UNIVERSITY OF NORTHEASTERN PHILIPPINES

Iriga City

School of Graduate Studies

MID-TERM EXAMINATION
IN
EDUC. 207
Theories and Practices in Guidance

FRANCIA MAE N. NO

JINA-LUZ Z. ALFELOR, ED.D, PH.D

Professor

UNIVERSITY OF NORTHEASTERN PHILIPPINES

Iriga City
School of Graduate Studies

Name: FRANCIA MAE N. NO

Course: MASTER OF ARTS IN EDUCATION Major in Administration and Supervision
Subject: EDUC. 207 THEORIES & PRACTICES IN GUIDANCESCHOOL
(SUMMER 2023)
Professor: JINA-LUZ Z. ALFELOR, Ed., Ph.
Day and Time: SATURDAY &SUNDAY(10:30-2:00)
Permit #: 0112
Date: August 6, 2023

1. How is guidance defined by different authorities?

DEFINITION OF GUIDANCE

 Ruth Strang. “Guidance is a process of helping every individual, through his

own efforts, to discover and develop his potentialities for his personal happiness

and social usefulness.”

 A.J. Jones. “Guidance involves personal help given by a competent person; it is

designed to assist a person in deciding where he wants to go, what he wants to do,

or how he can best accomplish his purposes; it assists him in solving problems

that arise in his life. It does not solve problems for the individual, but helps him to

solve them. The focus of guidance is the individual and not the problem; its

purpose is to promote the growth of the individual in self-direction.”

 Knapps. “Learning about the individual student, helping him to understand

himself, effecting changes in him and in his environment which will help him to

grow and develop as much as possible – these are the elements of guidance.”

 Secondary Education Commission, 1952. “Guidance involves the difficult art of

helping boys and girls to plan their own future wisely in the full light of all the

factors that can be mastered about themselves and about the world in which they

are to live and work.”

 Crow and Crow. “Guidance is assistance made available by personally and

adequately trained men or women to an individual of any age to help him manage

his own life activities, develop his own points of view, make his own decisions

and carry his own burdens.”

 John Brewer. “Guidance is a process through which an indmividual is able to

solve his problems and pursue a path suited to his abilities and aspirations.”
  Woodworth. “Guidance helps an individual to develop his personality and

enables him to serve the society to the best of his capabilities and talents.”

 Kitson. “Guidance is ‘individualised education’. Each student is to be helped to

develop himself to the maximum possible degree in all respects.”

 V.M. Proctor. “Guidance is a process through which an individual or groups of

individuals are helped to make necessary adjustment to the environment – inside

or outside the school.

2. Explain how guidance is “more than teaching the learners.”

Guidance is more than "teaching the learners because It helps to shape a student's

behaviour and also instill enough discipline in them. Proper guidance helps them

achieve their goals, well guided & counselled students know what to do and how to

do things in the best possible way. Students are given proper guidance on how to deal

with psychological problems which can badly impact their studies. Through these

sessions, the students will be able to develop certain problem-solving skills which to

an extent help them deal with particular issues surrounding their lives. The students

are advised on how to cope with different situations they tend to face in their school

life.

For instance, how should they talk politely or relate with their peers. This advice will

give them perspective on how should they behave in certain scenarios. And it helps to

bridge the gap between students and the school administration, since they are able to

guide their problems through a proper counselling channel in the office.

3. How do helping relationships for counselling develop?

It is a relationship established between two or more people for the purpose of giving

and receiving help. Helpers need to be able to understand feelings and experiences by
 viewing them from the client’s viewpoint. This way, clients will feel that they have

been clearly heard and will then be more open to receiving help.

Helpers such as counsellors are faced with clients that have different backgrounds and

views, which influences their morals and values. Hence, they are required increase

their awareness and eventually, their level of communication. It goes beyond the

surface of words spoken and counsellors have to be aware of the non-verbal

communication being expressed, such as the subtleties of their clients’ behaviours and

actions revealed to them, and how to correctly approach their clients.

As a counsellor, it is their responsibility to provide assistance to those in need and this

requires a safe environment in order for clients to be able to trust their helpers enough

to ask for help.

4. How did the guidance movement develop in the Philippines?

In the Philippines, guidance is said to have both accidental and incidental origin.

Teachers and principal have assisted pupils to make choices and to make self-

adjustments. They also treat problems with misbehaviour among pupils in the

classroom and on the playground, including the cutting of classes or low of

inconsistent grades. Before 1925, guidance as movement, as it is now practiced and

accepted, was unknown in the Philippines. It was only in 1932 when Psychological

Clinic was started by Dr. Sinforoso Padilla who also known as the Father of Guidance

in the Philippines and which concerned itself with cases of student discipline, as well

as emotional, academic and vocational problems. He started a Psychological Clinic

and was operates until 1941. About the same time, counselling was administered to

the convicts of the Bilibid Prison in 1934 and to the inmates of Welfareville in 1939.

Psychological tests were also used for guidance purposes in private schools. In the

school year 1939-1940, the deans from four public schools were chosen and assigned

to look after the behaviour and conduct of the students who were referred to them by

their classroom teachers.

5. As a student, do you have any inclination to help other? Cite situations.

Helping others feels good, there is some evidence to suggest that when you help

others, it can promote physiological changes in the brain linked with happiness. This

heightened sense of well-being might be the by-product of being more physically

active as a result of volunteering, or because it makes us more socially active. It

creates a sense of belonging, helping others can help us to make new friends and

connect with our community. Face-to-face activities such as volunteering at a food

bank can also help reduce loneliness and isolation. It gives you a sense of purpose,

studies show that volunteering enhances an individual’s overall sense of purpose and

identity. This is because helping others can make you feel rewarded, fulfilled and

empowered.

Giving helps keep things in perspective, helping others, especially those who are less

fortunate than yourself, can help to put things into perspective and make you feel

more positive about your own circumstances.

6. How is guidance related to discipline?

Guidance refers to advice or information that helps to resolve a problem or difficulty,

especially as given by someone in authority whereas discipline refers to the practice

of training someone to obey rules or a code of behavior, using punishment to correct

disobedience. Moreover, discipline involves both rules and punishment whereas

guidance does not. Therefore, this is the key difference between guidance and

discipline. Furthermore, guidance helps students to develop a sense of responsibility

and control whereas discipline trains students to obey certain rules or a code of

conduct. So, this is another significant difference between guidance and discipline.

Finally, guidance focuses on learning and engagement whereas discipline focuses on

rules and compliance.

 Guidance and discipline are two terms we use in the education sector. The key

difference between guidance and discipline is that guidance does not involve

punishment whereas discipline often involves rules and punishment.

7. Why should the counsellors make referrals?

As a counsellor you will often find yourself in situations where you can’t provide an

appropriate or on-going service to your clients. This might be because your agency

policies state that you can only assess clients, or work with clients for a specified

timeframe. It also might be because you don’t have the skills necessary to deal with

certain issues such as child abuse, sexual assault, marital issues, loss and grief and so

on. It is important to realise that acknowledging you haven’t the necessary skills isn’t

a sign of failure but rather a professional assessment of your strengths and

weaknesses. By referring a client on to someone who can help them with their

particular issue you are effectively meeting your client’s need and thus helping them

move a step closer to resolve whatever is troubling them. Making a referral usually

means putting people in touch with services that have the resources to help them

achieve their goals. It is not just about handing out a number. You are responsible for

bringing the person and the service together. When we make a referral, we are

basically sending a person to another professional who specialises in working with

particular needs or problems.

8. How can employees be helped through counselling?

Counselling helps the employees to come out from the problems, gives a new

way to deal with the problems. Counselling shows how much the employer care

for the employee. Counselling may help to identify the employee the work related

problems and the poor performance.

Employees face lots of problems in day to day life, they may have problem with their

subordinates, colleagues, boss, system of the work or may have problem in personal
 life. This problem starts affecting their work, their career and their performance in

job. Counselling is like giving advice, sorting out the problems of employees, guiding

and helping them for the problem they face in office or in personal life. Employee

counselling is done to bring out a positive result from the de-stressed employee. In

simple terms employee counselling is like a stressed person discuss about the problem

or about the poor performance and other person consoles and try to sort the problem.

9. How may illegal work stoppage be prevented?

A work stoppage is a temporary cessation of work as a form of protest and can be

initiated by employees or company management. When a work stoppage is initiated

by unionized employees it's considered a strike and when it's initiated by management

at a unionized facility it's considered a lockout. Impacts of a work stoppage can

affect: Lost output of goods and services, Financial loss affecting profits, Customer

retention/satisfaction, Shareholder confidence

Strike avoidance is the goal for companies with a union workforce. As such, an

organization has two options when a work stoppage occurs—challenging the union or

conceding to their demands. Of course, protecting its operations during labor disputes

is a company’s primary concern, and an organization can not always meet its union’s

request, so before your management team embarks on the critical negotiating task,

they should first turn to MADI to assist them in preparing strike contingency plans.

10. How should the information about the individual be utilized and released?

The counselor should make every effort to ensure that privacy and confidentiality of

clients are maintained by subordinates, including employees, supervisees, students,

clerical assistants, and volunteers. When services provided to the client involve

participation by an interdisciplinary or treatment team, the client should be informed

of the team’s existence and composition, information being shared, and how that

information is being shared.

 Where you share information also matters. Counselors should only discuss

confidential information when they can ensure that the setting is safe and private.

Even if your client is not the one paying for your services, you should never release

information to the third-party payer unless your client has authorized such disclosure.

If you are transmitting the confidential information of your client, you should always

take precautions to ensure the security of the transmission. If a client were to pass

away the counselor must still protect the confidentiality of that deceased client and be

consistent with legal requirements, as well as with the documented preferences of the

client.

11. What components are required of the counselling service?

The Components for Counselling Service.

1) Educational counselling - is necessitated by myriads of educational problems

which can forestalls the achievement of educational goals set by the students e.g

failure, low performance, wrong subject combination, wrong choice of vocation,

truancy, class cutting, exam malpractice, illness, social economic factors (no money

to buy textbooks for assignments), cultism etc.

2) Vocational counselling- Is also necessitated from by the problem that animate from

the carrier choice or vocation of the clients just taken up any job without requisite or

training, clients who have refined and must find another ways to make ends meet or

client who are not enjoying the world of work.

3) Personal- Social counselling- This is necessitated by the myriads of problems

burns out of inferiority complex, self concept, individual differences, lack of

information, money, food, all which are personal and inter personal conflicts.

4) Marital counselling- Is the process of assisting client whose entry into couple hood

is delay by one reason or the other or those who enter and they are facing instability.

It is necessitated by peculiar problem like playing hard to get, frigidity, hygiene,

social economic condition, problems of in laws, incompatibility, childless ness, ill

health etc.
 5) Rehabilitation- This is the process of assisting a client who has suffered a

catastrophe and has lost money, part of his body which render him hopeless to

reinstall hope in him and help to maximize the remaining potential in him. The

essence of rehabilitation counseling is to discourage begging but encourage

independent and effective being so the clients can contribute his total ability to

community development.

12. Discuss each of the trends and issues of guidance.

Among the many issues facing the school counseling profession are the following

three: what are the professional title should be, how counselors should be evaluated,

and to what extent counselors should work on prevention instead of remediation.

Professional Title. Some professional in the field prefer to be called guidance

counselor, while an increasing number prefer the term school counselor. The

growing trend is for counselors to be seen as professionals in a large system, working

fluidly with all aspects within the system. The expected duties are more extensive

than those practiced by vocational guidance counselors of the past, hence the feeling

of many school counselors that the name of the profession should reflect is expanded

roles.

Evaluation. A major trend in education is the demand for accountability and

evaluation. School counselors have not been immune to this demand.

1997 – the ASCA (American School Counselors’ Association) adopted the National

Standards for Professional Counselors.

Prevention versus Remediation. The Growing trend in the field of counseling is the

focus on prevention instead of remediation. In the past it was not uncommon for

counselors to have interactions with students only after some crisis had occurred.

Gangs. Students as early as third grade are being taught gang-type activities. Students

are more likely to end up in a gang family members and peers are already involved in

gang activity. It is difficult for children once they have been actively involved.
 Dropouts. In many metropolitan school districts, over 25 percent of students do not

complete their high school education. Premature school termination is becoming an

increasingly more difficult problem as more careers require education well beyond

the high school level.

Teen Pregnancy. Teen pregnancy continues to be a social concern. Precipitating

factors are visible prior to middle school. Counselors are often the liaison with

community agencies that work to prevent student pregnancy and assist with students

who do become pregnant.

Substance Abuse. Drugs, including alcohol and tobacco, continue to be a serious

problem for youth. The counselors are also essential in developing substance abuse

prevention programs in school.

School Violence. School violence can range from bullying to gunfire. Trainings are

being given to teachers and students in cases of violence and establish violence

prevention programs.

Diversity. Tolerance of diversity is an important goal in a multicultural society.

Child Abuse. Many states have mandatory reporting laws concerning child abuse.

Terrorism. During the 21st century it is an increasing problem worldwide and

children are affected both in massive and small-scale acts

13. Explain the seven principles of guidance.

Need for guidance, and the nature and aims of guidance are based on certain

principles and assumptions. The principles of guidance generally accepted are the

ones given by Crow and Crow. They are:

1. Principle of all-round development of the individual. Guidance must take into

account the all-round development of the individual when bringing about desirable

adjustment in any particular area of his personality.

 2. The principle of human uniqueness. No two individuals are alike. Individuals

differ in their physical, mental, social and emotional development. Guidance service

must recognise these differences and guide each individual according to their specific

need.

3. Principle of holistic development. Guidance has to be imparted in the context of

total development of personality. The child grows as a whole and even if one aspect

of personality is in focus, the other areas of development which are indirectly

influencing the personality have also to be kept in mind.

4. The principle of cooperation. No individual can be forced into guidance. The

consent and cooperation of the individual is a pre-requisite for providing guidance.

5. The principle of continuity. Guidance should be regarded as a continuous process

of service to an individual in different stages of his life.

6. The principle of extension. Guidance service should not be limited to a few

persons, who give observable evidence of its need, but it should be extended to all

persons of all ages, who can benefit from it directly or indirectly.

7. The principle of elaboration. Curriculum materials and teaching procedures

should be elaborated according to the view point of guidance.

14. Illustrate and interpret your school guidance organization.

Like education,

guidance is a continuous and a lifelong process. So that the organisation of guidance

and counselling services are most important in the life of students. Actually the same
 services have wider scope covering various activities, programmes, situations of life

and solution of faced problems by the students.

The organisation of school guidance service is a specialized service meant for the

students to know various necessary data about them and to guide and suggest

accordingly for their educational, occupational, personal, as well as social

developments. For this very purpose, information’s are collected regarding students

abilities, intelligence, interests, aptitudes, attitudes, personality traits and extra talent

of special field etc.

The collection of said data can be possible taking the help of different tests such as

intelligence test, aptitude test, achievement test, interest inventory, adjustment

inventory, attitude scale, interview, schedules, observation, rating scale, check list,

questionnaire and sociometric technique, clinical studies etc.

In order to keep and record the data regarding students systematically cumulative

record card and anecdotal record are used at the time of organisation of guidance

programmes in the schools.

15. What are the problems covered by guidance?

The challenges and problems of guidance and counselling are as follows:

Lack of cooperation- While guidance and counselling is certainly an effective way

of providing assistance to someone who needs it, not everyone may be willing to

accept the advice given to them. Many individuals may not cooperate with the advice

given to them which can cause an obstruction in the way of guidance.

Inadequate Facilities- To ensure the proper functioning and efficiency of guidance

and counselling services, proper facilities are needed. Facilities such as guidance and

counselling room, proper furniture, bookshelves, and the like are necessary.

Lack or Absence of Funding- Guidance and counselling take place in an atmosphere

surrounded by motivation and positivity. However, this is not possible if there are no

adequate facilities. To ensure the adequacy of facilities, funding is needed and many
 educational institutions suffer a lack of funding when it comes to guidance and

counselling.

Shortage of Professionals- Guidance and counselling are terms that are often used

interchangeably. However, they do have a slight difference. While guidance can be

given by anyone, counselling can only be given by an expert in the field. Hence,

finding a professional counsellor can be difficult.

16. Discuss the nature of counselling.

Counseling is the application of mental health, psychological, or human development

principles, through cognitive, affective, behavioral or systemic intervention strategies,

that address wellness, personal growth, or career development, as well as pathology.

Depending on the needs of the client and the availability of services, counseling may

range from a few brief interactions in a short period of time, to numerous interactions

over an extended period of time. Brief interventions, such as classroom discussions,

workshop presentations, or assistance in using assessment, information, or

instructional resources, may be sufficient to meet individual needs. Or, these brief

interventions may lead to longer-term counseling interventions for individuals with

more substantial needs. Counseling may be delivered by a single counselor, two

counselors working collaboratively, or a single counselor with brief assistance from

another counselor who has specialized expertise that is needed by the client.

17. How important ethical standards in Counseling?

Ethical dilemmas are common for counselors and psychologists. You might have a

client revealing details of a crime they committed. The client might also point out that

they’re in an abusive relationship at home. Deciding whether to report this to the

authorities is one of the ethical challenges. But it doesn’t end there. You’re likely to

face many other moral issues. And without a code of ethics to help you navigate

through, things can get quite dicey. Here are some reasons why ethics are necessary
 for counselors. Confidentiality is a principle of nondisclosure between clients and

counselors. Unless a client gives their permission, any information they share must

remain secret. Clients need to know that they can trust you with their secrets. Without

trust, it won’t be easy to share their problems truthfully.

Confidentiality does a lot more than help a client to open up. It helps clients maintain

a sense of dignity. But, the code of ethics followed by counselors allows the sharing

of some information. For instance, a client may tell you they plan to commit suicide

or murder someone. In such cases, this leaves you with no option but to alert relevant

authorities.

18. What are the purposes of test?

Teachers teach content then test students. This cycle of teaching and testing is

familiar to anyone who has been a student. Tests seek to see what students have

learned. However, there can be other more complicated reasons as to why schools use

tests.

At the school level, educators create tests to measure their students' understanding of

specific content or the effective application of critical thinking skills. Such tests are

used to evaluate student learning, skill level growth and academic achievements at the

end of an instructional period, such as the end of a project, unit, course, semester,

program or school year.

These tests are designed as summative assessments. They are used to determine

whether students have learned what they were expected to learn or to level or degree

to which students have learned the material. They may be used to measure learning

progress and achievement and to evaluate the effectiveness of educational programs.

Tests may also measure student progress toward stated improvement goals or to

determine student placement in programs.

19. Explain different types of test.

 Diagnostic test- With this test you can test how much your students already know

about a given subject or topic. You can use the results of this test to schedule your

class. Which subjects need some extra attention. For the student this gives him or her

some insights in which part of the class need some extra study hours.

Objective tests- Objective test have clear right or wrong answers. All multiple-choice

test fall into this group. The students get a pre-defined set of answers to choose the

correct answer from.

Subjective tests- With this type of tests the maker of the exam has to pass judgement

on the answers of the student. Mostly this in the form of free text questions or essays.

20. Cite the disadvantages and disadvantages of anecdotal records.

Anecdotal records refer to a detailed narrative record which is descriptive in nature

after the occurrence of a particular behaviour or interaction. They enable teachers to

be informed about various things as they plan the learning experiences, offer insights

into probable delays in development, and offer information to families. An anecdotal

record should always be concise, brief, and should give enough detail about the report

as well as an accurate description of the same.

Advantages:

 It helps both the learner as well as the teacher in their pursuit of knowledge and

personality development.

 It enables the teacher to gain deep insight into the incidents of total behaviour.

 Teachers do not require any special training or skill to do the same.

 Anecdotal records can come in handy because it makes use of formative

feedback.

 It also acts as a validation and supplement for other structured instruments.

Disadvantages:
 The purpose of anecdotal records may not be fulfilled if it is recorded carelessly.

 The teacher may only record things which interest him or her and many things

may get neglected.

 The memory of the teacher who is observing can also influence the quality of

record keeping.

 There is always a chance that the incidents recorded may be used in a different

context.

 The observation of the teacher may also sometimes end up influencing learner

behaviour negatively.