UNIT – IV FOURIER TRANSFORMS

PART -A
1. State Fourier integral theorem.
Solution :
If f (x ) is piecewise continuous, differentiable and absolutely integrable in (− , ) then
1   is (x − t ) dtds
f (x ) =   f (t ) e
2 −  − 
2. If F(s) is the Fourier transform of f (x), then show that F{ f ( x − a)} = e ias F ( s)
Solution :
Given F  f ( x) = F ( s)
The Fourier Transform of f(x) is

1
F  f ( x)  = F ( s ) =  f ( x)eisx dx
2 −

1
F  f ( x − a)  =  f ( x − a)eisx dx
2 −
Let x − a = t  dx = dt

1
=
2  f (t )eis (t +a ) dt
−

1

isa
=e f (t )eist dt
2 −

F  f ( x − a) =e F  f ( x) ias

3. State Convolution theorem in Fourier Transform.

Solution :
The Fourier transform of the convolution of f (x ) and g (x ) is the product of their Fourier
transforms .
i.e. F  f ( x )  g ( x ) = F  f ( x) F  g ( x) = F (s).G(s)
4. If F  f ( x) = F ( s), then find F e iax f (x) .  
Solution :

F  f ( x) = F ( s ) =
1 isx
 f ( x)e dx
2 − 

1  iax isx 1  isx + iax dx

F eiax f ( x)  =  e f ( x)e dx =  f ( x)e
2 − 2 −
1  i ( s + a) x
=  f ( x)e dx
2 −
F eiax f ( x)  = F ( s + a)

5. State and prove the change of scale property of Fourier Transform.

Statement:

If F  f ( x) = F ( s) then F  f (ax) =
1
 f (ax) e
isx
dx
2 −
 Solution :
Given F  f ( x) = F ( s)
The Fourier Transform of f(x) is

1
F  f ( x)  = F ( s ) =  f ( x)eisx dx
2 −

1
F  f (ax) =  f (ax) eisx dx ,
2 −
dt
If a > 0 Put ax = t  adx = dt  dx = when x = −  t = − and x =   t = 
a
 s
1 i  t dt
F  f ( ax )  =  f (t ) e  a 
2 −
a
 s
1 1 1 s i  t
F  f ( ax )  =  a
F   . –(1)
f (t ) e dt =
a 2
− a a
dt
If a < 0 Put ax = t , adx = dt, dx =
a
when x = −  t =  and x =  t = −
− s  s
−1 dt 1 i  t dt
i  t 1 s
 F  f ( ax )  =  f (t ) e =  f (t )a
e a
= F   . ---(2)
2 a 2 − a a a
1 s
From (1) & (2) we get F ( f (ax)) = F   , a  0
a a
1
6. Find the Fourier Sine transform of .
x
Solution :
The Fourier Sine Transform of f(x) is

2
Fs  f ( x)  = Fs ( s ) =  f ( x) sin sx dx
 0

1 2 sin sx
Fs   =
 x   x dx
0
 
1 2 sin t 2    sin mx 
Fs   =
 x   t dt =
  2 
=
2  x dx =
2
0 0

PART-B

1 , x  a 
sin x
1. Find the Fourier transforms of f ( x ) =  and hence evaluate  dx. Using Parseval’s
0 , x  a 0 x

sin 2 t 
identity, prove that  2 dt = .
0 t 2
1 , −a  x  a
Solution: Given f ( x ) = 
0, otherwise
The Fourier transform f(x) is
 
1
F  f ( x)  = F ( s ) =  f ( x)eisx dx .
2 −

1  
a −a 
F ( s) =   0 e dx +  1e dx +  0 e dx 
isx isx isx

2  − −a a 
a
1
=
2  (cos sx + i sin sx) dx
−a
eisx = cos sx + i sin sx

1 a a  a
=   cos sx dx + i  sin sx dx  sin sx is an odd fn   sin sx dx = 0
2  − a −a  −a
a
1
2 0
= 2 cos sx dx

a
2 2  sin sx  2  sin as 
= = − 0
2   s  0   s 
2  sin as 
F ( s) =
  s 
Deduction: 1
By inverse Fourier transform of F(s).

1
 F ( s )e
−isx
f ( x) = ds
2 −

1

 2 sin as  −isx
=
2  
− 
 s 
 e ds

1 2  sin as 
=    ( cos sx − i sin sx ) ds
2  − s 
   sin as 
2

 sin as  
=    ( cos sx ) ds − i   s  ( sin sx ) ds 
2    −  s  −  
 
2  sin as   sin as   sin as 
f ( x) =    cos sx ds   sin sx is an odd fn     sin sx dx = 0
 0 s   s  − 
s 

 sin as  
 
0
s 
 cos sx ds = f ( x)
2
Put x = 0

 sin as  
   cos ( 0 ) ds = f (0)
0
s  2

 sin as  
 
0
s 
 ds = (1)
2
f ( x) = 1  f (0) = 1

Put a=1 and s=x we get


 sin x  
   dx =
0
x  2
(ii) By Parseval’s identity,
 

 F (s) dx =   f ( x)
2 2
ds
− −
 2

 2 sin sa  a

 =  dx( )
2
  ds 1
−   s  −a

2
2   sin sa 
 =  
a
ds x
 −  s  −a

2
2   sin sa 
ds =  a − (−a)
 −  s 
2
2   sin sa 
 0  s 
2 ds = 2 a

2 a  a
2

 sin sa 
0  s  ds = 4 = 2
Put a =1 & s=t we get,
 

2
sin 2 t  sin t 
0 t 2 dt = 0  t  dt = 2 .
2.  x ; if x  a
Find the Fourier transform of f ( x) =  .
0 ; if x  a
x , −a  x  a
Solution: Given f ( x ) = 
0, otherwise
The Fourier transform f(x) is

1
F  f ( x)  = F ( s ) =  f ( x)eisx dx .
2 −

1  
−a
a 
F (s) =   0 e dx +  x e dx +  0 e dx 
isx isx isx

2  − −a a 
a
1
=
2  x(cos sx + i sin sx) dx
−a

1 a a  a
=   x cos sx dx + i  x sin sx dx  x cos sx is an odd fn   x cos sx dx = 0
2  − a −a  −a
a a a
1
2 0 
=i 2 x sin sx dx x sin x is an even function  x sin sx dx = 2  x sin sx dx
−a 0
a
2 2   − cos sx   − sin sx  
=i  ( x)   − (1)  
2    s   s 0
2

a
2  x cos sx sin sx 
=i − + 2 
  s s 0
2  a cos sa sin sa  
=i  − + 2  − (0) 
  s s  
2  sin sa − as cos sa  
F (s) = i
  s2


3. 
a − x ; if x  a 2  1 − cos as 
Find the Fourier transform of f ( x) = 
   . Hence deduce that (i)
is

0 ; if x  a  0 s2 

 2  4
 sin t    sin t  
0  t  dt = 2 . (ii)  
0
t 
 dt = .
3

a − x , − a  x  a
Solution: Given f ( x ) = 
0, otherwise
The Fourier transform f ( x ) is

1
F  f ( x)  = F ( s ) =  f ( x)eisx dx .
2 −

1  
a −a 
F ( s) =   0. e dx +  ( a − x ) e dx +  0. e dx 
isx isx isx

2  − −a a 
a

 ( a − x ) (cos sx + i sin sx) dx

1
=
2 −a

1  
a a
=   ( a − x ) cos sx dx + i  ( a − x ) sin sx dx 
2  − a −a 
a

( a − x ) sin sx is an odd fn   ( a − x ) sin sx dx = 0

−a
a
1
2 ( a − x ) cos sx dx
2 0
=

a
2 2  sin sx   − cos sx  
=  (a − x)   − (−1)  
2    s   s   0
2

a
2  cos sx 
= −
  s 2  0
2  1  
=   − 2  ( cos sa − cos 0 )
  s  
2 1 − cos sa 
F ( s) =
  s 2 
 2  as  
sin   
2  2  1 − cos 2  as
F ( s) = 2  sin 2  =  1 − cos  = 2sin 2   here  =
  s2  2  2 2
 
Deduction: 1
By inverse Fourier transform of F(s).

1
 F ( s )e
−isx
f ( x) = ds
2 −
   2  as   

2
sin    
1   2    e − isx ds
=  2
2 −   

s2 
   
 
2
  as  
  sin  
2 2  2   cos sx − i sin sx ds
=
2  s  (
 −
 )
 
 
  
2
  as  
2 
 as
   sin     
2
  sin  
=    2   ( cos sx ) ds − i    2   ( sin sx ) ds 
 −   
−  
s s
     
     
   as  2    as  
2

   sin      sin  2  
4  2   ( cos sx ) ds      ( sin sx ) is an odd function
  0 
f ( x) = 
s    s 
     
     
2
  as  
  sin  
 2   cos sx ds =  f ( x)
0  s 

4
 
 
Put x = 0
2
  as  
  sin  
 2   cos 0 ds =  f (0)
0  s  ( ) 4

 
 
2
  as  
  sin  
 2   ds =  a
0  s 

4
f ( x) = a − x  f (0) = a
 
 
Put a=1 and s=t get
2
  s 
  sin  
 2   ds =  s ds
0  s 

4
put
2
=t 
2
= dt
 
 


2
 sin t 
0  2t  2dt = 4


2
 sin t 
  dt =
0
t  2
(ii) By Parseval’s identity,
  

 F (s) dx =   f ( x) ds
2 2

− −
2
  2  as   
 
sin    
2  
a

− 2   s 2   ds = −a ( a − x ) dx
2 2

  
   
4
  as    as 
 
sin    sin 2  
2     ds = 2 ( a − x ) dx  2  areeven functions
a

( a − x ) and
8 2 2 2

 0 s  0 s2
 
4
  as  
 
sin   
 2 a
8
( )
 0  s  0
  = −
2
ds a x dx
 
4
  as  
8    2  
sin  ( a − x )3 
a

 0  s 
  ds =  
 −3  0
 
4
  as  
8    2  
sin
  −a 3  
 0  s
  ds = (0) −  
   3 
 
4
  as  
 
sin   
 2 a 3
0  s  ds = 3  8
 
 
Put a =1 & s=t we get,
4
  s 
  sin  2   
    ds =
s ds
 put = t  = dt
0  s  24 2 2
 

4

 sin t 

0
 2t  2 dt =
24

4

 sin t 

0
 t  dt =
3
.

4. 1 − x , x 1
Find the Fourier transform of f ( x ) =  and hence find the value of
 0, x 1
  
sin 2 t sin 4 t
(i)  2 dt . (ii) 0 t 4 dt .
0
t
Solution:
Hint : In the previous problem a=1.
5.
a − x , x a
2 2

Find the Fourier transform of f ( x ) =  and hence evaluate

 0, x a


  sin t − t cos t  
2
 sin t − t cos t 
(i)   dt = (ii)    dt =
0  0 
3 3
t 4 t 15
a 2 − x 2 , − a  x  a
Solution: Given f ( x ) = 
0, otherwise
The Fourier transform of f(x) is

1
F  f ( x)  = F ( s ) =  f ( x)eisx dx .
2 −

1  
a −a 
F ( s) =   0 e dx +  ( a − x ) e dx +  0 e dx 
isx 2 2 isx isx

2  − −a a 
a

 (a − x 2 ) (cos sx + i sin sx) dx

1
= 2

2 −a

a 2 a 
=
1
2
( )
  a − x 2 cos sx dx + i  a 2 − x 2 sin sx dx  ( )
 − a −a 
a

( a 2 − x2 ) sin sx is an odd fn  ( a 2 − x2 ) sin sx dx = 0

−a
a
2  ( a 2 − x 2 ) cos sx dx
1
=
2 0
a
2 2 2 2  sin sx   − cos sx   − sin sx  
=  a −x 
2    s 
( − (−2 x) 
 s
)2  + ( −2 ) 
  s
3 
  0
a
2  x cos sx sin sx 
= −2 − 3 
  s 2 s 0
2  a cos sa sin sa  
= −2   − 3  − (0) 
  s 2
s  
2  as cos sa − sin sa 
= −2
  s3 

2  sin sa − as cos sa 
F ( s) = 2
  s3 
Deduction: 1
By inverse Fourier transform of F(s).

1
 F ( s )e
−isx
f ( x) = ds
2 −

1

 2  sin sa − as cos sa   −isx
=
2   2   s3   e ds
−  
 
2 2 sin sa − as cos sa 
=
2  −   s3  ( cos sx − i sin sx ) ds

2   sin sa − as cos sa  
 
 sin sa − as cos sa 
=    ( cos sx ) ds − i   ( sin sx ) ds 
  −  s3 − 
s3 

4  sin sa − as cos sa   sin sa − as cos sa 
f ( x) =  
 0 s 3  cos sx ds  s3  ( sin sx ) is an odd function

 sin sa − as cos sa  
 
0
s 3 

cos sx ds = f ( x)
4
Put x=0

 sin sa − as cos sa  
   ( cos 0 ) ds = f (0)

3
0
s 4

 sin sa − as cos sa  a 2

0  s 3 

ds =
4
f ( x) = a 2 − x 2  f (0) = a 2

Put a=1 and s=t get


 sin t − t cos t  
 
0
t 3 

dt =
4
(ii) By Parseval’s identity,
 

  F ( s)   f ( x) 
2
ds = 2
dx
− −
2

 2  sin sa − as cos sa   a

  2
  s3   ds =  ( a 2
− x ) dx
2 2

−   −a

8   sin sa − as cos sa 
2 a

2   ds = 2 ( a 4 − 2a 2 x 2 + x 4 ) dx
 0 s 3
 0

sin sa − as cos sa 
2

( a − x ) and 
2 2 2

 s3  areeven functions
a
8   sin sa − as cos sa   4 2a 2 x 3 x 5 
2

 0  s3  ds =  a x − 3 + 5 
 0
8   sin sa − as cos sa   5 2a 5 a 5 
2

 0   ds = a − 3 + 5 
s3  
8  sin sa − as cos sa   15a − 10a + 3a 5 
 2 5 5

 0  s3  ds = 
 15 

 sin sa − as cos sa   8a 5  
 2

   ds =  15   8
0 s3  
Put a =1 & s=t we get,

 sin t − t cos t  
 2


0
 t 3  dt =
15
6. 1 − x 2 ; if x  1
Find the Fourier transform of f ( x) =  .
0 ; if x  1

3 ( x cos x − sin x ) dx = 
2

Hence show that (i )  

sin s − s cos s 

s 

0
 s 2 

cos  
2
ds =
16
and (ii ) 
0 x6 15
1 − x 2 , − 1  x  1
Solution: Given f ( x ) = 
0, otherwise
The Fourier transform f(x) is

1
F  f ( x)  = F ( s ) =  f ( x)eisx dx .
2 −

1  
−1 1 
F ( s) = 
2  −
0 e isx
dx +  (1 − x 2
) e isx
dx +  0 eisx dx 
−1 1 
1

 (1 − x ) (cos sx + i sin sx) dx

1
= 2

2 −1

1 1 
=
1
2
( ) (
  1 − x 2 cos sx dx + i  1 − x 2 sin sx dx  )
 −1 −1 
1

( )
1 − x 2 sin sx is an odd fn  1 − x 2 sin sx dx = 0 ( )
−1
1
2 (1 − x 2 ) cos sx dx
1
=
2 0
1
2 2 2  sin sx   − cos sx   − sin sx  
=  1− x 
2    s 
(
 − (−2 x)  )
 s
2  + ( −2 ) 
  s
3 
  0
1
2  x cos sx sin sx 
= −2 − 3 
  s 2 s  0

2  cos s sin s  
= −2   2 − 3  − (0) 
  s s  
2  s cos s − sin s 
= −2
  s3 

2  sin s − s cos s 
F ( s) = 2
  s3 
Deduction: 1
By inverse Fourier transform of F(s).

1
 F ( s )e
−isx
f ( x) = ds
2 −

1

 2  sin s − s cos s   −isx
=
2   2   s3   e ds
−  

2 2  sin s − s cos s 
=
2  
 − s3  ( cos sx − i sin sx ) ds
 2   sin s − s cos s  
 
 sin s − s cos s 
=    ( cos sx ) ds − i   s3  ( sin sx ) ds 
  −  s3 −  

4  sin s − s cos s   sin s − s cos s 
f ( x) =  
 0 s 3 

cos sx ds  s3  ( sin sx ) is an odd function

 sin s − s cos s  
 
0
s 3 

cos sx ds = f ( x)
4
1
Put x =
2

 sin s − s cos s  s  1
0  s 3 

cos   ds = f  
2 4 2

 sin s − s cos s  s  3 1 1 3
 
0
s 3 

cos   ds = 
2 4 4
f ( x) = 1 − x 2  f   = 1 − =
2 4 4

 sin s − s cos s  s 3
 
0
s 3 

cos   ds =
2 16
(ii) By Parseval’s identity,
 

  F ( s)   f ( x) 
2
ds = 2
dx
− −
2

 2  sin s − s cos s   1

− 2   s3   ds =  (1 − x ) dx
2 2

  −1

8   sin sa − as cos sa 
2 1

 0
2   ds = 2  (1 − 2 x 2 + x 4 ) dx

3
s 0

sin s − s cos s 
2

(1 − x ) and  2 2

 s3  arean even functions

1
8   sin s − s cos s   2 x3 x5 
2

 0  s3  ds =  x − 3 + 5 
 0
8   sin s − s cos s 
2
 2 1

 0  s3  ds = 1 − + 
 3 5
8   sin s − s cos s   15 − 10 + 3 
2

 0 
ds =  
s3   15 
 sin s − s cos s  8 
 2

0  s 3 

ds =   
 15  8
Put s=t we get,

( sin t − t cos t ) 
2



0 t 6
dx =
15
  x, for 0  x  1

7. Find the Fourier cosine and sine transform of f ( x) = 2 − x, for 1  x  2 .
0, for x  2

Solution:

 x, for 0  x  1

Given f ( x) = 2 − x, for 1  x  2
0, for x  2

The Fourier Cosine transform of f(x) is

2
Fc  f ( x) = Fc ( s) =  f ( x) cos sx dx .
 0

2 
1 2 
=   x cos sx dx +  ( 2 − x ) cos sx dx +  0cos sx dx 
  0 1 2 

2  − cos sx   
1 2
   sin sx   − cos sx     sin sx  
=   ( x)   − (1)    + (2 − x)   − (−1)   
   s   s
2
 0   s   s
2
 1 

2  sin sx  cos sx  
2
 x sin sx cos sx  
1

=  + 2  + (2 − x)  − 2  
  s s 0   s  s 1  
2   sin s cos s   1    cos 2s   sin s cos s   
=   + 2  −  0 + 2   +  0 − 2  −  − 2  
   s s   s    s   s s  
2  sin s cos s 1 cos 2s sin s cos s 
=  + 2 − 2− 2 − + 2 
  s s s s s s 
2  2cos s − cos 2s − 1 
Fc ( s ) =
  s2 
The Fourier sine transform of f(x) is

2
Fs  f ( x)  = Fs ( s ) =  f ( x) sin sx dx .
 0

2 
1 2 
=   x sin sx dx +  ( 2 − x ) sin sx dx +  0sin sx dx 
  0 1 2 

2  − sin sx   
1 2
   − cos sx   − sin sx     − cos sx  
=   ( x)   − (1)    + (2 − x)   − (−1)   
   s   s
2
0   s   s
2
 1 

2  cos sx  sin sx  
2
  − x cos sx sin sx  
1

=  + 2  +  −(2 − x)  − 2  
  s s 0   s  s 1  
2   cos s sin s    sin 2 s   cos s sin s   
=   − + 2  − ( 0 )  +  0 − 2  −  − − 2  
   s s    s   s s  
2  cos s sin s sin 2 s cos s sin s 
= − + 2 − 2 + + 2 
  s s s s s 
2  2sin s − sin 2s 
Fs ( s) =
  s2 
8. ax
Find Fourier transform of e and hence deduce that

cos xt  −a x  =i 2 2as
a (b) F  xe
−a x
(a) dt = e   .
+t  (s + a2 )
2 2 2
0
2a 2

The Fourier transform of f(x) is


1
F  f ( x)  = F ( s ) =  f ( x)eisx dx .
2 −

1
 e ( cos sx + i sin sx ) dx
−a x
=
2 −

1   −a x  
  e cos sx dx + i  e sin sx dx 
−a x
=
2  − − 

sin sx is an odd fn  e
−a x −a x
e sin sx dx = 0
−

1
= 2 e− a x cos sx dx
2 0

2 2 −a x
2  0
= e cos sx dx


F ( s ) = F e = 2  2a 2 a
e
−a x − ax
cos bx dx = here a = a; b = s
   a + s  0
a + b2 2

Deduction (a):
By inverse Fourier transform of F(s) is

1
 F ( s )e
−isx
f ( x) = ds
2 −

1 2  a  −isx
=
2 
−
  a 2 + s 2 
e ds

1 2  a 
=   a ( cos sx − i sin sx ) ds
2  −
2
+ s 2 
a  1  
 
 1 
=    2 2  ( cos sx ) ds − ia   2 2  ( sin sx ) ds 
  −  a + s  − 
a +s  

2a  1   1 
f ( x) =   2
cos sx ds  2 2  ( sin sx ) is an odd function
 0 a + s 
2
a +s 

 1  
  a
0
2 2 
+s 
cos sx ds =
2a
f ( x)


cos sx  −a x
a
0
2
+s 2
ds =
2a
e

Put s=t

cos tx  −a x
t
0
2
+a 2
dt =
2a
e

Deduction (b):
By Property
 d
F  x f ( x )  = − i  F ( s ) 
ds
F  xe  = − i d F e− a x
−a x
 ds
( )
d  2 a 
= −i  
ds   a 2 + s 2 
 
2 −1 =i 2 2as
= −ia (0 + 2 s )
  (a + s )
2 2 2
  ( a + s 2 )2
2
 
 
 −a x
 2  2as 
F  xe  = i
  ( s 2 + a 2 )2 
 
9. Find the Fourier sine and cosine transform of e − ax , a  0 and deduce that

s 
i) s
0
2
+a 2
sin sx dx = e − ax .
2

1  − ax
ii) s
0
2
+a 2
cos sx dx =
2a
e

Solution:
The Fourier sine transform of f(x) is

2
Fs  f ( x)  = Fs ( s ) =  f ( x) sin sx dx .
 0

2
e
− ax
= sin sx dx
 0

2 s  b
Fs (s) = Fs e  = e
− ax − ax
sin bx dx = here a = a; b = s
  a 2 + s 2  0
a + b2
2

The Fourier cosine transform of f(x) is


2
Fc  f ( x) = Fc ( s) =  f ( x) cos sx dx .
 0

2

− ax
= e cos sx dx
0

2 a  a
Fc (s) = Fc e− ax  = e
− ax
cos bx dx = here a = a; b = s
  a 2 + s 2  0
a + b2
2

The inverse Fourier sine transform of Fs ( s ) is


2
f ( x) =
  f ( x) sin sx dx
0

2 2 s 

= sin sx dx
0
  a 2 + s 2 

2  s 
 0  a 2 + s 2 
= sin sx dx
 
 s  
  a
0
2 2
+s 
sin sx dx = f ( x)
2

 s  
  a
0
2 2
+s 
sin sx dx = e− ax
2
The inverse Fourier Cosine transform of Fc ( s ) is

2
f ( x) =
  f ( x) cos sx dx
0

2 2 a 

= cos sx dx
0
  a 2 + s 2 

2a  1 
 0  a 2 + s 2 
= cos sx dx


 a  
  a
0
2 2
+s 
cos sx dx = f ( x)
2

 a   − ax
  a
0
2 2
+s 
cos sx dx =
2a
e

10. Find the Fourier sine and cosine transform of e − ax , a  0 and hence find F  xe− ax  and F  xe− ax  .
c   s  
Solution:
The Fourier sine transform f(x) is

2
Fs  f ( x)  = Fs ( s ) =  f ( x) sin sx dx .
 0

2

− ax
= e sin sx dx
0

2 s  b
Fs (s) = Fs e− ax  = e
− ax
sin bx dx = here a = a; b = s
  a 2 + s 2  0
a + b2
2

The Fourier cosine transform f(x) is


2
Fc  f ( x) = Fc ( s) =  f ( x) cos sx dx .
 0

2

− ax
= e cos sx dx
0

2 a  a
Fc (s) = Fc e  = e
− ax − ax
cos bx dx = here a = a; b = s
  a 2 + s 2  0
a + b2
2

We know that
i) Fs  xf ( x )  = −
d
ds
 Fc  f ( x)  = −  Fc ( s ) 
d
ds
d  2  a  
Fs  xe− ax  = −
d
ds

Fc e− ax  = −   
ds    a 2 + s 2  
2 d  1 
= −a  
 ds  a 2 + s 2 
  
2 −1
= −a (0 + 2 s) 
  a + s2 ( ) 
2
2
 
 
2  2as 
Fs  xe  =
− ax

  ( a 2 + s 2 )2 
 

ii) Fc  xf ( x )  =  Fs  f ( x )  =
d d
 Fs (s)
ds ds
d  2  s  
Fs  xe− ax  =
d
ds

Fc e− ax  =   
ds    a 2 + s 2  

=
 2 2 ( 
2  a + s (1) − s(0 + 2 s) )
 
  ( )
2

 a 2
+ s 2

 
2  a 2 + s 2 − 2s 2 
=  
(
  a2 + s2 2 
  )
 
2  a2 − s2 
Fs  xe − ax
 =
  ( a 2 + s 2 )2 
 
11. e − ax  e− ax − e−bx 
Find the Fourier sine transform of , a  0 and hence find Fs  .
x  x 
Solution:
The Fourier sine transform of f(x) is

2
Fs  f ( x)  = Fs ( s ) =  f ( x) sin sx dx
 0

e − ax
2 e − ax

=
 0 x
Fs  sin sx dx
 x 
Taking diff. on both sides w.r.to s
d   e− ax   d  2 e− ax 


ds   x   ds   0 x
 Fs    =  sin sx dx 


2 e − ax 
( sin sx ) dx
 0 x s
=


2 e − ax
( cos sx ) x dx
 0 x
=


2

− ax
= e cos sx dx
0

d   e− ax   2 a 
 Fs   =
ds   x     a 2 + s 2 
Integrating on on both sides w.r.to s
  e − ax  2  a 
=
   a 2 + s 2 
Fs  ds
 x 
 e− ax  2 s a x
Fs 
 x 
=

tan −1  
a
x 2
+a 2
dx = tan −1  
a
 e − bx  2 s
Similarly, Fs  = tan −1  
 x   b
Deduction:
 e − ax − e − bx   e − ax e − bx 
Fs   = Fs  − 
 x   x x 
 e − ax   e −bx 
= Fs  −
 sF 
 x   x 
2 s 2 s
= tan −1   − tan −1  
 a  b
 e− ax − e−bx  2  −1  s  −1  s  
Fs  =  tan  a  − tan  b  
 x       
12. e − ax  e− ax − e−bx 
Find the Fourier cosine transform of , a  0 and hence find Fc  
x  x 
Solution:
The Fourier cosine transform f(x) is

2
Fc  f ( x) = Fc ( s) =  f ( x) cos sx dx
 0

e − ax
2 e − ax

=
 0 x
Fc  cos sx dx
 x 
Taking diff. on both sides w.r.to s
d   e− ax   d  2 e− ax 


 c
F  = 
ds   x   ds   0 x cos sx dx 


2 e − ax 
( cos sx ) dx
 0 x s
=


2 e− ax
( − sin sx ) x dx
 0 x
=


2
e
− ax
=− sin sx dx
 0

d   e − ax   2 s 
 Fc   = −
ds   x     a 2 + s 2 
Integrating on on both sides w.r.to s
 e− ax  2  s 
=−
   a 2 + s 2 
Fc  ds
 x 
2  s 
   a 2 + s 2 
=− ds
 2 1  2s 
 2   a 2 + s 2 
=− ds

f ( x)
=−
2 1
 2
(
log s 2 + a 2 )  f ( x)
dx = log  f ( x)

log ( s 2 + a 2 )
1
=−
2
1  1 
= log  2 2 
2  s +a 
 e− ax  1  1 
Fc  = log  2 2 
 x  2  s +a 
 e −bx  1  1 
Similarly Fc  = log  2 2 
 x  2  s +b 
Deduction:
 e − ax − e −bx   e − ax e −bx 
Fc   = Fc  − 
 x   x x 
 e− ax   e− bx 
= Fc  −
 cF 
 x   x 
1  1  1  1 
= log  2 2 
− log  2 2 
2  s +a  2  s +b 
1  s +b 
2 2
= log  2 2 
2 s +a 
 e− ax − e−bx  1  s 2 + b2 
Fs   = log  2 2 
 x  2  s +a 
13. Using Parseval’s identity evaluate the following integrals.
 
dx x2
1)
0
( 
x 2
+ a 2 2
)
2)
0
( x 2
+ a 2 2
) 
dx, where a  0.

Solution:
Assume f ( x) = e− ax
The Fourier sine transform f(x) is

2
Fs  f ( x)  = Fs ( s ) =  f ( x) sin sx dx .
 0

2

− ax
= e sin sx dx
0

2 s  b
Fs (s) = Fs e− ax  = e
− ax
sin bx dx = here a = a; b = s
  a 2 + s 2  0
a + b2
2

The Fourier cosine transform f(x) is


2
Fc  f ( x) = Fc ( s) =  f ( x) cos sx dx .
 0

2

− ax
= e cos x dx
0
 
2 a  a
Fc (s) = Fc e  = e
− ax − ax
cos bx dx = here a = a; b = s
  a 2 + s 2  0
a + b2
2

(i) The Parseval’s identity for Fourier cosine transform is

 

 F ( s) ds =  f ( x) 2 dx
2
c
0 0
2

 2  a  

0    a 2 + s 2   ds = 0 e ( )
2
− ax
dx
 
2  
2a 1

 0 ( a2 + s2 ) 2
ds =  e −2 ax dx
0

 
1   e−2 ax 
 ds =  
( ) 2a 2  −2a  0
2
0 a2 + s2

1 − − −0
 ds = e − e 
4a 3 
(a )
2
0
2
+ s2

1 −
 ds = 0 − 1 e − = 0; e −0 = 1
(a )
2
0
2
+s 2 4a 3

1 
 ds =
(a )
2
0
2
+ s2 4a 3

Put s=x we get


1 
 dx =
(a )
2
0
2
+ x2 4a 3

(ii) The Parseval’s identity for Fourier sine transform is

 

 Fs ( s ) ds =  f ( x) 2 dx
2

0 0
2

 2  s  

0    a 2 + s 2   ds = 0 e ( )
2
− ax
dx
 
 2 
2 s

 0 (a + s )
2 2
2
ds =  e −2 ax dx
0

 
s2   e −2 ax 
 ds =  
( ) 2  −2a  0
2
0 a2 + s2

s2 − − −0
 ds = e − e 
4a 
(a )
2
0
2
+ s2

s2 −
 ds = 0 − 1 e − = 0; e −0 = 1
(a )
2
0
2
+ s2 4a

s2 
 ds =
(a )
2
0
2
+s 2 4a
 Put s=x we get

x2 
 dx =
(a )
2
0
2
+ x2 4a

14.  
x2 1
Evaluate (a)  (x
0
2
+a 2
)( x 2
+b 2
)
dx (b) 
0 (x 2
+a 2
)( x 2
+ b2 )
dx using Fourier transforms.

Solution:
(a) Assume f ( x) = e − ax ; g ( x) = e − bx
The Fourier sine transform f(x) is

2
Fs  f ( x)  = Fs ( s ) =  f ( x) sin sx dx .
 0

2
e
− ax
= sin sx dx
 0

2 s  b
Fs (s) = Fs e− ax  = e
− ax
sin bx dx = here a = a; b = s
  a 2 + s 2  0
a + b2
2

Similarly
2 s 
Gs (s) = Fs e−bx  =
  b2 + s 2 
We know that
 

 F (s)G (s)ds =  f ( x) g ( x)dx

0
s s
0
 
2 s  2 s 

0
 2  2 2
  a + s   b + s 
2
ds =  e − ax e −bx dx
0

2  
 
s2
 0  a 2 + s 2 b2 + s 2 
  ds =  e− ax −bx dx
 (  )( 0 )
 
s2   − ( a +b ) x
0  s 2 + a2 s 2 + b2  2 0 e dx

(

)(
ds =
)
 
  − ( a +b ) x
= e dx
20

  e− ( a +b ) x 
=  
2  −( a + b )  0
− 
= e− − e−0 
2(a + b) 0

−
= 0 − 1 e− = 0; e−0 = 1
2(a + b)
  s2  
0  s2 + a2 s 2 + b2

( )( )
 ds =
 2(a + b)


Put s=x we get

   x2  
0  x 2 + a 2 x 2 + b2

( )( )
 dx =
 2(a + b)

(b) Assume f ( x) = e − ax ; g ( x) = e − bx
The Fourier cosine transform f(x) is

2
Fc  f ( x) = Fc ( s) =  f ( x) cos sx dx .
 0

2
e
− ax
= cos sx dx
 0

2 a  a
Fc (s) = Fc e− ax  = e
− ax
cos bx dx = here a = a; b = s
  a 2 + s 2  0
a + b2
2

Similarly
2 b 
Gc (s) = Fc e−bx  =
  b2 + s 2 
We know that
 

 F (s)G (s)ds =  f ( x) g ( x)dx

0
c c
0
 
2 a  2 b 

0
 2  2 2
  a + s   b + s 
2
ds =  e − ax e −bx dx
0

2ab  
 
1
  2 2 2 2  ds =  e− ax −bx dx
(
 0 a +s b +s  )( )
  0

 
1   − ( a +b ) x
0  s2 + a2 s2 + b2  2ab 0 e dx

( )(
 ds =
)
 
  − ( a +b ) x
2ab 0
= e dx

  e − ( a +b ) x 
=  
2ab  −(a + b)  0
− 
= e − − e−0 
2ab(a + b) 0

−
= 0 − 1 e− = 0; e−0 = 1
2ab(a + b)
  1  
0  s 2 + a2 s 2 + b2
( )( )
 ds =
 2ab(a + b)


Put s=x we get

  1  
0  x2 + a 2 x 2 + b2
( )( )
 dx =
 2ab(a + b)

  
x2 1
Evaluate (a)  2 dx , (b)  (x dx using Fourier transforms.
0 ( x + 9 )( x + 16 ) + 1)( x 2 + 4 )
2 2
0

Solution:
(a) Assume f ( x) = e − ax ; g ( x) = e − bx
The Fourier sine transform f(x) is

2
Fs  f ( x)  = Fs ( s ) =  f ( x) sin sx dx .
 0

2

− ax
= e sin sx dx
0

2 s  b
Fs (s) = Fs e− ax  = e
− ax
sin bx dx = here a = a; b = s
  a 2 + s 2  0
a + b2
2

Similarly
2 s 
Gs ( s) = Gs e−bx  =
  b2 + s 2 
We know that
 

 Fs (s)Gs (s)ds =  f ( x) g ( x)dx

0 0
 
2 s  2 s 

0
 2  2 2
  a + s   b + s 
2
ds =  e − ax e −bx dx
0

2  
 
s2
 
(
 0 a +s b +s 
2 2 2
)( 2
 ds =  e− ax −bx dx
)
  0

 
s2   − ( a +b ) x
0  s 2 + a2 s 2 + b2  ds = 2 0 e dx
( )( )
 

=  e− ( a +b ) x dx
20

  e− ( a +b ) x 
=  
2  −( a + b )  0
− 
= e− − e−0 
2(a + b) 0

−
= 0 − 1 e− = 0; e−0 = 1
2(a + b)
  s2  
0  s 2 + a 2 s 2 + b2
( )( )
 ds =
 2(a + b)
− − − − − −(1)


Put a=3 & b=4 and s=x we get


x2 
(1)   2 dx =
0 ( x + 9 )( x + 16 )
2
2(3 + 4)
 
x2 
0 ( x2 + 9 )( x2 + 16 ) dx = 14
(b) Assume f ( x) = e − ax ; g ( x) = e − bx
The Fourier cosine transform f(x) is

2
Fc  f ( x) = Fc ( s) =  f ( x) cos sx dx .
 0

2

− ax
= e cos sx dx
0

2 a  a
Fc (s) = Fc e  = e
− ax − ax
cos bx dx = here a = a; b = s
  a 2 + s 2  0
a + b2
2

Similarly
2 b 
Gc (s) = Fc e−bx  =
  b2 + s 2 
We know that
 

 Fc (s)Gc (s)ds =  f ( x) g ( x)dx

0 0
 
2 a  2 b 

0
  a 2 + s 2    b 2 + s 2 
ds =  e − ax e −bx dx
0

2ab  
 
1
 
(
 0 a +s b +s 
2 2 2 2
 ds =  e− ax −bx dx
)( )
  0

 
1   − ( a +b ) x
0  s2 + a2 s2 + b2  2ab 0 e dx

( )(
 ds =
)
 
  − ( a +b ) x
2ab 0
= e dx

  e − ( a +b ) x 
=  
2ab  −(a + b)  0
− 
= e − − e−0 
2ab(a + b) 0

−
= 0 − 1 e− = 0; e−0 = 1
2ab(a + b)
  1  
0  s 2 + a 2 s 2 + b2
( )( )
 ds =
 2ab(a + b)


Put a=1 & b=2 s=x we get


1 
(1)   (x
0
2
+ 1)( x + 4 ) 2
dx =
2(1)(2)(1 + 2)
 
1 
 (x
0
2
+ 1)( x + 4 )2
dx =
12
Self-reciprocal:
If a transformation of a function f(x) is equal to f(s) then the function f(x) is called self-reciprocal.
14. − x2
− a2 x2
Find the Fourier transform of e Hence prove that e 2 is self-reciprocal with respect to
Fourier Transforms.
Solution:
The Fourier transform f(x) is

1
F  f ( x)  = F ( s ) =  f ( x)eisx dx
2 −

1
F e− a x  = e
− a 2 x 2 isx
2 2
e dx
  2 −

1
e
− a 2 x 2 +isx
= dx
2 −

1 (
− a 2 x 2 −isx ) dx
=
2 e
−
( A − B) 2 = A2 − 2 AB + B 2
  is   is   2AB = isx
2 2
 − ( ax ) 2 −isx +   −  
1
   2 a   2 a  
= e dx
2 − is
2 2 Here A = ax , B =
  is   is  2a
1 − ax −   
= e  2a 
e 2 a  dx
2 −
2 2
 is    is 
1  2 a  − ax − 
=   2a 
e e dx
2 −
is du
Let u = ax −  du = adx  dx = ; u : −  to 
2a a
i2 s2 
1 4 a2 2 du
= e  e−u
2 −
a
− s2 
1
= e 4 a  e−u du i 2 = −1
2 2

a 2 −
− s2 
1
= e 4 a 2 e−u du e−u is an even function
2 2 2

a 2 0
− s2 
1  
e
−u 2
= du =
2
e 4a 2
a 2  2 0
2
− s2
1
F e − a2 x2 = e 4 a2
− − − − − −(1)
  a 2
Deduction:
− x2
2
To prove e is self-reciprocal
 −x 
2 2
s
−
It is enough to prove that F e  is e 2
2

 
 1
Put a = in (1)
2
− s2
 − 
2 2
1  2  1 
 x 1 4 
F e  2 = e 2

   1 
    2
 2
− s2
 −
x2  4
F e 2
=e 2

 
 −x  −s 2 2

F e  = e 2
2

 
− x2
e 2
is self reciprocal.
15. − x2
2
Find the Fourier transform of e .
−x 2

2
(or) Show that e is self-reciprocal with respect to Fourier Transforms.
Solution:
x2
−
Let f ( x ) = e 2

1
Assume f ( x) = e − a where a =
2 2
x

2
The Fourier transform f(x) is

1
F  f ( x)  = F ( s ) =  f ( x)eisx dx
2 −

1
F e− a x  = e
− a 2 x 2 isx
( A − B) 2 = A2 − 2 AB + B 2
2 2
e dx
  2 −

1

2AB = isx
e
− a 2 x 2 +isx
= dx
2 − is
 Here A = ax , B =
1 (
− a x −isx
2 2
) dx
=
2 e
−
2a

  is   is  
2 2
 − ( ax ) 2 −isx +   −  
1
e   2 a   2 a  
= dx
2 −
2 2
  is   is 
1 − ax −   
= e  2a   2a 
e dx
2 −
2 2
 is    is 
1  2 a  − ax − 
=   2a 
e e dx
2 −
is du
Let u = ax −  du = adx  dx = ; u : −  to 
2a a
i2 s2 
1 4 a2 2 du
= e  e−u
2 −
a
 − s2 
1
= e 4 a  e−u du i 2 = −1
2 2

a 2 −
− s2 
1
= e 4 a 2 e−u du e−u is an even function
2 2 2

a 2 0
− s2 
1  
e
−u 2
= du =
2
e 4a 2
a 2  2 0
2
− s2
1
F e − a2 x2 = e 4 a2
− − − − − −(1)
  a 2
Deduction:
− x2
2
To prove e is self-reciprocal
 −x 
2 2
s
−
It is enough to prove that F e 2  is e 2
 
1
Put a = in (1)
2
− s2
 − 
2 2
1  2  1 
 x 1 4 
F e  2 = e 2

   1 
    2
 2
− s2
 −
x2  4
F e 2
=e 2

 
 −x  −s 2 2

F e  = e 2
2

 
− x2
e 2
is self-reciprocal.
Hence find Fs  xe .
16. −a 2 2
x −a 2 2
x
Find the Fourier cosine transform of e
 
Solution:
− a2 x2
Let f ( x) = e
The Fourier cosine transform f(x) is
  
2 1
Fc  f ( x) = Fc ( s ) =  f ( x) cos sx dx  f ( x)dx =  f ( x)dx
 0 0
2 −

2

− a2 x2
= e cos sx dx
0

2 1
=  e− a x cos sx dx
2 2

 2 −

1 2
Fc  f ( x) = R.P.of  e − a 2 x 2 isx
e dx cos sx = R.P.of eisx
2  −

1
Fc  f ( x) = R.P.of e
− a 2 x 2 isx
e dx
2 −
 
1
e
− a 2 x 2 isx
= R.P.of e dx
2 −

1
e
− a 2 x 2 + isx
= R.P.of dx
2 −

1 (
− a 2 x 2 −isx ) dx
= R.P.of
2 e
−
  is   is  
2 2
 − ( ax )2 −isx +   −  
1
e   2 a   2 a  
= R.P.of dx
2 −

(a − b)2 = a 2 − 2ab + b 2
2 2
  is   is 
1 − ax −   
= R.P.of e  2a   2a 
e dx
2 − −2ab = isx
2 2
 is    is 
1   − ax − 
= R.P.of  2a 
e  2a 
e dx Here a = ax
2 −
is du is
Let u = ax −  du = adx  dx = ; u : −  to  −2axb = −isx  b =
2a a 2a
i2 s2 
1 4 a2 2 du
= R.P.of e  e−u
2 −
a
− s2 
1
= R.P.of e 4 a  e−u du i 2 = −1
2 2

a 2 −
− s2 
1
= R.P.of e 4 a 2 e−u du e−u is an even function
2 2 2

a 2 0
− s2 
1  
e
−u2
= R.P.of du =
2
e 4a 2
a 2  2 0
2
− s2
1
F e − a2 x2 = e 4 a2
− − − − − −(1)
  a 2

Deduction:
Fs  xf ( x)  = −
d
ds
 Fc  f ( x)  = −  Fc ( s ) 
d
ds
Fs  xe − a x  = −

2 2


d
ds

Fc e − a x 

2 2

 
d  1 4 a2 
− s2

=−  e 
ds  a 2 
− s2
1  −2s 
=− e 4 a2
 2
a 2  4a 
− s2

Fs  xe − a2 x2  = s e 4 a2
  2 2a 3
 1, 0  s  1


17. Solve for f(x), the integral equation f ( x)sin sxdx = 2, 1  s  2.
0 0, s  2

Solution:
  1, 0  s  1

Given  f ( x)sin sxdx = 2, 1  s  2. − − − − − (1)
0 0, s  2

We know that

2
Fs  f ( x) =
 0
f ( x)sin sx dx

 1, 0  s  1  
2 −1    2
F −1  Fs ( s) = f ( x) =
 0
f ( x) = Fs  2, 1  s  2  Fs (s)sin sx ds

 
 0, s  2 
2 2 
1 2 
f ( x) =  1sin sx ds +  2sin sx ds +  0sin sx ds 
  0 1 2 
2 
1 2
=  1sin sx ds +  2sin sx ds 
 0 1 
2  − cos sx   − cos sx  
1 2

=  + 2  
  x 0  x 1 
2  − cos x cos0   − cos 2 x cos x  
=  +  + 2 + 
  x x   x x  
2  − cos x 1 cos 2 x cos x 
 = + −2 +2
 x x x x 
2
= 1 − cos x − 2cos 2 x + 2cos x 
x
2
f ( x) = 1 + cos x − 2cos 2 x 
x
18. n −1 1
Find the Fourier cosine and sine transform of x . Hence show that is self-reciprocal under
x
Fourier cosine and sine transforms.
Solution:
By definition of Gamma integral

n
e
− ax
x n −1 dx = , a  0, n  0
0
an
Put a = is

n
e
− isx
x n −1 dx = , a  0, n  0
0
(is ) n

n
x
n −1 − isx
e dx =
0
in sn
n
= (−i ) n
sn

n     
n
−i
= n  cos − i sin  e 2
= cos − i sin = −i
s  2 2 2 2
n  n n 
by Demorive's theorem ( cos   i sin  ) = cos n  i sin n
n
= n  cos − i sin 
s  2 2 

n  n n 
x
n −1
(cos sx − i sin sx) dx =  cos − i sin 
0
s 
n
2 2 
  
n n n n
 x cos sx dx − i  x sin sx dx =
n −1 n −1
n
cos − i n sin
0 0
s 2 s 2
Equating real and imaginary parts on both sides
 
n n n n
0 
n −1
x cos sx dx = n
cos x n −1 sin sx dx = n sin
s 2 0
s 2
 
2 2 n n 2 2 n n
 x cos sx dx = 
n −1 n −1
cos x sin sx dx = sin
 0
 s n
2 0
 s n
2
2 n n 2 n n
Fc  x n −1  = cos Fs  x n −1  = sin
 s n
2  s n
2
Deduction:
1
To prove is self-reciprocal under Fourier cosine and sine transforms.
x
 1  1  1  1
It is enough to prove that Fc  = and Fs   =
 x s  x s
We know that
2 n n 2 n n
Fc  x n −1  = cos Fs  x n −1  = sin
 s n
2  s n
2
1
Put n =
2
1 1
    12 −1   
 1
−1  2  2  cos  2 2 
Fc  x = Fs  x   =
2
sin
   1
4    1
4
s2 s2
 − 12  2  1  − 12  2  1   1 1
Fc  x  = Fs  x  = cos = sin = and    = 
   s 2    s 2 4 4 2 2
 1  1  1  1
Fc   = Fs   =
 x s  x s
1
 is self-reciprocal under Fourier cosine and sine transforms.
x
19. e − as
Find the function f ( x ) if its sine transform is
s
Solution:
e− as
Given Fs  f ( x)  = Fs ( s ) =
s

2
f ( x) = F −1  Fs ( s )  =  F (s) sin sx ds
 0
s


2 e− as
 0 s
f ( x) = sin sx ds

Taking diff on both sides w.r.to x

d  2 e − as 

d
 f ( x) =   sin sx ds 
dx dx   0 s 
 − as
2 e 
=  ( sin sx ) ds
 0 s x
 
2 e − as
 0 s
= cos sx  s ds


2

− as
= e cos sx ds
0


 f ( x) =  2 2 
d 2 a a
e
− ax
cos bx dx = here a = a, b = x
dx  a + x  0
a + s2
2

Integrating on w.r.to x

2 1 1 1 x
f ( x) = a 2 a dx = tan −1  
 a + x2 0
2
+x 2
a a
2 1 −1  x 
= a tan  
 a a
2  x
f ( x) = tan −1  
 a