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Chapter 2 Part 1

A microprocessor is an integrated circuit chip that contains the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer. It is possible to integrate the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), control unit, and memory onto a single chip, called a microprocessor or microcomputer. A microprocessor has an address bus, data bus, and control bus to communicate with memory and input/output devices. It fetches and executes instructions from memory and processes data. Microprocessors are specified by their word size, which determines the width of the data bus. Interrupts allow slower input/output devices to signal the microprocessor when they are ready, rather than having the microprocessor continuously check their status.

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19 views

Chapter 2 Part 1

A microprocessor is an integrated circuit chip that contains the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer. It is possible to integrate the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), control unit, and memory onto a single chip, called a microprocessor or microcomputer. A microprocessor has an address bus, data bus, and control bus to communicate with memory and input/output devices. It fetches and executes instructions from memory and processes data. Microprocessors are specified by their word size, which determines the width of the data bus. Interrupts allow slower input/output devices to signal the microprocessor when they are ready, rather than having the microprocessor continuously check their status.

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زياد عبدالله عبدالحميد
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Lecture 2

WHAT A
MICROPROCESSOR IS

Dr. Marwa Gamal


What is Microprocessor?
 Due to the advancements in microelectronics technology, it
became possible to put ALU and Control Unit on a single IC
chip. This IC chip is called microprocessor.

 It has also been made


possible to integrate ALU,
Control Unit and Memory on a
single IC chip. This IC chip is
called microcomputer.
Microprocessor
 Microprocessor is a digital device on a
chip which can fetch instructions from a
memory, decode and execute them (
performs certain arithmetic and logical
operations)
 accept data from input device, and send
results to output devices.
Microprocessor
 A microprocessor is specified by its ‘Word
Size’------means the number of bits of data
that is processed by the microprocessor as
a unit. For example, an 8-bit microprocessor performs
various operations on 8-bit data.
 It also specifies the width of the data
bus.
Address Bus, Data Bus, And Control Bus

A microprocessor chip has thus an address bus, a data bus, and a


control bus associated with it
Data bus is bidirectional as the microprocessor accepts as well as
sends data
The address bus is unidirectional since address locations are
sent by microprocessor to memory and I/O devices.
Address Bus, Data Bus, And Control Bus

The control signals fall into the following two categories


•Control signals like Read from memory or I/O or Write to
memory or I/O are output by microprocessor to memory or I/O
devices.
•Control signals are sent to microprocessor by I/O devices.
The control bus is bi-directional
TRISTATE BUS
 Three data transmitters
X, Y, Z connected to a
single bus through the
output of gates x, y, and
z. It is obvious that only
one of the transmitters
should transmit at any
particular instant. The
enable/disable is shown
as gating input x1, y1
and z1
Tristate logic gate.
CLOCK GENERATION
 Early microprocessors needed
clock input to be given
externally
After 1978 Microprocessors had
the clock generator circuit
embedded in the microprocessor
chip.
To synchronize other I/O devices
with the microprocessor, it outputs
the clock as ‘Clock Out’ as well.
In a multi-microprocessor
environment, this ‘Clock Out’ can be
connected to other microprocessors
directly
Connecting microprocessor to i/o devices
 I/O Mapped I/O Interface
I/O devices are identified by port
numbers and memory locations by
addresses.
when read from an I/O device
instruction is executed, the I/O signal is
ON
read/write from memory, the MEMORY
signal is ON and a particular location
of memory is selected.
Because of separate memory and I/O
signals, there is no confusion between
device address, i.e. port number and
memory address.
This is called I/O mapped I/O
interface since I/O devices are
treated separately from memory.
Connecting microprocessor to i/o devices
Memory Mapped I/O Interface
 signals I/O and MEMORY are not present
 If this memory location address is the
same as that of a port number of an I/O
device, there will be confusion between
memory location and I/O device having the
same address and port number.
 To solve this problem I/O addresses(port
numbers) and memory addresses will not
be the same
DATA TRANSFER SCHEMES

Parallel Data Transfer


Programmed I/O
•The data transfer is controlled by the user program being
executed.
•Depending on the type of the device data transfer may
be synchronous or asynchronous.
•when the I/O device matches in speed with the
microprocessor (Synchronous data )
Programmed I/O
 If the device is not ready, the microprocessor
continuously checks the status of the device till it
becomes ready.
Interrupt I/O
 Microprocessor is kept busy for the slower
I/O device.
 To allow the microprocessor to do its job
when the device is getting ready. This can
be achieved through interrupt.
 Interrupt is the facility provided by the
microprocessor to the outside environment
 microprocessor can be diverted to do
some higher priority job.
Interrupt I/O
 Microprocessor should scan the signal on
the interrupt pin during every machine
cycle. When the interrupt signal is present,
it should suspend the current job.
Lecture 2 part 1

finished

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