SR See yee te aaa} eMac kere ar Manav Mandir, Drive-In Road, Gurukul, STAN UCEED, CEED & OTHER DESIGN COLLEGES Entrance Exam Preparation Drawing & Design Modules Dene ee aaa BHANWAR RATHORE DESIGN STUDIO oe enon Peete Oe att ey eee COSC CCRC CO Oo Lee To ee SOL Oo oc ice meadCh. No. aN oer ena " 12. 13, 14, 15. 16. 17. 18, 19, 20. 24 22. 23. 24. 25. 28. 27. 28. 29. 30. INDEX Chapter Object drawing Compositions and Rendering ight and Shadow Human Anatomy — 1 Human Anatomy I Perspective Memory Drawings Exploded Views of Objects Cross Sections of Objects Elevations Color Concepts Animation Character Development Comic Strips. Various Gestures and Expressions Poster, Banner, Stamp, Hoarding and Postcard Story Writing Picture Analysis Storyboards ‘Sequential Drawings Doodling, Line Drawing and Metamorphosis, Conventional and Unconventional Uses Principles of Design Design Concept — Scale and Proportion Design Concept - Inspiration! Theme Design Concept — Creative Thinking Futuristic Design Identifying Problems and Problem Solving Logo and Mascot Design Graphical Expression of Words and Pictograms Pg. No. 882888 103 410 412 114 116 WwW 118 119 1231.0BJECT DRAWING Basic Shapes and Forms: In plane geometry, all the shapes exist in a flat plane. A plane can be thought of as a flat sheet with no thickness, and which goes on forever in both directions. It is absolutely flat and infinitely large, in our case it is the medium on which we are drawing that is the paper. On the other handtthere are the solid forms, which are not flat but can be said to be represented as 3D solids originating from the shapes on a plane by drawing the height of the shapes. Below are the very basic shapes and forms that one can relate to and their 3D generated forms; namely: Circle - Sphere; Rectangle - Cylinder; Square - Cube/Cuboi¢; Triangle — Cone, as shown below. Basic Shapes: When three or moredine segments of equal lengths are joined together at equal angles to create an enclosed boundary, itis referred to as a regular basic shape. A circle and its advanced shapes are the only shapes, where the curve is created by joining points rather than joining line segments. When these line segments are of different lengths and are joined at unequal angles, then they are referred to as irregular shapes. This is how the curvy shapes are created, ‘which are free hand and free flowing, Basic Forms: When these shapes are given another dimension that is Height, the outcome becomes a Form as discussed above. Further manipulations can be done on them to modify or make irregular forms which we will leam further in the chapter. on= Representation of Objects through Oblique and Isometric Drawing Technique: Isometric Drawing is a technique, like perspective drawing, that is used by artists and designers to represent three-dimensional forms on a two-dimensional picture plane. PICTORIAL Right Side | i ' . onrHocrapiic erouccrion Latent J i a % —9 Every object in existence can be reduced to either a sphere, a cube, a cone or a cylinder — or a combination Of these simple basic forms. For proof of this principle, look at the pictures of common objects on these Pages and the basic forms they are made up of Not every one of the basic forms we see in an object is “perfect”, The basic cone in one object may not have a tip, the cylinder in another may curve or taper, the sphere may look more ike an egg. But broadly speaking, you can find these basic forms in everything if you look for them. Reducing an object to its basic forms makes it easier to draw. Get its basic forms down on paper and you have already drawn a major part of i, All that remains to be done is make the form more accurate and add details, texture or light and shade, CUBE: A chair, a varnish can, a house, a book ~ all can be reduced to a basic cube of varying size or shape. On the house, the upper section is part of a cube tumed at an angle. SPHERE: The spherical shape is lengthened in the apple, doubled in the coffee maker, halved in the cup and virtually perfect in the orange. In all of these objects the basic form is easy to find and draw. Adding details makes the form drawing into convincing pictures. CONE: To picture a funnel, we draw an upside down cone with a small cylinder in piace of the tip. The irregular forms of mountains, pine trees and megaphones can be reduced to a simple cone too. CYLINDER: A bottle is basically several short cylinders on top of a long one. Door know, birthday cake and glasses are also cylinders. In planning a picture, you can quickly sketch in the basic forms of objects to try out different arrangements, then add the details When you have found the best arrangement 3Exercises: Class Assignment: 4. Object drawing where the basic form is a ‘a. Sphere’ ball, tomato, globe. b. Oylinder: pen, water bottle, cake. © Cone: ioe cream cone, party hat, lamp shade. d Cube dice, gift box, speaker. e Cuboid: pen drive, sharpener, match box. References For Practice:Home Assignment: 1. Object drawing where the basic formis a Sphere: snow globe, helmet, ball of wool, orange, head of a pin, ete. Cylinder: clutch pencil, straw, batteries, gas cylinder, chess piece, ete. Cone: traffic cone, wine glass, tip of the pencil, sea shell, carrot, etc. Cube: _ice/sugar cube, stool, rubik's cube, play pen, tissue box, ete. Cuboid: switch, chair, mobile phone, sponge scrubber, lego block, etc. Object drawing of: ‘5 mechanical tools ~~ spanner, plier, screw driver, hammer, screw, ete. 5 stationary items --- stapler, white board marker, scissor ete, 5 kitchen items —- pan, grater, pressure cooker, spoon, lighter ete. 5 gardening tools --- shovel, rake, watering can, gloves, garden hose, etc. 5 bathroom objects ~- bucket, mug, hand soap, towel with towel holderirack, bath tub, etc. a, ». ©. cI e. Maintain separate sketchbooks for classwork, homework and portfolio. — Extra exercises provided in each topic are to he solved for homework. 05oS 2. COMPOSITIONS AND RENDERING Composition refers to the organization, arrangement, and combination of objects within the borders of a drawing space. For a great drawing, you want to bring the eyes of the viewer toward your center of interest within an aesthetically pleasing composition. Composing a drawing well engages your viewers. Many “rules” define a good composition, but these rules are only guidelines. Your personal preferences and natural instincts are also important. When planning the overall appearance of a drawing, you need to be familiar with the following: + Focal point: A primary center of interest (or focus) in a drawing, + Overlapping: The visual separation of a drawing into foreground, middle ground, and distant space by overiapping (or layering) objects. jegative space: The space within your drawing not occupied by a focal point, important subject, or area of interest + Lines: Navigation tools used to guide the viewer through the different elements ofa drawing, + Balance: A stable arrangement of subjects within a composition. + Contrast: Extremes oflight and dark values that create shapes and pattems in your composition. + Proportion: The amount of space allocated to the various components of a drawing.Rendering: Every material has its own texture, but these textures are natural. For obtaining these texture there are different ways of using elements of design (line, stippling, etc). Few examples for textures are given below, with the examples of their uses. hatching scumbling stippling a cross- blending/ hatching smudging oa vai Examples: Fabric MetalReferences For Practice: Metal: Glass:Miscellaneous:Exercises: Class Assignment: 1. Create a cube and apply three different texture at each face, you can chose from the given textures, ‘woodiglass/plasticlbamboo mat/bamboo/rope/clay and metal 2. Stationery items in your compass box! pouch (clutch pencil, scale, eraser, sharpener and ID card). Home Assignment 1. Draw the following compositions: a. Draw 5 compositions using only one of each: cone, ‘cube, ‘cylinder and ‘cuboid. b. Drawing a fruit basket containing at least 3 different types of fruits and a minimum of 5 fruits. c. Kitchen utensils such as saucepan, pressure cooker, spd6n, strainer and cheese grater stacked on the kitchen counter, 4. Cosmetics on a dressing table such as hair straightener, nail polish bottle, comb, perfume bottle and a tube of cream. ©. Glass water bottles of different height and shapes on display at an exhibition, {Parts of a cycle such as the bicycle chain, gears, pedals, seat and bell laid out on a workshop floor. Note: —- Maintain separate sketchbddks for classwork, homework and portfolio. —— Extra exercises have been provided in each topic which can be solved for homework. 103. LIGHT AND SHADOW Science Goals for Light and Shadows; After explorations, you will be able to understand: + Most objects don't make their own light. + The sun, lamps, flashlights, and fires are all sources of light. + Shadows need a light source and an object. + Shadows show the shape of an object. What is Light? + Light is a form of energy and travels as a particle and a wave. + Humans see light in seven different colors: Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, and Violet (VIBGYOR). + All objects reflect or absorb the seven different colors of light. Objects appear to be different colors based on what colors they reflect. What is a Shadow? + Shadows need a light source and an object. + A shadow is light blocked by an object + The object can block all or part of the light. + Shadows change size based on how close they are to the light source, The Science of Light and Objects + Opaque objects block all the light. + Some objects don't block any light ~like Windows. These are called transparent objects. + When an object blocks part of the light, but lets part of the light through, it is called translucent. ‘Some translucent objects act as fiters, and only let certain colors of light through. These objects create colored shadows. STRONG APPEARANCE OF LCT Light and shadow scale The scale below shows various degrees of light and shadow. The first illustration portrays a strong sense of light and shadow. It clearly shows the cube with a light \WEAK APPEARANCE OF GHT side, a shadow side, and a cast shadow. In the following illustrations, the light gradually weakens until, in the last illustration, no light side, shadow side, or cast shadow is present. a= When light strikes an object, the objects has three major aspects: a light side, a dark side, and a cast shadow. Three aspects of light UIGHTSIDE _—-SHADOWSIDE CAST SHADOW Gf. o> = Generally, the light side of an object has the lightest value, the second shadow side is darker than the light side, and the cast shadow typically is the darkest value. In specific lighting situation, the values on an object, may vary from this. The important thing is to record the values as accurately as possible. Se aa The direction & angle of light i Acast shadow is the result of the direction and angle of the light. ‘The direction of light is the same direction in which the cast shadow points. A line from the base (foot) of the ‘object to the tip (head) of the cast shadow indicates the direction of the light. DirectionBROS ‘The Angle of light is determined by the height of the light source, When the light source is high, the angle is steep (closer to vertical) and the cast shadow is shorter; when the light source is low, the angle is more horizontal and the cast shadow is longer. The Viewer In Relation To The Object And The Light Source How much we see the light side and shadow side of an object depends on where we are located in relation to the object and the location and the light source. [area [) fraser 4 «ll LGR ®O Cast Shadow helps tell the time of the day: Cast shadows can help tell the time of day. When cast shadows are long, the sun's position is low in the sky and the time will be either early morning or before sunset. When cast shadows are short, the sun's position is high in the sky and the time will be during the middle of the day(such as at noon)Near and far light source: The nearness of the light source affects the appearance of the cast shadow. A light source that is a great distance from objects (such as the sun) will cast a shadow that is parallel. (when the object has a consistent width, the cast shacow will be the same wich in the distance as its at the base of the object). When a light source is is close to the objects, it wll cast a radiating shadow. (when the object has a consistent width, the shadow will be larger in the distance than at the base of the object), Cast Shadow Can Describe Terrain: Cast shadow help define the terrain and contour of objects. When a cast shadow falls on a surface that changes direction, the cast shadow follows the ditection of the surface. For example, the cast shadows helps define the appearance of the wall and the form of the steps in the illustration below,Exercises: Class Assignment: 1. Sketch and show the light and shadow individually for the four basic forms: sphere, cylinder, cone and cube! cuboid using a. Natural Light b. Artificial Light 2. Sketch and show the light and shadow of the letter I” if it has been placed in front of a staircase, Home Assignment: 1. Draw 5 objects based on each of the following 3d forms and show the shadows for each of the objects using natural as well as attificial light: a. Cone: (traffic cone, wine glass, lampshade, screw, pin, etc. ) b. Sphere: (ball, orange, helmet, globe, chair, etc:) cc. Cylinder: (pencil, tyre, mug, bucket, marker, etc.) 4. Cube cuboid: (speaker, stool, diary, charger, lighter, et) 2. Write your name in bold alphabets and show natural as well as artificial shadows. Note: — Maintain separate sketchbooks for classwork, homework and portfolio. Extra exercises have been provided in each topic which can be solved for homework. 164, HUMAN ANATOMY - | Human anatomy is nothing but the body proportions of a human being, As a designer, there are some measurements of the human body that should be known: + The neck is up to one fourth of the second head division, Male shoulders are two heads in width whereas female shoulders are 1.5 heads. Male waist is 1.5 heads and female waist is 2 heads wide. Elbows and Navel both comes at the end of fourth head, Size of palm is equals to face. Hands of standing human ends parallel to mid thighs. Proportions ofthe Human Boxy uvStick figures: A stick figure is a very simple drawing of a person or animal, composed of a few lines, curves, and dots. Ina stick figure, the head is represented by a circle, sometimes embellished with details such as eyes, mouth or crudely scratched-out hair. The arms, legs and torso are usually represented by straight lines, Let's draw some stick figures of human in different poses. a ern e ao BURR RG BREE SP eek athMale figure according to 8 heads: HEAD UNITS FEET Botton of Knes z Calves drop back of Butkocks and Shoulder Cc Heals Lower legs are back of middle opr \ lune thru figure . x \ 9Female figure according to 8 heads: HEAD UNITS FEET famale hqures2 hoods wide Height voi weal Female gee eVect ‘Actual 5 isHuman figures at different ages: adding 3 inches up anddoum from the first year to odulthood.The leqs qrow __|nearlytwice as fast a3 the torso. SR3: NDOT” BYRS = THOS wok” As children grow, naturally their proportion changes. This chart can help you gauge the changes as you dravy people at different ages. Same interesting observation include - + The haltway point of the body shitts from the navel of a baby ta the grain of an adult + The head of abaty fs ane fourth of the oody, while the head of an acuit is one eighth + The legs grow nearly twice as fast 2s the torso. 2o Human head: Human head or human face is one of the most important part of drawing a human figure, as it is also the ‘measurement unit of human body proportion. In a human face, we need to know its shapes, dimensions and the placement of eyes, nose lips, ears, eyebrows and hair. New born aged 1 yr New born aged 2 yru a Op 7? %Female face:= = fa TN = . Qi vy ( LY FD eB Cam © GY SS Cp (ty 7 0 CN x oy SGA) ars SA 2 ba a, i a, PaO Doge c 1 VY < Sa s XSExercises Class Assignment: 1. Draw 20 stick figures in different poses. 2. Draw the proportions of a male and female human body. Home Assignment: 1. Practice the basic human proportion, 2. Draw the human figure at different ages. 3. Draw the figures of humans performing activities as listed below: + Waiting + Reading newspaper + Lifting an object + Running + Pulling + Pushing + Dancing + Fighting *+ Sitting on the floor 4, Sketch out the following faces: + Draw the face of your family members and friends. + Draw the face of your favorite actor or actress, + Draw 20 faces at different angles taking reference. + Draw 20 faces using your imagination in different angles. Note: — Maintain separate sketchbooks for classwork, homework and portfolio. —~ Extra exercises have been provided in each topic which can be solved for homework. 27