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PS3 11

The document discusses the components and types of electrical distribution systems. It describes the key elements of a distribution system including feeders, distributors, and service mains. It also covers the classification of distribution systems based on current type, construction method, connection scheme, and number of wires. The main types of current are AC and DC systems while the common construction methods are overhead and underground.

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Bedanta Bikash Bhuyan3008
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11 views

PS3 11

The document discusses the components and types of electrical distribution systems. It describes the key elements of a distribution system including feeders, distributors, and service mains. It also covers the classification of distribution systems based on current type, construction method, connection scheme, and number of wires. The main types of current are AC and DC systems while the common construction methods are overhead and underground.

Uploaded by

Bedanta Bikash Bhuyan3008
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIT-II

ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

An electric power system has three important components.


i) Generation system ii) Transmission system iii) Distribution system

The electrical energy produced at generating station is conveyed to the consumers through the network of
transmission and distribution systems at different voltages.
The part of power system which distributes electrical energy for local use is known as distribution system.
In general it lies between substation fed by the transmission system (or a local generating plant) and
consumer meters.
Elements of distribution system:
A distribution system can be subdivided into i) Feeders ii) Distributors iii) Service mains
i) Feeders:
It is a conductor which connects the substation (or localized generation station) to the area where
the power is to be distributed. Generally no tapings are taken from this feeder.
 Current in the feeders remains same throughout the feeder as no tapings are taken from it.
 Feeders are designed based on its current carrying capacity.
ii) Distributors:
It is a conductor from which tapings are taken to supply consumers.
 So the distributor does not carry same current throughout its length.
 Distributors are designed based on its voltage drop along its length .
iii) Service mains:
It is a small conductor/ cable which connect the distributor to the consumer terminals.
Classification of distribution systems:
1) According to nature of current:
a) DC distribution system: Types: i) 2-wire dc system ii) 3-wire dc system
b) AC distribution system.
Generally Ac distribution is used. Where as in some applications dc supply is absolutely
necessary like for the operation of variable speed machinery (i.e. dc motors), for electro
chemical work and for congested areas where storage battery reserves are necessary.

Difference between AC and DC distribution systems:


DC transmission/Distribution AC transmission/distribution
Required less number of conductors. So less Required more number of conductors. So
cost more cost
No L & C effect  no phase displacement Construction of line is difficult
Less voltage drop. So better voltage More voltage drop.
regulation
No skin effect Skin effect exists
No corona loss Corona loss exists
No charging capacitance  No power loss Power loss due to charging capacitor exists.
due to charging capacitor
No dielectric losses
No stability problems.
Less insulation stress
No step up / step down of voltage is possible Step up / step down of voltage is possible
with transformers with transformers
DC switches and Circuit breakers are Easy and cheap maintenance is possible
complex equipment and have less efficiency.

2) According to type of construction:


a) Overhead system b) Underground system
The choice between these two systems depends on various factors like,
i) Public safety, ii) Initial cost, iii) Flexibility, iv) Faults occurrence, repairs, v) Appearance,
vi) Current carrying capacity & voltage drop, vii) Useful life, viii) Maintenance cost,
ix) Interference with communication circuits
3) According to scheme of connection:
a) Radial system b) Ring main system c) Interconnected system
4) According to number of wires:
a) Two wire system b) Three wire system c) Four wire system
The AC distribution system is divided into two parts.
i) Primary or High voltage distribution system:
The system which conveys electrical energy to various distribution substations and to the
bulk power consumers (at the voltage rating of 11KV or 6.6KV or 3.3KV) is called primary or
high voltage distribution system. This system operates at voltages somewhat higher than
general utilization and handles large block of electrical energy. The voltage for primary
distribution depends upon the amount of power to be conveyed and the distance of substation
required to be fed. Generally primary distribution is carried out by 3-phase, 3- wire system.

ii) Secondary or Low voltage distribution system:


The system which feeds electrical energy to various consumers at low voltages (400V
between phases or 230 V between phase and neutral) from distribution substation is called
secondary or low voltage distribution system. At each distribution substation the voltage is
stepped down to 400V and power is delivered to the consumer through 3-phase, 4-wire system.
The single phase domestic loads are connected between any one phase and the neutral, where as
3-phase, 400V motor loads are connected across 3-phase lines directly. Ex: Rice mills
Calculation of voltage drops in distributors:
1) DC distributor fed at one end with concentrated load:

Distributor fed at one end with concentrated loading


Consider the single line diagram of two wire DC distributor AB fed at one end A
and having concentrated loads I1, I2, I3, I4 tapped at points C, D, E, F respectively as
shown in above figure.
Let RAC, RCD, RDE, REF are the resistances of distributor sections AB, BC, CD, DE and EF
respectively.
Then,
Voltage drop in section FE, VEF = I4REF
Voltage drop in section DE, VDE = (I3+I4) RDE

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