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Chapter 14 (Metals)

Objectives

CONTENTS AND CONCEPTS

physical properties of metals

Is it a conductor of electricity
yes

Reason???
due to the presence of delocalised electrons which are free to move
around and act as charge carriers.

Boiling and melting point

Chapter 14 (Metals) 1
 High

Reason??
Atoms in metals are packed closely to each other by strong metallic
bonds. Hence, a large amount of energy is needed to break the strong
metallic bonds. Thus it has high boiling point

Are metals Malleable and Ductile or soft

YES

definition of Malleable
can bent without breaking

definition of ductile
the ability of a material to be drawn or plastically deformed without
fracture

REASON
The atoms are packed in a regularly in layer. When a force is applied, the
layers of atom slide over one another.

Conduction of heat
good conductor of heat.

Reason

they have freely moving electrons that can transfer thermal energy
quickly and easily
.

Alloys

Definition

A mixture of metal with other elements

Examples
BRASS (copper and zinc)

Stainless steel ( iron and carbon)

Bronze (copper and tin)

Chapter 14 (Metals) 2
 pewter (Tin, antimony and copper)
Cupronickel (copper and nickel)

Duralumin ( Aluminium, copper, magnesium)

What are the difference between Alloy and pure metals

increased hardness and strength

reason

Atoms of another elements are different in sizes compared to the pure

metal. This disrupts the regular arrangement of the pure metal atoms
and prevents them from sliding over easily when a force is applied. This
will increase the strength of the metal

improved appearance of metals

lower the melting points of metals

makes it more resistant to corrosion

(NOTEEEE) :Alloy have special properties that the individual metal alloying
constituents do not have

Reactivity series

RECALL: Metals tends to lose electrons to form positive ions to gain a stable
electronic configuration through bonding with other substances

Reactivity series (most reactive to least)

potassium

sodium

calcium

magnesium

Why bolded
This is the last metal that reacts with cold water

aluminium

what does it not react with steam

Chapter 14 (Metals) 3
 it has a impermeable layer around pure aluminium - thus does not react
with steam

carbon

zinc

iron

Why bolded

It is the last element to react with steam

lead
Last element that reacts with acid

hydrogen

copper

silver

gold

A reactive metal increase/decrease the tendency of losing electrons than a less

reactive metal to form positive ions.

Increase.
a more reactive metals has a greater tendency of losing electrons to form a
positive ion

Elements that reacts with cold water

elements

potassium

sodium

calcium

magnesium

chemical equation

Metal + water → metal hydroxide + hydrogen (H2)

How violent was the reaction for each metal

Chapter 14 (Metals) 4
 Potassium

(very violent)

Sodium

(violently)

calcium

(readily)

Magnesium

(very slowly)

Why does magnesium not react fast with cold water despite being so
reactive?
when reacting with cold water, magnesium metal becomes coated with
Magnesium hydroxide which is insoluble, so it prevents water coming
into contact with Magnesium

Elements that reacts with steam

Elements

Magnesium

Zinc

Iron

chemical equation

metal + steam (state symbols: gas (g)) → metal oxide + hydrogen

how violent was the reaction

(Hot) magnesium reacts ______ with steam to form White solid

magnesium oxide (MgO) and hydrogen gas
violently

(Hot) Zinc reacts ______ with steam to form Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and
hydrogen gas
readily

Chapter 14 (Metals) 5
 (Red-hot) iron reacts _____ with steam

slowly

Elements that reacts with acid

Elements

Basically every metal on the reactivity series except for Lead, copper, silver
and gold

Lead is special because when reacted with HCL, PBCL will be form
which is insoluble thus preventing further reaction

chemical equation

Metal + acid (hydrochloric acid) → salt + H2 (hydrogen)

How violent was the reaction for each metal

Potassium and sodium

explosively

calcium

violently

magnesium

rapidly

zinc

moderately fast

iron
slowly

Lead

does not react with hydrochloric acid.

reason

The initial reaction will cause PBCL2 to form, which is insoluble

thus stopping the acid to continue reacting with the metal

Copper Silver and Gold

Chapter 14 (Metals) 6
 Does not react with acid

Iron with steam (special case)

red hot iron reacts slowly with steam form hydrogen and tri-iron tetroxide

Extraction of metal

Three main stage that involved in obtaining metals from their ores

Stage 1
Concentrating metal ore —— by removing earth and rocks —→ resulting in
metal ore that contains little waste materials

Stage 2

Extracting crude metal from the ore ——→ extracted by reduction of carbon
or electrolysis

Stage 3
refining crude metal using other methods like electrolysis to further refine
the metal to obtain pure metal

What are the two types of extraction of metal

Electrolysis

What is the features of metals extracted using this method

very reactive

from very stable compounds which require a large amount of

energy to be overcome.

The elements extracted using this method

Potassium

Sodium

calcium

magnesium

Reduction of carbon

Features of element extracted through this way

Chapter 14 (Metals) 7
 They are less reactive than those extracted using electrolysis

Hence, they from less stable compounds that can be reduced by

carbon ( as carbon is more reactive than those elements

Elements extracted using this method

1. Zinc

2. iron

3. Lead

4. Copper

5. Silver

Found naturally uncombined

Features

It is unreactive

rarely form compounds

Elements (E.g.)
Gold

Extraction of Iron from its ore

What is the main thing in the ore of iron?

haematite

What does it contains

which is Iron(III) oxide and impurities

what are the impurities in haematite

sand (sio2) and clay

What is the blast furnace lined with

refractory material

such as aluminium oxide or magnesium oxide

what are the features of refractory materials

Chapter 14 (Metals) 8
 It has high melting point

What are the things added at the top of the blast furnace?

Haematite, coke (mostly carbon) and limestone

What is the thing added at the near bottom of the blast furnace?
blast of hot air is blown into the blast furnace

What will escape from the top of the blast furnace

Hot waste gas (carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and nitrogen)

Why is nitrogen a hot waste gas?

As air contains 78% of nitrogen

The process

Production of Carbon dioxide

Who reacts with who to form carbon dioxide\

Carbon in the coke reacts with the air blown in at the bottom of the blast
furnace to form carbon dioxide

What is the chemical equation for this process

C(s) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g)

What does this process produce other than carbon dioxide

a lot of heat

What is the temperature of the blast furnace after this reaction

temperature of the furnace increase to over 1600 degree celsius

Production of Carbon monoxide

How is carbon monoxide produced

The carbon dioxide formed rises and reacts with the excess coke to
form carbon monoxide

Why is there excess coke?

There is excess coke due to the lack of oxygen in the air

Chapter 14 (Metals) 9
 Why is there no oxygen in the air
the oxygen was used up while reacting with coke to form
carbon dioxide

Chemical equation
CO2 (g) + C (s) → 2CO (g)

What is the role carbon monoxide in the overall process

main reducing agent

Reduction of hematite to iron

Chemical equation for this process

Fe2O3(s) + 3CO (g) → 2Fe (L) + 3CO2(g)

Is this a redox reaction

yes

Describe the chemical equation using words

The carbon monoxide reduces/ oxidised Iron(III)oxide in

haematite to form molten iron and carbon dioxide

Answer
Reduce

So,
Carbon monoxide is a gaseous reducing agent

What happens when the molten iron (also known as cast iron) is form?

The molten iron runs to the bottom of the the furnace

Removal of impurities

Chemical equation

CaCO3 （limestone) → CaO + CO2

Explain in words

Limestone (calcium carbonate) is decompose by heat to produce

calcium oxide (quicklime) and carbon dioxide

Chapter 14 (Metals) 10
 What is this reaction
Action of heat on metal carbonates

How is the silicon dioxide removed from the iron ore

The calcium oxide will reacts with silicon dioxide

What does it form

Calcium silicate/ molten slag (CaSiO3)

Why does this reaction happen

Because silicon dioxide is acidic and calcium oxide is alkaline

Chemical equation
CaO + SiO2 → CaSiO3

Is the molten slag on top or below molten iron

Molten slag is on top (floats above) molten iron

Reason
As the molten slag density is lower than molten iron

It is also drained off to collect the molten iron / cast iron

Displacement reaction of metals

Definition when metal A displace metal B

The metal A that displace the metal B. Thus shows that metal A is more reactive
than metal B

Is this a redox reaction

yes

For example
Zn + Cu0 → ZnO + Cu

Which is the oxidising/reducing agent

oxidising agent
CuO

Chapter 14 (Metals) 11
 Reducing agent
Zn

conclusion

Is that this is a reduction of metal oxide by another metal

How to answer questions related

for example “state your observation and explanation

split the question into observation and explanation

observations
The _(colour)_ solid (the less reactive metal) dissolve and the solution
turns from (initial colour) (is the colour of the less reactive metal
compound) to the colour now(colour of the more reactive metal
compound). The ___colour __of the less reactive metal__ solid
deposited/form and the more reactive metal decrease in size.

explanation

for example: Zinc is more reactive than copper. Hence, it is able to

displace copper from copper(ii)sulfate solution to form zinc sulfate and
copper.

Reduction of metal oxide using hydrogen and carbon

When the reactivity of the metal decrease, the metal oxide is reduced with
increasing ease/decreasing ease? (applicable for both)
increasing ease

reduction using hydrogen

Elements that can be reduced using this method

Iron downward to silver on the reactivity series

chemical equation

Metal oxide + hydrogen → metal + steam (H2O)

reduction using carbon

Elements that can be reduced using this method

Chapter 14 (Metals) 12
 zinc downward to silver on the reactivity series

chemical equation
Metal oxide + carbon → metal + carbon dioxide

What is required for this reaction to occur

heat

Action of heat on metal carbonate (decomposition)

When the reactivity of the metal decrease, is it easier or harder for the metal
carbonate to decompose when heated?

Easier

Reason
The carbonate of a more reactive metal, it’s more thermally stable.

Chemical equation
Metal carbonate-(heat)→Metal oxide + Carbon Dioxide

Element that cannot be decompose by prolong heating

Potassium, sodium

Special case (Silver carbonate)

2Ag2CO3 → 4Ag + O2 +2CO2

Reason
It decompose to silver as silver oxide is unstable

answering format
The more reactive the metal, the more thermally stable the metal carbonate,
harder to decompose the metal carbonate. Be clear on the terms used,
reactivity is used to describe metal, thermal stability is used to describe metal
carbonate.

Steel

Is cast iron pure

no

Chapter 14 (Metals) 13
 Why
It contains about 4% of carbon

Thus

making it very brittle (very easily broken)

How is cast iron converted to steel

It is through blasting cast iron with oxygen gas

So??
to oxidise the impurities to their oxides

Pure iron is used to make alloy for different function. What are the different
functions??

1. Physical properties ( melting point, density, electricity conductivity

2. Chemical properties (resistant to corrosion)

3. Cast

Definition of steel
Steel is an alloy of iron with carbon and/or other metals

Steel making

There are two stages

First stage

Removing impurities by oxidation

the process

How are the impurities removed

Impurities are removed by blowing pure oxygen at high pressure

What does the impurities turn to

their oxides

Why
As oxygen oxidise the impurities into their oxides

Chapter 14 (Metals) 14
 What are the two ways that these oxides is removed

1. Blown out of the furnace (gas)

2. React further with calcium oxide to form slag

When slag is poured out, the molten metal left behind is pure iron/
wrought iron

second stage

Alloying with carbon and other elements to make various types of steel

How does alloying happen

Carbon and metal are stirred into the molten iron

How to make different types of steel

mixed in carbon and other elements to the correct amount

Does each type of steel have its own special properties

yes

What does that depend on?

depending on the amount of carbon and other metals added

What are the different types of steel

Mid-steel (low-carbon steel)

special properties

Hard, strong and Malleable

Amount of carbon
0.25% of carbon

reason
Different sized carbon atoms that disrupts the orderly layer of
arrangement thus making this type of steel strong

Uses

Car bodies, machinery

Chapter 14 (Metals) 15
 High-carbon steel

special properties

Stronger but brittle

Amount of carbon
0.45%-1.5%

reason
Too much disruptions of layers thus when a force applied the metal will
fracture (brittle)

Uses
Knives, hammers, chinsels, saws

Manganese steel

special properties
increased strength and hardness

Uses
springs and drills

Stainless steel

special properties
Durable, highly resistant to corrosion

Uses

Cutlery, surgical instruments and equipments in chemical plants

Rusting

Definition

Rusting is the corrosion of iron or iron in steel.

What is rust (chemical compound)

Fe2o3 (iron (III) oxide)

What must be present for rusting to occur

Chapter 14 (Metals) 16
 1. water

2. oxygen

What speeds up the rusting process

presence of electrolyte and acidic substances (e.g. sulfur dioxide and carbon
dioxide)

Thus at what place speeds up the process of rusting

industrial and near the sea (as there is a lot of carbon dioxide stored in the
sea)

Rust prevention

What is the three methods to prevent rusting

Using a protective layer

Why does it work?

As rusting occurs on the surface of iron or steel, the use of protective

layer prevents oxygen and water from coming in contact with the
surfaces of the iron or steel.

What are the four/ five ways for protective layer and what are they used
for?

painting
used for large iron and steel objects

oiling
used for machinery and helps with lubrication

plastic coating
used as a thin layer of plastic wrapped around small steel and iron
objects

Electroplating

🧲 Electroplating with electrolysis

Chapter 14 (Metals) 17
 iron or steel objects covered with a thin layer of metal (less
reactive than the iron/whatever it is covering)

uses compounds not soluble in solution

answering format

The layer of chromium oxide acts as an inert / impervious

and protective layer that prevents iron beneath from
reacting with oxygen and water in the air which will cause
the iron to rust. [1]

what is the advantage for using protective layer

cheap (except for electroplating)

disadvantage
when the protective layer is broken, oxygen and water can reach the
iron or steel then rusting will start

Sacrificial protection

Why it works??
it is by using more reactive metal. The more reactive metal will react
more readily with oxygen and water instead of iron or iron in steel. (it
will be used up eventually)

advantage
This method was slow down the process of rusting

disadvantage

it needs to be replaced over time

What are the types of sacrificial protection

Galvanising (zinc- plating)

What are the features of this method

1. it acts as a protective layer when it is coated around iron or

steel and will corrode in their place

Chapter 14 (Metals) 18
 2. Even when the zinc is broken, zinc will acts as a sacrificial
metal that will react in place of iron with oxygen and water

where is it often used

Roofs of house

attaching magnesium and zinc metal block

answering format??
Magnesium is more reactive than iron (in steel), thus,
magnesium acts as a sacrificial metal and reacts preferentially
with oxygen and water, corroding in place of iron.

why it works
as the blocks will corrode instead of the iron in steel

using alloys

What does stainless steel contain other than iron

other metals like nickel and chromium

Why does it work (example stainless steel)

when stainless steel is exposed to water and oxygen, the chromium
inside of the stainless steel will react with oxygen and water to form a
very hard coating chromium (III) oxide, which forms on the surface of
stainless steel, protecting it from further corrosion as it prevent
contact between the oxygen and water and iron

advantage

It does not rust easily

disadvantage
It is the most expensive way to prevent rust as chromium and nickel are
expensive

recycling metals

Why do we need to recycle metals???

1. Metals are finite. Thus we recycle to prevent them as they can be used up

Chapter 14 (Metals) 19
 Social issues of recycling

It takes time for people to cultivate the habit of recycling

Economic issues of recycling

Recycling can be more expensive than extraction of metals due to the process
of it

Environmental issues of recycling

Recycling metals can cause air pollution as it may release harmful gases into
the environment

Chapter 14 (Metals) 20