24

Indefinite Integrals
Let f ( x ) be a function. Then, the collection of all its primitives is called
the indefinite integral (or anti-derivative) of f ( x ) and is denoted by
∫ f ( x )dx. Integration as an inverse process of differentiation.
d
If
dx
{ φ ( x )} = f ( x ), then ∫ f ( x ) dx = φ ( x ) + C , where C is called the

constant of integration or arbitrary constant.

Symbols f ( x ) → Integrand
f ( x )dx → Element of integration
∫ → Sign of integral
φ ( x ) → Anti-derivative or primitive or integral of function f ( x )
The process of finding functions whose derivative is given, is called
anti-differentiation or integration.
Note The derivative of function is unique but integral of a function is not unique.

Some Standard Integral Formulae

Derivatives Indefinite Integrals
d  x n+1  xn + 1
 = x ,n ≠ −1 ∫x dx = + C, n ≠ − 1
n
(i)  n
dx  n + 1 n+1
d 1 1
(ii)
dx
(log e x) =
x ∫ x dx = log e | x| + C
d x
(e ) = e x ∫e dx = e x + C
x
(iii)
dx
d  ax  ax
 = a , a > 0, a ≠ 1 ∫a dx = +C
x x
(iv) 
dx  log e a  log e a
d
(v)
dx
(− cos x) = sin x ∫ sin x dx = − cos x + C
 Indefinite Integrals 255
Derivatives Indefinite Integrals
d
(vi)
dx
(sin x) = cos x ∫ cos x dx = sin x + C
d
(vii)
dx
(tan x) = sec2 x ∫ sec2 x dx = tan x + C

d
(viii)
dx
(− cot x) = cosec2 x ∫ cosec2 x dx = − cot x + C

d
(ix)
dx
(sec x) = sec x tan x ∫ sec x tan x dx = sec x + C
d
(x)
dx
(− cosec x) = cosec x cot x ∫ cosec x cot x dx = − cosec x + C

(xi)
d
(log sin x) = cot x ∫ cot x dx = log|sin x| + C
dx = − log|cosec x| + C

(xii)
d
(− log cos x) = tan x ∫ tan x dx = − log|cos x| + C
dx
= log|sec x|+ C

(xiii)
d
dx
[log (sec x + tan x)] = sec x ∫ sec x dx = log|sec x + tan x| + C
π x
= log tan  +  + C
 4 2

(xiv)
d
dx
[log (cosec x − cot x)] ∫ cosec x dx = log = cosec x
x
|cosec x − cot x| + C = log tan +C
2

sin− 1   = dx = sin−1   + C
d x 1 1 x
(xv) dx  a a −x
2 2 ∫ a −x
2 2  a

−1 −1
cos −1   = ∫ dx = cos −1   + C
d x x
(xvi) dx  a a −x
2 2 ∫ a −x
2 2  a
d  1 tan−1 x 1 1 1
tan−1   + C
x
(xvii)  = ∫ a2 dx =
dx a a  a2 + x2 + x2 a  a

 1 cot −1 x −1 −1
cot −1   + C
d 1 x
(xviii)  = ∫ a2 dx =
dx a a  a2 + x2 + x2 a  a
d 1 −1 x  1
sec −1   + C
1 1 x
 sec = ∫x dx =
(xix) dx  a a  x x2 − a2 x −a
2 2 a  a

d  1 cosec −1 x −1 −1
cosec −1   + C
1 x
 = ∫x dx =
(xx) dx a a  x x2 − a2  a
x −a
2 2 a
256 Handbook of Mathematics

Geometrical Interpretation of Indefinite Integral

d
If { φ ( x )} = f ( x ), then Y
dx
∫ f ( x ) dx = φ ( x ) + C. For different
values of C, we get different y= x+2
functions, differing only by a y= x+1
constant. The graphs of these
y= x
functions give us an infinite family
of curves such that at the points on y= x–1
these curves with the same X′ O X
x-coordinate, the tangents are
parallel as they have the same Y′
slope φ′ ( x ) = f ( x ).
1
Consider the integral of ,
2 x
1
i.e. ∫ 2 x dx = x + C , C ∈ R
Above figure shows some members of the family of curves given by
y = x + C for different C ∈ R.

Properties of Integration
d
dx ∫
(i) { f ( x )dx } = f ( x )

(ii) ∫ k ⋅ f ( x )dx = k∫ f ( x )dx

(iii) ∫ { f1( x ) ± f2( x ) ± f3 ( x ) ± K ± fn ( x )} dx
= ∫ f1( x ) dx ± ∫ f2( x ) dx ± ∫ f3 ( x ) dx ± K ± ∫ fn ( x ) dx

Comparison between Differentiation and Integration

(i) Both differentiation and integration are linear operator on
d d d
functions as { af ( x ) ± bg( x )} = a { f ( x )} ± b { g( x )}
dx dx dx
and ∫ [a ⋅ f ( x ) ± b ⋅ g( x )]dx = a ∫ f ( x )dx ± b∫ g( x )dx.
(ii) All functions are not differentiable, similarly there are some
function which are not integrable.
1 1
e.g. Let f ( x ) = and g( x ) = .
x−1 x−4
Then, f ( x ) is not differentiable at x = 1 and g( x ) is not integrable
at x = 4
 Indefinite Integrals 257
(iii) Integral of a function is always discussed in an interval but
derivative of a function can be discussed in a interval as well as
at a point.
(iv) Geometrically derivative of a function represents slope of the
tangent to the graph of function at the point. On the other hand,
integral of a function represents an infinite family of curves
placed parallel to each other having parallel tangents at points
of intersection of the curves with a line parallel to Y -axis.

Method of Integration
Some integrals are not in standard form, to reduce them into standard
forms, we use the following methods

1. Integration by Substitution
For integral ∫ f ′ { g( x )} g′ ( x ) dx, we create a new variable t = g( x ), so
dt
that g′ ( x ) = or g′ ( x )dx = dt.
dx
Hence, ∫ f ′ { g( x )} g′ ( x )dx = ∫ f ′ ( t )dt = f ( t ) + C = f { g( x )} + C
Note
{ f ( x )} n + 1
∫ {f ( x )} ⋅ f ′ ( x )dx = + C, n ≠ − 1
n
(i)
n+1
f′ ( x)
(ii) ∫ f( x)
dx = log| f ( x )| + C, f ( x ) ≠ 0

Basic Formulae Using Method of Substitution

1
If ∫ f ( x ) dx = φ ( x ) + C , then ∫ f ( ax + b)dx = a φ ( ax + b) + C.
1 ( ax + b)n + 1
∫ ( ax + b) dx = ⋅ + C, n ≠ − 1
n
(i)
a n +1
1 1
(ii) ∫ ax + b dx = a log|ax + b| + C
1 ax + b
∫e
ax + b
(iii) edx = +C
a
1 a bx + c
(iv) ∫ a bx + c dx = ⋅ + C , a > 0 and a ≠ 1
b log a
1
(v) ∫ sin ( ax + b) dx = − cos ( ax + b) + C
a
258 Handbook of Mathematics

1
(vi) ∫ cos ( ax + b)dx = a sin ( ax + b) + C
1
∫ sec ( ax + b)dx = tan ( ax + b) + C
2
(vii)
a
1
∫ cosec ( ax + b)dx = − a cot( ax + b) + C
2
(viii)

1
(ix) ∫ sec ( ax + b) tan( ax + b) dx = a sec ( ax + b) + C
1
(x) ∫ cosec ( ax + b) cot( ax + b)dx = − a cosec ( ax + b) + C
1
(xi) ∫ tan ( ax + b) dx = − a log|cos ( ax + b)| + C
1
(xii) ∫ cot ( ax + b) dx = a log|sin( ax + b)| + C
1
(xiii) ∫ sec ( ax + b) dx = a log|sec ( ax + b) + tan ( ax + b)| + C
1
(xiv) ∫ cosec ( ax + b) dx = a log| cosec ( ax + b) − cot ( ax + b)| + C
Trigonometric Identities, Used for Conversion of
Integrals into the Standard Integrable Forms
1 − cos 2nx
(i) sin2 nx =
2
1 + cos 2nx
(ii) cos nx =
2
2
nx nx
(iii) sin nx = 2 sin cos
2 2
3 1
(iv) sin3 nx = sin nx − sin 3 nx
4 4
3 1
(v) cos nx = cos nx + cos 3nx
3
4 4
(vi) tan2 nx = sec2 nx − 1
(vii) cot2 nx = cosec2 nx − 1
(viii) 2 sin A cos B = sin ( A + B) + sin ( A − B)
2 cos A sin B = sin ( A + B) − sin ( A − B)
2 cos A cos B = cos ( A + B) + cos ( A − B)
2 sin A sin B = cos ( A − B) − cos ( A + B)
 Indefinite Integrals 259
Standard Substitutions
S.No. Functions Substitution

1 x = a tan θ or a cot θ or a sinh θ

(i) (a2 + x2 ), x2 + a2 ,
x + a2
2

(ii) 1 x = a sin θ or a cos θ

(a2 − x2 ), a2 − x2 ,
a − x2
2

(iii) (x ± x2 ± a2 )n expression inside the bracket = t

(iv) 2x 2x a2 − x2 x = a tanθ
, ,
a −x
2 2
a +x2 2
a +x
2 2

(v) 1 x+a
(n ∈ N, n >1) =t
1−
1
1+
1
x+b
(x + a) n (x + b) n

(vi) 1 x = a sec θ or a cosec θ

(x2 − a2 ), x2 − a2 ,
x −a
2 2
or a cosh θ

(vii) a−x a+ x x = a cos 2 θ

or
a+ x a−x
(viii) x −α x = α cos2 θ + β sin2 θ
or (x − α)(β − x)
β−x

(ix) 2ax − x2 x = a (1 − cos θ)

(x) x a+ x x = a tan2 θ or a cot2 θ

, , x(a + x),
a+ x x
(xi) x a−x 1 x = a sin2 θ or a cos2 θ
; , x (a − x),
a−x x x(a − x)

(xii) x x−a 1 x = a sec2 θ or acosec2 θ

; , x(x − a),
x−a x x(x − a)

Special Integrals
1 1 x
∫ x 2 + a 2 dx = a tan
−1
(i) +C
a
1 1 a+x 1  x
(ii) ∫ a 2 − x 2 dx = 2a log a − x +C=
a
tanh−1   + C
 a
260 Handbook of Mathematics

dx 1 x−a 1  x
(iii) ∫ x 2 − a 2 dx = 2a log x + a +C= −
a
coth−1   + C
 a
dx x x
(iv) ∫ a −x
2 2
= sin−1
a
+ C = − cos−1 + c
a

dx  x
(v) ∫ x −a
2
= log|x + x 2 − a 2| + C = cosh−1   + C
2  a

dx  x
(vi) ∫ x +a
2
= log|x + x 2 + a 2| + C = sinh−1   + C
2  a

Important Forms to be Converted into Special Integrals

1 1
(i) Form I ∫ ax 2 + bx + c dx or ∫ ax + bx + c
2
dx

Express ax 2 + bx + c as sum or difference of two squares.

For this write
 b 4ac − b2 
2
ax 2 + bx + c = a  x +  + 
 2a  4a 2 
px + q px + q
(ii) Form II ∫ 2 dx or ∫ dx
ax + bx + c ax 2 + bx + c
d
Put px + q = λ ⋅ ( ax 2 + bx + c) + µ .
dx
Now, find values of λ and µ and then integrate it.
P( x)
(iii) Form III ∫ ax + bx + c
2
dx, when P ( x ) is a polynomial of

degree 2 or more carry out the dimension and express in the

P( x) R( x )
form = Q( x ) + , where R( x ) is a linear
ax 2 + bx + c ax 2 + bx + c
expression or constant, then integral reduces to the forms
discussed earlier.
Note If degree of the numerator of the integrand is equal to or greater than
that of denominator divide the numerator by the denominator until the
degree of the remainder is less than that of denominator i.e.
Numerator Remainder
= Quotient +
Denominator Denominator
 Indefinite Integrals 261
dx dx dx
(iv) Form IV ∫ a + b sin2 x , ∫ a + b cos2 x , ∫ a sin2 x + b cos2 x ,
dx dx
∫ a sin2 x + b cos2 x + c , ∫ ( a sin x + b cos x )2
To evaluate the above type of integrals, we proceed as follows
(a) Divide numerator and denominator by cos2 x.
(b) Replace sec2 x , if any in denominator by 1 + tan2 x.
(c) Put tan x = t ⇒ sec2 x dx = dt
dx dx dx
(v) Form V ∫
a + b sin x ∫ a + b cos x ∫ a sin x + b cos x
, , ,

dx
∫ a sin x + b cos x + c
To evaluate the above type of integrals, we proceed as follows
x x
2 tan 1 − tan2
(a) Put sin x = 2 and cos x = 2
2 x 2 x
1 + tan 1 + tan
2 2
2 x 2 x
(b) Replace 1 + tan by sec .
2 2
x 1 2 x
(c) Put tan = t ⇒ sec dx = dt
2 2 2
a sin x + b cos x
(vi) Form VI ∫ dx,
c sin x + d cos x
Write numerator
= λ (differentiation of denominator) + µ (denominator)
i.e. a sin x + b cos x = λ ( c cos x − d sin x ) + µ( c sin x + d cos x )
a sin x + b cos x c cos x − d sin x
∫ c sin x + d cos x dx = λ ∫ c sin x + d cos x dx
c sin x + d cos x
+µ ∫ dx
c sin x + d cos x
= λ log| c sin x + d cos x| + µx + C
a sin x + b cos x + c
(vii) Form VII ∫ dx
p sin x + q cos x + r
Write numerator = λ (differentiation of denominator)
+ µ(denominator) + γ
i.e. a sin x + b cos x + c = λ ( p cos x − q sin x )
+ µ ( p sin x + q cos x + r ) + γ
262 Handbook of Mathematics

a sin x + b cos x + c p cos x − q sin x

∴ ∫ p sin x + q cos x + r
dx = λ ∫
p sin x + q cos x + r
dx

p sin x + q cos x + r 1
+ µ∫ dx + γ ∫ dx
p sin x + q cos x + r p sin x + q cos x + r
= λ log| p sin x + q cos x + r|
1
+ µx + γ ∫ p sin x + q cos x + r
dx

x2 + 1 x2 − 1
(viii) Form VIII ∫ dx , ∫ x 4 + λx 2 + 1dx ,
x + λx + 1
4 2

1 x2
∫ x + λx + 1
4 2
dx, ∫ 4
x + λx 2 + 1
dx

To evaluate this type of integrals we proceed as follows:

(a) Divide numerator and denominator by x 2.
(b) Express the denominator of integrands in the form of
2
 1
x +  ± k .
2
 x
 1  1
(c) Introduce d  x +  or d  x −  or both in numerator.
 x  x
1 1
(d) Put x + = t or x − = t as the case may be.
x x
1 1
(e) Integral reduced to the form of ∫ dx or ∫ dx.
x2 + a2 x2 − a2
dx
(ix) Form IX ∫ tan x dx , ∫ cot x dx , ∫ sin4 x + cos4 x
To evaluate this type of integrals
put tan x = t 2 ⇒ sec 2 x dx = 2t dt
⇒ Then do same as in Form VIII.

2. Integration by Parts
This method is used to integrate the product of two functions.
If f ( x ) and g( x ) be two integrable functions, then
d 
∫ f (Ix ) ⋅ g(IIx ) dx = f ( x ) ∫ g( x ) dx − ∫  dx f ( x ) ∫ g( x ) dx dx
 Indefinite Integrals 263
(i) We use the following preferential order for taking the first
function.
Inverse → Logarithm → Algebraic → Trigonometric →
Exponential. In short, we write it ILATE.
(ii) If one of the function is not directly integrable, then we take it as
the first function.
(iii) If only one function is there, e.g. ∫ log x dx or ∫ sin−1 x dx etc.

then 1 (unity) can be taken as second function.

(iv) If both the functions are directly integrable, then the first
function is chosen in such a way that its derivative vanishes
easily or the function obtained in integral sign is easily
integrable.
Note
(i) Integration by parts is not applicable to product of functions in all cases
e.g. ∫ x sin x dx
(ii) Normally, if any function is a polynomial in x, then we take it as the first
function.

Integral of the Form ∫ e x { f ( x ) + f ′ ( x )} dx

∫e { f ( x ) + f ′ ( x )} dx = ∫ eII f ( x )dx + ∫e f ′ ( x )dx

x x x
I

= f ( x )∫ ex dx − ∫ { f ′ ( x )∫ ex dx } dx + ∫ ex f ′ ( x )dx

= f ( x )ex − ∫ f ′ ( x )ex dx + ∫e f ′ ( x )dx

x

= ex ⋅ f ( x ) + C
Note ∫ { xf ′ ( x ) + f ( x )} dx = xf ( x ) + C.
Integral of the Form ∫ e ax sin(bx + c) dx or ∫ e ax cos(bx + c) dx
eax
∫ e sin ( bx + c) dx = { a sin ( bx + c) − b cos ( bx + c)} + k
ax
(i)
a 2 + b2
eax
(ii) ∫ eax cos( bx + c)dx = { a cos ( bx + c) + b sin ( bx + c)} + k
a 2 + b2
264 Handbook of Mathematics

Some More Special Integral based on Integration by Parts

1
(i) ∫ x 2 + a 2 dx = x x 2 + a 2 + a 2 log|x + x 2 + a 2| + C
2  
1  x
(ii) ∫ a 2 − x 2 dx = x a 2 − x 2 + a 2 sin−1    + C
2  a 
1
(iii) ∫ x 2 − a 2 dx = x x 2 − a 2 − a 2 log|x + x 2 − a 2| + C
2  

Important Forms to be converted into special Integrals

Form I ∫ ax 2 + bx + c dx

Express ax 2 + bx + c as sum or difference of two squares. For this write

 b
2
4ac − b2   b
2
ax 2 + bx + c = a  x +  +  or a   x +  ± k2,
 2a  4a 2   2a 

4ac − b2
where k2 =
4a 2
Form II ∫ ( px + q ) ax 2 + bx + c dx

d 
Put px + q = A ( ax 2 + bx + c) + B = A( 2ax + b) + B
 dx 
Now, find the values of A and B and then integrate it.

3. Integration by Partial Fractions

P( x)
Sometimes, an integral of the form ∫ Q( x ) dx, where P( x ) and Q( x ) are
polynomials in x and Q ( x ) ≠ 0, also Q ( x ) has only linear and quadratic
factors. For solving such types of integrals, we use the partial
fractions.
Partial Fraction Decomposition
f(x)
(i) If f ( x ) and g( x ) are two polynomials, then defines a rational
g( x )
f(x)
algebraic function of x. If degree of f ( x ) < degree of g( x ), then
g( x )
is called a proper rational function.
f(x)
(ii) If degree of f ( x ) ≥ degree of g( x ), then is called an improper
g( x )
rational function.
 Indefinite Integrals 265
f(x)
(iii) If is an improper rational function, then we divide f ( x ) by
g( x )
g( x ) and convert it into a proper rational function as
f(x) h( x )
= φ (x) + .
g( x ) g( x )
f (x)
(iv) Any proper rational function can be expressed as the sum of
g (x)
rational functions each having a simple factor of g ( x ). Each such
fraction is called a partial fraction and the process of obtaining
f (x)
them, is called the resolution or decomposition of into
g (x)
partial fraction.

S.No. Type of proper rational function Partial fraction

(i) px + q A B
,a≠ b +
(x − a)(x − b) x−a x−b
(ii) px2 + qx + r A
+
B
+
C
,a≠ b≠ c
(x − a)(x − b)(x − c) x−a x−b x−c
(iii) px + q A B C
+ +
(x − a) 3
x − a (x − a)2 (x − a)3
(iv) px2 + qx + r A
+
B
+
C
(x − a) (x − b)
2 x − a (x − a)2 (x − b)

(v) px2 + qx + r A Bx + C
, where +
(x − a)(x + bx + c)
2 x − a x2 + bx + c
x2 + bx + c cannot be factorised.
(vi) px 3 + qx2 + rx + s Ax + B Cx + D
, where +
(x + ax + b)(x + cx + d)
2 2 x2 + ax + b x2 + cx + d
(x2 + ax + b) and (x2 + cx + d)
can not be factorised.

Shortcut for Finding Values of A, B and C etc.

f(x)
Suppose rational function in the form of .
g( x )
Case I When g( x ) is expressible as the product of non-repeated linear
factors.
Let g( x ) = ( x − a1 )( x − a2 )( x − a3 )K ( x − an ),
f(x) A1 A2 A3 An
then = + + + ... +
g( x ) x − a 1 x − a 2 x − a 3 x − an
266 Handbook of Mathematics

f ( a1 )
Now, A1 =
( a1 − a2 )( a1 − a3 )( a1 − a4 )...( a1 − an )
f ( a2 )
A2 = …
( a2 − a1 )( a2 − a3 )( a2 − a4 )...( a2 − an )
f ( an )
An =
( an − a1 )( an − a2 )( an − a3 )...( an − an −1 )
Trick To find Ap, put x = a p in numerator and denominator after
deleting the factor ( x − a p ).
Case II When g( x ) is expressible as product of repeated linear factors.
Let g( x ) = ( x − a )k( x − a1 )( x − a2 )K ( x − an ),
f(x) A1 A2 Ak B1 B2
then = + + ... + + +
g( x ) x − a ( x − a )2
(x − a)k
( x − a1 ) ( x − a2 )
Bn
+K +
( x − a )n
Here, all the constant cannot be calculated by using the method in
Case I. However, B1 , B 2 , B3 , K , Bn can be found using the same
method i.e. shortcut can be applied only in the case of non-repeated
linear factors.
Integration of Irrational Algebraic Function
Irrational function of the form of ( ax + b)1/ n and x can be evaluated by
substitution ( ax + b) = t n , thus
 t n − b  nt n − 1
∫ f { x , ( ax + b) } dx = ∫ f  a , t a dt.
1/ n

dx
(i) ∫ , substitute Cx + D = t 2, then the given
( Ax + B) Cx + D
2 dt
integral reduces into ∫ .
At 2 − AD + BC
dx
(ii) ∫ ( Ax 2 + B) Cx + D
, substitute Cx + D = t 2, then the given

2C dt
integral reduces into ∫ .
At − 2DAt 2 + ( AD 2 + BC 2 )
4

dx 1
(iii) ∫ ( x − k)rAx + Bx + C
2
, substitute x − k = , then the given
t
r −1
t
integral reduces into ∫ dt.
At + Bt + C
2
 Indefinite Integrals 267
1 1
(iv) ∫ ( Ax 2 + B) Cx + D
2
dx , substitute x= ,
t
then the given

−t
integral reduces into ∫ dt.
( A + Bt ) C + Dt 2
2

Again substitute C + Dt 2 = u 2, then it reduces into the form

1
∫ u 2 ± a 2 du.
ax 2 + bx + c
(v) ∫ ( dx + e) fx 2 + gx + h
dx

Here, we write
d
ax 2 + bx + c = A1 ( dx + e)
( fx 2 + gx + h ) + B1 ( dx + e) + C1
dx
where, A 1, B1 and C1 are constants.

Integrals of the Type x m ( a + bx n ) p , p ≠ 0

Case I If p ∈ N (natural number) we expand the integral using
binomial theorem and integrate it.
Case II If p ∈ negative integer and m and n are rational numbers
put x = t k, where k is the LCM of denominator of m and n.
m+1
Case III If is an integer and p is rational number, we put
n
( a + bx ) = t , where k is the denominator of the fraction p.
n k

m+ p
Case IV If is an integer and p is a rational number, we put
n
a + bx n
, where k is the denominator of the fraction p.
xn

Integration of Hyperbolic Functions

(i) ∫ sinh x dx = cosh x + C
(ii) ∫ cosh x dx = sinh x + C
∫ sech x dx = tanh x + C
2
(iii)

∫ cosech x dx = − coth x + C
2
(iv)

(v) ∫ sech x tanh x dx = − sech x + C

(vi) ∫ cosech x coth x dx = − cosech x + C
268 Handbook of Mathematics

Important Results of Integration

(i) (a) Anti-derivative of signum exists in that interval in which x = 0 is not
included.
(b) Anti-derivative of odd function is always even and of even function is
always odd.
x n e ax n
(ii) If In = ∫ x n e ax dx , then In = − In −1
a a
(iii) (a) ∫ (log x ) dx = x log x − x + C
1 (log x )2 (log x )3
(b) ∫ dx = log(log x ) + log x + + +...
log x 2( 2!) 3( 3!)
a cos x + b sin x ac + bd ad − bc
(iv) ∫ c cos x + d sin x dx = c 2 + d 2 x + c 2 + d 2 log| c cos x + d sin x |+k
sinn x 1 sinn − 1 x n − 1 sinn − 2 x
(v) ∫ m
cos x
dx = ⋅
m − 1 cos m −1
− ∫
x m − 1 cosm −2 x
dx

ax
(vi) (a) ∫ a x cos (bx + c) dx = [(log a) cos(bx + c) + b sin(bx + c)] + k
(log a)2 + b2
ax
(b) ∫ a x sin (bx + c) dx = [(log a)sin (bx + c) − b cos(bx + c)] + k
(log a)2 + b2
xe ax
(vii) (a) ∫ xe ax cos(bx + c) dx = [ a cos(bx + c) + b sin(bx + c)]
a2 + b2
e ax
− [( a2 − b2 ) cos (bx + c) + 2ab sin (bx + c)] + k
( a2 + b2 )2
xe ax
(b) ∫ xe ax sin (bx + c) dx = [ a sin(bx + c) − b cos(bx + c)]
a2 + b2
e ax
− [( a2 − b2 )sin(bx + c) − 2ab cos(bx + c)] + k
( a + b2 )2
2

− cos x ⋅ sinn − 1 x n −1
sinn −2 x dx
n ∫
(viii) (a) sinn x dx = +
n
sin x ⋅ cosn − 1 x n −1
(b) ∫ cosn x dx = cosn −2 x dx
n ∫
+
n
n −1
tan x
(c) ∫ tan
n
x dx = − ∫ tann − 2 x dx
n −1