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    Adobe Scan 14-Oct-2024 (1) (1)

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    Adobe Scan 14-Oct-2024 (1) (1)

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    hehehebehn
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    1 views3 pages

    Adobe Scan 14-Oct-2024 (1) (1)

    Uploaded by

    hehehebehn

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    G.

    COORDINATE BOND - Formation of H,0+ & NH4t ion


    THE LONE PAIR EFFECT- Of oxygen atom of Water &nitrogen atom of Ammonia
    FORMATION - Of Water Molecule -Lone pair effect of the oxygen atom of water molecule
    IN THE MOLECULE OF WATER -
    H
    WATER Oxygen atom has -
    Hx + Þ: xH ’ H MOLECULE " Two lone pairs of electrons.
    FORMATION-Of Ammonia Molecule-Lone pair effect of the nitrogen atom ofammonia molecule
    H IN THE MOLECULE OF AMMONIA

    + H AMMONIA Nitrogen atom has -


    X MOLECULE " One lone pair of electrons.
    Hx + N + xH ’
    HNKH
    Lone pair of electrons - are a pair of electrons not shared with any other atom.
    FORMATION - Of Hydronium ion [H,0* & Hydroyl [OH} ions -In water
    H H H H
    X
    Hx00 + H* >HxQ:H| or H-0>H} Hx*0$7
    lone pair lone pair
    Water molecule Hydrogen ion HYDRONIUM ION Water molecule HYDROXXYL ION

    H,0 + Hl+ OHl + Hlt


    H,0+ H,0 ’
    From acid Hydronium ion (stable positive ion] Hydroxyl ion
    Addition of acid [HCI-polar covalent] to water (polar solvent] results in release of hydrogen ion H'*] from the acid

    H+ CI
    Hydrogen Chloride H) Water (H) Hydrogen ion Chloride ion

    Inwater - the'O' atom contains two lone pairs of electrons after completing its octet!
    The hydrogen ion -accepts one lone pair of electrons of the oxygen atom of water mol
    ecule leading to formation of a coordinate covalent bond. -o>H]
    FORMATION Of Ammonium ion - NH,+
    H H
    H
    + Hl+ H&N:H
    X"
    or
    H-E>H + OH1
    H H
    H
    Ammonia molecule Hydrogen ion AMMONIUM ION

    Hl+ NH 1+ OHl NH,OH


    NH, From water molecule Ammonium ion Hydroxyl ion
    Ammonia gas
    Ammonia- dissolves in water [polar solvent]leading to formation of - ammonium ion.
    In ammonia- the N atom contains one lone pair of electronsafter completing its octet.
    The hydrogen ion - from water accepts the lone pair of electrons of the nitrogen
    atom of ammoniamolecule, leading to formation of a coordinate covalent bond. -N’H
    COORDINATE BOND
    Typeofcovalencywhich involvesone ofthecombiningatomscontributingboth ofthe sharedelectrons.
    Le.a bond formed by ashared pair of electrons with both electrons comingfrom the same atom.
    [It has properties of both ionic &covalent bonds &is also called as -datve or co-ionic bond.] Compounds containing
    -Electrovalent &Covalent bond: Na'|0-H], CaCO3 Covalent &Coordinate bond : C=o, [H-0-N=0]
    (NaOH) H [CO)
    lonic, covalent & coordinate bond C, K [Fe(CN);l
    H
    33
    PROERTES&
    N-RnintaT

    AETN &RILNRN
    in

    10NITONERKNn 7MNNCTNNFITRT

    6RTROISE TRTRNSS

    790RIIN

    REARON F e i n s N i e r n i r
    DSOTATON
    RNSATON
    of the same or different kind to achieve stal POLAR COVALENT COMPOUNDS
    NON-POLAR COV ALENT COMPOUNDS
    Covalent compounds are said to be.
    " Covalent compounds are said to be -
    non-polar when shared pair of electrons ar polar when shared pair of electrons are
    equally distributed between the two atoms. unequalhy distributed between the tWo atorme
    Nocharge separation - takes place. "Charge separation - takes place.
    Thecovalent molecule is symmetrical and The atom which attracts electrons more
    -electrically neutral. strongly develops a- slight negativecharge

    e-g H, Cl Oz, N, CH, CCl e-g. H,0, NH3, HCI :H XC:; H-C1
    The covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between the combining atoms is
    anon polar covalent bond &when shared unequally is a polar covalent bond.

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