PARTIALLY REPLACEMENT OF COARSE AND FINE

AGGREGATE WITH CERAMIC TILE WASTE AND NANO SILICA

Socially Relevant Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirement of the Award of the Degree of

Bachelor of Technology
In
Civil Engineering

Submitted by
S. MAHAMMAD 199Y1A0146
S. PAVAN KUMAR REDDY 199Y1A0145
B. AVINASH KUMAR 199Y1A0101
K. KONDA REDDY 199Y1A0121

Under the Guidance of

Y. DASTHGIRI, MTech.,

Department of Civil Engineering

K S R M College of Engineering (Autonomous), KADAPA – 516 003
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTUA, Anantapur)
(Accredited by NAAC of UGC, Bangalore)
(An ISO 14001:2004 &9001:2015 Certified Institution)
2021 – 2022
 Department of Civil Engineering

K S R M College of Engineering (Autonomous) Kadapa–

516003
Vision:
To produce high competent ethical civil engineering professionals
With globally perspectives for catering to local, national and global
needs and evolving the department to provide state-of-the-art
consultancy, research &development in the field of civil engineering
and its aliened areas.
Mission:
• To produce high caliber civil engineers by providing rigorous
hands–on education with Innovative and original thinking in
the minds of budding engineers to face the challenges of
future.
• With continuous interaction of industries, research
organizations and eminent professionals enriching the
curriculum and setting the department as center of excellence
for academics , consultancies and research in the field of Civil
Engineering and allied areas.
• By inculcating the field activities, certificate programs,
Professional & ethical values to our students in order to make
Them prepare to face the competitive world.
 Acknowledgement

We would like to express our sincere thanks and profound gratitude to our
esteemed Guide Y. DASTHAGIRI,m.tech Department of Civil Engineering,
for his expert guidance valuable suggestions, reference, material provided
and continuous encouragement throughout our project work.
We are thankful to Dr.N.AmaranathaReddy, Assoc.Professor and Head of
Department of Civil Engineering, for his help and cooperation during our
project work And course of my study.
We would like to express our sincere thanks to Prof.V.S.S. Murthy,
Principal Of KSRM College of Engineering for providing an opportunity for
doing this project work.
We would like to thank DR. CHANDRA OBUL REDDY, Director of Kandula
Group of Institutions, K.S.R.M.College of Engineering (Autonomous),for his
encouragement during the project works.
We would like to express our sincere thanks to Sri.P.Suresh Praveen
Kumar, Assistant Professor & Project Coordinator, Deportment of Civil
Engineering for their Valuable suggestions, constant support and
continuous encouragement throughout the course of our project work.
Last but not least, we thank all those who helped us directly or indirectly
for The successful completion of our project in time.
S. MAHAMMAD 199Y1A0146
S. PAVAN KUMAR REDDY 199Y1A0145
B. AVINASH KUMAR 199Y1A0101
K. KONDA REDDY 199Y1A0121
 Contents
chapter Description Pg.no

Abstract 1

1 Introduction
1.1 INTRODUCTION 2
1.2 OBJECTIVE
2
1.3 SCOPE

1.4 NEED FOR THE STUDY

2
2
2 Literature review
2.1 REVIEW OF JOURNAL PAPERS 3
2.2 PREVIOUS STUDIES
4
3 Methodology
3.1 METHODOLOGY FLOW CHAT 5
4 Materials collection
4.1 CEMENT 6
4.1.1 GRADES OF CEMENT
6
4.2 AGGREGATE

4.2.1 COARSE AGGREGATE

6
4.2.2 FINE AGGREAGATE 6
4.3 WATER 7
4.4 ADMIXTURES
8
4.5CERAMIC TILE WASTE
8
4.6 NANO SILICA
8
5 Mix design 8-11
5.1 MIX DESIGN

6 Materials testing
6.1 CEMENT 12
6.1.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CEMENT
12
6.1.2 FINESS OF CEMENT

6.1.3 NORMAL CONSISTENCY OF CEMENT

12
 6.1.4 INITIAL AND FINAL SITTING OF CEMENT 14
6.2 AGGREGATES

6.2.1 COARSE AGGREGATE

6.2.1.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND WATER

ABSORPTION
15
7 Casting of cubes, curing, and
testing
18
7.1 CASTING OF CUBES

7.2 WORKABILITY TESTS

7.3 SLUMP CONE TEST FOR CONVENTIONAL 19

CONCRETE
19
7.4 COMPACTION FACTOR TEST

7.5 CURING
20
7.6 MECHANICAL TESTS

7.6.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST 21

7.6.2 SPLITTING TENSILE STRENGTH: [IS 516-
1959] 22

8 Test result
8.1 M30 sample result 23
8.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH RESULT

8.2 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH RESULT

8.3 WEIGHT COMPARISION

 List of figures
s.no Fig.no Name of the figure Page.
no
1 3.1 Methodology of flow chat 5
2 4.1 Cement 6
3 4.2 Aggregates 6
4 4.3 Ceramic tile waste 8
5 4.4 Nano silica 8
6 6.1 Initial setting of cement 15
7 6.2 Initial and final setting of 15
cement
8 6.3 Fineness of cement 15
9 6.4 Consistency of cement 15
10 6.5 Specific gravity of coarse 17
of aggregate
11 6.6 Water absorption of 17
coarse of aggregate
12 7.1 Curing of cubes 18
13 7.2 Types of slump 19
14 7.3 Compression with sample 21
List of Tables
s.no Table Name of the table Page no
no
1 5.1 Mix design 11
2 6.1 Specific gravity of 12
cement
3 6.2 fineness of cement 13
4 6.3 Normal consistency of 14
cement
5 6.4 Initial and final setting 14
of cement
6 6.5 Specific gravity and 16
water absorption of
coarse aggregate
7 7.1 Quantity of material 18
8 8.1 Result of M30 grade 23
sample
 PARTIALLY REPLACEMENT OF COARSE AND FINE AGGREGATE WITH
CERAMIC TILE WASTE AND NANO SILICA
Abstract/synopsis: -
. The experimental work is mainly concern with the study of making concrete
and to investigate the mechanical properties like compressive strength, split
tensile strength by partialreplacement of coarse aggregate and fine aggregate
by ceramic tile waste and nano silica

Tests over carried out on cubes, cylinders to study the mechanical

properties of concrete ceramic tile waste and nano silica and compare with
conventional concrete with coarse aggregate.

Ceramic tile waste and nano silica are replacing with 10%,20%,30%,40%,
of coarse aggregate and fine aggregate by weight using grade M30.
Compression test, splitting tensile strength and water absorption test were
carries out to evaluate the strength properties of concrete at the age of 7,14,28
days.

Nano materials have been widely used in the past few decades due to
their proven capacityto enhance the mechanical properties of materials.

The project aims to investigate the mechanical properties of cement concrete

incorporating Nano-silica. It has been given that the compressive strength of
mortar is increased when adding nano silica. But in this project, we check the
performance of nano silica when it is added to reinforcement beam. To
determine the dosage of Nano silica for the beam by adding it in concrete cube
at different percentage. So, in this project the beams casted with nominal
percentage of Nano silica at which the strength increased in concrete cubes and
also a conventional beam for comparison.

KEYWORDS: -
Ceramic tiles, nano silica, mechanical properties, compression test, split
tensile test.

Page 1
 CHAPTER-1
Introduction: -
The amount of ceramic tile waste on earth is enough for use a
coarse and fine aggregate in concrete. Ceramic tile is produced from
natural materials interestedat high temperatures. There are no harmful
chemicals in tile. Waste tiles causeonly the hazard of pollution. Some
parts of tiles are used in as flooring and also in different types of
structures used differently like tennis courts, walkways, cycling paths
and gardens as a ground material. Due to such reasons waste tiles are
stored in factory fields because of their economic value. Nevertheless,
ever year approximately 250,000 tons o f tiles are washed out, while
100 milliontiles are used for repairs. Ceramic waste can be transformed
into useful Fine and Coarse aggregate. The use of supplementary
cementitious materials (SCM) reduces the embodied energy in concrete
considerably. Furthermore, it significantly improves the durability of
concrete and increases its lifecycle thus leading to a more
sustainable design.
Researches have examined the effects of using Nano silica in
mortars and concrete. The majority of these studies found that
using small dosages of Nano silica improves the early age and the
28-day strength, however, inadequate dispersion of Nano silica can
lead to agglomeration, which can drastically reduce the benefits of
using Nano silica especially at early age.
In the construction industry, extensive research is going on to
improve the performance of building materials and development of
durable and sustainable concrete. Among all the materials Nano
silica is the most widely used materials in the cement and concrete
to improve the performance, because of its pozzolanic reactivity
besides the pore-filling effect. The concrete strength is influenced by
lots of factors like concrete ingredients, age and water cement ratio.

OBJECTIVE: -
Observe the change in the properties of concrete such as compressive and split
tensile strength
• To determine the adding percentage of Nano silica and ceramic tile waste in
concrete cube at different percentage.
• To increase the flexural strength of concrete by incorporating Nano silica and
ceramic tile waste
• To improve the structural strength.
• To increase the compressive strength of the concrete.

SCOPE: -
 Further this project can be done by adding admixtures to increase the various
properties of the concrete.

Page 2
 CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW
The Potential Of Recycles Ceramic Waste As Coarse Aggregates
For Concrete
A.M. MUSTAFA AL BAKRIL,
The main focus of this research is to study the strength of concrete with
ceramic waste as coarse aggregate. The potential of recycled ceramic waste as a
substitute for coarse aggregates in concrete has been investigated.
Three types of ceramic waste, namely tiles, clay brick, and flowerpot were used.
Concrete mixed with a 28 days characteristic strength of 20 Mpa were prepared
using w/c ratio of 0.4,0.5 and 0.7.
The strength development of the concrete mixes containing recycled ceramic
waste aggregates was compared to that of conventional concrete. The result
show that the concrete mixes containing recycled ceramic waste aggregated
achieve strength levels between 80-95%compared to the conventional concrete.
This indicates that the recycled ceramic waste has a potentially to be used as
coarse aggregates for concrete.

Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri, M.N. Norazian, H.Kamarudin:-

The potential of recycled ceramic waste as a substitute foe coarse
aggregates in concrete has been investigated. Three types of ceramic waste,
namely tiles, clay bricks, and flowerpot were used.
Concrete mixes with a 28 days characteristic strength of 20 mpa were
prepared using water/cement ratio 0.4,0.5,&0.7.the strength development of
the concrete mixes containing recycled ceramic waste aggregates was compared
to that of conventional concrete.
The result show that the concrete mixes containing recycled ceramic waste
aggregates achieve strength levels between 8-0-95% compared to the
conventional concrete. This indicates that the recycles ceramic waste has
potentially to be used as coarse aggregates for concrete

A Review Paper On Utilization Of Ceramic Waste In Concrete

Batrit Monhun R. Marwein
The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of adding Nano-silica
particles, on the properties of fresh and hardened cement mortar through
measurements of workability, compressive and flexure strengths in addition to
measuring by SEM analysis.
Nano-silica particles with size of 19 mm have been used as a cement
addition by 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 % by weight of cement content. Results indicated
that the cement mortar workability decrease with increasing Nano-silica
addition.

Page 3
 On the other hand, the percentage of 7 % of Nano-silica recorded as
optimum percentage in compressive and flexure strength measured for cement
mortar mixed with the Nano-silica. The improvement in compressive and
flexure strength measured as 55.7 % and 46.9 % respectively, compared with
the conventional mortar, especially at early ages.
In addition, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis of the micro
structures showed that the nano silica filled the cement paste pores.
USING COLLOAIDAL NANO SILICA TO ENHANCE THE PERFORMANCE OF
CEMENTITOUS MORTAR:-
Nano material have been widely used in the past few decades due to their
proven capacity to enhance the mechanical properties of materials.
While many studies have sought to improve the understanding of how nano
materials affect the behaviour of concrete, additional research is needed in
order to achieve the dull potential of the material, especially in the presence of
supplementary cementitious material.
This study aims to investigate the mechanical properties of cement motors
incorporating both nano silica and class fly ash furthermore, intrusion
porosimetry was performed to study its effect on pore characteristics, and
thermos gravimetric analysis was performed to measure the calcium hydroxide
content in the mixtures.
It was found that using nano silica enhance the compressive strength,
reduces, the total porosity and accelerates the pozz0lanic reaction.

Page 4
 CHAPTER-3

METHODOLOGY
MATERIAL COLLECTION

CASTING AND CURING

TESTING

RESULT

CONCLUSION
Flow chart 3.1 :-methodology flow charts

Page 5
 CHAPTER-4
MATERIAL COLLECTION
Cement: -
• A cement is a binder, a substance used for construction that sets,
hardens, and adheres to other materials to bind them together. Cement is
seldom used on its own, but rather to bind sand and gravel (aggregate) together.
Cement mixed with fine aggregate produces mortar for masonry, or with sand
and gravel, produces concrete. Concrete is the most widely used material in
existence and is only behind water as the planet's most- consumed resource.

• Cements used in construction

GRADES OF CEMENT:
They are three different types of grades of cements
• 33 grade of cement.
• 43 grade of cement.
• 53 grade of cement.

Fig 4.1:- cement

Aggregates: -
• Course aggregate:-
• Coarse aggregates will not pass through a sieve with 4.75 mm openings (No.
4). Those particles that are predominantly retained on the 4.75 mm (No. 4)
sieve and will pass through 3-inch screen, are called Coarse aggregate. The
coarse the aggregate, the more economical the mix. Larger pieces offer less
surface area of the particles than an equivalent volume of small pieces. Use of
the largest permissible maximum size of coarse aggregate permits a reduction
in cement and water requirements. Using aggregates larger than the maximum
size of coarse aggregates permitted can result in interlock and form arches or
obstructions within a concrete form. That allows the area below to become a
void, or at best, to become filled with finer particles of sand and cement only
and results in a weakened area.

Page 6
• fine aggregate:-
• The other type of aggregates are those particles passing the 9.5 mm (3/8 in.)
sieve, almost entirely passing the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve, and predominantly
retained on the 75 µm (No. 200) sieve are called fine aggregate. For increased
workability and for economy as reflected by use of less cement, the fine
aggregate should have a rounded shape. The purpose of the fine aggregate is to
fill the voids in the coarse aggregate and to act as a workability agent.

Fig 4.2:-aggregates
WATER: -
• Combining water with a cementitious material forms a cement paste by the
process of hydration. The cement paste glues the aggregate together, fills voids
within it, and makes it flow more freely.
• As stated by Abrams law, a lower water-to-cement ratio yields a stronger,
more durable concrete, whereas more water gives a freer-flowing concrete with
a higher slump. Impure water used to make concrete can cause problems when
setting or in causing premature failure of the structure.
• Hydration involves many different reactions, often occurring at the same time.
As the reactions proceed, the products of the cement hydration process
gradually bond together the individual sand and gravel particles and other
components of the concrete to form a solid mass.

ADMIXTURES: -
Admixtures are materials in the form of powder or fluids that are added to
the concrete to give it certain characteristics not obtainable with plain concrete
mixes. Admixtures are defined as additions "made as the concrete mix is being
prepared". The most common admixtures are retarders and accelerators. In
normal use, admixture dosages are less than 5% by mass of cement and are
added to the concrete at the time of batching/mixing.

CERAMIC WASTE: -
In recent constructions, the consumption of ceramic materials is increasing
day by day in the form of tiles, sanitary fittings, electrical insulators etc. But a
large quantity of ceramic materials changes into wastage during processing,
transporting and fixing due to its brittle nature. Therefore, using these wastes
in concrete production could be an effective measure in maintaining the
Page 7
 environment and improving the properties of concrete. Hence, the crushed
waste ceramic tiles were used in concrete as a replacement for natural coarse
aggregates with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% 20% and 25% of substitution. After
analyzing results, the optimum value of waste ceramic tile to be used within
the concrete mix with a water/cement ratio of 0.5 was determined as about
20%. The findings revealed that using waste ceramic tile lead to enhancing the
properties of concrete.

Fig 4.3:-ceramic tile waste

NANO SILICA: -
• Nano-silica up to 3% can enhance mechanical and durability properties of concrete.

• Concrete compressive strength increases as the content of nano-silica increases.

• Nano-silica has a very high pozzolanic activity.

• Filling effect of nano-silica notably influences the refinement of pore structure.

• Incorporating a small amount of nanoparticles in concrete can modify the nano-structure of

cementitious materials, and thus procure high durability.

• Recently nano-silica has gained particular attention compared to conventional mineral

addition due to its better performance in
concrete.

Fig 4.4:-nano silica

Page 8
 CHAPTER-5
MIX DESIGN
IS 10262 -2009 code is used to design the control mix
• DESIGN OF CONCRETE MIX- M30
a) Grade Designation : M30
b) Type of Cement : OPC53 grade (BIRLA)
c) Maximum Nominal Size
of Aggregate : 20mm angular
d) Minimum Cement Content :320kg/m3
e) Maximum Water Cement ratio : 0.55
f) Workability : 50-75 mm(slump)

STEP 1: TARGETED STRENGTH: -

f’ck =fck + 1.65 S
30 + 1.65 × 5= 38.25 N/mm2
f’ck=target mean compression strength at 28 days in N/mm2
fck=characteristic compression strength at 28 days in N/mm2
S=standard deviation in N/mm2

STEP 2: SELECTION OF WATER CEMENT RATIO: -

Maximum water cement ratio = 0.45
Based on experience adopting water cement ratio = 0.42 < 0.45

STEP 3: SELECTION OF WATER CONTENT: -

Maximum water content for 20 mm aggregate is186 lit for
50 mm slump
for every 25mm slump water is increased by 3%
For 75 mm slump= 186 + __3___× 186 = 191.5 liters
100

STEP 4: SELECTION OF CEMENT CONTENT: -

Water cement ratio =0.42
Cement content =456 kg/�3

Page 9
STEP 5: VOLUME OF COARSE AGGREGATE & FINEAGGREGATE:
-
Volume of coarse aggregate for 20 mm size of aggregate & fine
aggregate (zone 1)
Water Cement ratio 0.42 = 0.6
Water Cement ratio is 0.42 therefore, volume of coarse aggregate is
increase and decrease in fine aggregate.
For every ± 0.05 water cement ratio coarse aggregate Proportion
change by 0.001. As water cement ratio lowered 0.001 of volume of coarse
aggregate is increased 0.006.

⸫ Volume of coarse aggregate = 0.606

Volume of fine aggregate =1 – 0.606 =0.394

Step 6: calculation of proportion: -

Volume of concrete(a) = 1 �3
Volume of cement(b)= Mass of cement × 1
Specific gravity of cement 1000
= 456 x 1
3.15 1000
= 0.1447

Volume of water(c) = Mass of water × 1

Specific gravity of water 1000
= 191.5 × 1 =0.1915m2
1 1000
Volume of total aggregate = a – (b+c)
= 1 – (0.1447 + 0.1915)
= 0.6638 �3
Mass of coarse aggregate = d × Volume of C.A.× Specific gravity ×1000
= 0.6638 × 0.606 × 2.81 ×1000
=1130.35kg/�3
Mass of fine aggregate = d × Volume of F.A.× Specific gravity ×1000
= 0.6638 × 0.394 × 2.55 ×1000
=666.91kg/�3
Page 10
 STEP 7: QUANTITES OF MATERIALS
Cement :456 kg/�3
Fine aggregate :666.91 kg/�3
Coarse aggregate : 1130.35 kg/�3
Water content ;191.5 litres
Water Cement ratio :0.42

Cement Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate water

456 666.91 kg/m3 1130.35 kg/m3 191.5 kg/m3

kg/m3

1 1.462 2.478 0.42

Table 5.1:-mix design proportion

Page 11
 CHAPTER-6
Materials testing
Cement: -
Specific gravity of cement: -
o The flask shall be filled with kerosine to a point on the stem between the zero
and 1ml of mark. The first reading shall be recorded after the flask has been
filled with kerosene.
o Take 64 grams of cement sample and pour the sample into the bottle using
glass stick
o Remove the sticked cement with glass stick and observe the final reading of
kerosene after complete immersion of cement into the bottle.
o Type and company cement= OPC 53 GRADE (BIRLA)
o Liquid used in experiment=Kerosene
o Density of liquid=780kg/m3
o Weight of the cement taken(w)=64 grams
o Specific gravity (G)= weight of cement = 64 = 3.137
volume of cement 20.4

s.n Initial Final Volume Sp.

o readin readin of gravity
g g cement of
cement

1 0 20.4 20.4 3.137

table 6.1:-specific gravity of cement

Fineness of cement: -
o Weight 100 grams of cement sample in electronic weight balance and shift it
continuously for 15 min on IS sieve no-9.
o Air set lumps will be broken down with fingers but should not rubbed on the
sieve.
o Find the weight of residue on the sieve after sifting is over and report the
value as percent of the original.
o Fineness of cement (%) = weight of residue x100  6 x 1006%
weight of cement 100

Page 12
 o Avg fineness of cement=6+6.5+6.5 =6.33%
3

Trail number 1 2 3

Weight of cement in 100 100 100

grams

Weight of the residue 6.0 6.5 6.5

on sieve in grams

Amount of retained 6% 6.5% 6.5%

(%)

Table 6.2:-fineness of cement

NORMAL CONSISTENCY OF CEMENT: -
o The standard consistency of a cement is defined as that consistency which
will permit the vicat plunge to penetrate to a point 5 to 7mm from the bottom of
the vicat mould.
o Initially a cement of sample about 400 grams is taken in a tray and is mixed
with a known percentage of water by weight of cement say starting from 26%
and them it is increased by every 2% until the normal consistency achieved.
o Prepare a paste of 400g of cement with a weighted quantity of portable water
and mix it thoroughly proper care can be taken during the mixing and it shall
not be more than 3 to 5 min.
o Fill the vicat mould with this plate the mould resting upon a non-porous plate.
After completely filing the mould trim the surface of the plate making it level on
the top of the mould. The mould may be slightly shaken to expel the air.
o Place the test block in the mould together with the non-porous resting plate
under the rod beaning the plunger lower the plunger gently to touch the
surface of the test block and quickly release allowing it to sink into the paste
this operation shall be varies out immediately after filing the mould and note
down the reading
o Preparation trial pastes with varying percentages of water and test as
described above until the amount of water necessary for making up the
standard consistency.

Page 13
 % of Initial Final Height not
water reading reading penetrated(mm)

26 50 33 17

28 50 24 26

30 50 12 38

32 50 5 45

Table 6.3:-normal consistency of cement

INTIAL SETTING TIME AND FINAL SETTING TIME OF CEMENT:
o Prepare a near cement paste with 0.85 times the water required to give
standard consistency.
o Start the stop watch at the instant addition of water. Fill the vicat mould with
paste and trim the surface of the mould and rests on the non-porous plate.
o Place the test block under the rod bearing the needle, lower the needle gently
in contact with surface of the test block and quickly release and allowing it into
penetrate.
o Repeat the procedure until the needle when brought into contact with the test
block fails to pierce the block for 5 to 7mm from the bottom of the mould.
o The period elapsed since adding water is the initial time of the given cement
sample weight of the cement is 400 grams.
o Weight of water= 0.85 X P X 400 0.85 X 0.32 X 300 108.8ml

Time 0 20 40 60 80 100 12
0
(min)

Initial 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
reading(
mm)

Final 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
reading(
mm)

Height 0 49 48 47 45 44 43
not
penetrate
d(mm)

Table 6.4:-initial and final setting of cement

Page 14
Fig 6.1-INITIAL SETTING TIME fig 6.2:-SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CEMENT

fig 6.3:-FINENESS OF CEMENT fig 6.4:-CONSISTENCY OF CEMENT

Coarse aggregates: -
Specific Gravity and Water Absorption Tests: -
o Take about 2kg of dry sample of coarse aggregate is places in wire basket
&immersed in water foe 24 hrs. The sample is weighted in water &the buoyant
weight is found.
o The aggregates ate then taken out, surface dries well with absorbent cloth
and weighted.
o The aggregates are turn dries in an oven at a temperature 110C for 24hrs
&then the oven dry weight is determined.

Page 15
o Then the specific gravity is calculated by dividing the dry weight of aggregate
by weight of equal volume of water.
o The water absorption is expressed as the percent water absorbed in terms of
oven dried weight of the aggregates.

specific gravity= Dry weight of aggregates = W4 _

weight of equal volume of water (W3-(W1-W2))

water-absorption=W3-W4X100
W4

S.No Description Aggregate

1 Weight Of Saturated Aggregate 2050

&Basket in Water(w1gms)

2 Weight Of Basket in 820

Water(w2gms)

3 Weight Of Saturated Surface 1955

Dry Aggregate in Air(w3gms)

4 Weight Of Oven Dried Aggregate 1950

in Air (W4gms)

5 Specific Gravity of Aggregates 2.89

6 Water Absorption of Aggregates 0.16%

Table 6.5:-specific gravity and water absorption of coarse aggregates

Page 16
Fig 6.5:-SPECEFIC GRAVITY fig 6.6:-WATER ABSORPTION TEST ON
COARSE AGGREGAGTES

Page 17
 CHAPTER-7
CASTING OF CUBES, CURING AND TESTING
CASTING OF CUBES:-
The standard size of cube for compression test is 150mm×150mm×150mm.
The standard size of cylinder for split tensile test is 150mm×300mm.
The table below shows the quantity of material in concrete:
s.no % of nano Nano % off ceramic Ceramic Fine Coarse Ce
silica silica(kg) tile waste tile aggregate men
Aggregate
added to added to waste(kg) t
(kg)
fine coarse (kg)
(kg)
aggregate aggregate
1 0 % 0 0% 0 2.39 3.96 1.65
2 10 % 0.23 10% 0.39 2.06 3.57 1.65
3 20 % 0.47 20% 0.79 1.91 3.16 1.65
4 30 % 0.71 30% 1.18 1.67 2.77 1.65
5 40 % 0.95 40% 1.58 1.43 2.37 1.65

Table 7.1:-quantity of material

Fig7.1 :-curing of cube

Page 18
 Workability Tests:-

Slump cone test

Compaction test for conventional concrete

Slump Cone Test For Conventional Concrete: -

To know the workability of fresh concrete we conducted slump cone test to
concrete and got the slump values is 110mm so the concrete workability is
good and take it as 0.8. the concrete slump test measures the consistency of
fresh concrete before it sets, it is performed to check the workability of freshly
made concrete and therefore the ease with which concrete flows.
It can also be used as ab indicator of an improperly mixed batch. The test is
popular due to the simplicity of apparatus used and simple procedure. The
slump test is used to ensure uniformity for different loads of concrete under
field conditions.
A separate test, known as the flow table, or slum-flow test, is used for
concrete that is to fluid(non-workable) to be measured using the standard
slump test, because the concrete will not retain its shape when the cone is
removed.

Fig 7.2:-Types of slump

To know the workability of fresh concrete we conducted slump cone test to
concrete and got the slump values is 110mm so the concrete workability is
good and take is as0.8.

Compaction Factor Test:

Place the concrete sample gently in the upper hopper to its brim using the hand
scoopand level it.
Page 19
 Cover the cylinder.

Open the trapdoor at the bottom of the upper hopper so that concrete fall into
thelower hopper. Push the concrete sticking on its sides gently with the road.

Open the trapdoor of the lower hopper and allow the concrete to fall into the
cylinderbelow.

Cut of the excess of concrete above the top level of cylinder using trowels and level
it.

Clean the outside of the cylinder.

Weight the cylinder with concrete to the nearest 10 g. This weight is known as
theweight of partially compacted concrete (W1).

Empty the cylinder and then refill it with the same concrete mix in layers
approximately 5 cm deep, each layer being heavily rammed to obtain full
compaction.

Level the top surface.

Weigh the cylinder with fully compacted. This weight is known as the weight of fully
compacted concrete (W2).

Find the weight of empty cylinder (W).

Calculating of compaction factor value

The compaction factor is defined as the ratio of the weight of partially

compacted concrete to the weight of fully compacted concrete. It shall normally
to be stated to the nearest second decimal place.
Compaction Factor Value= (W1-W) / (W2-W)
. Result of Compaction Factor

Compaction factor of the concrete =0.7

The Compaction factor values ranges from 0.7 to 0.95.
Curing:-

The test specimen is stored in a place, free from vibration, in moist air of at
least 90 percent relative humidity and at a temperature of 27° ± 2°e for 24
hours ± l hour from the time of addition of waterto the dry ingredients, After
this period, the specimens is marked and removed from the moulds and,
unless required for test within 24hours, immediately submerged in clean
fresh water and kept thereuntil taken out just prior to test.
The water in which the specimens are submerged are renewed every seven days
and are maintained at a temperature of 27° ± 2°C. The specimens are not
allowed to become dry at any time until they have been tested

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 Curing is the procedure in which the cement is shielded from loss of dampness
and kept inside of a sensible temperature range.
The consequence of this procedure is expanded quality and diminished
porousness.
Curing is additionally a key player in moderating splits in the cement, which
extremely affects strength. In this study the time of curing is 7days, 14days
and 28days.

Mechanical Tests:-
Measures the mechanical properties of concrete y using following tests

Compression test

Split tensile test

Compression strength test:-

The standard mould of size 150mm × 150mm × 150mm is used for casting.
Curing is done for 7,14,28 days for concrete cubes and the compressive strength
test is done in (CTM) as per IS 516:1959 for ordinary mix and for the partial
replaced samples.
In most basic applications, cement is utilized fundamentally to oppose
compressive quality. Much of the time where the quality in pressure or in shear is of
essential significance, the compressive quality is every now and again utilized as an
estimation of these properties.Preparation of cube specimens: Shape forms
(150x150x150) mm were utilized to focus the compressive quality. These solid
shapes were thrown from each of the blend.
Examples were expelled from the moulds after 24hours and cured in water. Testing
of examples were completed following 7,14,28 days of curing.

Fig 7.3 compression machine with sample

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Splitting Tensile Strength: [IS 516-1959]
The standard mould of size 150mm × 300mm is used for casting. Curing is
done for 28 days. Split tensile test is done in compression testing machine
(CTM) as per IS 5816:1999 for ordinary mix and for the partial replaced
samples.
Concrete is not usually expected to resist direct tensile forces because of
low tensile strength and brittle nature. However, tension is of important with
regard to cracking, which is a tensilefailure.
Direct tension tests of concrete are seldom made because of difficulties in
mounting the specimens and uncertainties as to the secondary stresses
induced by holding devices. An indirect test for tensile strength of concrete has
developed.
The split tensile strength for the cylindrical specimens are calculated Split
Tensile Strength = 2 P/πLD
Where,
P = Load at failure
L = Length of the specimen =300mm
D = Diameter of the specimen =150mm

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 Chapter-8
Test results
For M30 grade sample results for 7 days:-
S.no sample Weight 7 days 28 days
1 A 7564grams 609.6kN/mm2
2 B 7973grams 527.9KN/mm2
3 C 8272grams 704KN/mm2

Table 8.1 sample result

Targeted strength =38.25 N/mm2
Strength =load×1000
area
Sample A= 609.6 ×1000 =27.09 N/mm2
150 ×150
Sample B= 527.9 ×1000 =23.46 N/mm2
150 ×150
Sample C= 704 ×1000 =31.28N/mm2
150 ×150
Average strength =27.09+23.46+31.28 =27.27 N/mm2
3
For 70% 26.77N/mm2

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