Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1..............................................................................................................................................1
The Problem and its Background.........................................................................................................1
Introduction.......................................................................................................................................1
Conceptual Framework.....................................................................................................................4
Rationale............................................................................................................................................4
Statement of the Problem..................................................................................................................5
Hypotheses.........................................................................................................................................5
Significance of the Study...................................................................................................................6
Scope and Delimitation of the Study................................................................................................7
Definition of Terms............................................................................................................................7
Research Gap.....................................................................................................................................8
CHAPTER 2..............................................................................................................................................9
Review of Related Literature and Studies...........................................................................................9
Defining Comfort Room....................................................................................................................9
Discoveries........................................................................................................................................10
Resources and Maintenance...........................................................................................................10
Sanitation/Hygiene...........................................................................................................................11
Synthesis...........................................................................................................................................12
CHAPTER 3............................................................................................................................................13
Methodology.........................................................................................................................................13
Research Design...............................................................................................................................13
Respondents.....................................................................................................................................13
Sampling Technique........................................................................................................................14
Research Locale...............................................................................................................................14
Research Instruments and Validity................................................................................................15
Data Gathering Procedure..............................................................................................................15
Data Analysis...................................................................................................................................16
REFERENCES:.......................................................................................................................................18
 CHAPTER 1

The Problem and its Background

In this chapter of the study, the problem and its setting will be discussed. This

chapter includes the introduction of the study, the conceptual framework, statement of the

problem, the significance of the study, the scope and delimitation, and the definition of

terms that will be used in the study.

Introduction

Quality education can be acquired with staple drinking water during school hours,

basic sanitation facilities, and basic hand-washing facilities (Moelyaningrum, 2023).

School sanitation is one of the most important factors in quality education. It is a concern

of the global community. The student’s ability to learn is affected by the state and

condition of the school’s sanitation. The health and well-being of the students are

determined by the status of the school’s environment, and that includes the sanitation of

the comfort rooms. One of the facilities that is observed thoroughly for its sanitation is

the comfort room. According to the Department of Education (DepEd, 2021), Toilets are

an essential health facility in every school; therefore, the condition of the comfort rooms

must always remain accessible and safe for the students to avoid diseases. Based on the

survey that the researchers conducted, 136 out of 208 Grade 12 students have

encountered maintenance concerns from the comfort rooms of Malinta National High

School – Senior High School. The situation of the comfort rooms contradicts the

statement of the Department of Education that raised concerns for some.

 2

According to Dizon, et.al. (2020), prolonging the ambiance and cleanliness of the

comfort room can cause a positive effect that will help every user to feel comfortable

once they have to use it. One of the ways of preserving the decent look and pleasant smell

of the comfort rooms is by providing the materials that can maintain the cleanliness of the

comfort rooms and also by repairing the comfort rooms that will guarantee the safety and

security of the users.

Attaching posters within and outside the walls of the comfort rooms will influence

the students to clean the toilets after using it. Announcing in the school’s social media

platform is also a way of promoting cleanliness and practicing proper hygiene

(Magpusao, et.al., 2020).

For a numerous reasons, in spite of the placards and announcements done by the

school, maintaining the sanitation of the comfort rooms in Malinta National High School

– Senior High School has been difficult. The smell coming out from the Comfort rooms

are unpleasant, there are garbage everywhere, no hand soap available, lack of resources,

and etc. The researchers have found a blank spot that they are aiming to find out if that is

one of the reasons as to why the students do not clean the toilets after using it. And that is

because of the lack of resources. Some of the Comfort rooms in Malinta NHS-SHS lacks

materials such as trash bins, dipper, water supply, hand soap, and so on. And because of

that it does not motivate the students to clean up because of the inadequate number of

resources.

According to the World Health Organization and UNICEF, almost thirty percent

of the world's schools still do not have basic water, sanitation, and hygiene amenities.

Having a proper sanitation facility will reduce risks to the students and the people around
 3

them. Not only it affects their education but it also has an impact on their health. Having

an access to a fully sanitized facility is unlikely to be available for everyone because of

the socioeconomic status of each community. In 15 of the 36 nations looked at, at least

10% of women and girls lack a private bathroom and changing area at home. (WHO,

2017).

The Department of Education is aware that one of the urgent concerns with regard

to school facilities is the insufficient number of toilet facilities in the schools. This

requirement directly affects the teaching, learning situation as well as the health condition

of the school populace (Enclosure to DepEd Memorandum Order No. 298, s. 2018) -

Department of Education. As per the survey that the researchers performed, 136 out of

208 Grade 12 students have experienced lack of resources concerns from the comfort

rooms of Malinta National High School – Senior High School. That’s why in this study,

the researchers aim to know the perspective of the students on improving the facility that

has caused some problem in their health and quality education. The research design that

will be used is descriptive research design because it will collect the detailed and factual

information from the students who are bothered by the condition in the sanitation of

school comfort room.

 4

Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

1. What is the profile of the students in 1) Data Collection of Students’  Improvement of
terms of: (Dizon, et.al., 2020) Profile Students’ health and
a) Sex  Survey Questionnaire Academic Performance
b) Strand  The future researchers
4) Statistical treatment of Data can acquire information
2. What is the Level of Satisfaction of
the Students in the Student’s Comfort  Z-test in this study.
Rooms with regard to Sanitation in terms  One-way Anova  Understanding regarding
of: the well-being of the
a) Cleanliness students.
b) Accessibility

c) Maintenance

3. Is there a significant difference

between the profile of the following:

a) Level of Satisfaction of the

Students regarding the Comfort Rooms
and Sex.

b) Level of Satisfaction of the

Students regarding the Comfort Rooms
and Strand.

Fig. 1 Paradigm of the Study

The figure below shows the conceptual framework of this study. The researchers

used the IPO method (Input, Process, and Output) to give emphasis about the study. The

answers that the researchers will collect from the respondents will show the perception of

the participants in the level of sanitation on the students’ comfort room.

Rationale

Comfort rooms that are kept up and kept clean are crucial to the functioning of

any school since they affect the students' overall contentment, learning experience,

general well-being, and in addition to cleanliness and health. The result of the pre-survey
 5

has revealed that according to 60% of the 200 respondents the Comfort Rooms have

experienced unsatisfactory. Thorough a quantitative analysis, this study seeks to collect

the Grade 12 students' experiences and concerns regarding the school's restrooms. This

study will help the school authorities to know their students' concerns and improve the

facilities.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the Level of Satisfaction in the Sanitation of

Student's Comfort Rooms. This study specifically responds to the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the students in terms of: (Dizon, et.al., 2020)

a) Sex

b) Strand

2. What is the Level of Satisfaction of the Students in the Student’s Comfort

Rooms with regard to Sanitation in terms of:

a) Cleanliness

b) Accessibility

c) Maintenance

3. Is there a significant difference between the following:

a) Level of Satisfaction of the Students regarding Comfort Rooms and

Sex.

b) Level of Satisfaction of the Students regarding Comfort Rooms and

Strand.

Hypotheses
 6

Ha: There is a significant difference between the Level of Satisfaction of the

Students and the Sanitation of the Comfort Rooms in terms of Sex.

Ho: There is no significant difference between the Level of Satisfaction of the

Students and the Sanitation of the Comfort Rooms in terms of Sex.

Ha: There is a significant difference between the Level of Satisfaction of the

Students and the Sanitation of the Comfort Rooms in terms of Strand.

Ho: There is no significant difference between the Level of Satisfaction of the

Students and the Sanitation of the Comfort Rooms in terms of Strand.

Significance of the Study

This section identifies those who will benefit from this study:

Students. This study can help the students in different ways. The result of this study will

discover the Level of Satisfaction regarding the sanitation of the comfort rooms of

Malinta National High School – Senior High School. This study will guarantee the

welfare and security of the students once the researchers acquire the perceptions of the

respondents regarding the sanitation of the comfort rooms. Once the results have been-

gathered, the recommendation that the researchers will give will help the students in

terms of improving the condition and sanitation of the comfort room. This study can

provide significant insights and knowledge to those working in the welfare of the

students, facility handling, improving the students’ academic experience and preparing

them for difficulties outside of the school. (Sanguyu, 2018)

 7

Future Researchers. This study can help future researchers by identifying the gap of this

research and the research gap the researchers forgot to cover in their study. They will also

have the benefit to get some information from this study. The result of this study will help

the future researchers where to start from and what to focus on. (Magpusao, 2020)

School. This study will help the institution to understand what their students’ needs in

terms of sanitation and their well-being. It could also help the institution improve the

insufficiency of the hygiene of the school. (Magpusao, 2020)

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This descriptive study aims to determine the Perception of Grade 12 Students in

the Level of Sanitation of the Comfort Rooms in Malinta Senior High School. The

researchers will conduct the Study through the use of questionnaires. The research will be

conducted in Malinta National High School - Senior High School, School Year 2023. The

questions that the researchers prepared will be limited to the Grade 12 students of Malinta

who's currently taking the strand of ABM, GAS, HUMSS, and STEM. The Grade 11

Students will/ not be involved in this study neither are the teachers and personnel in the

school.

Definition of Terms

The following terms were defined conceptually and operationally.

Comfort Room. A room or group of rooms, in a public area with restrooms: public

bathroom (Katherine, 2022). Operationally, the comfort room is the facility that the

researchers want to take action to settle or to improve. The comfort room is the location

of the original research issue. Here, the researchers would examine the severity of the
 8

issue for the students. It is the facility where the research problem started. This is where

the researchers would look at how big a problem it is for the respondents.

Sanitation. According to the Encyclopedia, Sanitation is the term used to describe the

sanitary practices and concepts that deal with the proper collection, removal, and disposal

of wastewater, trash, and human excreta. Operationally, Sanitation describes the situation

of the students’ comfort rooms. One of the reasons for the poor level of sanitation is the

lack of cleaning materials that the Comfort Room should have and also the improper

usage of each cubicle before, during, and after using the Comfort Room.

Satisfaction. Conceptually, it refers to the fulfillment of students’ needs and desires

regarding restrooms amenities. It encompasses factors such as cleanliness, fragrance, and

overall space, which contribute to the students’ contentment with the school toilets

facilities (Dagoc, R., et, al. 2020). Operationally, satisfaction is defined as how the

students perceive the sanitation of comfort rooms.

Research Gap

The researchers analyzed all the related literature and have observed that no

research has been done whether if the sex has something to do with the level of

satisfaction of students with the sanitation of the comfort rooms and if the academic

strands have something to do with the level of satisfaction of students with the sanitation

of the comfort rooms. The researchers will gather the data from the respondents in terms

of sex and strands and will then analyze the difference of the two categories.
 9

CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Numerous studies about the sanitation of the Comfort Rooms have been

conducted. These studies show various level of sanitation in the comfort rooms from

different aspects and point of view. In this section of the research, the researchers will

discuss different related literature from different sources that will present the level of

sanitation of the comfort rooms as well as to synthesize the topic for the readers to fully

understand the study. The reviewed literatures have been divided into three sections,

which are as follows: (a) Defining Comfort Room, (b) Discovery, (c) Resources, (d)

Sanitation/hygiene, and (e) Recommendation.

Defining Comfort Room

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term “comfort room” or “CR”

was first used in the United States and originally meant “a room in a public building or

workplace that was equipped with amenities such as rest facilities, hygiene staff, and

storage of personal items. “Objects (rare today); (later) a public toilet (now mainly

Filipino English)”. In addition, according to Cubispec, schools and universities should

have enough sanitary facilities to serve hundreds or even thousands of students daily. In

establishments of this type, it can be tough to provide the best bathing experience.
 10

However, it is fundamental to support children with a positive bathroom experience.

Additionally, it can have a detrimental impact on a student's life, causing some to stop

using the bathroom at school.

Discoveries

The purpose of UNICEF's Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) program is to

increase access to safe water and sanitation services in to promote children's survival and

development. According to a Philippine survey, primary schools in Zambales,

Philippines' Zone 1 Division are primarily small, with an enrolment of more than 300

students on average. The program's execution is viewed as successful by parents,

students, and teachers-coordinators; nonetheless, few difficulties are encountered. The

study discovered that there was a strong positive link among students and a low negative

relationship between WASH implementation and problems. There was no discernible

connection between tackling obstacles and implementing WASH. (Culang et al, 2021)

Resources and Maintenance

The lack of maintenance on school restrooms results in poor access, supervision,

and cleaning requirements. Teenagers complain about unpleasant restrooms, insufficient

supplies, invasions of privacy, and bullying. Schools should have regular cleaning,

fixtures that are resistant to vandalism, and supervision to improve hygiene. To save

energy and money, facility managers should also choose designs that minimize artificial

lighting and conserve water. Resolving these problems can enhance staff and student

morale and health. (Sanguyu, 2018). Unreliable access to water, a lack of menstrual
 11

strategies, unsanitary facilities, and a shortage of bathrooms were recognized as major

barriers to successful menstrual management. WASH equipment in schools is better

managed in South Central Mindanao, and the equipment is in better condition, producing

a more suitable atmosphere for females to manage menstruation. Creating WASH

conditions in which girls can manage their periods necessitates continual assistance and

systematic monitoring, as well as knowledge and information. (Ellis, A., et al., 2016). By

providing cleaning tools and posting rules, the study hopes to improve the cleanliness of

the school’s comfort room. The survey and descriptive research designs were utilized in

the study of 50 Grade 12 students. The findings revealed that supplying cleaning products

aided in maintaining cleanliness; however, some disobedient students did not follow the

regulations. The researchers suggested supplying cleaning materials, advising hand soap

and sanitizers, and posting reminders about proper cleaning material use to maintain

cleanliness. This would teach students responsibility while also preventing the spread of

disease-causing microorganisms. (Magpusao, A., et al., 2020).

Sanitation/Hygiene

The condition of a school restroom probably influences a student's choice of

whether or not to use it. Although 81% of students say they use the restroom at school

every day, 19% say they never use it. Part of the reason they avoid the facilities is that they

are unclean, smell bad, or have outdated or damaged sinks, doors, and toilets. High school

students' opinions and preferences are influenced by toilet conditions in public companies

in addition to those seen in schools. Because of its spotless, well-kept restrooms, the

majority of students (62%) have patronized a specific establishment. Similarly, 64% of

adults give firms with nice restrooms preferential consideration. (Bradley Corp., 2019).
 12

The World Health Organization reports that when sanitation was available, 11% more girls

attended schools. Although the data supporting the benefits of better school cleaning for

health and education was sparse, it was nonetheless compelling. Research conducted in

China and Kenya revealed that school-based health promotion initiatives could lower

absenteeism among girls as well as sickness-related absences by 20–58%. One of the most

important hygienic practices for preserving health was using the toilet. Because voiding

postponement incontinence was linked to low micturition frequency, urgency, and

behavioral issues, it was important to practice healthy bathroom use habits in schools.

Synthesis

The Review Related Literature implies the present study. All reviews focused on the

sanitization of comfort rooms and how it affects the perception of students. Overall, the

study shows that the comfort rooms in different places have the same problem. Studies

proved that the sanitation of comfort rooms can be solved by providing cleaning tools

that can improve and stay sustainable in the cleanliness that the schools need. In addition,

the most crucial aspect of maintaining cleanliness in our lives is ensuring the sanitation of

the toilet. By upholding hygiene in restrooms, we can effectively control the proliferation

of bacteria and microorganisms that could potentially lead to various illnesses. The act of

disposing of waste in the toilet further highlights the significance of its cleanliness.

Negligence in this matter can lead to the rapid transmission of bacteria and germs to other

areas within our living spaces. Therefore, it is imperative to regularly sanitize toilets.

Particularly in a professional environment, the presence of unclean restrooms can

adversely impact productivity, resulting in potential illness-related absenteeism among

employees. In light of these considerations, it is essential to evaluate the numerous

benefits associated with maintaining toilet cleanliness (McLean, 2018).

 13

CHAPTER 3

Methodology

This chapter focuses on the quantitative methods that the researchers will employ

to answer the research questions in a systematic and specific manner and to better

understand a certain phenomenon. In this chapter, the researcher explains the research

design that was selected and the reason behind the selection.

Research Design

The researchers will use the quantitative survey methodology as the study

investigating to know the different perceptions of the Grade 12 students of Malinta

National High School on the cleanliness and sanitation of the comfort rooms.

Specifically, survey questionnaires will be handed out to the respondents so that the

researchers can have more data. The respondents' subjective perceptions are expected to

form the core data of the study; hence it needed the method that would deal with the topic

in a narrative and descriptive method. According to SIS International Research (n.d)

quantitative research is a methodical approach to gathering and examining data from

many sources. In order to arrive at conclusions, quantitative research employs

mathematical, statistical and computational methods. Its goal is conclusive since it looks

for outcomes that can be projected to a larger population in order to quantify the issue

and determine how common it is.

 14

Respondents

STRAND MALE FEMALE RESPONDENT

ABM 37 35 72

GAS 33 33 66

HUMSS 42 43 85

STEM 48 49 97

TOTAL 160 160 320

The table above indicates the number of respondents the researchers will have.

The grade 12 students under the academic strands of ABM, GAS, HUMSS, and STEM

are the respondents and a total of 320 of them will be a part of this research.

Sampling Technique

The Grade 12 Students will play a significant role in this study as they will be the

target population. The researchers will be using a probability sampling which is Stratified

Random Sampling. Stratified Sampling is a probability sampling method wherein the

population is split into two or more sub-groups (strata) with regards to one or more

common attributes (Dudovskly, 2020). This method is the precise type of sampling to use

in this study as the researchers will have to split the results based on the sex and strand of

the respondents to determine the comparison between them. The researchers chose a total
 15

of 320 respondents on the entire sections of Grade 12 ABM, GAS, HUMSS, and STEM

N
and used slovin’s formulan= 2 to get the sample each strand, taking into
1+ N e

consideration their willingness and time to be a participant.

Research Locale

The target respondents in the study are the Grade 12 students from Malinta

National High School – Senior High. Thus, the research will be conducted inside the

school premises located at St. Jude Street, Brgy. Malinta at Valenzuela City, Metro

Manila.

Research Instruments and Validity

To gather the data that the researcher needs, the researchers will use a Likert-scale

that will compose of close-ended survey questionnaire that they will then hand out to

collect the Level of Satisfaction of the participants. The questionnaires will be based on

the related studies and literature they have gathered. It will be used to determine the result

by their–the respondents–perceptions with regards to the Sanitation of the Students’

Comfort Rooms. The researchers will provide their own research instrument.

The survey questionnaire consists of questions that will ask for the profile of the

participants such as their age and strand. It will also consist of the questions that are

going to determine the Level of Satisfaction of the students e.g. Cleanliness,

Maintenance, and Accessibility. The instrument that will be used will be validated by the

authorized research teachers; After acquiring the validity of the instrument, the
 16

researchers will request for a letter of approval to the authorities in research to hand out

their survey questionnaire to the students.

Data Gathering Procedure

To ensure that the questionnaire would benefit the targeted respondents, the

researchers dedicated a significant amount of time, energy, and collaboration to its

development. The appropriate questions that were adapted from relevant research and the

researchers' own original questions were used to develop the survey. The survey

questionnaires consisted of two primary sections, both pertaining to the respondents'

opinions about how hygienic the comfort rooms were. A Likert scale was included in the

questionnaire to ascertain whether a respondent agreed or disagreed with a statement.

Copies of the questionnaire were sent to the 320 respondents at Malinta National High

School following the validators approval. The survey questionnaires were collected by

the researchers the following day after participants had time to respond. The frequency

with which the participants checked the items determined how the data from this research

instrument were totaled and processed for interpretation.

Construction of
Implementation of Questionnaire and
Questionnaire Preparation for the
Interpretation
Validity
Fig. 2 Data Gathering Procedure

Data Analysis

1. Z-test – This will be used to determine what proportion of the participants

belongs to a specific category. This will be used to gather the Statement of the
 17

Problem 3 (a). The researchers decided to use Z-test as their formula because of
the underlying circumstances wherein they will have more than 30 respondents.

x−μ
z=
Formula: σ
√n

Where: x is the sample mean

μ is the population mean
σ is the population standard deviation
n is the sample size

2. One-way ANOVA - This will be used to determine what proportion of the

participants belongs to a specific category. This will be used to gather the
Statement of the Problem 3 (b). The researchers will use this statistical treatment
to gather the data of the four strands of Grade 12 and compare the means of the
means of the four independent groups to determine the statistical evidence.
(Verma, J. 2012).
 18

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21