INTRODUCTION TO DATABSE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

A Database Management System (DBMS) is a software application that allows users to

create, manage, and manipulate databases. It serves as an interface between users and the
database, providing tools and functionalities to store, retrieve, update, and analyze data
efficiently. Databases are structured collections of related data that are organized and stored
in a systematic manner. They are used to store and manage large amounts of data for various
applications and industries. A DBMS provides the necessary infrastructure and mechanisms
to manage these database effectively.Examples of DBMS's
include MySQL, MariaDB, PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL server, Oracle Database,
and Microsoft Access.
A Database management system is defined as a “collection of data organized and structured
in a way that allows efficient storage, retrieval, and manipulation of data.” It consists of a
system that serves as the software to manage the database, along with the data itself and
various other components.The primary purpose of a DBMS is to provide an efficient and
secure way to store and retrieve data. It ensures data integrity, consistency, and security by
implementing various features and functionalities. Some of the key components and features
of a DBMS include:
1. Data Definition Language (DDL): DDL allows users to define the structure of the
database, including creating tables, specifying relationships between tables, and defining
constraints.
2. Data Manipulation Language (DML): DML provides commands for users to manipulate
and retrieve data from the database. It includes operations such as inserting, updating,
deleting, and querying data.
3. Data Query Language (DQL): DQL enables users to retrieve specific data from the
database using queries. It allows users to specify conditions, filters, and sorting criteria to
retrieve relevant data.
4. Data Control Language (DCL): DCL controls access to the database by defining user
permissions and enforcing security measures. It includes commands to grant or revoke
privileges to users and manage user roles.

Benefits of using a DBMS:

1. Data Centralization: A DBMS allows for the centralization of data, eliminating the
need for redundant data storage. This reduces data duplication and improves data
consistency.
2. Data Integrity: A DBMS enforces data integrity constraints, ensuring that data
entered into the database meets predefined rules and standards. This helps maintain
the accuracy and reliability of the data.
3. Data Security: A DBMS provides mechanisms to control access to the database,
protecting sensitive data from unauthorized access. It includes features such as user
authentication, encryption, and access control.
 4. Data Consistency: A DBMS ensures that data remains consistent by enforcing
referential integrity and maintaining data relationships across different tables.
5. Data Scalability: A DBMS allows for the efficient management and scaling of data as
the volume of data increases. It provides mechanisms for data partitioning,
replication, and distribution across multiple servers.
A Database Management System is a crucial tool for managing and utilizing databases
effectively. It offers benefits such as data centralization, data integrity, data security, and
data scalability. By providing a structured and secure environment for data storage and
retrieval, a DBMS plays a vital role in modern applications and organizations.

TYPES OF DATABASE SYSTEMS:-

There are different types of database systems, each designed to handle specific data models
and use cases. Here are some of the commonly used types:
1. Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS):
- Relational database systems store data in tabular form, where data is organized into
tables with rows and columns.
- They use Structured Query Language (SQL) for data manipulation and retrieval.
- RDBMS systems ensure data integrity through defined relationships between tables
using primary keys and foreign keys.
- Examples: Oracle Database, MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server.
2. NoSQL Database Management Systems (NoSQL DBMS):
- NoSQL databases are designed to handle unstructured and semi-structured data,
providing high scalability and flexibility.
- They use non-relational data models like key-value, document, columnar, and graph.
- NoSQL databases offer horizontal scalability, allowing data to be distributed across
multiple servers.
- Examples: MongoDB, Cassandra, Redis.
3. NewSQL Database Management Systems (NewSQL DBMS):
- NewSQL databases aim to combine the scalability of NoSQL databases with the ACID
(Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) properties of traditional RDBMS.
- They provide high performance and scalability for large-scale applications with
complex data requirements.
- NewSQL databases support structured query languages like SQL.
- Examples: CockroachDB, Google Spanner, VoltDB.
4. Object-Oriented Database Management Systems (OODBMS):
- Object-oriented databases store data as objects, which encapsulate both data and
behavior.
 - They provide support for inheritance, encapsulation, and polymorphism.
- OODBMS systems are suitable for applications with complex data structures and
object-oriented programming languages.
- Examples: db4o, Versant.
5. Graph Database Management Systems (Graph DBMS):
- Graph databases store and represent data using nodes, edges, and properties.
- They are designed to handle highly interconnected data, such as social networks or
recommendation systems.
- Graph DBMS systems provide efficient traversal and querying capabilities for
analyzing relationships between data entities.
- Examples: Neo4j, Amazon Neptune, JanusGraph.
6. Key-Value Store Database Management Systems (Key-Value DBMS):
- Key-value databases store data as a collection of key-value pairs.
- They are simple and highly scalable, making them suitable for caching, session
management, and distributed systems.
- Key-value stores offer fast read and write operations but have limited querying
capabilities.
- Examples: Redis, Amazon DynamoDB, Apache Cassandra.
Fig .Types of database management systems