Velammal College of Engineering and Technology, Madurai

Autonomous

Department of Information Technology

Group Assignment - I

Academic Year: 2023-2024 Batch: 2021-2025

Year/Sem/Sec: III/VI/A Regulation: 2021

Course Code/Name: 21IT307/Internet of Things(TwP) Total Marks:20

Submission Date: 21.02.2024 Given Date: 12.02.2024

CO1: Explain the fundamentals of Internet of Things (IoT) (K2- Understand)

Marks Split-up
S.No Roll No Total Signature
Name Report Originality Presentation Communication On-Time (20)
(10) (2) (3) (2) Submision
(3)
1. 21ITA01 Ambika R
2. 21ITA13 Loghitha K Y
3. 21ITA15 Mahalaksmi A
4. 21ITA18 Poorvaja J V
5. 21ITA21 Sneka M
6. 21ITA24 Vidya Janani V

Faculty’s Signature
What is the Internet of Things (IoT)?
The term IoT, or Internet of Things, refers to the collective network of connected devices and the
technology that facilitates communication between devices and the cloud, as well as between the devices
themselves. Thanks to the advent of inexpensive computer chips and high bandwidth telecommunication,
we now have billions of devices connected to the internet. This means everyday devices like toothbrushes,
vacuums, cars, and machines can use sensors to collect data and respond intelligently to users.

The Internet of Things integrates everyday “things” with the internet. Computer Engineers have been
adding sensors and processors to everyday objects since the 90s. However, progress was initially slow
because the chips were big and bulky. Low power computer chips called RFID tags were first used to track
expensive equipment. As computing devices shrank in size, these chips also became smaller, faster, and
smarter over time.

The cost of integrating computing power into small objects has now dropped considerably. For example,
you can add connectivity with Alexa voice services capabilities to MCUs with less than 1MB embedded
RAM, such as for light switches. A whole industry has sprung up with a focus on filling our homes,
businesses, and offices with IoT devices. These smart objects can automatically transmit data to and from
the Internet. All these “invisible computing devices” and the technology associated with them are
collectively referred to as the Internet of Things.

How does IoT work?

A typical IoT system works through the real-time collection and exchange of data. An IoT system has three
components:

Smart devices

This is a device, like a television, security camera, or exercise equipment that has been given computing
capabilities. It collects data from its environment, user inputs, or usage patterns and communicates data over
the internet to and from its IoT application.

IoT application

An IoT application is a collection of services and software that integrates data received from various IoT
devices. It uses machine learning or artificial intelligence (AI) technology to analyze this data and make
informed decisions. These decisions are communicated back to the IoT device and the IoT device then
responds intelligently to inputs.

A graphical user interface

The IoT device or fleet of devices can be managed through a graphical user interface. Common examples
include a mobile application or website that can be used to register and control smart devices.
What are examples of IoT devices?
Let’s look at some examples of IoT systems in use today:

Connected cars

There are many ways vehicles, such as cars, can be connected to the internet. It can be through smart
dashcams, infotainment systems, or even the vehicle's connected gateway. They collect data from the
accelerator, brakes, speedometer, odometer, wheels, and fuel tanks to monitor both driver performance and
vehicle health. Connected cars have a range of uses:

• Monitoring rental car fleets to increase fuel efficiency and reduce costs.
• Helping parents track the driving behavior of their children.
• Notifying friends and family automatically in case of a car crash.
• Predicting and preventing vehicle maintenance needs.

Connected homes

Smart home devices are mainly focused on improving the efficiency and safety of the house, as well as
improving home networking. Devices like smart outlets monitor electricity usage and smart thermostats
provide better temperature control. Hydroponic systems can use IoT sensors to manage the garden while
IoT smoke detectors can detect tobacco smoke. Home security systems like door locks, security cameras,
and water leak detectors can detect and prevent threats, and send alerts to homeowners.

Connected devices for the home can be used for:

• Automatically turning off devices not being used.

• Rental property management and maintenance.
• Finding misplaced items like keys or wallets.
• Automating daily tasks like vacuuming, making coffee, etc.

Smart cities

IoT applications have made urban planning and infrastructure maintenance more efficient. Governments are
using IoT applications to tackle problems in infrastructure, health, and the environment. IoT applications
can be used for:

• Measuring air quality and radiation levels.

• Reducing energy bills with smart lighting systems.
• Detecting maintenance needs for critical infrastructures such as streets, bridges, and
pipelines.
• Increasing profits through efficient parking management.
Smart buildings

Buildings such as college campuses and commercial buildings use IoT applications to drive greater
operational efficiencies. IoT devices can be use in smart buildings for:

• Reducing energy consumption.

• Lowering maintenance costs.
• Utilizing work spaces more efficiently.

What is Industrial IoT?

Industrial IoT (IIoT) refers to smart devices used in manufacturing, retail, health, and other enterprises to
create business efficiencies. Industrial devices, from sensors to equipment, give business owners detailed,
real-time data that can be used to improve business processes. They provide insights on supply chain
management, logistics, human resource, and production – decreasing costs and increasing revenue streams.

Let’s look at existing smart industrial systems in different verticals:

Manufacturing

Enterprise IoT in manufacturing uses predictive maintenance to reduce unplanned downtime and wearable
technology to improve worker safety. IoT applications can predict machine failure before it happens,
reducing production downtime. Wearables in helmets and wristbands, as well as computer vision cameras,
are used to warn workers about potential hazards.

Automobile

Sensor-driven analytics and robotics increase efficiency in automobile manufacturing and maintenance. For
example, industrial sensors are used to provide 3D real-time images of internal vehicle components.
Diagnostics and troubleshooting can be done much faster while the IoT system orders replacement parts
automatically.

Logistics and transport

Commercial and Industrial IoT devices can help with supply chain management, including inventory
management, vendor relationships, fleet management, and scheduled maintenance. Shipping companies use
Industrial IoT applications to keep track of assets and optimize fuel consumption on shipping routes. The
technology is especially useful for tight temperature control in refrigerated containers. Supply chain
managers make informed predictions through smart routing and rerouting algorithms.

Retail

Amazon is driving innovation in automation and human-machine collaboration in retail. Amazon facilities
make use of internet-connected robots for tracking, locating, sorting, and moving products.
How can IoT improve our lives?
The Internet of Things has a wide-ranging impact on human life and work. It allows machines to do more
heavy lifting, take over tedious tasks and make life more healthy, productive, and comfortable.

For example, connected devices could change your entire morning routine. When you hit the snooze button,
your alarm clock would automatically get the coffee machine to turn on and open your window blinds. Your
refrigerator would auto-detect finishing groceries and order them for home delivery. Your smart oven would
tell you the menu for the day — it might even cook pre-assembled ingredients and make sure your lunch is
ready. Your smartwatch will schedule meetings as your connected car automatically sets the GPS to stop for
a fuel refill. The opportunities are endless in an IoT world!

What are the benefits of IoT for business?

Accelerate innovation

The Internet of Things gives businesses access to advanced analytics that uncover new opportunities. For
example, businesses can create highly targeted advertising campaigns by collecting data on customer
behavior.

Turn data into insights and actions with AI and ML

Collected data and historical trends can be used to predict future outcomes. For example, warranty
information can be paired with IoT-collected data to predict maintenance incidents. This can be used to
proactively provide customer service and build customer loyalty.

Increase security

Continuous monitoring of digital and physical infrastructure can optimize performance, improve efficiency
and reduce safety risks. For example, data collected from an onsite monitor can be combined with hardware
and firmware version data to automatically schedule system updates.

Scale differentiated solutions

IoT technologies can be deployed in a customer focused way to increase satisfaction. For example, trending
products can be restocked promptly to avoid shortages.
What are IoT technologies?
Technologies used in IoT systems may include:

Edge computing

Edge computing refers to the technology used to make smart devices do more than just send or receive data
to their IoT platform. It increases the computing power at the edges of an IoT network, reducing
communication latency and improving response time.

Cloud computing

Cloud technology is used for remote data storage and IoT device management – making the data accessible
to multiple devices in the network.

Machine learning

Machine learning refers to the software and algorithms used to process data and make real-time decisions
based on that data. These machine learning algorithms can be deployed in the cloud or at the edge

Applications of IoT
• Creating better enterprise solutions
• Integrating smarter homes
• Innovating agriculture
• Building smarter cities
• Upgrading supply chain management
• Transforming healthcare
• Installing smart grids
• Revolutionizing wearables
• Integrating connected factories
• Reshaping hospitality
 Smart Waste Management System
ABSTRACT

India produces 62 million tonnes of waste annually, with 70% collected, and only 12 million tonnes treated,
while 31 million tonnes end up in landfills. The generation of municipal solid waste is expected to rise to
165 million tonnes by 2030 due to changing consumption patterns and rapid economic growth. So to control
this situation the Government has taken many plans which are not successful completely. Appropriate
Waste management Systems in India is not efficiently executed . The Waste Management system plays a
major role in cleaning our environment and also for making our environment a further step ahead. Waste
management involves various steps like waste segregation, disposal, recyclable products segregation etc.
Our Government has taken various steps in the waste management system but still there is no proper system
that has been followed by the entire population.

This waste management system is executed with the help of the concepts of IoT , Machine
Learning and Image Processing . This is a smart bin which directs each people to put the waste into
segregated bins such as the biodegradable, non-biodegradable etc., The Segregation of the waste is based
on various categories such as dry waste, wet waste, E waste, sanitary waste, plastic waste. With a help of a
camera the Bin would be able to capture the object in the people’s hand and it allows the bin to identify
what kind of waste it is and would give the signal to the respective bins to open the lid of that particular
segregated section of the bin. By implementing these efficient practices that reduce, reuse, recycle or
compost waste materials, we can help to protect our planet from further damage caused by unsustainable
consumption and disposal methods.

Keywords— Image Processing, Deep Learning, Waste Segregation, Waste Disposal, Sustainability, IoT
Devices, Machine Learning .