NOTES ON CRIME DETECTION AND INVESTIGATION

FIRE
- a rapid, self-sustaining oxidation process accompanied by the evolution of heat and light of varying intensity
- an active chemical reaction that takes place between fuel, heat and oxygen in the form of light and noticeable heat
- a chemical reaction; the rapid oxidation of a fuel producing heat and light
- an oxidation taking place with a rate rapid enough to produce heat and light

TECHNOLOGY
- the branch of knowledge that deals with industrial arts and sciences
- the application of such knowledge that is used to produce the material necessity of society

ELEMENTS OF FIRE OR TRIANGLE OF FIRE

FUEL
- anything that will burn when heated with sufficient oxygen

OXYGEN
- aids in combustion; comes from the atmosphere we breath; the atmosphere contains: 21% oxygen, 78% nitrogen and
1% impurities
HEAT
- source of ignition

TRIANGLE OF FIRE
For many years, the fire triangle (oxygen, fuel and heat) was taught as the components of fire. While this simple
example is useful, it is NOT technically correct.

TETRAHEDRON OF FIRE
- a geometric representation of what is required for fire to exist, namely, fuel, an oxidizing agent, heat, and an uninhibited
chemical reaction

FIRE TETRAHEDRON

- Oxygen (oxidizing agent)

- Fuel
- Heat
- Self-sustained chemical reaction

Each component of the tetrahedron must be in place for combustion to occur. Remove one of the four
components and combustion will not occur. If ignition has already occurred, the fire is extinguished when one of the
components is removed from the reaction.

OXYGEN (Oxidizing Agent)

- a colorless, odorless gas and one of the compositions of air which is approximately 21% percent by volume
-
Oxygen sources: Oxygen requirements:
1. 21% of normal oxygen 1. 12% no fire
2. 78% nitrogen 2. 14% flash point
3. 1% other gases 3. 21% fire point

FUEL
- the material or substance being oxidized or burned in the combustion process.

Fuel sources
1. Solid
- molecules are closely packed together
2. Liquid
- molecules are loosely packed
3. Gas
- molecules are free to move

HEAT
- the energy component of the fire tetrahedron
- when heat comes into contact with a fuel, the energy supports the combustion reaction
- heat energy is measured in units of Joules (J), however it can also be measured in Calories (1 Calorie = 4.184 J) and
BTU's (1 BTU = 1055 J)

TEMPERATURE
- a measure of the degree of molecular activity of a material compared to a reference point
- a measure of the degree of molecular activity of a material compared to a reference point
- measured in degrees Farenheit or degrees Celsius

ºC ºF Response
37 98.6 Normal human oral/body temperature
44 111 Human skin begins to feel pain
48 118 Human skin receives a first degree burn injury
55 131 Human skin receives a second degree burn injury
62 140 A phase where burned human tissue becomes numb
72 162 Human skin is instantly destroyed
100 212 Water boils and produces steam
140 284 Glass transition temperature of polycarbonate
230 446 Melting temperature of polycarbonate
250 482 Charring of natural cotton begins
300 572 Charring of modern protective clothing fabrics begins
600 1112 Temperatures inside a post-flashover room fire

Types of Energy (common sources of heat)

1. Chemical Energy
2. Electrical Energy
3. Nuclear Energy
4. Mechanical Energy

CHEMICAL ENERGY
- the most common source of heat in combustion reactions

When any combustible is in contact with oxygen, oxidation occurs. The reaction of this process results in the
production of heat.
ex. Heat generated from burning match, self heating (spontaneous heating)

ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- can generate temperature high enough to ignite any combustible material near the heated area

Examples:
1. over current or overload
2. arcing
3. sparking
4. static
5. lightning

NUCLEAR ENERGY
- generated when atoms either split apart (fission) or combine (fusion)
Ex.
1. fission heats water to drive steam turbines and produce electricity
2. solar energy is a product of a fusion reaction

MECHANICAL ENERGY
- an energy created by friction and compression

1) Heat of friction - the movement of two surfaces against each other, thus producing sparks
2) Heat of compression - heat is generated when a gas is compressed in a container or cylinder

SELF-SUSTAINED CHEMICAL REACTION

Combustion is a complex reaction that requires a fuel (in the gaseous or vapor state), an oxidizer, and heat energy to
come together in a very specific way. Once flaming combustion or fire occurs, it can only continue when enough heat energy is
produced to cause the continued development of fuel vapors or gases. Scientists call this type of reaction a “chain reaction”.
A chain reaction is a series of reactions that occur in sequence with the result of each individual reaction being added
to the rest.

FIRE DEVELOPMENT

When the four components of the fire tetrahedron come together, ignition occurs. For a fire to grow beyond the first
material ignited, heat must be transmitted beyond the first material to additional fuel packages.

Stages of Fire
- Ignition
- Growth
- Flashover
- Fully-developed
- Decay

IGNITION
- describes the period when the four elements of the fire tetrahedron come together and combustion begins

GROWTH
- shortly after ignition, a fire plume begins to form above the burning fuel. As the plume develops, it begins to draw or
entrain air from the surrounding space into the column.

FLASHOVER
- the transition between the growth and the fully developed fire stages and is not a specific event such as ignition. During
flashover, conditions in the compartment change very rapidly as the fire changes from one that is dominated by the
burning of the materials first ignited to one that involves all of the exposed combustible surfaces within the
compartment.

FULLY-DEVELOPED
- occurs when all combustible materials in the compartment are involved in the fire

DECAY
- as the fire consumes the available fuel in the compartment, the rate of heat released begins to decline.
THREE (3) STAGES OF FIRE
1. Incipient phase
2. Free burning phase
3. Smoldering

1. INCIPIENT STAGE
- initial stage of fire

Characteristics
- normal room temperature
- oxygen plentiful
- thermal updraft rise accumulates at higher point
- temperature at 1000 F
- Producing C02, CO, SO2, water and other gases

2. FREE BURNING PHASE

- a phase of burning in which materials or structures are burning in the presence of adequate oxygen

Characteristics
- fire has involved more fuel
- oxygen supply has depleted
- heat accumulates at upper area
- temperature exceeds 1,330 F
- area is fully involved

3. SMOLDERING PHASE
- final phase of burning wherein flame ceases but dense smoke and heat completely fill the confined room
MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER

Heat is by-product of combustion that is of significant importance to the firefighter. It is heat that causes fire to sustain
its combustion and, more important, to extend. When heat given off as a product of combustion is exposed to an unheated
substance, certain changes occur that can make the new substance a contributing factor in extending a fire.

CONDUCTION
- heat transfer within solids or between contacting solids

When a hot object transfers its heat, conduction has taken place. The transfer could be to another object or to another
portion of the same object. As we have discovered and will be constantly reinforced about, combustion occurs on the molecular
level. When an object heats up, the atoms become agitated and begin to collide with one another. A chain reaction of molecules
and atoms, like wave energy, occurs and causes the agitated molecules to pass the heat energy to areas of non-heat.

CONVECTION
- heat transfer by the movement of liquids or gasses

Air that is hotter than its surroundings rises. Air that is cooler than its surroundings sinks. Air is made up of many
molecules floating about freely. Even so, it still has weight. Some molecules are made up of the same element. For example,
oxygen in its natural state will combine with another oxygen atom to form a stable oxygen molecule. In a given volume, air at a
given temperature will have the same density. When heated, as in conduction theory, the molecules become agitated and begin
to collide with one another. In the process, the molecules are demanding more space to accommodate the vibrations and they
push into one another as they seek that space. When that happens, the density of a given volume is reduced and it weighs less.
Because it weighs less, it rises until it reaches equilibrium-the level at which the weight is the same as the surrounding
atmosphere.

RADIATION
- heat transfer by electromagnetic waves

The last form of heat transfer occurs by radiation. As we have already seen, heat energy can be transmitted directly
when molecules collide with one another and cause the waves of heat energy to travel.

FLAME CONTACT
- heat may be conducted from one body to another by direct flame contact

PROPERTIES OF FIRE
1. Physical properties
2. Chemical Properties

1. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
a. Specific gravity
- the ratio of the weight of a solid or substance to the weight of an equal volume of water
b. Vapor density
- the weight of volume of pure gas compared to weight of a volume of dry air at the same temperature and
pressure
c. Vapor pressure
- the force exerted by the molecules on the surface of the liquid at the equilibrium
d. Temperature
- the measure of the thermal degree of the agitation of molecules of a given substance; the measure of the
molecular activity within the substance
e. Boiling Point
- the constant temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure
 f. Ignition temperature
- the minimum temperature to which the substance in the air must be heated in order to initiate or cause self-
contained combustion without addition of heat from outside sources
g. Fire point
- the temperature at which the material will give off ample vapors to keep burning
h. Flash point
- the temperature at which the material is not hot enough to keep burning, but still gives off enough vapors to
cause a flame across the surface
2. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
a. Endothermic reaction
- are changes whereby energy is absorbed or is added before the reaction takes place
b. Exothermic reaction
- reactions or changes that releases or give off energy
c. Oxidation
- a chemical change in which combustible material and an oxidizing material react
d. Combustion or flame
- the manifestation of fire is in its gas-phased combustion; matter that is produced by fire.

Material Ignition Temperature

F C
Gasoline 536 280
Kerosene 410 210
Turpentine 488 253
Paper 842 450
Wood 489 254
Coal 750 400

CLASSIFICATIONS OF FIRE

I. BASED ON CAUSE
a. Natural fire/ providential
b. Accidental fire
c. Intentional Fire/Incendiary
d. Undetermined

A. NATURAL FIRE
- involves fires without direct human intervention
Examples:
- Earthquake
- Typhoon
- Lightning
- Spontaneous combustion arising from the storage of combustible materials in poorly ventilated places
- Explosion from petroleum products, alcohol and other substances
- Sun rays focused on glasses which may serve as a convex lens

B. ACCIDENTAL FIRE
- Carelessly discarded cigarettes
- Careless disposition of readily combustible materials
- Poorly managed or defective heating facilities
- Overheating, spark and electrical defects
- Overload electric circuits/ Octopus connections
- Children playing matches
- Use of candles

C. INCENDIARY FIRE
- is one deliberately set under circumstances in which the person knows that the fire should not be set

D. UNDETERMINED FIRE CAUSE

- whenever the cause cannot be proven, the proper classification is undetermined

II. BASED ON BURNING FUEL

CLASS A
- ordinary solid materials such as wood, paper, fabrics, etc.
- this will be indicated by deep cited fire, leaves ashes and embers (glowing coals) after burning

CLASS B
- flammable liquids such as gasoline, lube oil, kerosene, paint thinner, etc.

CLASS C
- electrical appliances; causes electric shock

CLASS D
- metal fire such as magnesium (white element burning with dazzling light), sodium (a silver white metallic element), etc.;
creates violent reaction

CLASS E
- flammable gases such as LPG, LNG, etc.; also creates violent reaction

Fire Classes in the United Kingdom and Europe

A – ordinary combustibles
B – flammable or flammable liquids
C – flammable gasses
D – combustible metals
E – (this class is no longer existing in Europe)
F – cooking oils and fats

Fire Classes in Australia and Asia

A – everyday combustibles
B – combustible or combustible liquids
C – combustible gasses
D – combustible metals
E – electrical equipment
F – cooking fats and oils

Fire Classes in the U.S.A. (NFPA)

A – regular combustibles
B – flammable liquids and gasses
C – electrical appliances
D – combustible metals
K – cooking oils and fats

FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT

EXTINGUISHING AGENT
1. Class A – water (all agents)
2. Class B – foam/carbon dioxide (all agents)
3. Class C – carbon dioxide/powder (never use water, soda acid and foam)
4. Class D – special powder
5. Class E – all agents

METHODS OF EXTINGUISHMENT
1. COOLING – heat absorption.
2. SEPARATION – the removal of the fuel.
3. SMOTHERING – by expelling oxygen
4. Inhibition or the interruption of chemical chain reaction

Strategies Used in Firefighting:

1. Locate the fire
2. Confine the fire
3. Extinguish the fire
4. Exposures

Factors to Consider in Extinguishment:

1. Time
2. Weather (temperature, humidity, wind)
3. Fire ( ex. Extent, location, bldg construction, contents involved)
4. Occupancy
5. Ventilation (used for clearing the bldg of smoke and gases)

Types of Ventilation:
a. Vertical ventilation - must be worked from the top to bottom
b. Cross or horizontal ventilation - used if gases have not reached the higher level through the opening of windows
c. Mechanical force ventilation - a method whereby a device such as smoke ejector is utilized to remove faster excessive
heat and dense smoke

Factors to determine the location for the opening:

1. Location of intensity of fire
2. Highest point on the roof
3. Direction of wind
4. Existing exposure
5. Extent of fire
6. Obstruction

ADDITIONAL BASIC TACTICS USED IN EXTINGUISHING FIRE

1. RESCUE - any action taken by the firefighters to remove occupants/ persons from building/ hazards to a safety place
2. OVERHAUL - a complete and detailed checked of the structures and materials involved in the fire to make sure that
every spark and ember has been extinguished and to have assurance against re-ignition
3. SALVAGE - an action taken by the firefighters in preventing excessive damage by fire, water with the use of salvage
cover or by removing materials out from the burning building

Types of ladder
1. Ground ladders (10 to 55 ft. long)
2. Aerial ladders

Purposes of ladders
a. for rescue
b. to stretch line into a fire building
c. to provide ventilation by giving access to places that are hard to reach
Forms of ground ladders
a. Wall
b. Extension
c. Hook or straight ladder
d. Attic ladder

LADDER TERMINOLOGY
1. Bed ladder - the lowest section of an extension ladder
2. Fly ladder - the top section of an extension ladder
3. Butt - the bottom end of a ladder
4. Heel - the part of the ladder that touches the ground
5. Halyard - a rope or cable used to raised the fly ladder
6. Pawl or dog - the mechanism located at the end of the fly ladder that locks to the bed ladder
7. Rung - the cross member of the ladder that is used for climbing
8. Top or tip - it is the top part of the ladder
9. Hooks - part of a ladder that is used to hook over a roof peak, sills, or walls where the heel does not rest on a
foundation. (roof type ladders)
10. Stops - made of metal or wood blocks used to prevent the fly of an extension ladder from extending out further from the
ladder
11. Guides - light metal strips of an extension ladder that guides the fly ladder while it is being raised or lowered

ARSON INVESTIGATIVE GUIDE AND PROCEDURES

ARSON
- the willful and malicious burning of all kinds of buildings and structures including personal properties

INVESTIGATION
- an art that deals with the identity and location of the offender and provides evidence of his guilt in criminal proceedings

ELEMENTS OF ARSON
1. Actual burning took place
2. Actual burning is done with malicious intent
3. The actual burning is done by person(s) legally and criminally liable

LAW AND JURISPRUDENCE

The law on arson in the Philippines is covered by Articles 320 to 326 of the Revised Penal Code, as amended by PD
No. 1613, PD No. 1744, and Sec. 50 Rule VIII IRR of RA 6975 which provides that the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) shall
have the power to investigate all causes of fires and, if necessary, file the proper complaint with the City/Provincial prosecutor
who has jurisdiction over arson cases.

LAWS ON ARSON
1. Article 320 – 326 of the Revised Penal Code
- defines arson, its forms and penalties
2. PD 1613 – the law amending the law on arson
- defining the prima facie evidence of arson

3. RA 7659
- An Act to Impose Death Penalty on Certain Heinous Crimes, amending for that purpose the Revised Penal
Code as amended, other special laws, and for other purposes
4. RA 6975 Sec. 54
- provides that the Fire Bureau shall have the power to investigate all causes of fires and if necessary file the
proper complaint with the City/Provincial Prosecutor who has jurisdiction over the case

What Constitutes Arson?

1. Burning
2. Willfulness – means intentional and implies that the act was done purposely and intentionally
3. Malice – denotes hatred or ill will or a desire for revenge; deliberate intention of doing unjustified harm for the
satisfaction of doing it
4. Motive – the moving cause which induces the commission of a crime; something that leads or influences a person to do
something
5. Intent – the purpose or design with which the act is done and involves the will; an essential element of crime, motive is
not

Why is arson very hard to investigate?

Arson is one of the most difficult offenses to investigate because the arsonist can be able to set a fire and escape
undetected. The fire can consume the scene and destroy much physical evidence of the offense. Harder forms of evidence are
often buried in debris and grossly altered in appearance.

What Constitutes Burning?

 The mere fact that a building is scorched or discolored by heat is not sufficient nor will bare intention or even an attempt
to burn a house amount to arson, if no part of it is burned.
 Yet, if there is actual ignition of any part of the building, arson is committed, although there be no flame or the fire
immediately goes out of itself.
 To burn means to consume by fire and in the case of arson, if the wood is blackened but no fibers are wasted, there is
no burning, yet the wood need not be in flame or blaze, and the burning of any part, however, small is sufficient to
constitute arson, and if the house is charred in a single place so as to destroy the fibers of the wood, it is sufficient to
constitute arson.
What is Attempted Arson?
 In attempted arson, it is not necessary that there be a fire before the crime is committed. No hard and fast rule is laid
down by the law as to the requirements for attempted arson. The peculiar facts and circumstances of a particular case
should carry more weight in the decision of the case. Thus, a person intending to burn a wooden structure, collects
some rags, soaks them in gasoline and places them beside the wooden wall of the building. When he is about to light a
match to set fire to the rags, he is discovered by another who chases him away.

 The crime committed is attempted arson, because the offender begins the commission of the crime directly by overacts
(placing the rags soaked in gasoline beside the wooden wall of the building and lighting a match) but he does not
perform all the acts of execution (the setting of the fire to the rags) due to the timely intervention of another who chases
away) the offender.

What is Consummated Arson?

 The offender did in fact set fire to the roof of the house and said house was partially burned. The crime was
consummated arson, notwithstanding the fact that the fire afterwards extinguished for once it has been started, the
consummation of the crime of arson does not depend upon the extent of the damage caused.
 Setting fire to the contents of a building constitutes the consummated crime of setting fire to a building even if no part of
the building was burned.

Basis of Liability in Arson:

1. Kind and character of the building, whether of public or private ownership.
2. Its location, whether in an uninhabited place or in a populated place.
3. Extent of damage caused; and
4. The fact of its being inhabited or not.

Some of the Arson Evidence that the Investigator should seek at the Fire scene are the following:
1. Unusually rapid spread of the fire.
2. Where it originated?
3. Separate fires – when two or more separate fires break-out within a building, the fire is certainly suspicious.
4. Unusual odors – the odor of gasoline, alcohol, kerosene and other inflammable liquids are indicated by their
characteristics and oftentimes, arsonists are trapped because of this tell tale signs.
5. Objects that appear to be foreign to the scene such as cans, candles, matches, explosives, electrical appliances such
as irons, heating elements, clocks, radios, flammables, trailers, etc.
6. Charring pattern may indicate fire characteristics. The fact that the fire feeds on combustible while propagating itself,
indicates that the char will generally be deepest from where the fire originates. When a fire is extinguished quickly, the
charring is only slightly below the surface. Fire burning for a longer period of time will indicate a char that is deep and
pronounced. These facts are most apparent in the charring of wood as a fire burns. The charring from fire on woods
looks like the hide of a black alligator. Fire extinguished quickly on wood will show a large alligatoring pattern that has
not penetrate the wood to any extent. Fire burning for a long period of time on wood will show small alligatoring pattern
but the char will go deep into the wood. The direction of fire can also be taken into consideration with charring. The
exposed side of combustible will have a deeper char than the unexposed side.
7. Evidence of forcible entry or lack of same may be important depending on the circumstances at the time of the fire. If the
investigator determines there was no forcible entry and finds that the building was secured prior to discovery of the fire,
he can reasonably suspect there is possibility that the person who sets the fire entered the building with a key. Doors
and windows showing signs of forced entry may point to arson preceded by burglary or arson by someone without a
key to the premises.

Motives of Arson
Motive
 Motive is the moving cause which induces a person to commit a crime.

Is Motive Necessary to be Proven in Criminal Proceedings?

 No. motive is not necessary to be proven in criminal proceedings but once motive is shown, then intent can easily
established.
 In the crime of arson, the distinction between motive and intent is clearly defined. INTENT is a material element of
arson while motive is not. INTENT is the purpose of design with which the act is done and involves the will while
MOTIVE is what induces the criminal.

Motive Can Be Established By:

I. Economic Gain
A. Insurance fraud with the assured directly benefiting:
1. Desire to move
– the premises may no longer be desirable because of the condition of the building, the fact that the quarters are
outgrown or because of the locality.
2. Disposing of Merchandise
– the stocks on hand may have lost value by reason of the seasonal nature of the business, obsolesce, scarcity
of materials necessary to complete the contracts, overstock in the absence of expected order or a changing
market.
3. Property Transaction
– the business itself may no longer be desirable because of impending liquidation, settlement of an estate of
which it is a part, the need for cash, prospective failure, the comparatively greater value of the land, or the
comparatively greater value of the insurance benefits.
B. Profit by the Perpetrator other than the assured:
1. Insurance agents wishing business
2. Insurance adjusters desiring to adjust a loss by securing a contract
3. Business competitors
4. Persons seeking jobs as protection personnel
5. Salvagers
6. Contractors wishing to rebuild or wreck
Concealment of Crime:
 the arsonists may set fire to a building in order to conceal a projected or past crime. He may wish to divert
attention in order to loot the burning premises or steal in other places. The burning may be for the purpose of
destroying evidences.

Punitive Measure:
- An arsonists may use fire as a means of punishing another person for reason of jealousy, hatred or revenge.

Intimidation or Economic Disabling:

- The fire may be used as a weapon of the saboteurs, the strikers or the racketeers to intimidate or to disable
economically as a step toward forcing submission to certain demands.

Pyromania
– is the uncontrollable impulse of a person to burn anything without motivation. Pyromaniacs usually do not run away
from the scene of the crime, usually alone and feel satisfied watching the flame

Types of Pyromaniacs:
1. Abnormal Youth – Epileptics, imbeciles and morons may set fire without knowing the seriousness of the act.
2. The Hero Type – a person may set fire on a building, subsequently pretends to discover it and turn in the alarm so that
he will appear a hero to the public. A person may burn a building and endeavor to achieve spectacular rescue in order
to attract the attention of spectators.
3. Alcoholics and Drug Addicts – persons who subject themselves to intense artificial stimulants such as narcotics
sometimes develop a strong urge toward incendiaries.
4. Sexual Deviates – some sex perverts derive sexual stimulation from setting a fire and watching the flame. Frequently,
he is chronic masturbator who stimulates and enhances his sexual gratification by means of arson.

Public Disturbance
- an offender may resort to arson as a means of a public disturbance because a fire attracts people and destruction
causes confusion that gives rise to attendant problems that divert police attention.

Vandalism
– is a general term denoting intentional burning to destroy properties.

In determining motive, a fire investigator concentrates on three major factors:

1. Points of origin of the fire
2. Modus operandi of the arsonist
3. Identify of persons who might benefits from the fire.

Incendiary Materials
- materials used to start a fire; combustible fuels
1. Arson Chemicals (liquids) – are incendiary materials often used by arsonists as accelerants. Possess excellent
properties. Examples: alcohol, benzene, petroleum ether, gasoline, kerosene, naptha, turpentine.
2. Gases as acetylene, butane, CO, ethylene, hydrogen, natural gas, propane, these are common gases resulting in fires
from explosion. These when mix with air possess excellent in ignition properties and when present in an enclosed area
can lead to explosion.
3. Solids as chlorates, perchlorates, chromates, bichromates, nitrates, permanganates – are typical families of oxidizing
agents which give off oxygen on decomposition thus aiding in combustion.

FIRE CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

Republic Act No. 9514

- Approved on December 19, 2008
- Repealed PD 1185
- known as the "Revised Fire Code of the Philippines of 2008".

Definition of terms
Abatement - Any act that would remove or neutralize a fire hazard.

Administrator - Any person who acts as agent of the owner and manages the use of a building for him.

Blasting Agent - Any material or mixture consisting of a fuel and oxidizer used to set off explosives.

Cellulose Nitrate Or Nitro Cellulose - A highly combustible and explosive compound produced by the reaction of nitric acid with a
cellulose material.

Cellulose Nitrate Plastic (Pyroxylin) - Any plastic substance, materials or compound having cellulose nitrate (nitro cellulose) as
base.

Combustible, Flammable or Inflammable - Descriptive of materials that are easily set on fire.
Combustible Fiber - Any readily ignitable and free burning fiber such as cotton, oakum, rags, waste cloth, waste paper, kapok,
hay, straw, Spanish moss, excelsior and other similar materials commonly used in commerce.

Combustible Liquid - Any liquid having a flash point at or above 37.8_C (100_F).

Corrosive Liquid - Any liquid which causes fire when in contact with organic matter or with certain chemicals.

Curtain Board - A vertical panel of non-combustible or fire resistive materials attached to and extending below the bottom chord
of the roof trusses, to divide the underside of the roof into separate compartments so that heat and smoke will be directed
upwards to a roof vent.
Cryogenic - Descriptive of any material which by its nature or as a result of its reaction with other elements produces a rapid
drop in temperature of the immediate surroundings.

Damper - A normally open device installed inside an air duct system which automatically closes to restrict the passage of smoke
or fire.

Distillation - The process of first raising the temperature in separate the more volatile from the less volatile parts and then
cooling and condensing the resulting vapor so as to produce a nearly purified substance.

Duct System - A continuous passageway for the transmission of air.

Dust - A finely powdered substance which, when mixed with air in the proper proportion and ignited will cause an explosion.

Electrical Arc - An extremely hot luminous bridge formed by passage of an electric current across a space between two
conductors or terminals due to the incandescence of the conducting vapor.

Ember - A hot piece or lump that remains after a material has partially burned, and is still oxidizing without the manifestation of
flames.

Finishes - Materials used as final coating of a surface for ornamental or protective purposes.

Fire - The active principle of burning, characterized by the heat and light of combustion.

Fire Trap - A building unsafe in case of fire because it will burn easily or because it lacks adequate exits or fire escapes.

Fire Alarm - Any visual or audible signal produced by a device or system to warm the occupants of the building or fire fighting
elements of the presence or danger of fire to enable them to undertake immediate action to save life and property and to
suppress the fire.

Fire Door - A fire resistive door prescribed for openings in fire separation walls or partitions.

Fire Hazard - Any condition or act which increases or may cause an increase in the probability of the occurrence of fire, or which
may obstruct, delay, hinder or interfere with fire fighting operations and the safeguarding of life and property.

Fire Lane - The portion of a roadway or public way that should be kept opened and unobstructed at all times for the expedient
operation of fire fighting units.

Fire Protective And Fire Safety Device - Any device intended for the protection of buildings or persons to include but not limited
to built-in protection system such as sprinklers and other automatic extinguishing system, detectors for heat, smoke and
combustion products and other warning system components, personal protective equipment such as fire blankets, helmets, fire
suits, gloves and other garments that may be put on or worn by persons to protect themselves during fire.

Fire Safety Constructions - Refers to design and installation of walls, barriers, doors, windows, vents, means of egress, etc.
integral to and incorporated into a building or structure in order to minimize danger to life from fire, smoke, fumes or panic before
the building is evacuated. These features are also designed to achieve, among others, safe and rapid evacuation of people
through means of egress sealed from smoke or fire, the confinement of fire or smoke in the room or floor of origin and delay their
spread to other parts of the building by means of smoke sealed and fire resistant doors, walls and floors. It shall also mean to
include the treatment of buildings components or contents with flame retardant chemicals.

Flash Point - The minimum temperature at which any material gives off vapor in sufficient concentration to form an ignitable
mixture with air.

Forcing -A process where a piece of metal is heated prior to changing its shape or dimensions.

Fulminate - A kind of stable explosive compound which explodes by percussion.

Hazardous Operation/Process - Any act of manufacturing, fabrication, conversion, etc., that uses or produces materials which
are likely to cause fires or explosions.

Horizontal Exit - Passageway from one building to another or through or around a wall in approximately the same floor level.
Hose Box - A box or cabinet where fire hoses, valves and other equipment are stored and arranged for fire fighting.

Hose Reel - A cylindrical device turning on an axis around which a fire hose is wound and connected.

Hypergolic Fuel - A rocket or liquid propellant which consists of combinations of fuels and oxidizers which ignite spontaneously
on contact with each other.
Industrial Baking And Drying - The industrial process of subjecting materials to heat for the purpose of removing solvents or
moisture from the same, and/or to fuse certain chemical salts to form a uniform glazing the surface of materials being treated.

Jumper - A piece of metal or an electrical conductor used to bypass a safety device in an electrical system.

Occupancy - The purpose for which a building or portion thereof is used or intended to be used.

Occupant - Any person actually occupying and using a building or portions thereof by virtue of a lease contract with the owner or
administrator or by permission or sufferance of the latter.

Organic Peroxide - A strong oxidizing organic compound which releases oxygen readily. It causes fire when in contact with
combustible materials especially under conditions of high temperature.
Overloading - The use of one or more electrical appliances or devices which draw or consume electrical current beyond the
designed capacity of the existing electrical system.

Owner - The person who holds the legal right of possession or title to a building or real property.

Oxidizing Material - A material that readily yields oxygen in quantities sufficient to stimulate or support combustion.

Pressurized Or Forced Draft Burning Equipment - Type or burner where the fuel is subjected to pressure prior to discharge into
the combustion chamber and/or which includes fans or other provisions for the introduction of air at above normal atmosphere
pressure into the same combustion chamber.

Public Assembly Building - Any building or structure where fifty (50) or more people congregate, gather, or assemble for any
purpose.

Public Way - Any street, alley or other strip of land unobstructed from the ground to the sky, deeded, dedicated or otherwise
permanently appropriated for public use.
Pyrophoric - Descriptive of any substance that ignites spontaneously when exposed to air.

Refining - A process where impurities and/or deleterious materials are removed from a mixture in order to produce a pure
element of compound. It shall also refer to partial distillation and electrolysis.

Self-Closing Doors - Automatic closing doors that are designed to confine smoke and heat and delay the spread of fire.

Smelting - Melting or fusing of metallic ores or compounds so as to separate impurities from pure metals.

Sprinkler System - An integrated network of hydraulically designed piping installed in a building, structure or area with outlets
arranged in a systematic pattern which automatically discharges water when activated by heat or combustion products from a
fire.

Standpipe System - A system of vertical pipes in a building to which fire hoses can be attached on each floor, including a system
by which water is made available to the outlets as needed.

Vestibule - A passage hall or antechamber between the outer doors and the interior parts of a house or building.

Vertical Shaft - An enclosed vertical space of passage that extends from floor to floor, as well as from the base to the top of the
building.

Collection of Liquid Samples for Accelerant Testing

Liquid accelerants may be collected with
a. New syringe
b. Siphoning device
c. Evidence container itself
d. Sterilize cotton balls or gauge pads may also be used to absorbed the liquid

Where liquid accelerants are believed to have become trapped in porous materials such as concrete floor:
a. Lime
b. Diatomaceous earth
c. flour

Collection of liquid evidence absorbed by solid materials including soils and sand:
a. Scooping
b. Sawing
c. Scraping
d. Core drilling
Collecting of Solid samples for accelerant testing
Solid accelerant may be common household materials and compounds or dangerous chemicals. When collecting solid
accelerants:
a. The fire investigator must ensure that the solid accelerant is maintained in physical state in which is found
b. Some incendiary materials remain Corrosive and Reactive
c. Ensure the corrosive nature of these residue does not attack the packaging container

Collection of Gaseous samples

Method of Collection:
a. Use of commercially available mechanical sampling device
b. Utilization evacuated air sampling cans. These cans are specifically designed for taking gaseous samples
c. Use of clean glass bottled filled with distilled water. Distilled water use as it has had most of the impurities removed
from it. This method simply require the investigator poured the distilled water out of its bottle in the atmosphere to be
sampled. As distilled water leaves the bottle it is replaced by the gaseous sample

Guide on Interpreting the Damage on Electrical Wire

Collection of Electrical Equipments and Components

Before wires are cut, a photograph should be taken of the wires, and the both ends of the wire should be tagged and cut so that
they can be identified as one of the following:
a. The device or appliance to which it was attached or from which it was severed
b. The circuit breaker or fuse number or location to which the wire was attached or from which it was severed
c. The wire’s path or the route it took between the device and the circuit protector,
electrical switches, receptacles, thermostats, relays, junction boxes, electrical distribution panels, and similar
equipment and components are often collected as physical evidence.
 NOTES ON CRIME DETECTION AND INVESTIGATION

Drugs

- Any chemically active substance rendering a specific effect on the central nervous system of man.

- A chemical substance that affects the functions of living cells and alters body or mind processes when taken into the body or
applied through the skin.

- Is a chemical substance that brings about physical, emotional or behavioral change in a person taking it.

- Any chemical substance, other than food, which is intended for used in the diagnosis, treatment, cure, mitigation or prevention
of disease or symptoms.

- The term drug derives from the 14th century French word drogue, which means a dry substance.

When are drugs harmful?

Any drug may be harmful when taken in:

- Excess;
- Dangerous combinations;
- By hypersensitive (allergic) person

Drug Abuse

- Is the overuse or consumption of drugs other than for medical reasons.

- Any non-medical use of drugs that cause physical, psychological, legal, economic, or social damage to the user or to the
people affected by the user’s behavior.
- Using drugs without prescription.
- Abuse of drugs and other substances can lead to physical and psychological dependence.

DRUGS COMMONLY ABUSED

1) STIMULANT
- Drug that excite the central nervous system, increasing alertness, decreasing fatigue, delaying sleep, also impale
appetite and cause weight loss.

a) Shabu – street names, poor man’s cocaine, S, ice, Shabs, Ubas, bato, Siopao

Methamphetamine hydrochloride/SHABU - a type of amphetamine also known as “poor man’s cocaine”. Other
names are Shabu, Ubas, Siopao, Sha and Ice.

- Shabu is a white, odorless crystal or crystalline powder with a bitter numbing taste.

b) Cocaine – an agent that produces a temporary increase of the functional activity or efficiency of an Organism or any
of its parts.

Street names – Coke, Snow, Flake, Bow

Cocaine - is a drug from the leaves of the Coca plant, a shrub that originated in South America. This drug affects the
central nervous system as a stimulant.

-The name comes from "coca" and the alkaloid suffix -ine, forming cocaine. It is a stimulant, an appetite suppressant,
and a topical anesthetic.

2) Opiates/Narcotic

- Group of drugs that are used medically to relieve pain, but have a high potential for abuse.

-In medicine, the term opiate describes any of the narcotic opioid alkaloids found as natural products in the opium
poppy plant, Papaver somniferum.

Narcotic – substance that lessens pain and/or induces stupor.

a). Opium – is the dried latex obtained from the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum). Opium contains up to
12% morphine, an alkaloid, which is frequently processed chemically to produce heroin. The latex also
includes codeine.

Opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, is the species of plant from which opium and poppy seeds are derived. Opium
is the source of many narcotics, including morphine (and its derivative heroin), thebaine, codeine, papaverine
and noscapine. The Latin botanical name means the "sleep-bringing poppy", referring to the sedative properties of
some of these opiates.

b) Morphine – is a potent opiate analgesic drug that is used to relieve severe pain. It was first isolated in 1804
by Friedrich Serturner, first distributed by him in 1817, and first commercially sold by Merck in 1827.

- It took its name from the Greek god of dreams Morpheus.

-The most abundant alkaloid found in Opium, the dried sap (latex) derived from shallowly slicing the unripe seedpods of
the opium, or common and/or edible, poppy.
 - Morphine can usually be found in tablet form, a syrup, injection or as a suppository form.

- Morphine is usually taken orally via a syrup, tablet or capsule, however, it can come in an injectable form.

C) Heroin – is processed from morphine, a naturally occurring substance extracted from the seed pod of certain
varieties of poppy plants.

It is typically sold as a white or brownish powder or as the black sticky substance known on the streets as "black tar
heroin”.

3) Hallucinogens
- Drugs that are derived from plants chemical substances which affects the perception, sensation, behavior and
produces hallucination on the user.

Marijuana - is the term used to describe all the plant material like leaves, tops, stems, flowers and roots from a
cannabis plant (Cannabis sativa), dried and prepared for smoking or taken orally as “brownies”.

-The mind altering component is the tetrahydrocannabinol; THC for short, which is concentrated in the resin.

4) Depressants/Sedatives
- Drugs that have mild-calming or sleep-producing effect upon the central nervous system.
- e.g. Valium

5) Inhalants - drugs whose volatile vapors are taken in via the nose and trachea.

- includes solvents, bases and aerosol, rugby, gasoline, hair spray, lighter fluid and air freshener

5) Opiates/Narcotics

Opiates, sometimes called narcotics, are a group of drugs that are used medically to relieve pain, but have a high
potential for abuse. Some opiates come from a resin taken from the seedpod of the Asian poppy. Opiates that are
commonly abused are Opium, Morphine, Codeine, and synthesized or manufactured opiates.

Opium - refers to the coagulated juice of the opium poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) and embraces every kind, class
and character of opium, whether crude or prepared; the ashes or refuse of the same.

OTHER DANGEROUS DRUGS

Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or commonly known as "Ecstasy", "X-TC", "Adam", "Eden Tablet", or

by its any other name - refers to the drug having such chemical composition, including any of its isomers or derivatives
in any form;

Sedatives - Sedative-hypnotics such as tranquilizers, sleeping pills, and sedatives are drugs, which depress or slow
down body functions. These drugs ca be dangerous when not taken according to physician's instructions.

Ketamine - is an anesthetic that is abused for its hallucinogenic properties. Its predominant legitimate use is as a
veterinary anesthetic.

-can cause dream-like states and hallucinations. Users report sensations ranging from a pleasant feeling of floating to
being separated from their bodies. Some ketamine experiences involve a terrifying feeling of almost complete sensory
detachment that is likened to a near-death experience.

Amphetamines
-is a psychostimulant drug of the phenethylamine class that produces increased wakefulness and focus in association
with decreased fatigue and appetite.

– Drug that is stimulant to the central nervous system. It is colorless and maybe inhaled, injected or swallowed. It may
be used medically to treat depression, and obesity.

ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION

1) Oral Ingestion
- Taken by the mouth and must pass through the stomach before being absorbed in the bloodstream.

2) Inhalation
- Drug in gaseous from enters the lungs and is quickly absorbed by the capillary system.

3) Injection
- Administered into the body by the use of a stringe or hypodhermic needle.

4) Snorting
- Inhalation through the nose of drugs in gaseous form.

5) Buccal
- Drugs is administered by placing it in the buccal cavity just under the lips.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

DRUG
–Any substance that enters the human body and can change either the function or structure of the human organism.

MEDICINES
– Drugs used in the diagnosis, cure, treatment, and prevention of disease or for the relief of pain or discomfort.

THREAPEUTICS
-Use of drugs in treating and preventing disease and in preserving health.

DRUG ABUSE
-Deliberate or unintentional continuous of mind changing chemical substances usually for reasons other than legitimate
medical purposes, that results in any degree of physical, mental.

ABSTINENCE
- Cessation of use of a psycho-active substance previously abused, or on which the user developed drug dependence.

DRUG DEPENDENCE
-Term relates to physical or psychological dependence or both.
- Impaired control over drug-taking behavior is implied.

DRUG ADDICT
- Person who is physically dependent on one or more psycho-active substances, or whose long term use has produce tolerance,
who has lost control over his intake, and would manifest withdrawal symptoms if discontinuance were to occur.
DRUG ADDICTION
-A chronic disorder characterized by the compulsive use of a substance resulting in physical, psychological, or social harm to the
user and continued use despite of that harm.

OVERDOSE
- The inadvertent of deliberate consumption of much larger doses that the habitually used by the individual in question and
resulting in serious toxic reaction or death.

POLY DRUG ABUSE

- Use of two or more psycho-active substance in quantities and with frequencies that cause the individual significant
physiological, psychological, or sociological distress or impairment.

REHABILITATION
-Restoration of an optimum state of health by medical, physical, psychological, social and peer group support for a chemically
dependent person and his significant others.

TOLERANCE
-Physiological adaptation to the effects of drugs so as diminish the effects with constant dosages or to maintain the intensity and
duration of effects through increased dosage.

TREATMENT
-Application of planned procedures to identify and change patterns of behavior that are mal-adoptive, destructive, health injuring
or to restore appropriate levels of physical, psychological or social functioning.

CLANDESTINE LABORATORY
-Any facility used for the illegal manufacture of any dangerous drug.

CULTIVATE OR CULTURE
-Any act of knowingly planting, growing, raising, or permitting the planting, growing or raising of any plant which is source of a
dangerous drug.

ADMINISTER
-Any act of introducing any dangerous drug into the body of any person, with or without his/her knowledge, by injection,
inhalation, ingestion or other means.

CHEMICAL DIVERSION
-Sale, distribution, supply or transport of legitimately imported, in transit, manufactured or procured controlled precursors and
essential chemicals.

DELIVER
-Any act of knowingly passing a dangerous drug to another, personally or otherwise, and by any means, with or without
consideration.

DEN, DIVE, RESORT

-Place where any dangerous drug and essential chemical is administered, delivered, stored for illegal purposes.

DRUG SYNDICATE
-Any organized group of two or more persons forming or joining together with the intention of committing any offense prescribed
in RA 9165.

PRACTITIONER
-Any person who is a licensed physician, dentist, chemist, medical technologist, nurse, midwife, veterinarian or pharmacist in the
Philippines.

ILLEGAL TRAFFICKING
-Illegal cultivation, culture, delivery, administration, dispensation, manufacture, sale trading, transportation, distribution,
importation, exportation and possession of any dangerous drugs.
PLANTING OF EVIDENCE
-Willful act by any person of maliciously and surreptitiously inserting, placing, adding or attaching directly or indirectly, through
any overt or covert act any dangerous drugs in the person, house, effects or in the immediate vicinity of an innocent individual
for the purpose of implicating, incriminating or imputing the commission of any violation of RA 9165.

PUSHER
-Any person who sells, trades, administers, dispense, delivers or gives away to another, distributes, dispatches in transit or
transports dangerous drugs or who acts as a broker.

USE
-Any act of injecting, intravenously or intramuscularly, of consuming any dangerous drugs.

CONFINEMENT
- Refers to the residential treatment and rehabilitation of trainees, clients and patients in a center.

CONFIRMATORY TEST
- An analytical test using a device, tool or equipment with different chemical or physical principle that is more specific which will
validate and confirm the result of the screening test.

CONTROLLED DELIVERY
-The investigative technique of allowing an unlawful consignment of any dangerous drug, essential chemical to pass into,
through out of the country under the supervision of an authorized officer, with a view to gathering evidence to identify any person
involved in any dangerous drug related offense.

DISPENSE
-Any act of giving away, selling or distributing medicine or any dangerous drug with or without the use of prescription.

DRUG DEPENDENT
-Refers to a person suffering from drug dependence.

FINANCIER
- Any person who pays for, raises or supplies money for, or underwrites any of the illegal activities prescribed under RA 9165.

INSTRUMENT
- Anything that is used or intended to be used, in any manner, in the commission of illegal drug trafficking or related offenses.

LABORATORY
-Refers to the facility of a private or government agency that is capable of testing a specimen to determine the presence of
dangerous drugs

PROTECTOR/CODDLER
- Any person who knowingly and willfully consents to the unlawful acts provided in RA 9165 and uses his/her influence, power or
position in shielding, harboring, screening or facilitating the escape of any person he/she knows or has reasonable grounds to
believe on or suspects, has violated the provisions of RA 9165 in order to prevent the arrest, prosecution and conviction of the
violator.

SCREENING TEST
-A rapid test performed to establish potential/presumptive positive result.

TRADING
-Transactions involving the illegal trafficking of dangerous drugs and/or controlled precursors and essential chemicals using
electronic devices, or acting as a broker in any such transactions whether for money or any other consideration.

THE PHILIPPINE ANTI DRUG EFFORTS

On February 16, 1972, Philippine Constabulary Anti Narcotics Unit was activated (CANU).

-On March 30, 1972, Republic Act 6425 otherwise known as the ‘Dangerous Drug Act of 1972” was approved.

-This law created the Dangerous Drug Board as the policy-making and regulatory body on prevention and control of drug abuse.
RA 6425 serves as the backbone of the Philippine drug enforcement system.

-January 3, 1973, President Ferdinand E. Marcos ordered the immediate execution of Chinese national Lim Seng alias Gan
Sou So, top heroin trafficker in the Philippines, by firing squad at the Fort Bonifacio grounds.

- The execution was aired live in television.

-CANU was renamed as AFP NARCOM on February 1, 1983

-AFP NARCOM functions were absorbed by PNP Narcotics Group in 1991

-PDEA was created upon enactment of RA 9165 in 2002

 Signed June 7, 2002
 Published June 19, 2002
 Took effect July 4, 2002

-Creation of The new Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB) as the policy and strategy formulating body.

-The Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) as its implementing arm.

-In July 2002, PDDG Anselmo Avenido (Ret.) appointed as first Director General of PDEA.

-On April 6, 2006, Gen. Dionisio R. Santiago (Ret) appointed as PDEA Director General vice Anselmo Avenido.

-In January 2011, PCSUPT Jose Gutierrez (Ret) was appointed as PDEA Director General vice Gen. Dionisio R. Santiago (Ret).

With the creation of PDEA….

-the secretariat of the National Drug Law Enforcement and Prevention Coordinating Center or DEP Center has been absorbed
by the new agency

…Narcotics Group of the PNP;

Narcotics Division of the NBI; and
Narcotics Interdiction Unit of the Bureau of Customs have been abolished

EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 218

“Strengthening the support mechanism for the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency”

-issued on June 18, 2003 by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo.

-Creation of Task Forces: The Office of the President, the PNP, and other agencies which were performing drug law
enforcement and prevention function prior to the enactment of RA 9165 shall organize anti-drug forces to support the PDEA.

-The PDEA shall exercise operational supervision and provide technical support to the main task force created by the PNP.

PHILIPPINE DRUG ENFORCEMENT AGENCY (PDEA)

 A law enforcement agency

 Lead agency on the government’s anti-drug campaign
 Responsible for efficient and effective law enforcement of all provisions on any dangerous drug and/or controlled
precursor and essential chemicals

-Serves as the implementing arm of the Dangerous Drug Board (DDB).

-Responsible for the efficient and effective law enforcement of all the provisions on any dangerous drug and/or controlled
precursor and essential chemical as provided in RA 9165.

PHILIPPINE DRUG ENFORCEMENT AGENCY (PDEA)

-Headed by Director General with the rank of Undersecretary, appointed by the President.

-The head of the PDEA is assisted by 2 deputies Director General, with the rank of Assistant Secretary, 1 for Operations
and 1 for Administration, also appointed by the President.

POWER AND DUTIES OF PDEA

-To cause the efficient and effective implementation of the national drug control strategy formulated by the Dangerous Drugs
Board;

- Undertake the enforcement of the provisions of Article II of RA 9165 relative to the unlawful acts and penalties involving any
dangerous drugs and/or controlled precursor and essential chemicals;

-Administer oath and issue subpoena and subpoena duces tecum relative to the conduct of investigation involving the
violations of RA 9165;

-Arrest and apprehend as well as search all violators and seize or confiscate the effects or proceeds of the crimes as provided
by law;

-Take charge and have custody of all dangerous drugs and/or controlled precursors and essential chemicals seized, confiscated
or surrendered to any national, provincial or local law enforcement agency;

-Establish a forensic laboratory in each PNP office in every province and city in order to facilitate action on seized or confiscated
drugs, thereby hastening their destruction without delay;

- Recommend to the DOJ the forfeiture of properties and other assets of persons and/or corporations found to be violating the
provisions of RA 9165 and in accordance with the pertinent provisions of the Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2001;

- Prepare for prosecution or cause the filing of appropriate criminal and civil cases for violation of all laws n dangerous drugs,
controlled precursors and essential chemicals, and other similar controlled substances;

-Monitor, and if warranted by circumstances, in coordination with the Philippine Postal Office and the Bureau of Customs,
inspect all air cargo packages, parcels and mails in the central post office;

-Conduct eradication programs to destroy wild or illegally grown plants from which dangerous drugs may be extracted;

-Initiate and undertake the formation of a nationwide organization which shall coordinate and supervise all activities against drug
abuse in every province, city, municipality and barangay;

-Establish and maintain a national drug intelligence system in cooperation with law enforcement agencies, other government
agencies/offices and local government units that will assist in the apprehension of big-time drug lords;
- Establish and maintain close coordination, operation and linkages with international drug control and administration agencies
and organizations;

-Create and maintain an efficient special enforcement unit to conduct an investigation, file charges and transmit evidence to the
proper court;

- Require all government and private hospitals, clinics, doctors, dentists and other practitioners to submit a report to it;

- Coordinate with the DDB for the facilitation of the issuance of necessary guidelines, rules and regulations for the proper
implementation of RA 9165;

- Initiate and undertake a national campaign for drug prevention and control programs, where it may enlist the assistance of any
department, bureau, office, agency or instrumentality of the government, including government-owned and/or controlled
corporations; and

-Submit annual and periodic reports to the DDB from time to time and perform such other functions as may be authorized of
required under existing laws and as directed by the President.

DANGEROUS DRUG BOARD (DDB)

-Created by virtue of Republic Act 6425 otherwise known as Dangerous Drug Act of 1972 subsequently repealed by RA
9165.

-the policy-making & strategy-formulating body in the planning & formulation of policies & programs on drug prevention &
control.

-It shall develop and adopt a comprehensive, integrated, unified and balanced national drug abuse prevention and control
strategy.
DANGEROUS DRUG BOARD (DDB)

-DDB composed of 17 members wherein 3 of which are permanent members, the other 12 members are ex- officio capacity and
2 regular members.

THREE (3) PERMANENT MEMBERS

- At least 7 years of training and experience in the field of the ff: fields in law, medicine, criminology, psychology or social work.

- Appointed by the president.

-One designated as the Chairman with the rank of Secretary (with the term of 6 years) and the two other regular members as
undersecretary (one with 4 years term and the other 2 years but succeeding appointment will serve six years and until their
successors shall have been duly appointed and qualified.

TWELVE (12) EX- OFFICIO MEMBERS

- Secretary or representative of the following Department:

- DOJ, DOH, DND, DOF, DOLE, DILG, DSWD, DFA, DepEd,
- Chairman CHED, NYC
- Director General - PDEA

TWO (2) REGULAR MEMBERS

- President of Integrated Bar of the Philippines (IBP).

- Chairman or President of a non- government organization involved in dangerous drug campaign to be appointed by the
President.

The Director of NBI and Chief, PNP are the permanent consultant of the DDB.

DRUG MULES or “DRUG COURIERS”

-Are individuals who transport dangerous drugs in exchange for a huge amount of money, depending on the amount of drugs to
be delivered and the route/distance to be traveled.

-Women are usually targeted by syndicates since they generally generate mild suspicion from authorities and the female body
has more cavities possible to insert the drugs in, therefore posing less detection risk.

Methods of Concealment

1. Hidden in luggage/suitcases;
2. Ingestion/Swallowing;
3. Placed in shoes;
4. Placed in bottom part of luggage;
5. Placed inside handbag;
6. Others- Undergoing minor operation, placing in shoeboxes/ books/bottles/parcels, etc.

Factors contributing to the drug courier problem

1. Filipinos are usually enticed by the offer because of the syndicates’ promise of love/marriage, as have been recorded in
several arrests involving Filipina drug couriers. Others are lured by the opportunity to travel and the promise of a comfortable life
while others want a high-paying job and easy money.
2. The drug courier problem can also be attributed to the (1) The prevalence of poverty, (2) Poor educational background, (3)
Easy money, (4) Unemployment and 95) the idea of traveling

The Task Force Drug Couriers

The Task Force Drug Couriers (TFDC) was created on February 08, 2010 by virtue of Administrative Order No. 279. It is an
inter-agency team tasked in the deterrence, prevention and protection of Filipinos from being victimized as drug couriers by
international drug trafficking syndicates.

The Task Force is composed of 13 agencies, chaired by the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency and co-chaired by the
Department of Foreign Affairs with the following agencies as members
1. Bureau of Customs
2. Bureau of Immigration
3. Commission on Higher Education
4. Department of Justice
5. Department of Labor and Employment
6. Manila International Airport Authority
7. National Bureau of Investigation
8. Philippine Information Agency
9. Philippine National Police – Aviation Security Group
10. Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority (formerly Philippine Tourism Authority)
11. Office of the President thru the Office of the Executive Secretary

MODUS OPERANDI (MO)

Couriers are usually recruited by casual acquaintances they meet in key cities here or abroad, mostly fellow Filipinos connected
to drug syndicates like the African Drug Syndicate (ADS), offering plane tickets, hotel accommodation and huge amounts of
money.

In some instances, members of syndicates befriend/marry potential recruit then later turn him/her into a courier or cohort. On the
other hand, unwitting victims were duped by acquaintances into carrying packages in exchange for money, not knowing that
drugs were placed inside.

Couriers may also be recruited through the internet and social networking sites like Facebook, MySpace, Tagged, etc.
Syndicates also engage in travel & tours businesses/agencies to arrange airline and hotel bookings of the couriers and use
fraudulent documents/fake credit cards.

The ADS is believed to be behind the alarming increase of Filipino drug couriers arrested abroad. They deliver drugs to their
connections in different points around the world by employing drug couriers to prevent the risk of getting caught themselves.
They also use Filipinos as cohorts to recruit fellow OFWs.

The ADS is an international syndicate involved in drug trafficking and cyber crimes.

They use stolen and/or falsified documents to go about with their transaction (i.e. purchase of plane tickets, hotel bookings) and
usually communicate with their cohorts thru phone or the internet.

Members are proficient in English and well-versed, very persistent and are generally friendly which makes them recruit potential
victims easily.

National Anti-Drug Strategy & 4 Pillars of Anti-Drug Campaign

THE FOUR PILLARS OF ANTI-DRUG CAMPAIGN

1. Drug Supply Reduction Drive

 Reduce the supply of drugs
 Drive the prices high and create acute shortage of drugs
 Neutralize sources of drugs

2. Drug Demand Reduction Drive

 Reduce the demand side of the drug chain
 Concentrates on anti-drug advocacy efforts – public information and treatment and rehabilitation
 Targets non-users, casual drug users and addicts/recovering persons

3. Alternative Development/Reform Programs

 Development/livelihood program
 Education program
 Family solidarity/development program
 Good governance program
 Legal reforms

4. International Cooperation
 Neutralize transnational drug syndicates
 Minimize drug trafficking to and from the country
 Exchange of information and technologies
 Multilateral, regional, sub-regional and bilateral assistance and cooperation
REPUBLIC ACT 9165
Some Pertinent Provisions of Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002

UNLAWFUL ACTS AND PENALTIES UNDER RA 9165

Section 4. Importation of Dangerous Drugs

Penalty:
Life Imprisonment and fine of Five Hundred Thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten Million Pesos (P10,000,000.00).

Importation of any Controlled precursor and essential chemicals

Penalty:

Imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from One Hundred
Thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five Hundred Thousand Pesos (P500,000.00)

Sec 4"protector/coddler" of any violator of the provisions under this Section.

penalty

-twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years of imprisonment and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos
(P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00)

Section 5. Sale, Trading, Administration, Dispensation, Delivery, Distribution and Transportation of Dangerous Drugs
Penalty

-life imprisonment and fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00)

Section 6. Maintenance of a Den, Dive or Resort involving dangerous drugs

penalty

–life imprisonment and a fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00)

-The penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from One
hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person or
group of persons who shall maintain a den, dive, or resort where any controlled precursor and essential chemical is used or sold
in any form.

Section 7 Employees and Visitors of a Den, Dive or Resort

12 years and 1 day to 20 years (100,000.00 to 500,000.00).

- (a) Any employee of a den, dive or resort, who is aware of the nature of the place as such; and

- (b) Any person who, not being included in the provisions of the next preceding, paragraph, is aware of the nature of the place
as such and shall knowingly visit the same.

Section 8. Manufacture of Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals

- Penalty for Manufacture of Dangerous drugs- life imprisonment and a fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos
(P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00)

- Penalty for manufacture any controlled precursor and essential chemical - The penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve
(12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five
hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00)

Note:
- The presence of any controlled precursor and essential chemical or laboratory equipment in the clandestine laboratory
is a prima facie proof of manufacture of any dangerous drug.

Sec 11. Possession of Dangerous Drugs

- Possession of Dangerous Drugs regardless of purity- penalty provided life imprisonment and a fine ranging from Five hundred
thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00)
- 10 grams or more of opium, morphine, heroin, cocaine or cocaine hydrochloride, marijuana resin or oil, and other dangerous
drugs,
- 50 grams or more of shabu
- 500 grams or more of marijuana

Penalty-Life imprisonment and fine ranging from Php 400,000.00 to Php 500,000.00
- If the quantity of shabu is ten (10) grams but not more than 50 grams
Penalty- Imprisonment of 20 years and 1 day to life imprisonment and fine ranging from Php 400,000.00 to Php 500,000.00
- If 5 grams or more but less than 10 grams of any Dangerous Drugs
- 300 grams or more of marijuana but less than 500 grams

Penalty- imprisonment of 12 years and 1 day to 20 years and a fine ranging from Php 300,000.00 to Php 400,000.00

-If the quantity of dangerous drugs are less than 5 grams.

- If the quantity of Marijuana is less than 300 grams.
Sec 15. Use of Dangerous Drugs
Penalty

-A person apprehended or arrested, who is found to be positive for use of any dangerous drug, after a confirmatory test, shall be
imposed a penalty of a minimum of six (6) months but not exceeds one year rehabilitation in a government center for the first
offense.

- If apprehended using any dangerous drug for the second time, he/she shall suffer the penalty of imprisonment ranging from six
(6) years and one (1) day to twelve (12) years and a fine ranging from Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000.00) to Two hundred
thousand pesos (P200,000.00): Provided, That this Section shall not be applicable where the person tested is also found to have
in his/her possession such quantity of any dangerous drug provided for under Section 11 of this Act, in which case the
provisions stated therein shall apply.

Sec 16. Cultivation of plants classified as source of dangerous drugs

Penalty

- Life imprisonment and fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00)

Penalty of 12 years and 1 day to 20 years of imprisonment and a fine ranging from P100,000.00 to P500,000.00 shall be
imposed upon any person, who acts as a “protector/coddler of any violator of the provisions of Sec. 16…..

Section 18. Unnecessary Prescription of Dangerous Drugs. –

The penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from One
hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00)

and the additional penalty of the revocation of his/her license to practice shall be imposed upon the practitioner, who shall
prescribe any dangerous drug to any person whose physical or physiological condition does not require the use or in the dosage
prescribed therein, as determined by the Board in consultation with recognized competent experts who are authorized
representatives of professional organizations of practitioners, particularly those who are involved in the care of persons with
severe pain.

Section 19. Unlawful Prescription of Dangerous Drugs.

– The penalty of life imprisonment and a fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos
(P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall make or issue a prescription or any
other writing purporting to be a prescription for any dangerous drug.

Section 21. Custody and Disposition of Confiscated, Seized, and/or Surrendered Dangerous Drugs, Plant Sources of
Dangerous Drugs, Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals, Instruments/Paraphernalia and/or Laboratory
Equipment

The PDEA shall take charge and have custody of all dangerous drugs, plant sources of dangerous drugs, controlled precursors
and essential chemicals, as well as instruments/paraphernalia and/or laboratory equipment so confiscated, seized and/or
surrendered, for proper disposition in the following manner:

The apprehending team having initial custody and control of the drugs shall, immediately after seizure and confiscation,
physically inventory and photograph the same in the presence of the accused or the person/s from whom such items were
confiscated and/or seized, or his/her representative or counsel, a representative from the media and the Department of Justice
(DOJ), and any elected public official who shall be required to sign the copies of the inventory and be given a copy thereof;

-Within twenty-four (24) hours upon confiscation/seizure of dangerous drugs, plant sources of dangerous drugs, controlled
precursors and essential chemicals, as well as instruments/paraphernalia and/or laboratory equipment, the same shall be
submitted to the PDEA Forensic Laboratory for a qualitative and quantitative examination;

- A certification of the forensic laboratory examination results, which shall be done under oath by the forensic laboratory
examiner, shall be issued within twenty-four (24) hours after the receipt of the subject item/s.
- That a final certification shall be issued on the completed forensic laboratory examination on the same within the next twenty-
four (24) hours

After the filing of the criminal case, the Court shall, within seventy-two (72) hours, conduct an ocular inspection of the
confiscated, seized and/or surrendered dangerous drugs, and controlled precursors and essential chemicals, including the
instruments/paraphernalia and/or laboratory equipment, and through the PDEA shall:

within twenty-four (24) hours thereafter proceed with the destruction or burning of the same, in the presence of the accused
or the person/s from whom such items were confiscated and/or seized, or his/her representative or counsel, a representative
from the media and the DOJ, civil society groups and any elected public official

Section 23. Plea-Bargaining Provision.

– Any person charged under any provision of this Act regardless of the imposable penalty shall not be allowed to avail of the
provision on plea-bargaining .

Section 28 – Criminal Liability of Government Officials and Employees.

- The maximum penalties of the unlawful acts provided in the Act shall be imposed, in addition to absolute perpetual
disqualification from any public office, if those found guilty of such unlawful acts are government officials and employees.

Section 29. Criminal Liability for Planting of Evidence

– Any person who is found guilty of "planting" any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical,
regardless of quantity and purity, shall suffer the maximum penalty.

Program for Treatment and Rehabilitation of Drug Dependents

- A drug dependent or any person who violates Section 15 of this Act may, by himself/herself or through his/her parent, spouse,
guardian or relative within the fourth degree of consanguinity or affinity, apply to the Board or for treatment and rehabilitation of
the drug dependency. The Board shall bring forth the matter to the Court which shall order that the applicant be examined for
drug dependency.

If the examination by a DOH-accredited physician results in the issuance of a certification that the applicant is a drug dependent,
he/she shall be ordered by the Court to undergo treatment and rehabilitation in a Center designated by the Board for a period of
not less than six (6) months.

Temporary Release From the Center; After-Care and Follow-Up Treatment Under the Voluntary Submission Program.

-Upon certification of the Center that the drug dependent within the voluntary submission program may be temporarily released,
the Court shall order his/her release on condition that said drug dependent shall report to the DOH for after-care and follow-up
treatment, including urine testing, for a period not exceeding eighteen (18) months under such terms and conditions that the
Court may impose.

Dangerous Drug Test Requirements

The following shall undergo mandatory drug testing:
1. applicants for drivers license
2. applicants for Firearms license & PTCFOR
3. members of the PNP, AFP, & other LEA
4. All persons charged with criminal offense with penalty of not less than 6 years.
5. All candidates for public office national/ local

The following shall undergo random drug testing:

1.students of secondary and tertiary schools;

2. officers and employees of public & private offices.

SUPREME COURT DECISIONS

………………The Philippines Supreme Court upheld mandatory, random, suspicionless drug testing of workers and high school
and college students, but struck down as unconstitutional provisions of the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 that
required drug tests for candidates for political office or those charged with criminal offenses.

…………………the court noted that the law says the random drug testing of employees "shall be undertaken under conditions
calculated to protect as much as possible the employee's privacy and dignity," and that employers are not required to report
positive test results to prosecutors. It also found that "the intrusion into the employee's privacy... is accompanied by proper
safeguards, particularly against embarrassing leakages of test results, and is relatively minimal."

……………….In the case of students, the high court found that drug testing was not only constitutional, but perhaps even
necessary. It noted the presence of drugs in the country "that threatens the well-being of the people, particularly the youth and
school children who usually end up as victims.

………………….Candidates for political office, however, may not be subjected to drug tests as condition of candidacy, the court
held. The drug law's provisions requiring testing of candidates unconstitutionally added to the constitution's provisions defining
the qualification or eligibility of candidates

……….The court was equally kind to people charged with criminal offenses, holding that they cannot be drug tested because
they might incriminate themselves and because drug testing in their cases would not be random or suspicionless. "To impose
mandatory drug testing on the accused is a blatant attempt to harness a medical test as a tool for criminal prosecution, contrary
to the objectives of RA 9165 [the drug testing law]. Drug testing in this case would violate a person's right to privacy guaranteed
under Section 2, Article III of the Constitution. Worse still, the accused persons are veritably forced to incriminate themselves

Responsibility and liability of law enforcement agencies in testifying as Prosecution Witness in Dangerous Drug Cases
- Penalty- 12 years and 1 day to 20 years and a fine of not less than Php 500,000.00 in addition to the administrative liability.
- For any members of law enforcement agency who, after due notice, fails or refuses intentionally or negligently to appear as a
witness for prosecution.

Section 92. Delay and Bungling in the Prosecution of Drug Cases

– Any government officer or employee tasked with the prosecution of drug-related cases under this act, who, through patent
laxity, inexcusable neglect, unreasonable delay or deliberately causes the unsuccessful prosecution and/or dismissal of the said
drug cases, shall suffer the penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years without
prejudice to his/her prosecution under the pertinent provisions of the Revised Penal Code.

Non-applicability of the Probation Law for Drug Traffickers and Pushers. – cannot avail of the privilege granted by
Probation Law (PD 968, as amended).

NAPOLCOM MEMORANDUM CIRCULAR NO. 200003

Adopting Salient Provisions of PDEA Memorandum on the preparation of pre-operation report and PNP-AIDSOTF
Memorandum Circular in the conduct of Anti-Illegal Drugs Operations.

Pre-Operations
-Operating Unit to submit to PDEA, the pre-operations report, indicating details such identity, area of operation, composition,
tactics and equipment of the operating unit and duration of the operation. Also includes the information on the suspect/s.

-Certification of Coordination – prepared by PDEA given to the operating unit which submitted a pre-operations report.

Exemption of submission of Pre Operations Report:

1. In remote places where coordination is not possible;
2. When coordination will compromise the lives of police operatives, informant and witnesses, involved in anti-drug operations;
3. When coordination will prejudice the apprehension of drug suspects and confiscation of dangerous drugs;
4. When prior coordination will compromise the entire police operation.
(In above instances, post coordination shall be made in lieu of prior coordination).

Signatories to the Pre-Operation Report

- signed by the Team Leader.

Conduct of Operation
- Team shall be led by a police commissioned officers except in far flung areas where there are no assigned PCOs.
- To have at least 1 female member operative who shall be responsible for arresting and frisking female suspects and for taking
custody of children found in the place of operation.

VICES
Vice – is any immoral conduct or habit, the indulgence of which leads to depravity, wickedness and corruption of the minds and
the body.

Different Forms of Vices:

1) Drug addiction
2) Alcoholism
3) Prostitution
4) Gambling

ALCOHOLIC
-A person who has experienced physical, psychological, social or occupational impairment as consequence of habitual,
excessive consumption of alcohol.

ALCOHOL ABUSE
-Use of ethyl alcohol or liquor in a quantity and with a frequency that causes the individual significant physiological,
psychological, or sociological distress or impairment.

ALCOHOLIC DEPENDENCE
-A chronic lost of control over the consumption of alcoholic beverages despite obvious psychological or physical harm to the
person. Increasing amount are required overtime and abrupt discontinuance may precipitate a withdrawal symptoms.

ALCOHOLIC LIQUOR
-Any beverages or compound, whether distilled, fermented, or otherwise, which will produce intoxication or which contains in
excess of one percent of alcohol and used as a beverage.

DRUNKARD
- A person who habitually takes or use any intoxicating alcohol liquor and while under the influence of such, or in consequence
of the effect thereof, is either dangerous to himself or to others.

ALCOHOLISM – which is also known as “Alcohol Dependence Syndrome” is a disease characterized by the following:
a) Craving – strong need or compulsion to drink
b) Loss of Control – frequent inability to stop drinking once a person has begun to drink.
c) Physical Dependence – The occurrence of withdrawal symptoms, such as shakiness and anxiety when alcohol use is
stopped.

SOME PROBLEMS ARISING FROM ALCOHOLISM

a) Loss of employment which can lead to financial problems;
b) Marital Conflict and contribute to domestic violence;
c) Drinking at inappropriate times and behavior can lead to legal consequences, such as public disorder (Alarm and
Scandal).

DRUNKNESS AS A CRIME
-In the Philippines, drunkenness in itself is not a crime because a person may drink to excess in the privacy of his home or in the
party and commit no crime at all.

-It is only when a drunken person exhibits his condition publicly, or disturbs, endangers, or injured others, that he became an
offender and therefore, subject to arrest and punishment.

-Before and during elections, it is unlawful to sell or drink intoxicating liquor, as provided in the election law.
-Under RA 4136, as amended, driving under the influence of liquor is prohibited.

Under Article 15 of the Revised Penal Code, intoxication is considered as an Alternative Circumstances.

- It is considered a mitigating circumstance when the offender has committed a felony in a state of intoxication, if the same is not
habitual.

- It is considered an aggravating circumstance, when the intoxication is habitual or intentional.

PROSTITUTION
-act or practice of providing sexual services to another person in return for payment.

-is the exchange of money for the performance of sexual act.

PROSTITUTE
-Customarily used, to refer to a female person who engages in sex in exchange for money as profession.

PHILANDERING
-Is having casual/illicit sex with a number of people.

-It usually refers to men, and often in the context of cheating on a wife or girlfriend.

TO PHILANDER
-Is to carry on romantic and/or sexual affairs outside a committed relationship

PHILANDER
-Is a serial cheater who betrays his spouse or long term partner repeatedly;

-The term usually refers to men (obviously, women have also been known to carry on affairs).

VAGRANTS AND PROSTITUTES (under RPC)

-Any person having no apparent means of subsistence, who has the physical ability to work and who neglects to apply himself or
herself to some lawful calling.

-Any person found loitering about public or semi-public building or places, or tramping or wandering about the country or to the
streets without visible means of support.

-Any idle or dissolute person who lodges in houses of ill-fame, ruffians or pimps and those who habitually associate with
prostitutes.

PROSTITUTES –
women, who for money or profit, habitually indulge in sexual intercourse or lascivious conduct.

Republic Act No. 10158

Sgned last March 27, 2012, amended Article 202 of the Revised Penal Code removing vagrancy from the country's list of crimes
amid concerns it only targets the poor and the disadvantaged.

Although the poor or homeless people can no longer be hauled to jail for vagrancy, the new law continued to penalize women
engaged in prostitution.

RA 10158, defined prostitutes as "women who for money or profit, habitually indulge in sexual intercourse or lascivious conduct."

A person found guilty of prostitution is punished by imprisoned from one to 30 days or a fine not exceeding P200.

In case of recidivism, they are punished by arresto mayor in its medium period to prison correccional in its minimum period or a
fine ranging from P200 to P2,000, or both, depending on the court.

With the enactment of the law, all pending vagrancy cases meantime shall be dismissed and all persons serving sentence for
violating the vagrancy law shall immediately be released.

RELATED LAWS ON THE PROTECTION OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN

RA 7610, as amended, (Special Protection of children against child abuse, exploitation and discrimination Act)

- Penalize those who engage in or promote, facilitate or induce child prostitution, who commit the act of sexual intercourse or
lascivious conduct with a child exploited in prostitution and who derived profit on advantage therefrom, whether as a
manager or owner of the establishment.

-penalty of reclusion temporal in its medium period to reclusion perpetua

GAMBLING

GAMBLING
-Wagering of money or something of material value on an event with an uncertain outcome with the primary intent of winning
additional money and/or material goods.

ILLEGAL NUMBERS GAME

-Any form of illegal gambling activity which uses numbers or combination as factors in giving out jackpots.

JUETENG
-Illegal numbers game that involves the combination of numbers as a form of local lottery where bets are placed and accepted
per combination .

MASIAO
-Illegal numbers game where the winning combination is derived from the results of the last game of Jai Alai or the Special Llave
portion

LAST TWO
-Illegal numbers game where the winning combination is derived from the last two numbers of the first prize of the winning
Sweepstakes ticket.

BETTOR (Mananaya)
-Any person, who places bets for himself/herself or in behalf of another person, other than the personnel or staff of any illegal
numbers game operation.

COLLECTOR or AGENT (Cabo, Cobrador)

-Any person who collects, solicits or produces bets in behalf of his/her principal for any illegal numbers game who is usually in
possession of gambling paraphernalia

MAINTAINER, MANAGER OR OPERATOR

-Any person who maintains, manages, or operates any illegal number game in a specific area.

FINANCIERS OR CAPITALIST
-Any person who finances the operations of any illegal numbers game.
PROTECTOR OR CODDLER

-Any person who lends or provides protection, or receives benefits in any manner in the operation of any illegal numbers game.

RELATED LAWS ON GAMBLING

- Article 195 of RPC. Acts punishable in gambling – any person directly or indirectly take part in any game of Monte,
jueteng, other form of lottery, policy, banking or percentage game, dog races or any other game the result of which depends
wholly upon a chance wherein wagers consisting of money, articles of value, or representative of value are made.

Article 195 of RPC. (Penalty)

-The penalty of arresto mayor or a fine not exceeding two hundred pesos, and, in case of recidivism, the penalty of arresto
mayor or a fine ranging from two hundred or six thousand pesos,

- The penalty of prision correccional in its maximum degree shall be imposed upon the maintainer, conductor, or banker in a
game of jueteng or any similar game.

Article 196 (RPC). Penalizing any person who shall import into the Philippine Islands from any foreign place or port any
lottery ticket or advertisement, or in connivance with the importer, shall sell or distribute the same.

-The penalty of arresto mayor in its maximum period to prision correccional in its minimum period or a fine ranging from 200 to
2,000 pesos, or both, in the discretion of the court

Article 197 (RPC). Betting in sports Contest – Penalizing any person who shall bet money or any object or article of value or
representative of value upon the result of any boxing or other sports contest.

-The penalty of arresto menor or a fine not exceeding 200 pesos, or both,

Article 198 (RPC). Illegal betting on horse races

– Penalizing any person who, except during the periods allowed by law, shall bet on horse races.

- The penalty of arresto menor or a fine not exceeding 200 pesos, or both,

Article 199 (RPC). Illegal cockfighting –

Penalizing any person who directly or indirectly participates in cockfights, at a place other than a licensed cockpit.

- The penalty of arresto menor or a fine not exceeding 200 pesos, or both, in the discretion of the court

RA 3063 – Approved June 17, 1961

authorizing licensed race tracks and racing clubs and their authorized agent to offer, take or arrange bets outside the place,
enclosure of track where the races held.
Penalty - fine of not less than one thousand pesos not more than two thousand pesos or by imprisonment for not less than one
month or more than six months, or both, in the discretion of the court. If the offender is a partnership, corporation or association,
the criminal liability shall devolve upon its president, director, or any other official responsible for the violation.

PD 449 – Cockfighting Law of 1974 – Approved May 9, 1974.

PD 483 - Penalizing Betting, Game-fixing or point shaving and Machinations in Sports Contents. Approved on June 13, 1974.

PD 1602 – Approved June 11, 1978.

prescribing stiffer penalties on illegal gambling.

RA 9287 – Approved 2, 2004

An Act increasing the penalties for illegal numbers games, amending certain provisions of P.D. 1602, and for other purposes.