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Phys8017 QFT (I) - Spring 2024: Instructor: Chang-Tse Hsieh Problem Set #1 (75 PTS) Due

This document outlines Problem Set #1 for the QFT course Phys8017. It consists of 7 problems, with the first 4 being exercises from the textbook. Problem 5 involves verifying normalization factors for many-particle states. Problem 6 asks to show that commutators of second-quantized operators are consistent with commutators of the corresponding first-quantized operators. Problem 7 involves diagonalizing a Hamiltonian for fermions on a 1D lattice and determining its energy spectrum and locations of gap closings.

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68 views2 pages

Phys8017 QFT (I) - Spring 2024: Instructor: Chang-Tse Hsieh Problem Set #1 (75 PTS) Due

This document outlines Problem Set #1 for the QFT course Phys8017. It consists of 7 problems, with the first 4 being exercises from the textbook. Problem 5 involves verifying normalization factors for many-particle states. Problem 6 asks to show that commutators of second-quantized operators are consistent with commutators of the corresponding first-quantized operators. Problem 7 involves diagonalizing a Hamiltonian for fermions on a 1D lattice and determining its energy spectrum and locations of gap closings.

Uploaded by

hoypierrebajona
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Phys8017 QFT (I) – Spring 2024

Instructor: Chang-Tse Hsieh

Problem Set #1 [75 pts] Due March 20, 2024

Problems 1 to 4 [10 pts each] are exercises in [Lancaster-Blundell]:

1. Exercise (2.2)

2. Exercise (2.4)

3. Exercise (3.3)

4. Exercise (4.3)

5. [10 pts] Verify that the normalization factors defined in Eqs (3.24)-(3.26) in [Lancaster-Blundell]
are consistent with the definition of a general (occupation number represented) state:

|n1 · · · ni · · · ⟩ := (ĉ†1 )n1 · · · (ĉ†i )ni · · · |0⟩, ni = 0 or 1.

6. [10 pts] Let Â, B̂, and Cˆ be first-quantized single-particle operators and Â, B̂, and Ĉ be their
second-quantized many-body upgrades, respectively. Show that if [Â, B̂] = Cˆ then [Â, B̂] = Ĉ.
P
(Remember that for a single-particle operator Ô = α,β Oαβ |α⟩ ⟨β|, where the matrix elements
Oαβ = ⟨α| Ô |β⟩ are taken in the single-particle Hilbert space, its second-quantized upgrade takes
the form Ô = α,β Oαβ â†α âβ , where â†α and âβ are creation and annihilation operators acting on
P

the many-particle Fock space.)

7. [15 pts] Consider the following Hamiltonian of fermions on a one-dimensional lattice:


N   N N  
ĉ†j+1 ĉj ĉ†j ĉj+1 ĉ†j ĉj ĉ†j+1 ĉ†j + ĉj ĉj+1 .
X X X
Ĥ = −t + −µ +∆
j=1 j=1 j=1

Here we impose the periodic boundary condition ĉ†j+N = ĉ†j and ĉj+N = ĉj .
√1 eikja ck
P
(1) Write the Hamiltonian in the momentum space using Fourier transform, cj = N k
and c†j = √1N k e−ikja c†k with k ∈ [− πa , πa ), and put it in the form
P

Ψ†k H(k)Ψk ,
X
Ĥ =
k
 T
up to a constant term. Here Ψk = ĉ−k , ĉ†k and H(k) is a 2 × 2 Hermitian matrix of the form
 
A(k) B(k)
B ∗ (k) −A(k)
, where A(k) and B(k) are some functions of k.
(2) Show that the single-particle Hamiltonian H(k) has a particle-hole symmetry, namely there
exists a 2 × 2 unitary matrix UC such that

UC† H∗ (−k)UC = −H(k).

Argue that, given a solution of H(k) with energy ϵ and momentum k, there is also a solution with
energy −ϵ and momentum −k according to the above particle-hole symmetry.

1
(3) Diagonalize H(k) and express Ĥ in the form
X  † 
Ĥ = ϵk γ̂k γ̂k − 1/2 ,
k

up to a constant term. Here γ̂k† and γ̂k are certain linear combinations of ĉ†±k and ĉ±k satisfying
fermionic creation and annihilation anti-commutation relations

{γ̂k , γ̂ℓ† } = δkℓ ; {γ̂k† , γ̂ℓ† } = {γ̂k , γ̂ℓ } = 0.

(4) Set ∆ = t. Plot the energy levels E(k) = ±ϵk (in unit of t) against k for a few values of
µ/t. Determine the values of µ/t where Ĥ becomes gapless (i.e. where the energy gap mink (2|ϵk |)
vanishes) and find the dispersion around the gap-closing momentum k0 , i.e. find E(k − k0 ) for
|a(k − k0 )| ≪ 1.

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