SYLLABUS

CHOICE BASED CREDIT

SYSTEM

B. Sc. WITH PHYSICS (GENERAL)

UNIVERSITY OF BURDWAN
Details of Courses Under Undergraduate Program (B.Sc.)

Course *Credits

===============================================================

Theory+ Practical Theory+Tutorials

I. Core Course 12X4= 48 12X5=60

(12 Papers)

04 Courses from each of the

03 disciplines of choice

Core Course Practical / Tutorial* 12X2=24 12X1=12

(12 Practical/ Tutorials)

04 Courses from each of the

03 Disciplines of choice

II. Elective Course 6x4=24 6X5=30

(6 Papers)

Two papers from each discipline of choice

including paper of interdisciplinary nature.

Elective Course Practical / Tutorials 6 X 2=12 6X1=6

(6 Practical / Tutorials)

Two Papers from each discipline of choice

including paper of interdisciplinary nature

III. Ability Enhancement Courses

1. Ability Enhancement Compulsory

(2 Papers)

2. Environmental Studies 4 X 1=4 4X1=4

3. English/MIL Communication 2 X 1=2 2X1=2

4. Skill Enhancement Course 4 X 2=8 4 X 2=8

(Skill Based)

(4 Papers of 2 credits each)

Total credit= 122 Total credit= 122

 Proposed scheme for choice based credit system in B. Sc. with
Physics
CORE Ability Enhancement Skill Discipline Specific
COURSE Compulsory Course Enhancement Elective DSE
(AECC) Course (SEC)

I Mechanics Environmental Studies

(CC- 1A)
CC- 2 A
CC- 3 A
Electricity and
(English/MIL
II Magnetism
Communication)
(CC-1B)
CC- 2 B
CC- 3 B
III Thermal SEC-1
Physics and
Statistical
Mechanics
(CC-1C)
CC- 2 C
CC- 3 C
IV Waves and SEC -2
Optics
(CC-1D)
CC- 2 D
CC- 3 D
V SEC -3 DSE-1 A

DSE-2 A

DSE-3 A

VI SEC -4 DSE-1 B

DSE-2 B

DSE-3 B
SEMESTER COURSE OPTED COURSE NAME Credits
I Ability Enhancement Compulsory Environmental Studies 4
Course-I
Core course-IA Mechanics 4
Core Course-IA Practical/Tutorial Mechanics Lab 2
Core course-IIA (Other discipline) CC 2A 6
Core Course-IIIA (Other discipline) CC 3A 6

II Ability Enhancement Compulsory English/MIL communications/ 2

Course-II
Core course-IB Electricity and Magnetism 4
Core Course-IB Practical/Tutorial Electricity and Magnetism Lab 2

Core course-2B (Other discipline) CC 2B 6

Core Course-3B (Other discipline) CC 3B 6
III Core course-1C Thermal Physics and 4
Statistical Mechanics
Core Course-1C Practical/Tutorial Thermal Physics and 2
Statistical Mechanics Lab
Core course-2C(Other discipline) CC 2C 6
Core Course-3C (Other discipline) CC 3C 6
Skill Enhancement Course -1 SEC-1 2
Core course-1D Waves and Optics 4
IV Course-1D Practical/Tutorial Waves and Optics Lab 2
Core course-2D (Other discipline) CC 2D 6
Core course-3D (Other discipline) CC 3D 6
Skill Enhancement Course -2 SEC -2 2
V Skill Enhancement Course -3 SEC -3 2
Discipline Specific Elective -1 DSE-1A 6
Discipline Specific Elective -2 DSE-2A 6
Discipline Specific Elective -3 DSE-3A 6
VI Skill Enhancement Course -4 SEC -4 2
Discipline Specific Elective -4 DSE-1B 6
Discipline Specific Elective -5 DSE-2B 6
Discipline Specific Elective-6 DSE-3B 6
Total 122
Credits
 Physics
1 credit = 1 hour/week for theory; 2 hours/week for practical

Core papers Physics (Credit: 06 each) (PHY C 1-4):

1. Mechanics Semester- I
2. Electricity and Magnetism Semester- II
3. Thermal Physics and Statistical Mechanics Semester- III
4. Waves and Optics Semester- IV

Discipline Specific Elective papers (Credit: 06 each) (DSE 1, DSE 2): (One
each from Semesters – V and VI)

1. Elements of Modern Physics Semester- V

2. Nuclear and Particle Physics Semester- V
3. Quantum Mechanics Semester- VI
4. Digital, Analog and Instrumentation Semester- VI

Skill Enhancement Course (Credit: 02 each)- SEC 1 to SEC 4

1. Renewable Energy and Energy harvesting Semester- III
2. Weather Forecasting Semester- IV
3. Computational Physics Skills Semester- V
4. Electrical circuits and Network Skills Semester- VI

For Papers having practical, distribution of 75 marks be as follows:

i) Class Attendance cum Internal Assessment : 20% of 75 marks = 15 marks of which 5
marks be reserved for theoretical class attendance in the following manner:
Attendance 50% & above but below 60% - 2 marks
Attendance 60% & above but below 75% - 3 marks
Attendance 75% & above but below 90% - 4 marks
Attendance 90% & above - 5 marks
and 10 marks be reserved for class test/assignment/seminar (theoretical-5 &
practical-5).
ii) 20 marks be allotted for Semester-end- Practical Examination of each paper,
distribution of which may be as under:
a) Lab. Note Book : 05 Marks
b) Viva- voce : 05 Marks
c) Experiment : 10 marks
iii) 40 marks be allotted for Semester-end-Theoretical Examination of each paper
(Duration of Exam : 2 hours), distribution of which may be as under:
a) Answer 05 questions out of 08 carrying 02 marks each = 05x02 = 10
b) Answer 02 questions out of 04 carrying 05 marks each =02x05 = 10
c) Answer 02 questions out of 04 carrying 10 marks each =02x10 = 20
 However, questions, carrying 5 or 10 marks, need not necessarily to be a single
question.

For paper, having tutorial (PHY-DSE-2), distribution of 75 marks be as follows:

i) Class Attendance cum Internal Assessment : 20% of 75 marks = 15 marks of
which 5 marks be reserved for class attendance ( both theoretical + tutorial ) in the
following manner:
Attendance 50% & above but below 60% - 2 marks
Attendance 60% & above but below 75% - 3 marks
Attendance 75% & above but below 90% - 4 marks
Attendance 90% & above - 5 marks
and 10 marks be reserved for class test/ assignment/ seminar ( theoretical- 5 &
tutorial - 5 ). Minimum 15 classes be allotted for tutorial portion.
ii) In the Semester-end- Examination of each paper (Duration of Exam : 3 hours),
Question Paper be set for 60 marks, distribution of which may be as under:
a) Answer 10 questions out of 15 carrying 02 marks each = 10x 02 =20
b) Answer 04 questions out of 06 carrying 05 marks each = 04x 05 =20
c) Answer 02 questions out of 04 carrying 10 marks each = 02x 10 =20
However, questions, carrying 05 or 10 marks, need not necessarily to be a single
question.

For each SEC paper, distribution of 50 marks be as follows:

i) Internal Assessment : 20% of 50 marks = 10 marks be reserved for class test/
assignment/ seminar.
ii) 40 marks be allotted for Semester-end-Theoretical Examination of each paper
(Duration of Exam : 2 hours), distribution of which may be as under:
a) Answer 05 questions out of 08 carrying 02 marks each = 5x2 = 10
b) Answer 02 questions out of 04 carrying 05 marks each = 2x5 = 10
c) Answer 02 questions out of 04 carrying 10 marks each = 2x10 = 20
However, questions, carrying 5 or 10 marks, need not necessarily to be a single
question.

Mode of Practical Examination

Centre: Concerned College
Convener: The convener for each practical paper is to be nominated by the UGBS.
Examiners: One internal examiner of the concerned college and one external examiner are
to be nominated by the UGBS. However, if any nominated external examiner does not
accept the offer due to unavoidable circumstances to be substantiated by the document
through proper channel, the Chairman of the UGBS can nominate the external examiner
with the consultation of the convener.
 Semester I

PHY-C 1: MECHANICS
(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)

F.M. = 75 (Theory - 40, Practical – 20, Internal Assessment – 15)

Internal Assessment [Class Attendance (Theory) – 05, Theory (Class Test/
Assignment/ Tutorial) – 05, Practical (Sessional Viva-voce) - 05]

Theory: 60 Lectures

Vectors: Vector algebra. Scalar and vector products. Derivatives of a vector with respect
to a parameter. (4 Lectures)

Ordinary Differential Equations:1st order homogeneous differential equations. 2nd

order homogeneous differential equations with constant coefficients. (6 Lectures)

Laws of Motion: Frames of reference. Newton’s Laws of motion. Dynamics of a

system of particles. Centre of Mass. (10 Lectures)

Momentum and Energy: Conservation of momentum. Work and energy. Conservation

of energy. Motion of rockets. (6 Lectures)

Rotational Motion: Angular velocity and angular momentum. Torque. Conservation of

angular momentum. (5 Lectures)

Gravitation: Newton’s Law of Gravitation. Motion of a particle in a central force field

(motion is in a plane, angular momentum is conserved, areal velocity is constant).
Kepler’s Laws (statement only). Satellite in circular orbit and applications.
Geosynchronous orbits. Weightlessness. Basic idea of global positioning system (GPS).
(8 Lectures)

Oscillations: Simple harmonic motion. Differential equation of SHM and its solutions.
Kinetic and Potential Energy, Total Energy and their time averages. Damped
oscillations. (6 Lectures)

Elasticity: Hooke’s law - Stress-strain diagram - Elastic moduli-Relation between

elastic constants - Poisson’s Ratio-Expression for Poisson’s ratio in terms of elastic
constants - Work done in stretching and work done in twisting a wire - Twisting couple
on a cylinder - Determination of Rigidity modulus by static torsion - Torsional
 pendulum-Determination of Rigidity modulus and moment of inertia - q, η and σby
Searles method (8 Lectures)

Special Theory of Relativity: Constancy of speed of light. Postulates of Special

Theory of Relativity. Length contraction. Time dilation. Relativistic addition of
velocities. (7 Lectures)

Reference Books:
1. University Physics. FW Sears, MW Zemansky and HD Young13/e, 1986. Addison-
Wesley
2. Mechanics Berkeley Physics course,v.1: Charles Kittel, et. Al. 2007, Tata McGraw-
Hill.
3. Physics – Resnick, Halliday & Walker 9/e, 2010, Wiley
4. Engineering Mechanics, Basudeb Bhattacharya, 2nd edn., 2015, Oxford University
Press
5. University Physics, Ronald Lane Reese, 2003, Thomson Brooks/Cole.

PHY-C 1 LAB: MECHANICS

60 Lectures
1. Measurements of length (or diameter) using vernier caliper, screw gauge and
travelling microscope.
2. To determine the Moment of Inertia of a Flywheel/ regular shaped objects.
3. To determine Young's Modulus by flexure method.
4. To determine the Young's Modulus of a Wire by Optical Lever Method.
5. To determine the Modulus of Rigidity of a wire by Maxwell’s needle / dynamical
method.
6. To determine the Elastic Constants of a Wire by Searle’s method.
7. To determine g by Bar/ Kater’s Pendulum.
8. To determine the coefficient of viscosity by Poiseuille’s method.
9. To study the Motion of a Spring and calculate (a) Spring Constant (b) Value of g.

Reference Books:
1. Advanced Practical Physics for students, B.L.Flint and H.T.Worsnop, 1971, Asia
Publishing House.
th
2. Advanced level Physics Practicals, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4 Edition,
reprinted 1985, Heinemann Educational Publishers.
3. Engineering Practical Physics, S.Panigrahi & B.Mallick,2015, Cengage Learning
India Pvt. Ltd.
4. A Text Book of Practical Physics, Indu Prakash and Ramakrishna, 11th Edition, 2011,
Kitab Mahal, New Delhi.
 Semester II

PHY-C-2: ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)

F.M. = 75 (Theory - 40, Practical – 20, Internal Assessment – 15)

Internal Assessment [Class Attendance (Theory) – 05, Theory (Class Test/
Assignment/ Tutorial) – 05, Practical (Sessional Viva-voce) - 05]

Theory: 60 Lectures

Vector Analysis: Review of vector algebra (Scalar and Vector product), gradient,
divergence, Curl and their significance, Vector Integration, Line, surface and volume
integrals of Vector fields, Gauss-divergence theorem and Stoke's theorem of vectors
(statement only). (12 Lectures)

Electrostatics: Electrostatic Field, electric flux, Gauss's theorem of electrostatics.

Applications of Gauss theorem- Electric field due to point charge, infinite line of charge,
uniformly charged spherical shell and solid sphere, plane charged sheet, charged
conductor. Electric potential as line integral of electric field, potential due to a point
charge, electric dipole, uniformly charged spherical shell and solid sphere. Calculation
of electric field from potential. Capacitance of an isolated spherical conductor. Parallel
plate, spherical and cylindrical condenser. Energy per unit volume in electrostatic field.
Dielectric medium, Polarisation, Displacement vector. Gauss's theorem in dielectrics.
Parallel plate capacitor completely filled with dielectric.
(22 Lectures)

Magnetism:
Magnetostatics: Biot-Savart's law & its applications- straight conductor, circular coil,
solenoid carrying current. Divergence and curl of magnetic field. Magnetic vector
potential. Ampere's circuital law.
Magnetic properties of materials: Magnetic intensity, magnetic induction, permeability,
magnetic susceptibility. Brief introduction of dia-, para- and ferro-magnetic materials.
(10 Lectures)
Electromagnetic Induction: Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction, Lenz's law,
self and mutual inductance, L of single coil, M of two coils. Energy stored in magnetic
field. (6 Lectures)

Maxwell`s equations and Electromagnetic wave propagation: Equation of continuity

 of current, Displacement current, Maxwell's equations, Poynting vector, energy density
in electromagnetic field, electromagnetic wave propagation through vacuum and
isotropic dielectric medium, transverse nature of EM waves, polarization. (10 Lectures)

Reference Books:
1. Electricity and Magnetism, Edward M. Purcell, 1986, McGraw-Hill Education..
2. Electricity and Magnetism, J.H. Fewkes & J. Yarwood. Vol. I, 1991, Oxford Univ.
Press.
3. Electricity and Magnetism, D C Tayal, 1988, Himalaya Publishing House.
4. University Physics, Ronald Lane Reese, 2003, Thomson Brooks/Cole.
5. D.J. Griffiths, Introduction to Electrodynamics, 3rd Edn, 1998, Benjamin Cummings.

PHY-C-2 LAB : ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

60 Lectures

1. To use a Multimeter for measuring (a) Resistances, (b) AC and DC Voltages, (c)
DC Current, and (d) checking electrical fuses.
2. Ballistic Galvanometer:
(i) Measurement of charge and current sensitivity
(ii) Measurement of CDR
3. To compare capacitances using De’Sauty’s bridge.
4. To study the Characteristics of a Series RC Circuit.
5. To study the a series LCR circuit and determine its (a) Resonant Frequency, (b)
Quality Factor
6. To study a parallel LCR circuit and determine its (a) Anti-resonant frequency and
(b) Quality factor Q
7. To determine a Low Resistance by Carey Foster’s Bridge.
8. To verify the Thevenin and Norton theorem
9. To verify the Superposition, and Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
10. To determine the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field.
11. To determine the resistance of a suspended coil galvanometer by half deflection
method and hence calculate the sensitivity of the galvanometer.

Reference Books
1. Advanced Practical Physics for students, B.L.Flint & H.T.Worsnop, 1971, Asia
Publishing House.
2. A Text Book of Practical Physics, Indu Prakash and Ramakrishna, 11th Edition, 2011,
Kitab Mahal, New Delhi.
3. Engineering Practical Physics, S.Panigrahi & B.Mallick,2015, Cengage Learning
India Pvt. Ltd.
th
4. Advanced level Physics Practicals, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4 Edition,
reprinted 1985, Heinemann Educational Publishers
 Semester III

PHY-C-3: THERMAL PHYSICS AND STATISTICAL MECHANICS

(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)

F.M. = 75 (Theory - 40, Practical – 20, Internal Assessment – 15)

Internal Assessment [Class Attendance (Theory) – 05, Theory (Class Test/
Assignment/ Tutorial) – 05, Practical (Sessional Viva-voce) - 05]

Theory: 60 Lectures

Laws of Thermodynamics:
Thermodynamic Description of system: Zeroth Law of thermodynamics and
temperature. First law and internal energy, conversion of heat into work, Various
Thermodynamical Processes, Applications of First Law: General Relation between CP &
CV, Work Done during Isothermal and Adiabatic Processes, Compressibility &
Expansion Coefficient, Reversible & irreversible processes, Second law & Entropy,
Carnot’s cycle & theorem, Entropy changes in reversible & irreversible processes,
Entropy-temperature diagrams, Third law of thermodynamics, Unattainability of
absolute zero. (22 Lectures)

Thermodynamic Potentials: Enthalpy, Gibbs, Helmholtz and Internal Energy

functions, Maxwell’s relations & applications - Joule-Thompson Effect, Clausius-
Clapeyron Equation, Expression for (CP – CV), CP/CV, TdS equations. (10 Lectures)

Kinetic Theory of Gases: Derivation of Maxwell’s law of distribution of velocities and

its experimental verification, Mean free path (Zeroth Order), Transport Phenomena:
Viscosity, Conduction and Diffusion (for vertical case), Law of equipartition of energy
(no derivation) and its applications to specific heat of gases; mono-atomic and diatomic
gases. (10 Lectures)

Theory of Radiation: Blackbody radiation, Spectral distribution, Concept of Energy

Density, Derivation of Planck's law, Deduction of Wien’s distribution law, Rayleigh-
Jeans Law, Stefan Boltzmann Law and Wien’s displacement law from Planck’s law.
(6 Lectures)
Statistical Mechanics: Phase space, Macrostate and Microstate, Entropy and
Thermodynamic probability, Maxwell-Boltzmann law - distribution of velocity -
Quantum statistics - Fermi-Dirac distribution law - electron gas - Bose-Einstein
distribution law - photon gas - comparison of three statistics. (12 Lectures)
 Reference Books:
1. Thermal Physics, S. Garg, R. Bansal and C. Ghosh, 1993, Tata McGraw-Hill.
2. A Treatise on Heat, Meghnad Saha, and B.N. Srivastava, 1969, Indian Press.
3. Thermodynamics, Enrico Fermi, 1956, Courier Dover Publications.
4. Heat and Thermodynamics, M.W.Zemasky and R. Dittman, 1981, McGraw Hill
5. Thermodynamics, Kinetic theory & Statistical thermodynamics, F.W.Sears &
G.L.Salinger. 1988, Narosa
6. University Physics, Ronald Lane Reese, 2003, Thomson Brooks/Cole.
7. Thermal Physics, A. Kumar and S.P. Taneja, 2014, R. chand Publications.

PHY-C-3 LAB: THERMAL PHYSICS AND STATISTICAL

MECHANICS

60 Lectures
1. Measurement of Planck’s constant using black body radiation.
2. To determine Stefan’s Constant.
3. To determine the coefficient of thermal conductivity of a bad conductor by Lee and
Charlton’s disc method.
4. To determine the temperature co-efficient of resistance by Platinum resistance
thermometer.
5. To study the variation of thermo emf across two junctions of a thermocouple with
temperature.
6. To determine the coefficient of linear expansion by optical lever method.
7. To determine the pressure coefficient of air by constant volume method.
8. To determine the coefficient of linear expansion by travelling microscope.
9. To determine the coefficient of thermal conductivity of a bad conductor by
Searle’s method.

Reference Books:
1. Advanced Practical Physics for students, B.L.Flint & H.T.Worsnop, 1971, Asia
Publishing House.
2. Advanced level Physics Practicals, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4th
3. Edition, reprinted 1985, Heinemann Educational Publishers
4. A Text Book of Practical Physics, Indu Prakash and Ramakrishna, 11th Edition,
2011, Kitab Mahal, New Delhi.
5. A Laboratory Manual of Physics for Undergraduate Classes, D.P. Khandelwal,
1985, Vani Publication.
Skill Enhancement Course
PHY SEC-1 : RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY HARVESTING
(Credits: 02)

F.M. = 50 (Theory - 40, Internal Assessment – 10)

Internal Assessment [Class Attendance (Theory) – 05, Theory (Class Test/
Assignment/ Tutorial) – 05]

Theory: 30 Lectures

The aim of this course is not just to impart theoretical knowledge to the students but to
provide them with exposure and hands-on learning wherever possible

Fossil fuels and Alternate Sources of energy: Fossil fuels and Nuclear Energy, their
limitation, need of renewable energy, non-conventional energy sources. An overview of
developments in Offshore Wind Energy, Tidal Energy, Wave energy systems, Ocean
Thermal Energy Conversion, solar energy, biomass, biochemical conversion, biogas
generation, geothermal energy tidal energy, Hydroelectricity. (3 Lectures)

Solar energy: Solar energy, its importance, storage of solar energy, solar pond, non
convective solar pond, applications of solar pond and solar energy, solar water heater,
flat plate collector, solar distillation, solar cooker, solar green houses, solar cell,
absorption air conditioning. Need and characteristics of photovoltaic (PV) systems, PV
models and equivalent circuits, and sun tracking systems. (6 Lectures)

Wind Energy harvesting: Fundamentals of Wind energy, Wind Turbines and different
electrical machines in wind turbines, Power electronic interfaces, and grid
interconnection topologies. (3 Lectures)

Ocean Energy: Ocean Energy Potential against Wind and Solar, Wave Characteristics
and Statistics, Wave Energy Devices. (3 Lectures)

Tide characteristics and Statistics, Tide Energy Technologies, Ocean Thermal Energy,
Osmotic Power, Ocean Bio-mass. (2 Lectures)

Geothermal Energy: Geothermal Resources, Geothermal Technologies. (2 Lectures)

Hydro Energy: Hydropower resources, hydropower technologies, environmental impact

of hydro power sources. (2 Lectures)

Piezoelectric Energy harvesting: Introduction, Physics and characteristics of

piezoelectric effect, materials and mathematical description of piezoelectricity,
Piezoelectric parameters and modeling piezoelectric generators, Piezoelectric energy
harvesting applications, Human power (4 Lectures)
Electromagnetic Energy Harvesting: Linear generators, physics mathematical models,
recent applications (2 Lectures)

Carbon captured technologies, cell, batteries, power consumption (2 Lectures)

Environmental issues and Renewable sources of energy, sustainability. (1 Lecture)

Demonstrations and Experiments

1. Demonstration of Training modules on Solar energy, wind energy, etc.

2. Conversion of vibration to voltage using piezoelectric materials
3. Conversion of thermal energy into voltage using thermoelectric modules.

Reference Books:

1. Non-conventional energy sources - G.D Rai - Khanna Publishers, New Delhi

2. Solar energy - M P Agarwal - S Chand and Co. Ltd.
3. Solar energy - Suhas P Sukhative Tata McGraw - Hill Publishing Company Ltd.
4. Godfrey Boyle, “Renewable Energy, Power for a sustainable future”, 2004,
Oxford University Press, in association with The Open University.
5. Dr. P Jayakumar, Solar Energy: Resource Assesment Handbook, 2009
6. J.Balfour, M.Shaw and S. Jarosek, Photovoltaics, Lawrence J Goodrich (USA).
7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy
 Semester IV

PHY-C-4: WAVES AND OPTICS

(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)

F.M. = 75 (Theory - 40, Practical – 20, Internal Assessment – 15)

Internal Assessment [Class Attendance (Theory) – 05, Theory (Class Test/
Assignment/ Tutorial) – 05, Practical (Sessional Viva-voce) - 05]

Theory: 60 Lectures

Superposition of Two Collinear Harmonic oscillations: Linearity and Superposition

Principle. (1) Oscillations having equal frequencies and (2) Oscillations having different
frequencies (Beats). (4 Lectures)

Superposition of Two Perpendicular Harmonic Oscillations: Graphical and

Analytical Methods. Lissajous Figures with equal an unequal frequency and their uses.
(2 Lectures)

Waves Motion- General: Transverse waves on a string. Travelling and standing waves
on a string. Normal Modes of a string. Group velocity, Phase velocity. Plane waves.
Spherical waves, Wave intensity. (7 Lectures)

Fluids: Surface Tension: Synclastic and anticlastic surface - Excess of pressure -

Application to spherical and cylindrical drops and bubbles - variation of surface tension
with temperature - Jaegar’s method. Viscosity: Viscosity - Rate flow of liquid in a
capillary tube - Poiseuille’s formula - Determination of coefficient of viscosity of a
liquid - Variations of viscosity of a liquid with temperature lubrication. Physics of low
pressure - production and measurement of low pressure - Rotary pump - Diffusion pump
- Molecular pump - Knudsen absolute gauge - penning and pirani gauge – Detection of
leakage. (6 Lectures)

Sound: Simple harmonic motion - forced vibrations and resonance - Fourier’s Theorem
- Application to saw tooth wave and square wave - Intensity and loudness of sound -
Decibels - Intensity levels - musical notes - musical scale. Acoustics of buildings:
Reverberation and time of reverberation - Absorption coefficient - Sabine’s formula -
measurement of reverberation time - Acoustic aspects of halls and auditoria.
(6 Lectures)

Wave Optics: Electromagnetic nature of light. Definition and Properties of wave front.
Huygens Principle. (3 Lectures)

Interference: Interference: Division of amplitude and division of wavefront. Young’s

Double Slit experiment. Lloyd’s Mirror and Fresnel’s Biprism. Phase change on
 reflection: Stokes’ treatment. Interference in Thin Films: parallel and wedge-shaped
films. Fringes of equal inclination (Haidinger Fringes); Fringes of equal thickness
(Fizeau Fringes). Newton’s Rings: measurement of wavelength and refractive index.
(10 Lectures)

Michelson’s Interferometer: Idea of form of fringes (no theory needed), Determination

of wavelength, Wavelength difference, Refractive index and Visibility of fringes.
(3 Lectures)
Diffraction: Fraunhofer diffraction: Single slit; Double Slit. Multiple slits & Diffraction
grating. Fresnel Diffraction: Half-period zones. Zone plate. Fresnel Diffraction pattern of a
straight edge, a slit and a wire using half-period zone analysis. (14 Lectures)

Polarization: Transverse nature of light waves. Plane polarized light – production and
analysis. Circular and elliptical polarization. (5 Lectures)

Reference Books:
1. Fundamentals of Optics, F A Jenkins and H E White, 1976, McGraw-Hill
2. Principles of Optics, B.K. Mathur, 1995, Gopal Printing
3. Fundamentals of Optics, H.R. Gulati and D.R. Khanna, 1991, R. Chand
Publication
4. University Physics. FW Sears, MW Zemansky and HD Young 13/e, 1986.
Addison-Wesley

PHY-C-4 LAB: WAVES AND OPTICS

60 Lectures

1. To determine the Frequency of an Electrically Maintained Tuning Fork by

Melde’s Experiment and to verify λ2 – T Law.
2. Familiarization with Schuster`s focussing; determination of angle of prism.
3. To determine the Refractive Index of the Material of a given Prism using Sodium
Light.
4. To determine Dispersive Power of the Material of a given Prism using Mercury
Light
5. To determine the value of Cauchy Constants of a material of a prism.
6. To determine the Resolving Power of a Prism.
7. To determine wavelength of sodium light using Newton’s Rings.
8. To determine the wavelength of Laser light using Diffraction of Single Slit.
9. To determine wavelength of (1) Sodium & (2) spectrum of Mercury light using
plane diffraction Grating
10. To determine the Resolving Power of a Plane Diffraction Grating.
11. To determine the refractive index of a liquid by travelling microscope.
12. To determine the focal length of a concave lens by combination method.
 Reference Books:
1. Advanced Practical Physics for students, B.L. Flint & H.T. Worsnop, 1971, Asia
Publishing House.
2. Advanced level Physics Practicals, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4th
Edition, reprinted 1985, Heinemann Educational Publishers
3. A Text Book of Practical Physics, Indu Prakash and Ramakrishna, 11th Edition, 2011,
Kitab Mahal, New Delhi.

Skill Enhancement Course

PHY-SEC-2: WEATHER FORECASTING

(Credits: 02)

F.M. = 50 (Theory - 40, Internal Assessment – 10)

Internal Assessment [Class Attendance (Theory) – 05, Theory (Class Test/
Assignment/ Tutorial) – 05]

Theory: 30 Lectures
The aim of this course is not just to impart theoretical knowledge to the students
but to enable them to develop an awareness and understanding regarding the
causes and effects of different weather phenomenon and basic forecasting
techniques

Introduction to atmosphere: Elementary idea of atmosphere: physical structure

and composition; compositional layering of the atmosphere; variation of
pressure and temperature with height; air temperature; requirements to measure
air temperature; temperature sensors: types; atmospheric pressure: its
measurement; cyclones and anticyclones: its characteristics. (9 Lectures )

Measuring the weather: Wind; forces acting to produce wind; wind speed
direction: units, its direction; measuring wind speed and direction; humidity,
clouds and rainfall, radiation: absorption, emission and scattering in atmosphere;
radiation laws.
(4 Lectures)
Weather systems: Global wind systems; air masses and fronts: classifications;
jet streams; local thunderstorms; tropical cyclones: classification; tornadoes;
hurricanes.
(3 Lectures)
Climate and Climate Change: Climate: its classification; causes of climate
change; global warming and its outcomes; air pollution; aerosols, ozone
depletion, acid rain, environmental issues related to climate. (6 Lectures)

Basics of weather forecasting: Weather forecasting: analysis and its historical

background; need of measuring weather; types of weather forecasting; weather
forecasting methods; criteria of choosing weather station; basics of choosing site and
exposure; satellites observations in weather forecasting; weather maps; uncertainty and
predictability; probability forecasts. (8 Lectures)

Demonstrations and Experiments:

1. Study of synoptic charts & weather reports, working principle of weather station.
2. Processing and analysis of weather data:
(a) To calculate the sunniest time of the year.
(b) To study the variation of rainfall amount and intensity by wind direction.
(c) To observe the sunniest/driest day of the week.
(d) To examine the maximum and minimum temperature throughout the year.
(e) To evaluate the relative humidity of the day.
(f) To examine the rainfall amount month wise.
3. Exercises in chart reading: Plotting of constant pressure charts, surfaces charts,
upper wind charts and its analysis.
4. Formats and elements in different types of weather forecasts/ warning (both
aviation and non aviation)

Reference books:

1. Aviation Meteorology, I.C. Joshi, 3rd edition 2014, Himalayan Books

2. The weather Observers Hand book, Stephen Burt, 2012, Cambridge
University Press.
3. Meteorology, S.R. Ghadekar, 2001, Agromet Publishers, Nagpur.
4. Text Book of Agrometeorology, S.R. Ghadekar, 2005, Agromet Publishers,
Nagpur.
5. Why the weather, Charls Franklin Brooks, 1924, Chpraman & Hall, London.
6. Atmosphere and Ocean, John G. Harvey, 1995, The Artemis Press.
 Semester-V
Discipline Specific Elective

PHY-DSE-1: ELEMENTS OF MODERN PHYSICS

(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
F.M. = 75 (Theory - 40, Practical – 20, Internal Assessment – 15)
Internal Assessment [Class Attendance (Theory) – 05, Theory (Class Test/
Assignment/ Tutorial) – 05, Practical (Sessional Viva-voce) - 05]

Theory: 60 Lectures

Planck’s quantum, Planck’s constant and light as a collection of photons; Photo-electric

effect and Compton scattering. De Broglie wavelength and matter waves; Davisson-
Germer experiment. (8 Lectures)
Problems with Rutherford model- instability of atoms and observation of discrete atomic
spectra; Bohr's quantization rule and atomic stability; calculation of energy levels for
hydrogen like atoms and their spectra. (4 Lectures)

Position measurement- gamma ray microscope thought experiment; Wave-particle

duality, Heisenberg uncertainty principle- impossibility of a particle following a
trajectory; Estimating minimum energy of a confined particle using uncertainty
principle; Energy-time uncertainty principle. (4 Lectures)

Two slit interference experiment with photons, atoms and particles; linear superposition
principle as a consequence; Matter waves and wave amplitude; Schrodinger equation for
non-relativistic particles; Momentum and Energy operators; stationary states; physical
interpretation of wavefunction, probabilities and normalization; Probability and
probability current densities in one dimension. (11 Lectures)

One dimensional infinitely rigid box- energy eigenvalues and eigenfunctions,

normalization; Quantum dot as an example; Quantum mechanical scattering and tunnelling
in one dimension - across a step potential and across a rectangular potential barrier.
(12 Lectures)

Size and structure of atomic nucleus and its relation with atomic weight; Impossibility of an
electron being in the nucleus as a consequence of the uncertainty principle. Nature of
nuclear force, NZ graph, semi-empirical mass formula and binding energy.
(6 Lectures)
Radioactivity: stability of nucleus; Law of radioactive decay; Mean life & half-life; α
decay; β decay - energy released, spectrum and Pauli's prediction of neutrino; γ-ray
emission. (11 Lectures)
Fission and fusion - mass deficit, relativity and generation of energy; Fission - nature of
fragments and emission of neutrons. Nuclear reactor: slow neutrons interacting with
Uranium 235; Fusion and thermonuclear reactions.
(4 Lectures)
Reference Books:
1. Concepts of Modern Physics, Arthur Beiser, 2009, McGraw-Hill
2. Modern Physics, John R. Taylor, Chris D. Zafiratos, Michael A.Dubson,2009, PHI
Learning
3. Six Ideas that Shaped Physics: Particle Behave like Waves, Thomas A. Moore,
2003, McGraw Hill
4. Quantum Physics, Berkeley Physics Course Vol.4. E.H. Wichman, 2008, Tata
McGraw-Hill Co.
5. Modern Physics, R.A. Serway, C.J. Moses, and C.A.Moyer, 2005, Cengage
Learning
6. Modern Physics, G. Kaur and G.R. Pickrell, 2014, McGraw Hill

PHY-DSE-1 LAB: ELEMENTS OF MODERN PHYSICS

60 Lectures

1. To determine value of Boltzmann constant using V-I characteristic of PN diode.

2. To determine work function of material of filament of directly heated vacuum
diode.
3. To determine value of Planck’s constant using LEDs of at least 4 different
colours.
4. To determine the excitation potential of mercury/argon by Franck-Hertz experiment.
5. To determine the wavelength of H-alpha emission line of Hydrogen atom.
6. To study the diffraction patterns of single and double slits using laser source and
measure its intensity variation using Photosensor and compare with incoherent
source – Na light.
7. Photo-electric effect: photo current versus intensity and wavelength of light;
maximum energy of photo-electrons versus frequency of light
8. To determine the value of e/m by magnetic focusing.
9. To setup the Millikan oil drop apparatus and determine the charge of an electron.
10. To determine the band gap by measuring the resistance of a thermistor at different
temperature.
Reference Books:
1. Advanced Practical Physics for students, B.L. Flint & H.T. Worsnop, 1971, Asia
Publishing House.
th
2. Advanced level Physics Practicals, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4 Edition,
reprinted 1985, Heinemann Educational Publishers
3. A Text Book of Practical Physics, Indu Prakash and Ramakrishna, 11th Edition,
2011, Kitab Mahal, New Delhi.
 PHY-DSE-2: Nuclear & Particle Physics

(Credits: 06)

F.M. = 75 (Theory - 60, Internal Assessment – 15)

Internal Assessment [Class Attendance – 05, Class Test/ Assignment/ Tutorial – 10]

Theory: 75 Lectures
General Properties of Nuclei: Constituents of nucleus and their Intrinsic properties,
quantitative facts about size, mass, charge density (matter energy), binding energy,
average binding energy and its variation with mass number, main features of binding
energy versus mass number curve, N/A plot, angular momentum, parity, magnetic
moment, electric moments, nuclear excites states. (10 Lectures)

Nuclear Models: Liquid drop model approach, semi empirical mass formula and
significance of various terms, condition of nuclear stability. Two nucleon separation
energies, Fermi gas model (degenerate fermion gas, nuclear symmetry potential in Fermi
gas), evidence for nuclear shell structure, nuclear magic numbers, basic assumption of
shell model, concept of mean field, residual interaction, concept of nuclear force.
(12 Lectures)

Radioactivity decay:(a) Alpha decay: basics of α-decay processes, theory of α-

emission, Gamow factor, Geiger Nuttall law, α-decay spectroscopy. (b) β-decay: energy
kinematics for β-decay, positron emission, electron capture, neutrino hypothesis. (c)
Gamma decay: Gamma rays emission & kinematics, internal conversion.
(10 Lectures)

Nuclear Reactions: Types of Reactions, Conservation Laws, kinematics of reactions,

Q-value, reaction rate, reaction cross section, Concept of compound and direct reaction,
resonance reaction, Coulomb scattering (Rutherford scattering). (8 Lectures)

Interaction of Nuclear Radiation with matter: Energy loss due to ionization (Bethe-
Block formula), energy loss of electrons, Cerenkov radiation, Gamma ray interaction
through matter, photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, pair production, neutron
interaction with matter. (8 Lectures)

Detector for Nuclear Radiations: Gas detectors: estimation of electric field, mobility
of particle, for ionization chamber and GM Counter. Basic principle of Scintillation
 Detectors and construction of photo-multiplier tube (PMT). Semiconductor Detectors (Si &
Ge) for charge particle and photon detection (concept of charge carrier and mobility).
(8 Lectures)

Particle Accelerators: Accelerator facility available in India: Van-de Graaff generator

(Tandem accelerator), Linear accelerator, Cyclotron, Synchrotrons. (5 Lectures)

Particle physics: Particle interactions; basic features, types of particles and its families.
Symmetries and Conservation Laws: energy and momentum, angular momentum, parity,
baryon number, Lepton number, Isospin, Strangeness and charm, concept of quark model,
color quantum number and gluons. (14 Lectures)

Reference Books:

1. Introductory nuclear Physics by Kenneth S. Krane (Wiley India Pvt. Ltd., 2008).
2. Concepts of nuclear physics by Bernard L. Cohen. (Tata Mcgraw Hill, 1998).
3. Introduction to the physics of nuclei & particles, R.A. Dunlap. (Thomson Asia, 2004)
4. Introduction to Elementary Particles, D. Griffith, John Wiley & Sons
5. Quarks and Leptons, F. Halzen and A.D. Martin, Wiley India, New Delhi
6. Basic ideas and concepts in Nuclear Physics - An Introductory Approach by K. Heyde
(IOP- Institute of Physics Publishing, 2004).
7. Radiation detection and measurement, G.F. Knoll (John Wiley & Sons, 2000).
8. Theoretical Nuclear Physics, J.M. Blatt & V.F.Weisskopf (Dover Pub.Inc., 1991)

Skill Enhancement Course

PHY-SEC-3: COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS

(Credits: 02)

F.M. = 50 (Theory - 40, Internal Assessment – 10)

Internal Assessment [Class Attendance (Theory) – 05, Theory (Class Test/ Assignment/
Tutorial) – 05]

Theory: 30 Lectures
The aim of this course is not just to teach computer programming and numerical analysis
but to emphasize its role in solving problems in Physics.
• Highlights the use of computational methods to solve physical problems
• Use of computer language as a tool in solving physics problems (applications)
• Course will consist of hands on training on the Problem solving on Computers.

Introduction: Importance of computers in Physics, paradigm for solving physics

problems for solution. Usage of linux as an Editor. Algorithms and Flowcharts:
Algorithm: Definition, properties and development. Flowchart: Concept of flowchart,
symbols, guidelines, types. Examples: Cartesian to Spherical Polar Coordinates, Roots of
Quadratic Equation, Sum of two matrices, Sum and Product of a finite series, calculation
of sin (x) as a series, algorithm for plotting (1) lissajous figures and (2) trajectory of a
projectile thrown at an angle with the horizontal. (4 Lectures)

Scientific Programming: Some fundamental Linux Commands (Internal and External

commands). Development of FORTRAN, Basic elements of FORTRAN: Character Set,
Constants and their types, Variables and their types, Keywords, Variable Declaration and
concept of instruction and program. Operators: Arithmetic, Relational, Logical and
Assignment Operators. Expressions: Arithmetic, Relational, Logical, Character and
Assignment Expressions. Fortran Statements: I/O Statements (unformatted/formatted),
Executable and Non-Executable Statements, Layout of Fortran Program, Format of
writing Program and concept of coding, Initialization and Replacement Logic. Examples
from physics problems. (5 Lectures)

Control Statements: Types of Logic (Sequential, Selection, Repetition), Branching

Statements (Logical IF, Arithmetic IF, Block IF, Nested Block IF, SELECT CASE and
ELSE IF Ladder statements), Looping Statements (DO-CONTINUE, DO-ENDDO, DO-
WHILE, Implied and Nested DO Loops), Jumping Statements (Unconditional GOTO,
Computed GOTO, Assigned GOTO) Subscripted Variables (Arrays: Types of Arrays,
DIMENSION Statement, Reading and Writing Arrays), Functions and Subroutines
(Arithmetic Statement Function, Function Subprogram and Subroutine), RETURN,
CALL, COMMON and EQUIVALENCE Statements), Structure, Disk I/O Statements,
open a file, writing in a file, reading from a file. Examples from physics problems.
Programming:
1. Exercises on syntax on usage of FORTRAN
2. Usage of GUI Windows, Linux Commands, familiarity with DOS commands and
working in an editor to write sources codes in FORTRAN.
3. To print out all natural even/ odd numbers between given limits.
4. To find maximum, minimum and range of a given set of numbers.
5. Calculating Euler number using exp(x) series evaluated at x=1 (6 Lectures)

Scientific word processing: Introduction to LaTeX: TeX/LaTeX word processor,

preparing a basic LaTeX file, Document classes, Preparing an input file for LaTeX,
Compiling LaTeX File, LaTeX tags for creating different environments, Defining
LaTeX commands and environments, Changing the type style, Symbols from other
languages. Equation representation: Formulae and equations, Figures and other
floating bodies, Lining in columns- Tabbing and tabular environment, Generating table
of contents, bibliography and citation, Making an index and glossary, List making
environments, Fonts, Picture environment and colors, errors. (6 Lectures)

Visualization: Introduction to graphical analysis and its limitations. Introduction to

Gnuplot. importance of visualization of computational and computational data, basic
Gnuplot commands: simple plots, plotting data from a file, saving and exporting,
multiple data sets per file, physics with Gnuplot (equations, building functions, user
defined variables and functions), Understanding data with Gnuplot
 Hands on exercises:

1. To compile a frequency distribution and evaluate mean, standard deviation etc.

2. To evaluate sum of finite series and the area under a curve.
3. To find the product of two matrices
4. To find a set of prime numbers and Fibonacci series.
5. To write program to open a file and generate data for plotting using Gnuplot.
6. Plotting trajectory of a projectile projected horizontally.
7. Plotting trajectory of a projectile projected making an angle with the horizontally.
8. Creating an input Gnuplot file for plotting a data and saving the output for seeing
on the screen. Saving it as an eps file and as a pdf file.
9. To find the roots of a quadratic equation.
10. Motion of a projectile using simulation and plot the output for visualization.
11. Numerical solution of equation of motion of simple harmonic oscillator and plot
the outputs for visualization.
12. Motion of particle in a central force field and plot the output for visualization.
(9 Lectures)

Reference Books:

1. Introduction to Numerical Analysis, S.S. Sastry, 5th Edn., 2012, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
2. Computer Programming in Fortran 77”. V. Rajaraman (Publisher:PHI).
3. LaTeX–A Document Preparation System”, Leslie Lamport (Second Edition,
Addison-Wesley, 1994).
4. Gnuplot in action: understanding data with graphs, Philip K Janert, (Manning 2010)
5. Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Programming with Fortran, S
Lipsdutz and A Poe, 1986Mc-Graw Hill Book Co.
6. Computational Physics: An Introduction, R. C. Verma, et al. New Age International
Publishers, New Delhi(1999)
7. A first course in Numerical Methods, U.M. Ascher and C. Greif, 2012, PHI Learning
8. Elementary Numerical Analysis, K.E. Atkinson, 3 r d Edn . , 2 00 7, Wiley India Edition.

Semester-VI

PHY-DSE-3: QUANTUM MECHANICS

(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)

F.M. = 75 (Theory - 40, Practical – 20, Internal Assessment – 15)

Internal Assessment [Class Attendance (Theory) – 05, Theory (Class Test/
Assignment/ Tutorial) – 05, Practical (Sessional Viva-voce) - 05]

Theory: 60 Lectures

Time dependent Schrodinger equation: Time dependent Schrodinger equation and

dynamical evolution of a quantum state; Properties of Wave Function. Interpretation of
Wave Function Probability and probability current densities in three dimensions;
Conditions for Physical Acceptability of Wave Functions. Normalization. Linearity and
Superposition Principles. Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions. Position, momentum &
Energy operators; commutator of position and momentum operators; Expectation values
of position and momentum. Wave Function of a Free Particle.
(6 Lectures)

Time independent Schrodinger equation-Hamiltonian, stationary states and energy

eigenvalues; expansion of an arbitrary wavefunction as a linear combination of energy
eigenfunctions; General solution of the time dependent Schrodinger equation in terms of
linear combinations of stationary states; Application to the spread of Gaussian
wavepacket for a free particle in one dimension; wave packets, Fourier transforms and
momentum space wavefunction; Position-momentum uncertainty principle.
(10 Lectures)

General discussion of bound states in an arbitrary potential- continuity of wave

function, boundary condition and emergence of discrete energy levels; application to
one-dimensional problem- square well potential; Quantum mechanics of simple
harmonic oscillator-energy levels and energy eigenfunctions using Frobenius method.
(12 Lectures)

Quantum theory of hydrogen-like atoms: time independent Schrodinger equation in

spherical polar coordinates; separation of variables for the second order partial
differential equation; angular momentum operator and quantum numbers; Radial
wavefunctions from Frobenius method; Orbital angular momentum quantum numbers l
and m; s, p, d,.. shells (idea only) (10 Lectures)

Atoms in Electric and Magnetic Fields:- Electron Angular Momentum. Space

Quantization. Electron Spin and Spin Angular Momentum. Larmor’s Theorem. Spin
Magnetic Moment. Stern-Gerlach Experiment. Zeeman Effect: Electron Magnetic
Moment and Magnetic Energy, Gyromagnetic Ratio and Bohr Magneton.
(8 Lectures)

Atoms in External Magnetic Fields:- Normal and Anomalous Zeeman Effect.

(4 Lectures)

Many electron atoms:- Pauli’s Exclusion Principle. Symmetric and Antisymmetric

Wave Functions. Periodic table. Fine structure. Spin orbit coupling. Spectral Notations
for Atomic States. Total Angular Momentum. Vector Model. Spin-orbit coupling in
atoms-L-S and J-J couplings.
(10 Lectures)

Reference Books:
1. A Text book of Quantum Mechanics, P.M. Mathews & K. Venkatesan, 2nd Ed.,
2010, McGraw Hill
2. Quantum Mechanics, Robert Eisberg and Robert Resnick, 2ndEdn., 2002, Wiley.
3. Quantum Mechanics, Leonard I. Schiff, 3rdEdn. 2010, Tata McGraw Hill.
4. Quantum Mechanics, G. Aruldhas, 2ndEdn. 2002, PHI Learning of India.
5. Quantum Mechanics, Bruce Cameron Reed, 2008, Jones and Bartlett Learning.
 6. Quantum Mechanics for Scientists & Engineers, D.A.B. Miller, 2008, Cambridge
University Press
7. Quantum Mechanics, Eugen Merzbacher, 2004, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
8. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, David J. Griffith, 2nd Ed. 2005, Pearson
Education
9. Quantum Mechanics, Walter Greiner, 4thEdn., 2001, Springer

PHY-DSE-3 LAB: QUANTUM MECHANICS

60 Lectures
Use C/C++/Scilab for solving the following problems based on Quantum Mechanics
like
1. Solve the s-wave Schrodinger equation for the ground state and the first excited
state of the hydrogen atom:

= , =2m/ħ2 [V(r) – E],

where =−

Here, m is the reduced mass of the electron. Obtain the energy eigenvalues and plot the
corresponding wavefunctions. Remember that the ground state energy of the hydrogen atom is ≈ -
13.6 eV. Take e = 3.795 (eVÅ)1/2, ħc = 1973 (eVÅ) and m = 0.511x106 eV/c2.
2. Solve the s-wave radial Schrodinger equation for an atom:

= , =2m/ħ2 [V(r) – E],

where m is the reduced mass of the system (which can be chosen to be the mass of an electron), for
the screened coulomb potential

=− ,

Find the energy (in eV) of the ground state of the atom to an accuracy of three significant digits.
Also, plot the corresponding wavefunction. Take e = 3.795 (eVÅ)1/2, m = 0.511x106 eV/c2, and a =
3 Å, 5 Å, 7 Å. In these units ħc = 1973 (eVÅ). The ground state energy is expected to be above -12
eV in all three cases.
3. Solve the s-wave radial Schrodinger equation for a particle of mass m:

= , =2m/ħ2 [V(r) – E],

For the anharmonic oscillator potential

1 1
= +
2 3
for the ground state energy (in MeV) of particle to an accuracy of three significant digits. Also, plot
the corresponding wave function. Choose m = 940 MeV/c2, k = 100 MeV fm-2, b = 0, 10, 30 MeV
fm-3. In these units, cħ = 197.3 MeV fm. The ground state energy I expected to lie between 90 and
110 MeV for all three cases.
4. Solve the s-wave radial Schrodinger equation for the vibrations of hydrogen molecule:

= , =2µ/ħ2 [V(r) – E],

where µ is the reduced mass of the two-atom system for the Morse potential
∝ ∝ !
= − , = ,
!

Find the lowest vibrational energy (in MeV) of the molecule to an accuracy of three significant
digits. Also plot the corresponding wave function.
Take: m = 940x106eV/C2, D = 0.755501 eV, α = 1.44, r0= 0.131349 Å

Laboratory based experiments:

1. Study of Electron spin resonance- determine magnetic field as a function of the

resonance frequency
2. Study of Zeeman effect: with external magnetic field.
3. To study the quantum tunnelling effect with solid state device, e.g. tunnelling
current in backward diode or tunnel diode.
Reference Books:
1. Schaum's Outline of Programming with C++. J.Hubbard, 2000 , McGraw‐Hill
Publications.
2. Numerical Recipes in C: The Art of Scientific Computing, W.H.Press et al.,
3 rd Edn., 2007, Cambridge University Press.
3. Elementary Numerical Analysis, K.E.Atkinson, 3 rd Ed n . , 20 07 , Wiley India
Edition.
4. A Guide to MATLAB, B.R. Hunt, R.L. Lipsman, J.M. Rosenberg, 2014, 3rd Edn.,
Cambridge University Press
5. Simulation of ODE/PDE Models with MATLAB®, OCTAVE and SCILAB:
Scientific and Engineering Applications: A. Vande Wouwer, P. Saucez, C. V.
Fernández.2014 Springer ISBN: 978-3319067896
6. Scilab by example: M. Affouf2012ISBN: 978-1479203444
7. Scilab (A Free Software to Matlab): H. Ramchandran, A.S. Nair. 2011 S. Chand and
Company, New Delhi ISBN: 978-8121939706
8. Scilab Image Processing: Lambert M. Surhone. 2010Betascript Publishing ISBN: 978-
6133459274A
9. Quantum Mechanics, Leonard I. Schiff, 3rdEdn. 2010, Tata McGraw Hill.
10. Quantum Mechanics, Bruce Cameron Reed, 2008, Jones and Bartlett Learning.
 PHY-DSE-4: DIGITAL AND ANALOG CIRCUITS AND
INSTRUMENTATION
(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)

F.M. = 75 (Theory - 40, Practical – 20, Internal Assessment – 15)

Internal Assessment [Class Attendance (Theory) – 05, Theory (Class Test/
Assignment/ Tutorial) – 05, Practical (Sessional Viva-voce) - 05]

Theory: 60 Lectures

UNIT-1: Digital Circuits

Difference between Analog and Digital Circuits. Binary Numbers. Decimal to Binary
and Binary to Decimal Conversion, AND, OR and NOT Gates (Realization using Diodes
and Transistor). NAND and NOR Gates as Universal Gates. XOR and XNOR Gates.
(4 Lectures)

De Morgan's Theorems. Boolean Laws. Simplification of Logic Circuit using Boolean

Algebra. Fundamental Products. Minterms and Maxterms. Conversion of a Truth Table
into an Equivalent Logic Circuit by (1) Sum of Products Method and (2) Karnaugh Map.
(5 Lectures)

Binary Addition. Binary Subtraction using 2's Complement Method).Half Adders and
Full Adders and Subtractors, 4-bit binary Adder-Subtractor. (4 Lectures)

UNIT-2: Semiconductor Devices and Amplifiers:

Semiconductor Diodes: p and n type semiconductors. Barrier Formation in PN Junction
Diode. Qualitative Idea of Current Flow Mechanism in Forward and Reverse Biased
Diode. PN junction and its characteristics. Static and Dynamic Resistance. Principle and
structure of (1) LEDs (2) Photodiode (3) Solar Cell.
(5 Lectures)

Bipolar Junction transistors: n-p-n and p-n-p Transistors. Characteristics of CB, CE and
CC Configurations. Active, Cutoff, and Saturation Regions. Current gains α and β.
Relations between α and β. Load Line analysis of Transistors. DC Load line and Q-
point. Voltage Divider Bias Circuit for CE Amplifier. h-parameter Equivalent Circuit.
Analysis of a single-stage CE amplifier using Hybrid Model. Input and Output
 Impedance. Current, Voltage and Power Gains. Class A, B, and C Amplifiers.
(12 Lectures)

UNIT-3: Operational Amplifiers (Black Box approach):

Characteristics of an Ideal and Practical Op-Amp (IC 741), Open-loop& Closed-loop
Gain. CMRR, concept of Virtual ground. Applications of Op-Amps: (1) Inverting and
Non-inverting Amplifiers, (2) Adder, (3) Subtractor, (4) Differentiator, (5) Integrator,
(6) Zero Crossing Detector. (13 Lectures)

Sinusoidal Oscillators: Barkhausen's Criterion for Self-sustained Oscillations.

Determination of Frequency of RC Oscillator (5 Lectures)

UNIT-4: Instrumentations:
Introduction to CRO: Block Diagram of CRO. Applications of CRO: (1) Study of
Waveform, (2) Measurement of Voltage, Current, Frequency, and Phase Difference.
(3 Lectures)
Power Supply: Half-wave Rectifiers. Centre-tapped and Bridge Full-wave Rectifiers
Calculation of Ripple Factor and Rectification Efficiency, Basic idea about capacitor
filter, Zener Diode and Voltage Regulation (6 Lectures)

Timer IC: IC 555 Pin diagram and its application as Astable & Monostable
Multivibrator (3 Lectures)

Reference Books:
1. Integrated Electronics, J. Millman and C.C. Halkias, 1991, Tata Mc-Graw Hill.
2. Electronic devices and circuits, S. Salivahanan and N. Suresh Kumar, 2012, Tata
Mc-Graw Hill.
3. Microelectronic Circuits, M.H. Rashid, 2ndEdn.,2011, Cengage Learning.
4. Modern Electronic Instrumentation & Measurement Tech., Helfrick&Cooper,1990,
PHI Learning
5. Digital Principles & Applications, A.P. Malvino, D.P. Leach & Saha, 7th Ed.,2011,
Tata McGraw Hill
6. Microelectronic circuits, A.S. Sedra, K.C. Smith, A.N. Chandorkar, 2014, 6th Edn.,
Oxford University Press.
7. Fundamentals of Digital Circuits, A. Anand Kumar, 2nd Edition, 2009, PHI Learning
Pvt. Ltd.
8. OP-AMP and Linear Digital Circuits, R.A. Gayakwad, 2000, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.

PHY-DSE-4 LAB: DIGITAL AND ANALOG CIRCUITS AND

INSTRUMENTS
60 Lectures
1. To measure (a) Voltage, and (b) Frequency of a periodic waveform using a CRO
2. To verify and design AND, OR, NOT and XOR gates using NAND gates.
3. To minimize a given logic circuit.
4. Half adder, Full adder and 4-bit Binary Adder.
 5. Adder-Subtractor using Full Adder I.C.
6. To study IV characteristics of PN diode and Zener diode.
7. To study the characteristics of a Transistor in CE configuration.
8. To design a CE amplifier of a given gain (mid-gain) using voltage divider bias.
9. To design an inverting amplifier of given gain using Op-amp 741 and study its
frequency response.
10. To design a non-inverting amplifier of given gain using Op-amp 741 and study
its Frequency Response.
11. To design a Wien Bridge Oscillator using an op-amp.
12. To determine the band gap by measuring the resistance of a thermistor at different
temperature.
13. Basic Electronics: A text lab manual, P.B. Zbar, A.P. Malvino, M.A. Miller, 1994,
Mc-Graw Hill.
14. Electronics: Fundamentals and Applications, J.D. Ryder, 2004, Prentice Hall.
15. OP-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuit, R. A. Gayakwad, 4th edition, 2000, Prentice
Hall.
16. Electronic Principle, Albert Malvino, 2008, Tata Mc-Graw Hill.

Skill Enhancement Course

PHY-SEC-4: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND NETWORK SKILLS
(Credits: 02)

F.M. = 50 (Theory - 40, Internal Assessment – 10)

Internal Assessment [Class Attendance (Theory) – 05, Theory (Class Test/
Assignment/ Tutorial) – 05]

Theory: 30 Lectures
The aim of this course is to enable the students to design and trouble shoots the
electrical circuits, networks and appliances through hands-on mode

Basic Electricity Principles: Voltage, Current, Resistance, and Power. Ohm's law.
Series, parallel, and series-parallel combinations. AC Electricity and DC Electricity.
Familiarization with multimeter, voltmeter and ammeter. (3 Lectures)

Understanding Electrical Circuits: Main electric circuit elements and their

combination. Rules to analyze DC sourced electrical circuits. Current and voltage drop
across the DC circuit elements. Single-phase and three-phase alternating current sources.
Rules to analyze AC sourced electrical circuits. Real, imaginary and complex power
components of AC source. Power factor. Saving energy and money. (4 Lectures)

Electrical Drawing and Symbols: Drawing symbols. Blueprints. Reading Schematics.

Ladder diagrams. Electrical Schematics. Power circuits. Control circuits. Reading of
circuit schematics. Tracking the connections of elements and identify current flow and
voltage drop. (4 Lectures)

Generators and Transformers: DC Power sources. AC/DC generators. Inductance,

capacitance, and impedance. Operation of transformers. (3 Lectures)

Electric Motors: Single-phase, three-phase & DC motors. Basic design. Interfacing DC

or AC sources to control heaters & motors. Speed & power of ac motor. (4 Lectures)

Solid-State Devices: Resistors, inductors and capacitors. Diode and rectifiers.

Components in Series or in shunt. Response of inductors and capacitors with DC or AC
sources (3 Lectures)

Electrical Protection: Relays. Fuses and disconnect switches. Circuit breakers.

Overload devices. Ground-fault protection. Grounding and isolating. Phase reversal.
Surge protection. Interfacing DC or AC sources to control elements (relay protection
device) (4 Lectures)

Electrical Wiring: Different types of conductors and cables. Basics of wiring-Star and
delta connection. Voltage drop and losses across cables and conductors. Instruments to
measure current, voltage, power in DC and AC circuits. Insulation. Solid and stranded
cable. Conduit. Cable trays. Splices: wirenuts, crimps, terminal blocks, split bolts, and
solder. Preparation of extension board. (5 Lectures)

Reference Books:
1. A text book in Electrical Technology - B L Theraja - S Chand & Co.
2. A text book of Electrical Technology - A K Theraja
3. Performance and design of AC machines - M G Say ELBS Edn.