Revision for Sec 3Exp End-of-Year Examination 2023 - Additional Mathematics

Ch. 1 Quadratic Functions y = ax² + bx + c

Name of form: Function Can read from it: Need to calculate:

General Form y = ax2 + bx + c y-intercept = c the x-intercepts:
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎
Factorised y = a( x − h)( x − k ) y-intercepts (let x=0)
Form o a > 0  minimum point x-intercepts, and
x = h and x = k turning point at
o a < 0  maximum point
h+k
x=
2
Completed y = a (x – h)² + k The x-intercepts
Square form o a > 0  minimum point tuning point is (h, k) (let y = 0)

o a < 0  maximum point

- Sketch of quadratic curve:

o show the turning point and the y-intercept
o show the x-intercepts if possible
o smooth and symmetrical  or  shape

- Use ‘Completing the squares’ to find turning point of quadratic equations:

o a > 0  minimum point
o a < 0  maximum point
o y = a (x – h)² + k  tuning point is (h, k), y-intercept is (ah² + k)
eg. 4y = 3 – 5 (x + 2)² has a max. point at ( , )

o If a > 0 and k > 0, then y is always positive (entirely above x-axis)

o If a < 0 and k < 0, then y is always negative (entirely below –axis)

- Use the x-intercepts to find turning point:

▪ eg. y = (x + 2) (x – 4)  turning pt at x = _____ & y = ____

- Applications of Quadratic functions:

o Given turning point (p, q): The function is y = a (x − p)² + q

o Given x-intercepts (h, k): The function is y = a (x − h) (x− k)

o Substitute a given point on the curve to find the value of ‘a’

1
Ch. 2 Equations and Inequalities
−b  b 2 − 4ac
Formula for Quadratic Equation ax² + bx + c = 0 is x =
2a

- Discriminant of quadratic equation is: D = b² − 4 ac

Nature of roots Condition for line intersecting curve Discriminant

Real and distinct roots the line cuts the curve at two distinct points D>0
Real and repeated / the line touches the curve or
Equal roots D=0
the line is a tangent to the curve

No real roots / D<0

the line does not intersect the curve
Imaginary roots / ax² + bx + c is always positive;
a > 0 and
the curve lies entirely above x-axis;
y > 0 for all real values of x D<0
ax² + bx + c is always negative;
a < 0 and
the curve lies entirely below x-axis;
D<0
y < 0 for all real values of x.
Real roots the line cuts the curve D≥0

- Solving simultaneous linear and non-linear equations

o To find the point of intersection is to solve the equations simultaneously by
using the method of substitution.
o Need to find the values of x and y and write them in order as the final answer.
Check whether question asks for cooridinates form!

- Solving quadratic inequalities:

o make sure the coefficient of x² is positive.

o Bring all the terms to LHS of the inequality, leaving RHS zero.
o Factorise the quadratic expression on LHS to obtain the x-intercepts
o Must show sketch of curve:

+ +
a _ b

(x − a)(x − b) > 0 gives x < a or x > b

(x − a)(x − b) < 0 gives a < x < b.

2
Ch. 3 Surd:
1 a
- the four operation: eg. a a =a and =
a a

- basic properties:
a a
a  b = ab ; = ; m a + n a = (m + n) a .
b b
- basic operations:
p a  q a = ( p  q) a ;
p a  q b = pq ab .

- Rationalizing the denominator: multiply conjugate surd,

( a + b )( a − b ) = a − b

- Equality of surds:
If p + q a = r + s a , then p = r and q = s.

Ch. 4 Polynomials and Partial Fractions

- The identities, eg, 3x³ + 5x² - 4x -3 ≡ (Ax+2)(x+B) (x-1) + C, can be solved by:
o expand RHS expression and compare the coefficient of respective term,
o substitute suitable values of x (may need to solve simultaneous equations)

- Remainder Theorem:
b
o When f(x) is divided by (ax + b), the remainder is f ( − )
a
- Factor Theorem:
b
o If (ax + b) is a factor of f(x), then f (− ) = 0.
a
- When f(x) is divided by (ax² + bx + c), the remainder is a linear expression
o f(x) = Q(x) × (ax² + bx + c) + (px + q)
where Q(x) is the quotient and (px + q) is the remainder.

- Solving cubic equations: ax³ + bx² + cx + d = 0

o In general, there are 3 factors.
o Use factor theorem (trial-and-error) to get the first factor, followed by using
long-division to obtain the other quadratic factors. Then solve the quad eq by
formula or factorization.

3
 ▪ eg to solve 6x³ - 19x² + x + 6 = 0
Let f(x) =6x³ - 19x² + x + 6
f(3) = 6(27) −19(9) + 3 + 6 = 0
 (x − 3) is a factor,
Then by long division, we
get
(x – 3) (6x² - x – 2) = 0
(x – 3 )(2x +1) (3x -2) = 0
X = 3, - ½, ⅔.

- Sum and difference of two cubes:

a³ + b³ = (a + b) (a² − ab + b²) ;
a³ − b³ = (a − b) (a² + ab + b²).

Partial Fractions
P(𝑥)
Step 1: Check that is a proper fraction [degree of P(x) < degree of Q(x) ]
Q(𝑥)

If it is improper, use long division to get the proper fraction.

Step 2: Factorise the denominator Q(x) completely if it is not.

Step 3: Look at the factors in the denominator. Use one of the following rules to write
down the forms of the partial factions.

<1> Distinct linear factors: eg (2x + 3) (5x − 4)

𝑃(𝑥) 𝐴 𝐵
Rule 1: express (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)(𝑐𝑥+𝑑)
= 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 + 𝑐𝑥+𝑑 where A and B are constants

<2> Repeated linear factors: eg (3x −1) (2x + 3)²

𝑃(𝑥) 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Rule 2: express (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)(𝑐𝑥+𝑑)² = + 𝑐𝑥+𝑑 + (𝑐𝑥+𝑑)² where A,B and C are constants
𝑎𝑥+𝑏

<3> Quadratic factor which cannot be factorised: eg (2x + 3) (x² + 4)

𝑃(𝑥) 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶
Rule 3: express (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)(𝑥 2+𝑐²) = 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 + 𝑥²+𝑐² where A, B and C are constants

4
Ch. 5 Exponential and Logarithmic functions

Law of indices Law of logarithm

a0 =1 log a 1 = 0
a1 = a log a a = 1

am  an = am+n log a m + log a n = loga (m×n)

m
am  an = am-n log a m − log a n = log a
n
(a m) n = a mn log a m n = n × (log a m )

1 log c b
a–m= Change of base law: loga b =
am log c a
1
1
am = m
a in particular, loga b =
log b a

- Index form  log form :

eg. 5 = 2x  log2 5 = x

- Common log = lg x = log x = log10 x

- Natural log = log e x = ln x [ e is called the exponential constant = 2.718284…]

- Solving exponential equations:

o Type 1: Change to the same base on both sides, eg, 81x = 32x + 1

o Type 2: Apply log or ln to both sides, eg 2x = 3 2x – 1 or ex = 4

o Type 3: By using substitution of y = 2x , eg 4x+1 – 3 = 2x + 4

- Solving logarithmic equations:

o Collect all the log terms on one side
o Use log laws to simplify all terms into one single log term
o Move the log to the other side to solve the equation
o Remember to substitute the x to the original equation to check whether the
answer is valid,
because log x y is defined for x > 0 (but not 1) and y > 0.
▪ eg lg (x+2) = 2 – lg (x – 1)

5
- Graphs of exponential functions
For graph of y = a bx ,

(i) Asymptote is y = 0,
(because abx  0 for all x)

(ii) the y-intercept = 1.

For graph of y = a bx + c

(i) Asymptote is y = c,
(because abx  0 for all x)
(ii) the y-intercept = 1 + c.

- Graphs of logarithmic functions

For graph of y = log x ,

(i) Asymptote is x = 0,
(because log 0 is undefined)

(ii) the x-intercept = 1.

For graph of y = log (ax+b),

(i) Asymptote is when ax+b = 0

(ii) the x-intercept is when ax+b = 1

6
Ch. 7 Coordinates Geometry
- Distance between (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) = ( x1 − x 2 ) 2 + ( y 1 − y 2 ) 2
 x1 + x 2 y 1 + y 2 
- Mid-point of (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) =  , 
 2 2 
- Gradient:
y1 − y 2 θ
o Gradient of (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is
x1 − x 2
o Gradient of line inclined at angle θ with the positive x-axis = tan θ
o Gradient of horizontal line = 0
o Gradient of vertical line = undefined
o Gradient of parallel lines are equal
1
o Gradient of perpendicular lines: m1 × m2 = − 1 or m1 = −
m2
o Collinear points : A, B and C are collinear if mAB = mBC

- Vertices of Parallelogram ABCD : (incl. rectangles, rhombus, squares)

o sum of opposite pairs of coordinates are equal,
i.e. xA + xC = xB + xD and yA + yC = yB + yD

- Area of polygons: use ‘lattice method’ [vertices arranged in anti-clockwise order]

xA xB xC xD xA
eg. area of ABCD = ½ =½| − |
yA yB yC yD yA

- Properties of Parallelogram ABCD

o all parallelogram : diagonals bisect each other,
ie. mid-pt of AC = mid-pt of BD

o Parallelogram ABCD is a rectangle

 length of AC = length of BD [diagonals]
or grad. of AB ⊥ grad of BC [adj sides]

o Parallelogram ABCD is rhombus

 grad of AC ⊥ grad of BD [diagonals]
or length of AB = length of BC [adj sides]

o Parallelogram ABCD is a square if it’s both a rectangle and a rhombus.

- To find equation of straight line :

y = mx + c [ m – gradient, c – y-intercept ]
or (y – y1) = m (x – x1) [ (x1, y1) is a point on the line]

o Need to know gradient and one point on the line

o point on y-axis  x = 0
o point on x-axis  y = 0
o If AB and CD cuts at point M  solve the equations of AB and CD
simultaneously to find the coordinates of M
o Equation of perpendicular bisector of AB : find mid-point of AB and ⊥ grad of
AB.

7
Ch. 9 Application of Straight line graphs [ Linear Law ]

- To change non-linear functions to linear form Y = mX + C

eg. xy = 3y² + 5  straight line graph is obtained when we plot xy against y², the
gradient is 3 and the vertical intercept is at 5.
- log is applied when the non-linear functions involve powers(indices)

eg. y = Akx  lg y = lg A + x lg k  plot lg y against x

- ln is applied when the non-linear functions involve base e.

eg. y = 3 e -2x  ln y = ln 3 – 2x  plot ln y against x

- Plot the straight line graph, make sure it cuts the vertical axis.

▪ Use the gradient and vertical-intercept to find the unknowns in the original
equations.

Ch. 10 Trigonometric Functions

- Basic Identities:
1 1 sin x 1 cos x
sin x = : cos x = ; tan x = = ; cot x =
cos ecx sec x cos x cot x sin x

- Complementary and Negative angles:

i) ( )
sin 90  − x = cos x ; ( )
cos 90 − x = sin x ; ( )
tan 90 − x = cot x
ii) sin (−x) = − sin x ; cos ( − x) = cos x ; tan (− x) = − tan x

- Basic Angle: Refers to the acute angle the line made with the x-axis, denoted by .

A A A
A , 
 

Q1: A =  Q2: A = 180 −  Q3: A = 180 +  Q4: A = 360 − 

sin A = sin  sin (180 - ) = sin  sin (180 + ) = −sin  sin (360 − ) = − sin 
cos A = cos  cos (180 −) = − cos  cos (180+ ) = −cos  cos (360 −) = cos 
tan A = tan  tan (180 −) = − tan  tan (180 + ) = tan  tan (360 −) = − tan 

- Principal values

Function Principal values of x

𝜋 𝜋
y = sin x −90° ≤ x ≤ 90° −2 ≤ x≤ 2 x = sin -1 y, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1

y = cos x 0° ≤ x ≤ 180° 0≤x≤ x = cos -1 y, −1≤ x ≤ 1

𝜋 𝜋
y = tan x −90° < x < 90° −2 <x< 2 x = tan -1 y, any real no.

8
- Trigo. Ratio of Special Angles
   
x 0 = 0 rad 30 = rad 45 = rad 60 = rad 90 = rad
6 4 3 2
1 2 3
sin 0 1
2 2 2

3 2 1
cos 1 0
2 2 2

3
tan 0 1 3 
3

- Graphs of Trigo. Functions [i.e. Graphs of y = sin x, y = cos x and y = tan x ]

- For y = a sin bx + c and y = a cos bx + c.
360 0 2
Amplitude = positive a & Period = or & Axis of curve at y = c
b b
Maximum value of y = a + c; Minimum value of y = −a + c

- For y = a tan bx,

180 0 
Amplitude =  & Period = or
b b

• To sketch the curves of sine and cosine functions, (eg y = a cos bx + c)

Step 1: draw the axis of curve (using value of c)
Step 2: use the amplitude (using value of a) to determine the maximum and minimum
value of the curve on the y-axis.
Step 3: mark the period on x-axis (using the value of b), divide it into 4 equal parts
Step 4: mark the intercepts on the axis of curve and the turning points on the graph.

• To sketch the graph of y = a tan bx,

Step 1: use b to determine the period and draw the asymptotes (at the point x = /(2b))
Step 2: mark the intercepts on the axis of curve
Step 3: mark one point that corresponds to y = a (when bx = 45°)