One Dimensional

Motion
Phy 107 course
Zaid Bin Mahbub (ZBM)
DMP, SEPS, NSU
Motion

The world, and everything in it, moves. Even seemingly stationary things, such as a roadway, move
with Earth’s rotation, Earth’s orbit around the Sun, the Sun’s orbit around the center of the Milky Way
galaxy, and that galaxy’s migration relative to other galaxies.

The classification and comparison of motions is called kinematics.

Position and Displacement

To describe the motion of an object, you must first be able to describe its position (x): where it is at
any particular time.

To locate an object means to find its position relative to some reference point, often the origin (or
zero point) of an axis such as the x axis in Fig. The positive direction of the axis is in the direction of
increasing numbers (coordinates), which is to the right in Fig. The opposite is the negative direction.
Position and Displacement

If an object moves relative to a frame of reference—then the object’s position changes. This change in
position is called displacement. The word displacement implies that an object has moved, or has been
displaced.

A change from position 𝑥1 to position 𝑥2 is called a displacement ∆𝑥

∆𝑥 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1

Displacement is an example of a vector quantity, which is a quantity that has both a direction and a
magnitude.
A cyclist rides 3 km west and then turns around and rides 2 km east. (a) What is his
displacement? (b) What is the distance traveled? (c) What is the magnitude of his
displacement?
Average Velocity and Average Speed

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 ∆𝑥

Average velocity =𝑣ҧ = = = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1) /(𝑡2 − 𝑡1)
𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑝𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 ∆𝑡
Average speed 𝑠𝑎𝑣𝑔 is a different way of describing “how fast” a particle moves.

Whereas the average velocity involves the particle’s displacement 𝑥, the average speed involves the
total distance covered (for example, the number of meters moved), independent of direction; that is,
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑠𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑝𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

Instantaneous Velocity and Speed

The quantity that tells us how fast an object is moving anywhere along its path is the instantaneous
velocity, usually called simply velocity.

Speed is the magnitude of velocity; that is, speed is velocity that has been stripped of any indication of
direction, either in words or via an algebraic sign.
Instantaneous Velocity and Speed

It is the average velocity between two points on the path in the limit that the time (and therefore
the displacement) between the two points approaches zero.

𝑥 𝑡 + ∆𝑡 − 𝑥(𝑡) 𝑑𝑥
𝑣 𝑡 = lim =
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Acceleration

When a particle’s velocity changes, the particle is said to undergo acceleration (or to accelerate).

Average acceleration,
𝑣2 − 𝑣1 Δ𝑣
𝑎Ԧ 𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑡 = =
𝑡2 − 𝑡1 Δ𝑡
𝑑𝑣 𝑑2 𝑥
Instantaneous acceleration, 𝑎Ԧ = =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2
Constant Acceleration: A Special Case

In many types of motion, the acceleration is either constant

or approximately so.

For example, you might accelerate a car at an approximately

constant rate when a traffic light turns from red to green.
Then graphs of your position, velocity, and acceleration
would resemble those in Fig. (Note that a(t) is constant,
which requires that v(t) have a constant slope.) Later when
you brake the car to a stop, the acceleration (or
deceleration in common language) might also be
approximately constant.
https://iwant2study.org/lookangejss/02_newtonianmechanics_2kinematics/ejss_model_kinematicssec/kinematicssec_Simulation.xhtml

https://iwant2study.org/lookangejss/02_newtonianmechanics_2kinematics/ejss_model_kinematics/kinematics_Simulation.xhtml

https://ophysics.com/k4b.html
 Integration over acceleration with respect
Integration over velocity with respect to
to time 𝑣 𝑡 = ‫ 𝑡𝑑 𝑡 𝑎 ׬‬results the
time 𝑥 𝑡 = ‫𝑡𝑑 𝑡 𝑣 ׬‬ results the
velocity, area under the curve of
displacement, area under the curve of
acceleration vs time graph is the velocity
velocity vs time graph is the displacement
Free-Fall Acceleration

If you tossed an object either up or down and could

somehow eliminate the effects of air on its flight, you
would find that the object accelerates downward at a
certain constant rate.

That rate is called the free-fall acceleration, and its

magnitude is represented by 𝑔. The acceleration is
independent of the object’s characteristics, such as
mass, density, or shape; it is the same for all objects.

The earth has a constant downward acceleration of

magnitude 9.80 𝑚/𝑠2 . This number is always denoted
by 𝑔.
Be very careful about the sign; in a coordinate system
where the y axis points straight up, the acceleration of a
freely–falling object is 𝑎𝑦 = −9.80𝑚/𝑠2 = −𝑔

https://iwant2study.org/lookangejss/02_newtonianmechanics_
2kinematics/ejss_model_freefall01/freefall01_Simulation.xhtml
In a coordinate system in which
the upward direction is positive,
the velocity of the thrown ball
decreases until it becomes zero at
2.04 s. Then it increases in the
negative direction as the ball falls
(a, b).

What will be the position-time

graphs?
Figure shows nine graphs of position, velocity, and
acceleration for objects in motion along a straight
line.
Indicate the graphs that meet the following
conditions: (a) Velocity is constant, (b) velocity
reverses its direction, (c) acceleration is constant,
and (d) acceleration is not constant. (e) Which
graphs of position, velocity, and acceleration are
mutually consistent?
 Summary Topics: One Dimensional Motion

 For constant acceleration, apply the relationships between position, displacement, velocity, acceleration,
and elapsed time (Kinematic Equations)

 Given a graph of a particle’s velocity versus time, determine the instantaneous acceleration for any
particular time and the average acceleration between any two particular times.

 Apply the relationship between a particle’s average acceleration, its change in velocity, and the time
interval for that change.

 Calculate a particle’s change in velocity by integrating its acceleration function with respect to time.

 Calculate a particle’s change in position by integrating its velocity function with respect to time.