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61 views13 pages

Itu Lecture1 Rev02

Uploaded by

Gülsüm Yesir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 13

UCK 441E

Flight Stability and Control

Lecture #1
Equilibrium States
Aircraft Performance
Introduction to Basic Terms

1/13
Aircraft Performance

• Accelerated horizontal flight balance of forces

• Engine thrust 𝑇

• Lift L (⊥ to 𝑉 )

• Drag D (⊥ to 𝑉 )

• Weight W

and

2/13
Aircraft Performance

• Define where
𝜌: Air density (standard tables)
𝑆: Gross wing area = 𝑐̅ × 𝑏
𝑐̅: Mean Chord
𝑏: Wing span
𝐴𝑅: Wing aspect ratio = 𝑏/𝑐̅
dynamic pressure

𝑉: Speed relative to the air

lift coefficient – for low Mach number,


angle of incidence of wind to the wing
is the angle associated with zero
3/13
Aircraft Performance
• Back to the performance:

and

which implies that so that

and we can relate the effect of speed to wing lift.


• A key number is stall speed, which is the lowest speed that
an aircraft can fly steadily;

where typically get at


4/13
Steady Gliding Flight

• Aircraft at a steady glide angle of

• Assume forces are in equilibrium

(1)
(2)
Gives that

• Minimum gliding angle obtained when𝐶$ /𝐶% is a minimum

• High 𝐿/𝐷 gives a low gliding angle

5/13
Steady Gliding Flight

• Note: typically

where

is the zero lift (friction/parasitic) drag

gives the lift induced drag

is Oswald’s efficiency factor ≈ 0.7 − 0.85

6/13
Steady Gliding Flight
• Total drag then given by

(3)

(4)

• So that the speed for


minimum drag is

7/13
Steady Climb

• Equations:
𝑇 − 𝐷 − 𝑊 sin 𝛾 = 0 (5)
𝐿 − 𝑊 cos 𝛾 = 0 (6)

which gives;

𝐿 𝑇−𝐷
𝑇−𝐷− sin 𝛾 = 0 so that tan 𝛾 =
cos 𝛾 𝐿

8/13
Steady Climb

• Consistent with 1–3 if 𝑇 = 0 since then as defined above is negative.


• Note that for small , tan ≈ ≈ sin

so that the rate of climb is approximately equal to


the excess power available (above that needed to maintain level flight)
9/13
Steady Turn

Equations:
(7)

(8)

(9)

𝑉! 𝑉 = 𝑅𝜔 𝑉𝜔
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜙 = = (10)
𝑅𝑔 𝑔
10/13
Steady Turn

Note: obtain at

where is the wing loading and

11/13
Steady Turn

• Define load factor 𝑁 = 𝐿/𝑚𝑔 i.e. ratio of lift in turn to weight

(11)

(12)

so that

• For a given load factor (wing strength)

12/13
Steady Turn

• Compare straight level with turning flight


− If same lift coefficient

so that gives the speed increase (more lift)

• Note that constant ⇒ constant ⇒

⇒
so that must increase throttle or will descend in the turn.

13/13

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