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    General Physics I-3-1

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    tawhidalahi12345
    This document discusses motion in two or three dimensions, including position and velocity vectors, average and instantaneous velocity and acceleration vectors, parallel and perpendicular components of acceleration, and provides examples of calculating these values.

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    General Physics I-3-1

    Uploaded by

    tawhidalahi12345
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    This document discusses motion in two or three dimensions, including position and velocity vectors, average and instantaneous velocity and acceleration vectors, parallel and perpendicular components of acceleration, and provides examples of calculating these values.

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    General_Physics_I-3-1

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    This document discusses motion in two or three dimensions, including position and velocity vectors, average and instantaneous velocity and acceleration vectors, parallel and perpendicular components of acceleration, and provides examples of calculating these values.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    5 views9 pages

    General Physics I-3-1

    Uploaded by

    tawhidalahi12345
    This document discusses motion in two or three dimensions, including position and velocity vectors, average and instantaneous velocity and acceleration vectors, parallel and perpendicular components of acceleration, and provides examples of calculating these values.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 9

    General Physics I

    Ch. 3: Motion in Two or Three Dimensions

    Ahmed Yousef

    Email: yousef@jbnu.ac.kr
    Position and Velocity Vectors

    The Cartesian coordinates x, y, and z of point P are the x-, y-, and z-
    components of vector 𝒓. Using the unit vectors we can write;
    𝑟Ԧ = 𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧𝑘෠

    During a time interval ∆𝑡 the particle moves from P1, where its position
    vector is 𝒓𝟏 , to P2, where its position vector is 𝒓𝟐 .

    We define the average velocity;

    ∆𝑟Ԧ 𝑟Ԧ2 − 𝑟Ԧ1


    𝑣Ԧ𝑎𝑣 = =
    ∆𝑡 𝑡2 − 𝑡1
    ∆𝑟Ԧ = 𝑟Ԧ2 − 𝑟Ԧ1 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 𝑘෠

    2
    Position and Velocity Vectors

    We now define instantaneous velocity;

    ∆𝑟Ԧ 𝑑 𝑟Ԧ
    𝑣Ԧ = lim =
    ∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 𝑑𝑡

    Where,

    𝑣Ԧ = 𝑣𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑣𝑦 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑣𝑧 𝑘෠

    𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
    𝑣𝑥 = , 𝑣𝑦 = , 𝑣𝑧 =
    𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

    𝑑𝑟Ԧ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
    𝑣Ԧ = = 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑘,෠ 𝑣Ԧ = 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑥2 + 𝑣𝑦2 + 𝑣𝑧2
    𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

    In case od xy-plane;

    𝑣𝑦
    𝑣= 𝑣𝑥2 + 𝑣𝑦2 , 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼 =
    𝑣𝑥
    3
    The Acceleration Vector
    The average acceleration 𝑎Ԧ𝑎𝑣 of the car during a time interval is the velocity change divided by the time
    interval 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 = ∆𝑡:

    ∆𝑣Ԧ 𝑣Ԧ2 − 𝑣Ԧ1


    𝑎Ԧ𝑎𝑣 = =
    ∆𝑡 𝑡2 − 𝑡1

    4
    The Acceleration Vector
    we define the instantaneous acceleration 𝒂 at point P1 as the limit
    of the average acceleration vector when point P2 approaches point
    P1, so both ∆𝑣Ԧ and ∆𝑡 approach zero:

    ∆𝑣Ԧ 𝑑 𝑣Ԧ
    𝑎Ԧ = lim =
    ∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 𝑑𝑡

    5
    The Acceleration Vector
    From now on, we’ll use the term “acceleration” to mean the
    instantaneous acceleration vector 𝒂.

    the acceleration vector:


    𝑎Ԧ = 𝑎𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑎𝑦 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑎𝑧 𝑘෠

    𝑑𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑣𝑦 𝑑𝑣𝑧


    𝑎𝑥 = , 𝑎𝑦 = , 𝑎𝑧 =
    𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

    In terms of unit vectors,

    𝑑𝑣Ԧ 𝑑𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑣𝑦 𝑑𝑣𝑧


    𝑎𝑥 = = 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑘෠
    𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

    𝑑2 𝑥 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑧
    𝑎𝑥 = 2 , 𝑎𝑦 = 2 , 𝑎𝑧 = 2
    𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
    6
    Example:
    A robotic vehicle, or rover, is exploring the surface of Mars. The stationary Mars lander is
    the origin of the coordinates, and the surrounding Martian surface lies in the xy-plane. The
    rover, which we represent as a point, has x- and y-coordinates that vary with time:
    𝑥 = 2.0 𝑚 − 0.25 𝑚Τ𝑠 2 𝑡 2
    𝑦 = 1.0 𝑚/𝑠 𝑡 + 0.25 𝑚Τ𝑠 3 𝑡 3

    (a) Find the rover’s coordinates and distance from the lander at t = 2.0 s.

    (b) Find the rover’s displacement and average velocity vectors for the interval t = 0.0 s to
    t = 2.0 s.

    (c) Find a general expression for the rover’s instantaneous velocity vector 𝒗. Express 𝒗
    at t = 2.0 s in component form and in terms of magnitude and direction.

    (d) Find the components of the average acceleration for the interval t = 0.0 s to t = 2.0 s.

    (e) Find the instantaneous acceleration at t = 2.0 s.


    7
    Parallel and Perpendicular
    Components of Acceleration
    The parallel component 𝑎║tells us about changes in the
    particle’s speed, while the perpendicular component 𝑎┴
    tells us about changes in the particle’s direction of motion.

    8
    Example:

    A skier moves along a ski-jump ramp. The ramp is


    straight from point A to point C and curved from
    point C onward. The skier speeds up as she moves
    downhill from point A to point E, where her speed
    is maximum. She slows down after passing point E.
    Draw the direction of the acceleration vector at
    each of the points B, D, E, and F.

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