, sad. One of the guides gave us a(n) 4extremely / absolutely /
completely interesting talk about the history of
We can use adverbs like a bit, a little, quite, very, extremely consumer society, and she also showed us examples
with these adjectives to make them stronger or weaker. of some 5totally / absolutely / very recent types of
It’s a bit / quite / very / extremely cold today. packaging and advertising.
Other adjectives are ungradable. They describe an absolute The only problem was that the weather was 6a bit /
or extreme quality, e.g. amazing, boiling, dead, fascinating, totally / completely hot and the air conditioning on
free, freezing, impossible, necessary, perfect, starving. the coach wasn’t working, so by the time we got home,
To make these adjectives stronger or weaker, we have to use everyone was 7a bit / quite / absolutely boiling! Apart
adverbs like absolutely, completely, totally. from that, it was a(n) 8very / extremely / completely
perfect day!
It’s absolutely freezing today.
See you soon,
Sophie

Grammar booster 139
GRAMMAR BOOSTER
5.2 Conditionals 1 Choose the correct alternative.

1 You can join the online community on condition that /
Conditionals if ever you are respectful and follow the rules.
We can replace if in conditional sentences with phrases 2 Assuming / If necessary you complete your training, you
which have a similar meaning. These include provided / should be able to get a job.
providing (that), on condition that, as long as (or less formal 3 If it wasn’t for / As long as vulnerable people are
so long as). supported, they have a chance to do well.
You can borrow my games console as long as you give it 4 Providing / Supposing your kids stop doing exercise –
back to me tomorrow. what will you do?
We can imagine a situation based on certain conditions 5 I won’t give up, even if / if in doubt everyone else does.
using assuming (that), suppose, supposing (that). 6 Everything will be fine, providing / if it wasn’t for we get
Assuming that gaming wasn’t harmful, parents wouldn’t the members’ support.
need to be so vigilant. 7 If necessary / any, we will inform the school about the
Supposing there wasn’t an after-school gaming club, would problem.
you join an online community? 8 Even if / If in doubt, ask someone who knows about the
effects of gaming for advice.
We use even if to contrast an imaginary situation with an
g.
2 Copy and complete the mixed conditional sentences with
n
outcome.
yi
Even if gaming was banned, people would still play. the correct form of the verb in brackets.
op
1 If she already (... ) (had) a games console, I wouldn’t have
We can use shortened phrases with if, e.g. if in doubt, if
oc
bought her one.
possible, if necessary, if any, if anything, if ever to talk about
ot
2 If I (... ) (not spend) all night gaming, I wouldn’t be so tired
possible situations.
ph
this morning.
If necessary, the school will provide children with
3 He’d have enjoyed the evening more if he (... ) (play) peer-
additional support. or
to-peer games more often.
g
Social media hasn’t improved mental health. If anything,
in
4 If she (... ) (join) an online community months ago, she
it’s made it worse.
ut
wouldn’t feel so lonely now.

rib
We use if it wasn’t for / if it hadn’t been for / but for to 5 You wouldn’t need help now if you (... ) (pay) attention
speculate about the effect a particular situation or event has
st
when we were explaining how it works.

di
or has had. 6 If you were working now, you (... ) (miss) the game.
e,
If it wasn’t for my tutor, I wouldn’t have got into university.

3 Copy and complete the text with one word in each gap.
al
If it hadn’t been for our teacher, we wouldn’t have got such

rs
good grades. I’m a keen runner and I’m really lucky because I live near
fo
a park. If I (...1 ), I would have hated running on pavements

After if, we can use so and not to avoid repeating information.
ot
every day. Do you live near somewhere green where you can
Your eyes might start to feel tired. If so, you should stop
l. N
exercise? If (...2 ), perhaps you go to the gym? But (... 3 ) if you
playing. / If not, you can continue playing. don’t go to the gym, you can exercise at home on a fitness
ia
bike or watch online exercise videos. So (... 4 ) as you get ten

er
Mixed conditionals minutes or so of exercise every day, it will help you to keep
at
We use mixed conditionals to refer to a hypothetical healthy and to sleep better. If (... 5 ), exercising outside is
em
situation in one time frame and its result in another. They preferable, except when it’s really cold. (... 6 ) that the weather
pl
are a mixture of the second and third conditional. isn’t too bad, we should all head out and get some fresh
m
Past situation – Present result air. If you do energetic exercise, like running, don’t forget
Sa
to stretch and cool down properly afterwards. If I (... 7 ) done

If + past perfect, would + infinitive that, I wouldn’t be sitting on the sofa with a pulled muscle
If you hadn’t started gaming, you’d be healthier now. right now!
If he had listened, he wouldn’t be in the wrong place.
Present situation – Past result
If + past simple / continuous, would have + past participle
If I practised every day, I would have won more games.
If she wasn’t enjoying playing football, she would have quit
the team.

GRAMMAR BOOSTER
5.5 Inversion 1 Copy and complete the sentences with the words below.
Negative adverbs circumstances hardly no nowhere

only rarely so sooner
In formal English, we can emphasise the meaning of some
sentences containing a negative adverb by reversing the 1 Not (... ) did she forget to call me, but she also didn’t
usual word order and placing the adverb at the beginning of apologise for forgetting.
the sentence. 2 Under no (... ) will this advert be allowed to be put online.
Usual order: Subject – auxiliary – negative adverb 3 No (... ) had she started exercising than she pulled
I have never worried about what people think about my a muscle.
fashion sense. 4 (... ) could you find a more relaxing spot than the little
bench in my local park.
Inversion: Negative adverb – auxiliary – subject
5 (... ) had he finished reading when he fell asleep.
Never have I worried about what people think about my
fashion sense. 6 At (... ) time did she feel they were being unreasonable.
7 (... ) busy was I that I didn’t notice the time.
If there is no auxiliary verb, we add do / did.
8 (... ) did he care what other people thought of him.
He never thought he had the potential to be a model. →
2 In your notebook, put the words in the correct order to
g.
Never did he think he had the potential to be a model.
n
complete the inverted sentences.
yi
Common negative adverbs are: never, rarely, seldom, little.
1 (... ) (was / worried / I / so) that I couldn’t sleep.
op
Rarely did her teacher ask her how she was getting on. 2 (... ) (did / never / imagine / he) that he would live up to
oc
Little did he realise how much his friends adored him. their expectations.
ot
3 (... ) (you / to / had / her / talked), you’d have realised how
ph
So and such upset she was.
or
We also use the inversion so + adjective + that, and such + 4 (... ) (to / the news / were / watch / you), you would
noun phrase + that to express result.
g
understand the issues better.
in
So happy was she that she did a little victory dance. 5 (... ) (her family / should / to / notice / have failed), things
ut
Such a hurry was he in, that he forgot to say goodbye. might have become worse.
rib
6 (... ) (ran / into the room / a small child) holding a toy in

Adverbs of movement
st
one hand and a melting ice cream in the other.

di
We can also use inversion when we place an adverb of 7 (... ) (she / waited / there) while everyone else went home.
e,
movement at the beginning of the sentence. 8 (... ) (she / lose / to / were), it would be a blow to her
al
Through the park ran the children.

rs
self-esteem.
fo
If the subject is a personal pronoun, there is no inversion. 3 In your notebook, invert the word order of the sentences.
ot
Through the park they ran. 1 People seldom think about the pressure on models.
l. N
(... ) the pressure on models.

Conditionals
ia
2 He rarely talks about his own problems.

In conditional clauses that contain were, had or should, we
er
(... ) his own problems.

at
omit if before inverting the subject and auxiliary. We don’t

3 His fitness was such an obsession that he trained every day.
em
contract negative forms. (Note that should can be used as

an alternative to the if- clause.) (... ) that he trained every day.
pl
Should you get stuck, just give me a call. 4 Her parents little realised that their daughter was being
m
bullied.
Were I incredibly rich, I’d spend my money on conservation
Sa
(... ) she was being bullied.

programmes.
5 Hasan was so angry that he left the room.
Had I not focused on my flaws, I’d have done better.
(... ) that he left the room.
Inversion and other changes 6 I had never seen an advert that was so innovative.
We can use certain phrases at the beginning of a sentence (... ) that was so innovative.
for emphasis: 7 We wouldn’t eat in that restaurant under any circumstances.
Under no circumstances … Not only … but also … (... ) in that restaurant.
No sooner had … than … At no time … 8 If I had been more tactful, I wouldn’t have upset him.
Nowhere … Hardly … than / when … (... ), I wouldn’t have upset him.
Note that we sometimes need to make other changes when
we invert the sentence.
They would never underestimate him again under any
circumstances. → Under no circumstances would they ever
underestimate him again.
She failed her driving test, and she also dropped her phone
and cracked the screen. → Not only did she fail her driving
test, but she also dropped her phone and cracked the screen.
Grammar booster 141
GRAMMAR BOOSTER
6.2 Advanced reported speech After prepositions (e.g. about, in), it’s necessary to use
whether, not if.
structures We talked about whether any of the problems were being
When we report something that was said in the past, the addressed.
time frame has often changed, so we need to change the
tense. We move the tense ‘one step back’. 1 In your notebook, report the sentences using a change
of tense.
‘Everyone has the right to freedom of speech.’
1 ‘Are you going to make a speech or not?’
He argued that everyone had the right to freedom of speech.
She asked (... ).
Note that we don’t need to change the tense when the 2 ‘Do people think the suggestion is a good idea?’
original situation hasn’t changed.
They asked (... ).
Danny: I want to be a human rights lawyer.
3 ‘Javier, do you think the situation will improve?’
He says he wants to be a human rights lawyer.
I asked (... ).
We also don’t change the tenses with some modal verbs, 4 ‘Has the proposal been accepted?’
e.g. would, could, should, might, ought to and had to. He asked (... ).
Emma: I could be a documentary maker. 5 ‘Shall I get involved in the debate?’
She said she could be a documentary maker.
g.
She asked (... ).
n
We can use the reporting verbs say and tell to report exactly 6 ‘Is the political process fair, Stephen?’
yi
what someone said and other verbs (e.g. apologise, explain,
op
We asked (... ).
warn) to paraphrase what someone has said.
oc
2 In your notebook, write the reported form of the sentences
There are different patterns for each reporting verb:
ot
using the verbs in brackets.
• verb + that (e.g. add, agree, argue, claim, complain,
ph
1 ‘I need to change the time of the meeting.’ (explain)
explain, predict, insist) She (... ).
• verb + (not) + infinitive (e.g. agree, ask, claim, offer, or
2 ‘You should come and listen to the talk, Alex.’ (encourage)
g
promise, refuse)
in
Phil (... ).
• verb + object + (not) + infinitive (e.g. advise, encourage,
ut
3 ‘Yes, it’s been difficult to persuade people to join the

rib
order, remind, warn)

campaign.’ (agree)
• verb + (not) + -ing (e.g. admit, deny, recommend, propose,
st
They (... ).
suggest)
di
4 ‘I won more votes than anyone else.’ (claim)

• verb + preposition + -ing (e.g. admit to, apologise for,
e,
Freya (... ).
al
complain about, insist on, criticise for)

5 ‘I’m not going to talk about the incident.’ (refuse)
rs
• verb + object + preposition + -ing (e.g. accuse somebody

fo
of, blame someone for, criticise someone for) Eva (... ).

6 ‘You should give priority to the migration situation.’
ot
• verb + that + should / subjunctive clause (e.g. request,

(advise)
l. N
insist, propose, recommend, suggest).

They advised us to apply for new passports soon. He (... ).
ia
7 ‘We are sorry for not taking both sides into account.’
er
She apologised for losing her temper.

(apologise)
at
The children argued that they should be allowed to have a

em
They (... ).
longer break.
8 ‘They didn’t work hard enough.’ (criticise)
pl
Many reporting verbs also have a noun form, e.g. advice, He (... ).
m
agreement, apology, argument, claim, criticism, explanation,

Sa
encouragement, promise, refusal, suggestion, warning. 3 In your notebook, change the sentences using
He sent an apology for missing the meeting. reporting nouns.
Their advice was to increase spending on health. 1 He explained that he felt tired.
The council has asked for comments on the proposal. His (... ).
2 Staff claim that their working conditions are unfair.
Whether The staff’s (... ).
We report yes / no questions using whether instead of if in 3 She advised young people to be active.
more formal contexts. Her (... ).
He asked me whether I was concerned about climate 4 The writer criticised the authorities for not acting sooner.
change. The writer’s (... ).
We can use whether + or to introduce two possibilities, and 5 The government promised to tackle the issue of equality.
before to + infinitive. The government’s (... ).
She said she wasn’t sure whether to ask for a promotion 6 The members suggested that there should be more
or to apply for a new job elsewhere. discussion about affordable housing.
She said she wasn’t sure whether to run for office. The members’ (... ).

GRAMMAR BOOSTER
6.5 Emphasis 1 Choose the correct alternative.

1 The question / truth is: what can we do to help?
Cleft sentences for emphasis 2 One place / issue is that the internet connection isn’t
We can use It is / was … that / who / which / where … at the very reliable.
beginning of a sentence to emphasise the information in 3 The reason / fact why the crops have failed is the
this ‘It … ’ clause. drought.
It was Kylie that I met at the airport. (i.e. not someone else) 4 The people / things who have made the biggest
It was at the airport where I met Kylie. (i.e. not contribution are the nurses.
somewhere else) 5 The question / truth is that wealthy countries have only
It is / was does not change even when the subject is plural. donated $2 million.
6 The place / reason where you can get the most up-to-
Did the police help you?
date information is the website.
No, it was the firefighters that helped us.
7 The people / fact is this is a popular town to live in.
We can also use the structure What … is / was … to 8 The things / point that need to be fixed still haven’t been
emphasise information. We put the old, or already done.
understood, information in the what clause and the new
2 In your notebook, change the sentences to cleft sentences.
g.
information which we want to emphasise at the end of the
Emphasise the underlined information.
n
sentence.
yi
Earthquake victims have many wants and needs. 1 We need to provide more humanitarian aid.
op
What earthquake victims need most is shelter. (i.e. they What (... ).
oc
don’t want anything else) 2 The park was where we met a lot of our friends.
ot
It (... ).
ph
We can also begin a sentence with What … do / does to
emphasise an action. The form of do agrees with the verb. 3 The people in the village need clean drinking water.
What the community group does is raise awareness of or
What (... ).
g
local issues. 4 A Did the doctors talk to the charity workers?
in
B No, the local volunteers did.

ut
Other ways to add emphasis No, it (... ).

rib
We can start a sentence with fixed phrases such as The thing / 5 The government supplied aid to earthquake victims.
st
main point / truth / real issue / problem / fact (of the matter) / What (... ).
di
question is … to emphasise information. 6 The local residents have painted the murals on the wall.
e,
al
The main point is that we have to take action immediately. It (... ).

rs
The real issue is whether the river is going to flood. 7 The medical supplies didn’t arrive yesterday, but
fo
We can also use wh- phrases such as The person (who) … the food did.
ot
is … , The place (where) … is … , The thing (which / that) … , What (... ).

l. N
The reason why … . 8 Doctors are doing their best in this situation.
ia
The people who deserve the most credit for saving lives It’s (... ).
er
are the fieldworkers. 3 In your notebook, rewrite the numbered sentences using
at
We can also start a sentence with One, such as One person the words in brackets to add emphasis.
em
who … is … , One place where … is … and One reason why … Local organiser 1We need food supplies.
pl
is / are … . (... ) (what)

m
One reason why we wanted to move here was that there Are they stuck in the port?
Sa
are better employment opportunities. Aid worker 2

No. The road was blocked by a fallen tree.
No. (... ) (issue)
Local organiser 3People really need fresh water.
(... ) (it’s)
Aid worker Have the water supplies been diverted?
Local organiser 4No. This year’s drought is the problem.
No. (... ) (problem)
Aid worker 5
How long will the drought continue?
(... ) (question)
Local organiser I’m not sure.
6
In the short term, we need emergency
relief.
(... ) (what)

Grammar booster 143
GRAMMAR BOOSTER
7.2 Uses of it 1 Copy and complete the sentences with the correct word.
1 It was very kind (... ) you to support our nomination.
Uses of it to introduce a subject 2 It is our wish (... ) these buildings become cultural
We can use it to avoid starting a sentence with a complex landmarks.
structure and to make the main point clear. 3 I didn’t like (... ) when we visited the castle at night!
There are four basic patterns. Each pattern starts with It 4 It will be important (... ) visitors to respect the rights of the
followed by the appropriate form of be + an adjective/noun indigenous people.
and the following: 5 They owe it (... ) previous generations to look after these
–ing form monuments.
6 It’s a mystery (... ) so many famous artworks go missing.
It’s fun visiting famous landmarks.
7 It was their aim (... ) add as many sites to the list
It isn’t a waste of time protesting.
as possible.
Infinitive 8 We would appreciate it (... ) you didn’t take photos.
It’s necessary to preserve our heritage.
2 In your notebook, put the words in the correct order to
It was their aim to revitalise the local customs.
make sentences.
of / for + noun or pronoun + infinitive 1 fun / ancient civilisations / learning / It / about / was
g.
It’s important for people to understand their own culture.
n
(... )
yi
It was natural for the indigenous people to be concerned. 2 to / regard / our heritage / it / our duty / We / preserve / as
op
It was very kind of them to help. (... )
oc
Clause 3 that / under threat / He / made / clear / the building / it / was
ot
(... )
ph
It’s unusual that he doesn’t take an interest.
It’s a mystery why the project took so long. 4 is / love / when / Tourists / the castle / it / lit up
It isn’t the first time that they have asked for more money. or
(... )
g
5 you / the designated route / would appreciate / if / I /
in
It was their wish that the items were donated to a museum.
kept to / it
ut
It was impressive that you took so many photos.

rib
(... )
Uses of it to introduce an object 6 it / old buildings / sad / Some people / think / to neglect
st
di
We use it with four basic verb patterns to introduce an (... )

e,
object in the final clause. 7 impressive / so many dwellings / have been saved / It’s /
al
that
1 subject + like, love, hate + it + clause
rs
(... )
fo
I love it when the sun sets behind the Pyramids.

3 Copy and complete the sentences using the phrases below.
ot
2 subject + find, think, make, consider + it + adjective +

l. N
clause or infinitive accepts it as find it it’s necessary to it’s their aim to

He thought it odd that the temple was so neglected. it’s unusual that owe it to regards it as
ia
er
We find it difficult to learn new languages.

at
Many people (...1 ) unacceptable that ‘progress’ is regarded as

3 subject + would appreciate + it + if clause
em
the excuse for demolishing old buildings. UNESCO, however,

The owners would appreciate it if you could leave the site
(...2 ) inevitable that some monuments will be damaged – if
pl
as you found it. not by ‘progress’, then by war, conflict or natural disaster.
m
4 subject + see, take, regard, accept, view, owe, leave + it + Sites on its World Heritage in Danger list receive financial
Sa
as + noun / adjective + clause or infinitive assistance from the World Heritage Fund. UNESCO (...3 ) its
She regards it as her duty to keep the language alive. duty to alert the international community, too. Often, (...4 )
They see it as insulting when people take photos without act rapidly, and conservation organisations can do this.
asking. (...5 ) restore and safeguard endangered sites. The sites aren’t
always man-made. (...6 ) a natural site is included, but it does
We owe it to them to keep a record of their achievements.
happen sometimes. We (...7 ) the endangered mountain
gorillas of the Democratic Republic of Congo to protect their
natural habitat, which is included on the list.

GRAMMAR BOOSTER
7.5 Articles and quantifiers 1 Choose the correct alternative.

1 Nothing has changed our work culture more than the /
Articles for generalising a / – computer.
We can use the plural form of a noun or an uncountable 2 For historians, the / a / – time is divided into separate
noun to talk about people or things in general terms. In both phases of change and development.
cases, we omit the article. 3 The / An / – older generation has a different view of social
Scientists can estimate the age of many objects. status from young people.
Information about our family history is now widely available. 4 She was fascinated by the idea of having the / a / –
common ancestor.
We use a/an to generalise about a singular countable item,
animal or person. 5 There are now known to be eight planets in the / a / –
solar system.
A DNA test can provide information about your
6 He was very young when he learned to play the / a / –
family history.
cello.
We can use the + singular countable noun to generalise 7 People sometimes say that the / a / – music is a universal
about a whole class, scientific invention or musical language.
instrument:
8 My grandparents lived during the / a / – time of great
g.
The internet has lots of sites that allow you to create a change.
n
family tree.
yi
It’s easy to learn to play the piano.
2 Copy and complete the sentences with the correct
op
quantifier below. There are two that you do not need
We can use the to talk about our physical environment.
oc
to use.
ot
The planets orbit at different speeds around the sun.
all any enough every few great deal
ph
The climate is changing at an alarming rate.
loads much some whole
or
We can talk about particular groups of people in society
using the + adjective, or the + adjective + noun. 1 This video about tracing family histories has got (... )
g
in
The homeless mainly rely on people’s generosity. of likes.

ut
The richest people own half the world’s wealth. 2 The search didn’t produce (... ) information – just a couple
rib
of old newspaper articles.

Abstract nouns and articles
st
3 We started the search with just a (... ) facts about my

di
We don’t use an article before an uncountable abstract father’s family.

e,
noun to talk about an idea in general. 4 Scientists know a (... ) about the origin of the human
al
Hope is a vital human characteristic. species.

rs
5 She isn’t aware of having (... ) aristocrats or peasants in

fo
We use a/an before the abstract noun when we talk about a her family tree.
ot
specific situation.
6 There have been (... ) pandemics which changed the way
l. N
There was a hope that the research would shed light on we behave.
his family background.
ia
7 I spent the (... ) evening trying to recover the files

er
I’d deleted.
Quantifiers
at
8 Have you had (... ) to eat, or are you still hungry?

em
We use quantifiers (e.g. a few, a little, many, much, any)

before nouns to talk about quantities. The quantifier we 3 Choose the correct alternatives to complete the text.
pl
choose depends on several factors. I’ve been doing some online research on my family tree
m
• Countable or uncountable recently. 1Websites / The websites I’ve looked at have been
Sa
We’ve discovered a few facts about our European very useful but on most of them there is 2a / – subscription
relatives. (countable) fee to access the complete records. 3The curiosity /
We only have a little information about our grandparents. Curiosity is the most important quality you need when
(uncountable) researching your family – you can never ask 4enough /
• Formal or informal every questions about your relatives, in my opinion. In my
case, I want to find 5an / all aristocrat! I love the idea of
We don’t have a great deal of time. (formal)
being related to royalty. It turns out so far that I have
They’ve got loads of famous ancestors. (informal) 6
a few / a little especially interesting relatives. I’ve
• Positive, negative or question uncovered 7much / some information on my mother’s side.
There are some groups of people who travelled across They were connected with 8– / the theatre – actors, writers,
Asia. (positive) etc. On my father’s side, there are 9few / some explorers,
I haven’t checked any details about my trip yet. (negative) one of whom discovered 10a / the new species of bird.
Do you have any information about your profile? (question) Another was a scientist who did some of the first studies of
11
the / – Brazilian rainforest. No aristocrats so far, though!

Grammar booster 145
GRAMMAR BOOSTER
8.2 Advanced infinitive forms 1 In your notebook, put the words in the correct order to
make sentences.
Advanced uses of infinitives 1 a bonus / disappointed / she / not / was / to get
We use the following patterns with the infinitive: (... )
• too + adverb / adjective + (not) to + infinitive 2 he made / to start / the decision / regularly / saving
We use this pattern to explain or give a reason. (... )
He’s too smart not to keep to his credit limit. 3 I have / an apartment / I don’t think / to buy / enough
• verb / adjective + enough + (not) to + infinitive money / in London
I’ve studied enough to pass my exams. (... )
She’s old enough to have her own credit card. 4 a loan / was too high / the interest rate / to take out /
for them
• so + adjective + as + to + infinitive
(... )
This is often used in formal contexts and requests.
5 hope / I’m fifty / to retire / I / by the time
Would you be so kind as to lend me some money?
(... )
• noun + (not) to + infinitive
6 expected / to make / no one / such a / him / risky
This pattern is used with certain nouns (e.g. chance,
investment
g.
decision, reason), or to replace a relative clause where the
(... )
n
infinitive shows how the noun can be used.
yi
I hope you’ll have a chance to explore the city. 7 a well-paid job / a few months later / only to / he got / be
op
made redundant
I have a money box to keep my loose change in. (I have a
oc
(... )
money box which I keep my loose change in.)
ot
8 how she managed / it’s hard / so much money / to
• adjective (e.g. surprised, certain, easy) + (not) to + infinitive
ph
understand / to waste
I’m happy not to go out this evening.
or
(... )
It’s easy to lose money but hard to save it.
g
• the first/second/last/only or superlative + infinitive 2 Copy and complete the dialogue with the correct form of the
in
prompts below.
ut
She was the first of her friends to get a job.

rib
• verb + (not) to + infinitive decide / start easy / use lazy / keep money / buy
st
Dave and Tunde decided not to open up a joint account. only / spend persuade / me / put away promise / not / waste
di
• verb + object + (not) to + infinitive

Ben Have you saved enough (...1 ) a bike yet?
e,
advise, allow, ask, encourage, expect, forbid, need,

al
Yasmin No, I’m too (...2 ) to a budget.

persuade, remind, teach (how), tell, want.
rs
Ben Oh, no!

My partner persuaded me to tighten my belt.
fo
Yasmin Last year, I (...3 ) a savings account.

The financial adviser encouraged him not to invest more.
ot
Ben That’s great.

• only + to + infinitive
l. N
Yasmin And my dad (...4 ) £10 a week.

We use only before a surprising or disappointing outcome.
ia
Ben Fantastic.
She made a fortune only to spend it on a luxury holiday.
er
Yasmin So I saved up £50 (...5 ) it on clothes.

• in some linking or attitude phrases like to be honest, to
at
Ben Oh, no!

em
sum up
Yasmin Yeah. I just find it so (...6 ) my credit card for things
I didn’t have a good feeling about the job, to be honest.
pl
I don’t really need.

m
Infinitive forms Ben Why don’t you (...7 ) money and save it instead?
Sa
Yasmin Easier said than done!

• We put not before to to form the negative infinitive.
She agreed not to go ahead with the investment plan. 3 In your notebook, correct the mistakes with infinitives in
Note that this has a different meaning from putting not the sentences.
before the first verb. 1 He decided didn’t invest his money in the stock market. (... )
She didn’t agree to go ahead with the investment plan. 2 She was happy to paid off her credit card bill. (... )
• We form the perfect infinitive with to have + past 3 He claimed to make a huge profit in the previous year. (... )
participle. It can refer to the past, present or future, 4 They promised don’t spend any more money on designer
depending on the verb that comes before it. clothes. (... )
I’m relieved to have got home safely. 5 By this time next year, I hope to repay most of my loan. (... )
• We can also use the continuous form to be + ing to refer 6 I’d really like sitting on the beach now rather than studying.
to something happening at the same time we are talking (... )
about.
It’s too late to be thinking about selling.

GRAMMAR BOOSTER
8.5 Advanced uses of -ing forms 1 Choose the correct alternative.

We can use -ing forms: 1 Not being / Didn’t being concerned about online fraud,
Geeta used her date of birth as a password.
• after certain verbs to talk about likes and dislikes,
give advice, make suggestions and express 2 I hate be criticising / being criticised for not being more careful
preferences, etc. Some common verbs are: avoid, with my money.
love, consider, enjoy, imagine, like, recommend, 3 Having being told / Having been told she could get a
suggest. refund, Laura filled in the form.
I suggest looking online before going to the shops. 4 She remembered having had / had having trouble with that
• after phrases such as it’s no good, there’s no use / delivery company before.
point and have difficulties. 5 He thought that having not / not having a credit card to buy
things online wouldn’t be a problem.
There’s no point trying to get a refund.
6 Not having being offered / Not having been offered a
• as the object complement of a verb.
big enough discount in the shop, she decided to buy the
A good search engine makes finding specific phone online.
information online easier.
7 Being invited / Being inviting to the launch of a new fashion
• after prepositions (including to) and certain phrases label was very exciting.
e.g., keen on, good at, excited about, aware of.
g.
8 They weren’t aware of having seeing / having seen the
n
Have you given any thought to saving money every notifications.
yi
month?
op
She’s very keen on the idea of getting a job in the 2 In your notebook, put the words in the correct order to
oc
make sentences.
holidays.
ot
1 he / to buy / waiting / the tablet until / recommended / the
• as the subject or part of the subject of a verb.
ph
sales started
Buying online has overtaken shopping in the high
(... )
street.
or
2 shopping online / it’s / for clothes / try on / no good / that you
g
• after possessive adjectives (my, your, his/her/its, our,
in
can’t
their).
ut
(... )
His worrying about interest rates is not justified.
rib
3 really excited / we’re / our flights / about / booking

• in participle clauses to express the order of events,
st
(... )
reasons, result or condition.
di
4 things / to the wrong address / delivered / is a / having /

Before ordering, you should check the product details.
e,
common problem
al
The parcel was delivered to the wrong address,

(... )
rs
resulting in confusion and disappointment.

5 about getting / her / a product / was ignored / complaining /
fo
Present participle forms she didn’t order

ot
(... )
l. N
• We usually form negative -ing forms by putting not

before the -ing form. 6 booking tickets online, / went up / I noticed / while / the price
ia
(... )
er
Not checking the product code, he ordered the wrong

7 leaving school / working / she’s been / part-time / since
at
item.
(... )
em
• We form perfect -ing forms with having + past

participle. We use perfect -ing forms to refer to a time 8 you avoid / shipping costs / by becoming / paying / a
pl
before the time in the main clause. member / did / ?

m
He denied having been in debt. (... )

Sa
This is in contrast with a simple -ing form which 3 Copy and complete the sentences using the correct infinitive
refers to the same time as the main clause. or -ing form of the words in brackets.
He denied being in debt. 1 I imagine (... ) (deliver) parcels all day must be a tough job.
• We use passive -ing forms to focus on the subject of 2 She’s always been prepared (... ) (spend) a lot of money to be
the sentence and the action rather than the person fashionable.
doing the action. 3 Customers don’t like (... ) (inform) that a product is
I love being told I’m good at something. unavailable.
The two young men complained about having been 4 We don’t have enough money (... ) (go) on holiday this year.
refused entry to the club. 5 He was the first person in our class (... ) (get) a job.
6 I had problems (... ) (order) a takeaway online and paid twice
for the food.
7 (... ) (have) a lot of complaints, the company upgraded
their website.
8 She waited an hour for her train only (... ) (tell) it had
been cancelled.

Grammar booster 147
IRREGULAR VERBS
Base form Past simple Past participle Base form Past simple Past participle
be was / were been lend lent lent
become became become lose lost lost
begin began begun make made made
bend bent bent mean meant meant
bite bit bitten meet met met
blow blew blown overcome overcame overcome
break broke broken pay paid paid
bring brought brought put put put
build built built read read read
burn burned / burnt burned / burnt ride rode ridden
buy bought bought ring rang rung
can could been able to run ran run
n g.
catch caught caught say said said
yi
choose chose chosen see saw seen
op
come came come sell sold sold
oc
ot
cost cost cost send sent sent
ph
cut cut cut set set set
do did done shake
or shook shaken
g
draw drew drawn shine shone shone
in
ut
drink drank drunk shoot shot shot

rib
drive drove driven show showed showed / shown

st
eat ate eaten shut shut shut

di
fall fell fallen sing sang sung

e,
al
feel felt felt sink sank sunk

rs
fight fought fought sit sat sat

fo
find found found sleep slept slept

ot
fly flew flown smell smelled / smelt smelled / smelt

l. N
forget forgot forgotten speak spoke spoken

ia
er
get got got spell spelled / spelt spelled / spelt

at
give gave given spend spent spent

em
go went gone spill spilled / spilt spilled / spilt

pl
grow grew grown stand stood stood

m
hang hung hung steal stole stolen

Sa
have had had swim swam swum

hear heard heard take took taken
hide hid hidden teach taught taught
hit hit hit tell told told
keep kept kept think thought thought
know knew known throw threw thrown
lay laid laid understand understood understood
lead led led wake woke woken
learn learned / learnt learned / learnt wear wore worn
leave left left win won won
write wrote written

148 Irregular verbs
EXTRA ACTIVITIES
Lesson 1.1 Exercise 9
Do you have a
growth mindset
or a
fixed mindset?
1
Choose which option: a, b or c best describes your reaction to find out what type of mindset you have!
You can get your ideal job after leaving school if you speak two more foreign languages.
a You’ve researched courses in Japanese and Norwegian and can’t wait to start learning.
b Two new languages? Forget it! One foreign language is all you can manage.
c You’d love the job, but you aren’t sure if you’ll manage to learn two new languages!
ng.
You have a small part in a school play. The director asks you to say your lines more clearly and slowly.
yi
a You’re rather annoyed at the criticism. After all, she’s just an amateur, like yourself.
op
b You feel embarrassed, but you hope you’ll sound better next rehearsal.
oc
c You practise your lines at home and then ask a friend to record you to see if you have improved.
ot
3 ph
Some friends play tennis every weekend and keep asking you to join them, but you’ve never learned how to play.
a You find a part-time job to help pay for tennis lessons. You’d love to be able to join your friends on the court.
or
b You explain the situation, and say you’ll come and just watch them.
g
in
c You say you don’t have time to play. You’re too shy to explain you can’t play.
4
ut
rib
One of your friends is a very talented guitar player. In fact, he’s much better than you.
a You wish you had his talent, but practice makes perfect, and you’re improving all the time.
st
di
b You envy him, but accept that you’ll never be a good player.
c You think to yourself: ‘Some people have all the luck!’
e,
5
al
rs
A friend recently showed you how to play chess. You’re new at the game, so you make mistakes and your
fo
opponents beat you in just a few moves.

a You find a great app and practise whenever you can. Your opponents had better watch out!
ot
b You also laugh when you lose. After all, chess is just a game.
l. N
c You stop playing. Your friends tease you about the fact that you always lose.
ia
6
er
You used to get good marks at school, but lately you’ve been finding school work more difficult.
at
a You decide to manage your time better so that you can spend more time studying.
em
b As long as you pass your exams at the end of the term, you’ll be all right.
c You accept that you aren’t as intelligent as some other people in your class.
pl
7
m
Sa
You applied for internships at six different companies, but you made a mess of your interviews.
a You work out where you went wrong, and prepare thoroughly for your next interview. Seventh time lucky!
b You’re very disappointed and hope that your next interview – if there is one – will go better.
c You’re furious. Obviously, the interviewers just couldn’t see that you were the best candidate for the internship.
Score: 16–21: You definitely have a growth mindset! You are persistent and resilient
and understand the value of positive thoughts, habits and routines. You realise that
everyone has weaknesses, but you know you can improve. You aren’t threatened by
1 a = 3; b = 1; c = 2 challenges; in fact, you see them as opportunities.
2 a = 1; b = 2; c = 3
3 a = 3; b = 2; c = 1 11–15: You’re in good company if this is your score! It isn’t easy to recognise your
4 a = 2; b = 3; c = 1 own weaknesses. Nor is it easy to take criticism, even when it is constructive. You
5 a = 1; b = 3; c = 2 are sometimes tempted to give up when faced with challenges, but on the whole, you
manage fairly well. However, if you believe that you can change and improve, you will.
6 a = 2; b = 1; c = 3
7 a = 1; b = 3; c = 2 7–10: You have a fixed mindset – for the time being. Everyone can feel vulnerable,
overwhelmed and even resentful at times, but things don’t always have to be this way.
Try to see challenges as opportunities. Hard work and consistency may not always
take you to the top, but they will take you quite a long way!

Extra activities 149
EXTRA ACTIVITIES
Lesson 1.2, Ex 9 Lesson 3.2, Ex 8

Student A Discuss the questions in your groups.
Look at the information below and invent supporting details
• When did you last have your hair cut? Who did it for you?
Were you happy with the cut?
about the person and their achievement. Then invent two
further surprising facts about them. Tell Student B about the • Have you ever had anything stolen from you (a phone, a bike,
person and answer Student B’s questions. your wallet)? What happened?
• Have you ever had anything confiscated by a teacher (a
A classmate’s performance of a song has gone viral on social phone, chewing gum, your book or notes)? Why? Did you get
media and according to the local press, she has been asked to it/them back?
record an album with a famous music label. Neither you nor
your partner knew that she was a talented singer-songwriter.
A music critic has called her the next music sensation.
Now listen to Student B. Ask questions (who, what, where, Lesson 3.8, Ex 4
when, how, etc.) and react to what they say, using as many Read the dialogue. Make any necessary changes to make it
question forms as possible. more polite and diplomatic. Then practise reading out your
new politer version with your partner.
n g.
A: I need to talk to you.
yi
Speaking 2.8, Ex 7 B: Why?
op
Work in pairs. Take turns to describe a photo. Student A: There’s a problem with your assignment. You need to
oc
A describes photo A and Student B describes photo B. Use completely rewrite it.
ot
phrases from the Phrasebook as well as defining relative B: Really? I don’t want to do that!
ph
clauses to specify or define who or what you are talking A: If you don’t make changes, I’ll have to fail you.
about and non-defining relative clauses to add information
or
B: But I don’t know what I’ve done wrong. I need you to
g
about them. Listen carefully to your partner and think of tell me.
in
three follow-up questions to ask them when they have A: I suppose I could do that.
ut
finished talking. Answer your partner’s follow-up questions.

B: Thank you.
rib
A
st
di
e,
Lesson 4.1, Ex 7
al
rs
metaphor a word or phrase used to describe somebody /

fo
something else, in a way that is different from its normal use, in

ot
order to show that the two things have the same qualities and
l. N
to make the description more powerful, for example, She has a

ia
heart of stone.
er
irony the funny or strange aspect of a situation that is very

at
different from what you expect, for example, The irony is that
em
when he finally got the job, he discovered he didn’t like it.

pl
pun the clever or humorous use of a word that has more than
m
one meaning, or of words that have different meanings but

Sa
sound the same, for example, We’re banking on them lending us

B the money – no pun intended!
rhyme a word that has the same sound or ends with the same
sound as another word, for example, claim and shame.
simile a word or phrase that compares something to
something else, using the words like or as, for example, her face
was as white as snow.
Adapted from Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 10th Edition, 9780194798488
1 Satisfaction comes from choosing your own road in life.

(metaphor)
2 Heavy as a feather. (simile)
3 Shave time, shave money. (pun)
4 Grace. Space. Pace. (rhyme)
5 Phone out of service? Give us a call. (irony)

150 Extra activities Complete all activities in your notebook.
EXTRA ACTIVITIES
Lesson 5.8, Ex 6 Lesson 6.5, Ex 6

Answer these questions using one of the structures in the
grammar box on page 83.
What’s the most difficult decision you’ve had to make?
How did you make it? Did you ask for help or do it on your own?
What was your solution?
Example: It was the decision of which subject to study for my
degree that I found most difficult. What I did was talk to lots
of different people and ask for their opinion. What helped me
most was the advice I got from my grandmother!
Lesson 1.2, Ex 9
Student B
g.
Look at the information below and invent supporting details
n
yi
about the person and their achievement. Then invent two
op
further surprising facts about them. Tell Student A about the
oc
person and answer Student A’s questions.
ot
A 15-year-old teenager in your town has won a prestigious
ph
science award for developing an ingenious method for
or
removing microplastics from water. There is an article about
him in the local press and the national press has also picked
g
in
up the story.
ut
rib
Now listen to Student A. Ask questions (who, what, where,

when, how, etc.) and react to what they say, using as many
st
question forms as possible.

di
e,
al
rs
fo
ot
l. N
ia
er
at
• Student B, compare and contrast the two photos above. Use

em
phrases from the Phrasebook and the strategy.

pl
• Student A, listen to your partner. Which phrases from the

m
Phrasebook and strategy do they use? What can you add to

Sa
their description?

Extra activities 151
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Liburu honetan idazteko proposatzen diren ariketa guztiak
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kuaderno batean aparte bete behar dira, inoiz ez liburuan.
Oxford University Press, at the address above
Tódalas actividades de carácter escrito propostas neste libro
You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose
débense realizar nun caderno aparte, nunca no propio libro.
this same condition on any acquirer
g.
Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for
n
information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials
yi
contained in any third party website referenced in this work
op
ISBN: 978 0 19 406374 6
oc
Printed in TBC
ot
This book is printed on paper from certified and well-managed sources
ph
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
or
The authors and publisher are grateful to those who have given permission to
reproduce the following extracts and adaptations of copyright material: p.81 and
g
p.150 Definitions from Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 10th Edition,
in
© Oxford University Press 2020. Reproduced by permission.

ut
Sources: p.10 ‘How Praise Became a Consolation Prize’ by Christine Gross-Loh,

rib
The Atlantic; p.13 https://www.futuretimeline.net/; p.24 information from

www.wayup.com; www.nationainternday.com; p.37 The MY HERO Project
st
(myhero.com); www.thevalidationproject.org; www.youthactioninternational.

di
org; p.38 ‘Mobile phones should be banned in schools – Gavin Williamson’

e,
by Cristina Criddle, BBC News, April 2021; p.58 Langer, E., Blank, A., &
al
Chanowitz, B. (1978), ‘The mindlessness of Ostensibly Thoughtful Action:

The Role of “Placebic” Information in Interpersonal Interaction’ in Journal of
rs
Personality and Social Psychology, 36(6), 635–642, American Psychological

fo
Association; p.79 ‘Genographic Project’ National Geographic magazine and

IBM; p.82 https://msf.org.uk/, www.unicef.org, https://www.icrc.org/; p.83
ot
www.savethechildren.org; p.93–94 information from https://ich.unesco.org/;

l. N
p.109 ‘Local currencies the German way: the chiemgauer’ by Jon Palmer and
Patrick Collinson, September 2011, The Guardian, and www.chiemgauer.info;
ia
www.auroville.org.
er
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at
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em
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oo Y

Student’s Book Pack

with Digital Student’s Book

Includes: External exam preparation • Mediation

Digital literacy • Progress tracking and online evaluation

Student’s Book Pack

with Digital Student’s Book

Todas las actividades de carácter escrito Liburu honetan idazteko proposatzen

UNIT VOCABULARY 1 GRAMMAR 1 LISTENING VOCABULARY 2

The language of Modals of speculation Long-distance Using gestures

Vocabulary: advertising Contractions Strategy: Listening to Communication

Channels of Vlog longer texts

Review p.61 Exam skills p.62

Participatory culture Conditionals Breaking barriers Boosting self-esteem

Vocabulary: Fan fiction Strategy: Distinguishing Vocabulary: Self-esteem

and online communities main ideas from secondary

p.64 Connected speech

6 Migration Advanced reported Dystopian fiction Coming to the rescue

Vocabulary: Migrating speech structures Strategy: Distinguishing Vocabulary: Humanitarian

Vlog between opinions and organisations

p.78 Review p.89 Exam skills p.90

natural heritage Recognising weak vowels

Review p.117 Exam skills p.118

© Oxford University Press

GRAMMAR 2 READING GLOBAL SKILLS SPEAKING WRITING

point of view persuading structure

Vocabulary: Sense of Phrasebook: A for and

smell against essay

Documentary A cool commercial

and verb Strategy: Recognising unconscious bias photos Strategy: Using

hedging Vocabulary: Bias and Strategy: Making deductions vocabulary to sound

contrasting Phrasebook: An email

Emphasis The Ripple Effect Planning a successful Giving a presentation A review

Strategy: Recognising presentation Strategy: Reformulating Strategy: Evaluating

paraphrasing Vocabulary: Planning Phrasebook: Giving a Phrasebook: A review

Vocabulary: Social presentations presentation

© Oxford University Press

the most frequent regrets expressed by the elderly was to meet.

6 VOCABULARY Work in pairs. In your notebook,

Dr Anna Akbari, a sociologist and blogger, says that before

sure we have the right ones. We need friends, but we should

1 Sad feelings because of something that has happened or

that you have or haven’t done.

time with lately to decide if they really make suitable friends.

© Oxford University Press

Time for sport 3 VOCABULARY Work in pairs. Check the

they may have had their own games.

to talk about past habits and typical behaviour.

2 We use used to + infinitive to talk about past states.

3 We use be used to + -ing to talk about activities

that we become familiar with. It can refer to the

work, so they were used to being active. GRAMMAR BOOSTER P129

Today the negative effects of our modern inactive lifestyle have

Home comforts 3 GRAMMAR Copy and complete the sentences with

Academic success can be hard to achieve if you don’t have or

space is their bedroom. Evidently, working at home can

be advantageous. We might have a support network of GRAMMAR BOOSTER P130

central heating for the winter months and there should be

1 They must / can’t / needn’t be hungry after walking all

on and find out.

achievable inevitable malleable • Is the situation inevitable?

A explains why Susan approached her and how they