Spanishh UNE

E-EN 12255-6

standarrd
March 2003

TITLE Wasteewater treatment plants

Part 6:
6 Activated sludge process

Plantas deepuradoras de aguas residuales. Parte 6: Proceso de lodos activos.

Stations d'épuration.
d Partie 6: Procédé à boues activées.

NORMATIVE

REMARKS This staandard is the official English version of EN 12255-6:20002.

This staandard was published as UNE-EN 12255-6:2003, which

w is the definitive
Spanishh version.

FOREWORD This staandard has been prepared by the Technical Committeee AEN/CTN 149 Water
engineeering the Secretariat of which is held by AEAS.

Published and printed by AENOR THE

E REMARKS TO THIS DOCUMENT MUST BE SENT TO:
Depósito legal: M 33146:2012

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EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 12255-6
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM January 2002

ICS 13.060.30

English version

Wastewater treatment plants - Part 6: Activated sludge process

Stations d'épuration - Partie 6: Procédé à boues activées Kläranlagen - Teil 6: Belebungsverfahren

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 9 November 2001.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Management Centre or to any CEN member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same status as the official
versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels

© 2002 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 12255-6:2002 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

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EN 12255-6:2001 (E)

Contents

page
Foreword......................................................................................................................................................................3
1 Scope ..............................................................................................................................................................5
2 Normative references ....................................................................................................................................5
3 Terms and definitions....................................................................................................................................5
4 Requirements .................................................................................................................................................5
4.1 General............................................................................................................................................................5
4.2 Planning ..........................................................................................................................................................5
4.3 Flow-splitting structure .................................................................................................................................6
4.4 Biological reactor...........................................................................................................................................6
4.4.1 Design .............................................................................................................................................................6
4.4.2 Operational parameters.................................................................................................................................7
4.4.3 Mixing..............................................................................................................................................................7
4.4.4 Aeration...........................................................................................................................................................7
4.4.5 Additional considerations.............................................................................................................................9
4.5 Clarifiers........................................................................................................................................................10
4.5.1 General..........................................................................................................................................................10
4.5.2 Design ...........................................................................................................................................................10
4.6 Return and surplus sludge systems..........................................................................................................11
Annex A (informative) Design-Technical process characteristics ......................................................................12
Bibliography ..............................................................................................................................................................13

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 EN 12255-6:2001 (E)

Foreword
This European Standard has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 165 "Wastewater engineering", the
secretariat of which is held by DIN.

This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or
by endorsement, at the latest by July 2002, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by
December 2002.

In this standard the annex A is informative.

It is the sixth part prepared by the Working Groups CEN/TC 165/WG 42 and 43 relating to the general
requirements and processes for treatment plants for a total number of inhabitants and population equivalents (PT)
over 50. The Parts of the series are as follows:

Part 1: General construction principles

Part 3: Preliminary treatment

Part 4: Primary settlement

Part 5: Lagooning processes

Part 6: Activated sludge processes

Part 7: Biological fixed-film reactors

Part 8: Sludge treatment and storage

Part 9: Odour control and ventilation

Part 10: Safety principles

Part 11: General data required

Part 12: Control and automation

Part 13: Chemical treatment – Treatment of wastewater by precipitation/flocculation

Part 14: Disinfection

Part 15: Measurement of the oxygen transfer in clean water in aeration tanks of activated sludge plants
)

Part 16: Physical (mechanical) filtration1

NOTE For requirements on pumping installations at wastewater treatment plants, provided initially as Part 2 "Pumping
installations for wastewater treatment plants", see EN 752-6 "Drain and sewer systems outside buildings — Part 6: Pumping
installations”.

EN 12255-1, EN 12255-3 to EN 12255-8 and EN 12255-10 and EN 12255-11 were implemented together as a
European package (Resolution BT 152/1998).

1) In preparation.

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EN 12255-6:2001 (E)

According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

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 EN 12255-6:2001 (E)

1 Scope
This European Standard specifies the performance requirements for treatment of wastewater using the activated
sludge process for plants over 50 PT.

Differences in wastewater treatment throughout Europe have led to a variety of systems being developed. This
standard gives fundamental information about the systems; this standard has not attempted to specify all available
systems.

Detailed information additional to that contained in this standard may be obtained by referring to the bibliography.

2 Normative references
This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These
normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text, and the publications are listed hereafter. For
dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this European
Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the
publication referred to applies (including amendments).

EN 1085, Wastewater treatment — Vocabulary.

EN 12255-1, Wastewater treatment plants — Part 1: General construction principles.

EN 12255-10, Wastewater treatment plants — Part 10: Safety principles.

EN 12255-11, Wastewater treatment plants — Part 11: General data required.

prEN 12255-12, Wastewater treatment plants — Part 12: Control and automation.

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this European Standard the terms and definitions given in EN 1085 apply.

4 Requirements

4.1 General

The biological reactors and the clarifiers connected by the return sludge recirculation form a unit process - the
activated sludge process. The performance of the process depends on the biological and chemical reactions in the
activated sludge tanks as well as the separation of the activated sludge in the final clarifiers.

NOTE Biological treatment and clarification may be combined in the same tank e.g. a sequencing batch reactor (SBR).

The design shall take account of the requirements specified in EN 12255-1, EN 12255-10, EN 12255-11 and prEN
12255-12.

4.2 Planning

The following factors shall be considered in the design of an activated sludge treatment plant:

the capacity and dimensions of the biological reactors;

the prevention of dead zones and detrimental deposition in tanks/channels;

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EN 12255-6:2001 (E)

the establishment of multiple lines/units or other technical means to ensure maintenance of required final
effluent quality if one or more line/unit is out of operation;

the aeration and/or mixing equipment;

the surface area , volume and depth of the clarifiers ;

sludge removal system within the clarifier;

the sludge recirculation and excess sludge wasting equipment;

the treatment and final destination of the sludge produced;

measurement and control;

the head loss to be minimised.

The structures shall be designed to allow emptying either by gravity flow or by pumping. Emptying shall not affect
the stability of structures, irrespective of the groundwater level. All necessary measures shall be taken such as
ballast concrete, floor check valve or provision for temporary lowering of the groundwater.

It can be useful to design the floor to slightly incline towards the lowest points.

When a pump is used for emptying a drain pit may be built into these low points.

4.3 Flow-splitting structure

When the process involves multiple lines or parallel units, the incoming flow shall be distributed by an adjustable
distribution device (e.g. valve, gate, stop-log) that can also be used to isolate each treatment unit.

This device shall provide the required flow distribution over the range of flow rates considered.

NOTE The accumulation and removal of floating matter can be considered at this stage.

4.4 Biological reactor

4.4.1 Design

The number, shape and capacity of the reactors achieving the main biological reactions can vary considerably
according to:

the size of plant;

the level of treatment to be achieved e.g. carbonaceous removal, nitrification, denitrification and phosphorus
removal;

the anoxic stage, with respect to nitrogen removal;

the dosage of precipitant and/or the anaerobic stage with respect to phosphate removal.

The hydraulic design shall minimise short-circuiting. The reactor flow pattern depends on the process selected. In
the case of multipoint feed (e.g. step-aeration), appropriate devices (e.g. valves, gates, stop-logs) shall be provided
to allow modification of the original flow-splitting arrangement.

When the plant is designed for one or more reactors to be taken out of service for routine maintenance, the
reactors remaining in operation and their associated pipework, channels, etc., shall have the hydraulic and
treatment capacity to accommodate all the incoming flow.

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 EN 12255-6:2001 (E)

A selector where return sludge and wastewater are brought into a short period of contact can reduce the growth of
filamentous bacteria and improve the growth of flocculant bacteria. Owing to the short contact time, the content
shall be mixed efficiently. Where intermittent pumping exist the influent and return sludge shall arrive at the same
time.

4.4.2 Operational parameters

The following operational parameters shall be considered and should be appropriate for the level of treatment
required:

the mixed liquor suspended solids concentration (MLSS) or the mixed liquor volatile suspended solids
(MLVSS);

the sludge age;

the sludge loading (F/M);

the sludge volume index (SVI) e.g. stirred (SSVI) or diluted.

NOTE Further information is available in the references listed in the Bibliography.

4.4.3 Mixing

Mixing can be performed by the aeration devices themselves (e.g. surface aerators, air-diffusers), by separate
mixing devices or by the two together. Individual mixing devices should be capable of being removed without
emptying the tank. The contents of the aeration tank shall be mixed to prevent activated sludge from settling or
forming detrimental deposits.

If aeration is not continuous, the devices shall have the capacity to maintain or resuspend the mixed liquor.

Mixers should be designed to minimise fouling by fibrous materials.

The choice of device depends on the characteristics of the wastewater to be treated and the mixed liquor
concentration required. More powerful devices can be required in cases where the activated sludge process is not
preceded by primary settlement.

4.4.4 Aeration

In the absence of complementary mixing devices, aeration devices shall have the capacity to provide sufficient
agitation to thoroughly mix the biomass, the pollutants and the dissolved oxygen.

The dimensioning of the aeration devices and the tanks should ensure both the adequacy of mixing of the activated
sludge mixed liquor and the energy efficiency of the process.

If pure oxygen is used in aeration:

all necessary safety precautions shall be taken;

explosive gas monitoring and explosion proof equipment shall be provided;

specific safety signs shall be displayed.

It shall be verified that the power input of the aeration device, derived from aeration requirements, is not lower than
the power required to ensure adequate mixing conditions at all times (unless alternative arrangements are in place
for the mixing process).

Air diffusers shall be installed to ensure a uniform depth of immersion.

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EN 12255-6:2001 (E)

The aeration system shall have the capacity to supply sufficient oxygen to ensure carbonaceous oxidation,
endogenous respiration and oxidation of nitrogen compounds (if these are required) under all operating conditions.
The basis of the design is clean water oxygen transfer capacity which shall be calculated for the maximum and
minimum oxygen uptake rate, considering the alpha factor which depends on the wastewater characteristics and
the type of aeration system.

In order to maintain the desired dissolved oxygen level, a variable oxygen supply should be provided where
possible, especially where a large variation in oxygen demand is anticipated.

NOTE The requirement for the oxygen supply is dependent on the wastewater characteristics and the level of treatment to
meet the consent standards.

When aeration is not controlled by on-line measurements the operation of the aeration device(s) may be
programmed with settings for rate, interval and duration. For nitrification/denitrification in a single reactor, the power
of the aeration devices shall be compatible with their duration of operation.

The automatic control system shall be designed to ensure adequate aeration is maintained in case of its failure.

Where dissolved oxygen control is achieved by variation of mixed liquor level, using an adjustable weir, the surge
flows into the clarifiers shall be taken into consideration.

Where automatic controls are used the system shall be designed to change into safe state (fail-safe mode) in case
of failure.

The aeration system, shall be designed to operate under the most severe on-site conditions (e.g. extreme
temperatures, inclement weather, corrosive atmosphere).

Unless otherwise agreed, the design service life of the equipment for aeration (see also EN 12255-1) shall be:

class 5 for gears and bearings of surface aerators;

class 3 for all electrical motors;

class 4 for additional mixing devices.

In fine-bubble aeration systems, the process air shall be thoroughly filtered to remove dust particles and oil as
these can cause blockage of the aeration device/s. Where penetration of mixed liquor into the diffuser is possible
on loss of air pressure, intermittent operation shall not be performed. If a build-up of calcium carbonate at the
diffuser is expected the process shall incorporate a suitable means of cleaning with acid.

The utilisation factor (see EN 12255-1) for the layout of gears and bearings of surface aerators shall be KA = 2.
Rotor blades and main shafts should be laid out according to fatigue strength at nominal load. The maximum
1
deflection of shafts on horizontal aerators caused by load and weight should be less than /1000 of shaft length.

The aeration system shall have some form of standby equipment, either built-in or in store.

Documentary evidence of the performance of the aeration system shall be provided, which should include the
following:

the characteristics and dimensions of the test aeration tank with the aeration system built in;

the test procedure used;

the test protocol;

the nominal oxygen transfer capacity;

the nominal oxygen transfer efficiency.

NOTE In situ performance testing can be required (see EN 12255-11 and prEN 12255-15).
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 EN 12255-6:2001 (E)

4.4.5 Additional considerations

Biological treatment should be protected from excessive hydraulic loads e.g. by the use of overflow devices and/or
storm tanks to meet the required discharge standard.

The water level in the biological reactors can be controlled by fixed or adjustable weirs.

The freeboard of aeration tanks shall be of sufficient depth to prevent overflowing of mixed liquor or foam under
normal operational conditions.

The wave effect is amplified by hydraulic resonance phenomena which can be significant. Particular caution is
required in tanks with surface aerators.

Foam of varying stability and viscosity can develop and be colonised by filamentous microorganisms. To control the
factors that are favourable to physical/chemical and biological foaming (i.e. those that cause a build-up of volatile
fatty acids and surface-active products in the biological reactor), the number of possible points of accumulation
shall be minimised.

Fixed scum baffles should be avoided. Temporarily submerged weirs and accessible draw off devices should be
provided.

Provision should be made for the removal or the transferring of floating matter and/or biological foam.

Degassing may be achieved in a flow-splitting chamber.

Degassing structures may be used to improve subsequent clarification by removing gas bubbles from the mixed
liquor, especially in the case of deep aeration tanks. It is also an appropriate location to remove floating matter.

The surface area and the volume of the degassing structure shall be sufficient to guarantee efficient separation of
liquid and gaseous phases up to the maximum expected flow rate.

These structures should be installed between the biological reactors and the clarifiers, preferably as close as
possible to the latter.

All emissions associated with the reactors shall comply with national requirements. Sound proofing and resonance
reduction shall be considered for the following:

blowers, silencers and associated air distribution pipework;

motors and gearboxes on surface aerators.

The control of spray from surface aerators shall be considered.

In diffused air systems consideration shall be given to the limiting of air velocity to minimise noise and dynamic
head loss. Heat generated in the pipework shall also be a safety consideration.

In the majority of cases covering will not be necessary. In cases where the biological reactors are covered (e.g. for
environmental reasons), the materials used shall be capable of withstanding the aggressiveness of the
environment which will be increased proportionately by the arrival of potentially septic wastewater or industrial
effluents. The walls above the water level shall also be protected down to 0,3 m below the lowest operating level of
liquid.

Mechanical ventilation shall be considered to limit the aggressiveness of the atmosphere and increase the service
life of structures and equipment. Such a system shall be installed if staff operate within the enclosed space.

Where vertical shaft surface aerators are used, consideration shall be given to the prevention of cavitation eroding
the bottom surface of the tanks.

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EN 12255-6:2001 (E)

4.5 Clarifiers

4.5.1 General

The clarifiers shall achieve the required separation of the activated sludge solids from the effluent and provide a
concentration zone for withdrawal of sludge for re-circulation. The efficiency of separation affects the quality of the
final effluent and the concentration of the return sludge.

Clarifiers can be upward flow, horizontal flow or lamella separator (see EN 12255-4 for description).

NOTE In a SBR, clarification is implemented in the reactor and no return sludge system is needed.

For general construction principles and the design service life of equipment within clarifiers see EN 12255-1.

4.5.2 Design

In addition to the type of process planned and the required efficiency of separation, the sizing parameters also
depend on the type of clarifier, and notably the maximum admissible settling rate. This rate takes into account the
specific hydraulic characteristics of both upward flow and horizontal flow clarifiers, and whether or not they are
equipped with lamella modules.

Particular attention shall be given to the surface loading rate required for the effective operation of clarifiers.

In all cases, the settling area depends on the following:

settleability of the sludge expressed by its index;

concentration of incoming mixed liquor;

required output performance;

shape and depth of the clarifier.

The clarifier shall be sufficiently deep to store sufficient quantities of sludge for all hydraulic conditions (duration
and value of minimum and maximum flow rates).

A clarifier has four main zones: inlet, settling (clarification), effluent collection and sludge concentration and
collection.

The inlet zone shall ensure:

dissipation of input energy to sustain flocculation;

even distribution;

degasification (see 4.4.5).

The settling zone shall be designed to ensure a sufficient surface area and depth for the settlement of activated
sludge flocs to minimise short-circuiting.

The effluent collection zone shall be designed to ensure:

uniform and slow draw-off of effluent from the settling zone;

retention of and the facility for removal of floating matter;

minimum sludge carry over.

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 EN 12255-6:2001 (E)

The sludge concentration and collection zone shall be designed to ensure the concentration and storage of sludge
solids.

The collection and removal of sludge shall be arranged according to the size and type of clarifier.

Where a hopper is installed the angle of slope of the sides measured from the horizontal shall not be less than 50°
for conical and 60° for pyramidal hoppers.

For small units, sludge can be collected by gravity flow, by means of steeply inclined (50° respectively 60°) floors
and as smooth a surface as possible.

For larger clarifiers with flat or with slightly inclined floors, a scraping or removal device is necessary, such as one
of the following types:

scraper blades to move sludge towards a point at the centre (circular structure) or at the edge (rectangular
structure);

suction devices fixed to travelling bridges to remove the sludge from the bottom of the tank.

The removal device shall be designed to ensure rapid sludge recovery, to maintain the required MLSS and to avoid
anaerobic conditions. The velocity of the scraping device where used shall be low enough to minimise turbulence.

A device for the collection and removal of floating sludge and scum should be installed.

4.6 Return and surplus sludge systems

The return activated sludge system takes sludge from the clarifier(s) back to the reactor(s) in order to maintain the
mixed liquor concentration required for the biological process.

The system should be designed to allow variation of the return sludge flow. The equipment and controls effecting
this variation shall do so without causing rapid variation in the return sludge flow.

If biological reactors immediately preceding the clarifiers are of different types and sizes, independent return sludge
systems can be required.

The return activated sludge may be transferred by centrifugal pumps, positive displacement pumps, screw pumps,
air-lifts or any other system able to control the required flowrate. The system should be designed to minimise
aerating the return sludge where an anaerobic or an anoxic zone is incorporated.

The system shall have standby facilities which may be a portable pump in the case of small treatment plants.

Surplus sludge formed during the biological process is removed in order to maintain the MLSS concentration in the
biological reactors at the required level.

The mass and volume of sludge to be wasted depends primarily on the wastewater composition, the type of
process and the sludge age required.

Sludge can be wasted either from the return sludge or as mixed liquor from the biological reactors.

The wasting of surplus sludge shall take into consideration further sludge processing.

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EN 12255-6:2001 (E)

Annex A
(informative)

Design-Technical process characteristics

Table A.1 — Typical process design values

Treatment required Type of F/M Design Sludge age

Process MLSS
kg/(kg·d) g/l days
Partial treatment High rate or  1,0 1,5 to 2,0 1
very high rate
Carbonaceous Conventional 0,25 to 0,5 2,0 to 3,0 2 to 4
medium rate
oxidation a
Nitrification a Low rate 0,10 to 0,15 3,0 to 5,0 7 to 12 c
Nitrification b N-removal 0,07 to 0,09 3,0 to 5,0 12 to 15 c
and
,
denitrification a b
Aerobic sludge Extended 0,04 to 0,07 3,0 to 5,0 15 to 30 c
a, b
aeration
stabilisation
a
For phosphate removal anaerobic contact period of 0,5 h to 2 h and/or appropriate dosage of precipitant is required.
b
For nitrogen removal an anoxic fraction of reactor 0,2 to 0,5 is required.
c
These values are valid for temperatures of 10°C and above.

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 EN 12255-6:2001 (E)

Bibliography

The following documents contain details which can be used within the framework of this standard.

This list of documents which are published and used by the members of CEN was correct at the time of publication
of this European Standard but should not be considered to be exhaustive.

European Standards

EN 12255-4, Wastewater treatment plants — Part 4: Primary settlement.

prEN 12255-15, Wastewater treatment plants — Part 15: Measurement of the oxygen transfer in clean water in
activated sludge aeration tanks.

France

[1] Ministère de l’Equipement, du Logement et des Transports 96-7TO; Conception et exécution d’installations
o
d’épuration d’eaux usées, Fascicule n 81 titre II

Germany

[2] E DIN 19551-1, Wastewater treatment plants - Rectangular tanks - Part 1: Settlement tanks with sludge
scraper, suction type sludge remover and chain scraper; types, main dimensions, equipment.

[3] E DIN 19552, Wastewater treatment plants - Circular tanks - Settlement tanks with sludge scraper, suction
type sludge remover and thickener; main dimensions, equipment.

[4] E DIN 19558, Wastewater treatment plants - Outlet installations, weir and scum baffle, submerged effluent
pipes in tanks - Construction principles, main dimensions, layout.

[5] E DIN 19569-2, Wastewater treatment plants - Principles for the design of structures and technical
equipment - Part 2: Specific principles for the equipment for separating and thickening of solids.

[6] E DIN 19569-3, Wastewater treatment plants - Principles for the design of structures and technical
equipment – Part 3: Specific principles for the equipment for aerobic biological wastewater treatment.

[7] ATV-A 122, Principles for dimensioning, construction and operation of small sewage treatment plants with
aerobic biological purification stage for connection values between 50 and 500 total numbers of inhabitants
and population equivalents 2)

[8] ATV-A 126, Principles for sewage treatment in sewage treatment plants according to the activated sludge
process with joint sludge stabilization with connection values between 500 and 5000 total inhabitants and
population equivalents 2)

[9] ATV-DVWK-A 131, Bemessung von einstufigen Belebungsanlagen (No English translation available) 2)

[10] ATV-M 209 , Messung der Sauerstoffzufuhr von Belüftungseinrichtungen in Belebungsanlagen in

Reinwasser und in belebtem Schlamm (No English translation available) 2)

[11] ATV-Handbuch: “ Biologische und weitergehende Abwasserreinigung”, Kapitel 5 “Belebungsverfahren”.

Verlag W. Ernst und Sohn, Berlin und München, 1997. No English translation available

2) Published by: Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Abwassertechnik e.V. (GFA) Theodor-Heuss-Allee 17, D - 53773 Hennef,
Germany.

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EN 12255-6:2001 (E)

[12] ATV-Handbuch: “Mechanische Abwasserreinigung”. Verlag Ernst und Sohn, Berlin und München 4 Auflage
1997

Switzerland

[13] VSA - Directive “Small Sewage Treatment plants - Directive for the evaluation of the treatment processes
and the design” (1995)

United Kingdom

[14] Manual of British Practice in Water Pollution Control Unit Processes, Activated Sludge.The Institution of
Water and Environmental Management, 1987

[15] Operating the Activated Sludge Process. Hartley, Gutteridge, Haskins and Davey

[16] Water Treatment Handbook. Degremont Volumes I & II, 6th Edition 1991

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Génova, 6 info@aenor.es Tel.: 902 102 201
28004 MADRID-Spain www.aenor.es Fax: 913 104 032

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