Module 5b Columns - Lesson 2 ASD

Module 5
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF

COMPRESSION MEMBERS:
COLUMNS
Lesson No. 2 : Allowable Stress Design For

Compression Member (ASD)
I. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the student will be able to:
1. Know the different equations and formula used in ASD method.

2. Used the ASD method
a) In analyzing and computing the compressive strength of a compression
member;
b) In designing structural compression member.
II. COURSE MATERIALS

Column strength equation can be obtained by two general methods. One method is to
use residual stress distribution, either the actual variation from mathematical model
along with the stress-strain relationship for the material.
The other method is to determine experimentally by testing short length of rolled
shapes containing residual stress. Column strength can he be determined from test
results using tangent modulus of the experimental curves in combination with the
slenderness ratio. Knowledge of residual stress pattern is not used in this second
1.0 Structural Stability Research Council (SSRC)
It was the Structural Stability Research Council (SSRC) Strength Curves, the Parabolic
Equation which become the basis for Allowable Stress Design (1960 – 2004)
Based upon the methods, column strength curve can be obtained for weak- or
strong axis with various distributions of residual stress. For most practical situations it
has been reported that an assumed linear distribution of residual stresses in flanges
results in a reasonable column curves. Furthermore , the development shows that for
the same slenderness ratio , H – shape column sections allowed to bend in weak
direction can carry less load than column allowed to bend only in strong direction.
Compressive residual stress which is greatest at the flange tips accounts for this
strength difference.
Typical column strength curves for parabolic and linear distribution of residual
stresses across the flange is shown below.
Since 1960, and until the AISC 2005 specification structural steel design according to
Allowable Stress Design Specification has used the SSRC parabolic equation based on
the one proposed by Bleich. The SSRC parabolic curve is
𝐹𝑦 𝐾𝐿 2
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 𝐹𝑦 [1 − (𝑟) ] Eqn 6.7.1
4𝜋2 𝐸
The SSRC curve fairly gives good agreement with the weak-axis curve for H – shape
sections, particularly when it is noted that parabolic residual stress is more
representative of the actual than linear residual stress.
From the graph above , one may note that to provide the same degree of safety for all
columns, different strength curves would be required depending on expected residual
stress distribution, shape of the section and the axis of bending when the column
buckles.
Also, the above Figure introduces the slenderness function 𝜆𝑐 , which was used as the
slenderness parameter instead of (𝐾𝐿⁄𝑟) in all previous edition of AISC LRFD. In 2005
Specs 𝜆𝑐 replaces 𝐾𝐿⁄𝑟. The slenderness parameter is defined as
𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑦
𝜆𝑐 = = 𝜋2 𝐸
𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝐸𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑟
(𝐾𝐿⁄𝑟)2
𝐾𝐿 𝐹𝑦
𝜆𝑐 = √
𝑟 𝜋2 𝐸
In terms of slenderness parameter, the SSRC parabola becomes
𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝜆2𝑐
=1 − for 𝜆𝑐 ≤ √2
𝐹𝑦 4
Note that 𝜆𝑐 = √2 the the parabola and Euler hyperbola are tangent to each other.
Thus the above equation applies for 𝜆𝑐 ≤ √2 ; for greater value of 𝜆𝑐 , the Euler
equation applies .
𝐹𝑐𝑟 1
= for 𝜆𝑐 ≥ √2
𝐹𝑦 𝜆2𝑐
2.0 Euler Formula
Euler formula was used to analyze and design column where 𝑓𝑒 is always checked to be
less than the proportional limit (i.e. columns are all slender/long column). Practical
columns however do not fall into this category. The practical analysis/design method
must concern itself with the possible range of slenderness ratio 𝐾𝐿⁄𝑟. Theoretical
formulas are not applicable for intermediate and short columns because of many
material and geometric uncertainties. The strength of intermediate and short columns
cannot be predicted accurately theoretically; therefore, the results of extensive testing
and experience must be utilized.
Note:
a) Maximum 𝐾𝐿⁄𝑟 = 200 (compression members)
b) Allowable compressive stress on gross section is denoted by 𝐹𝑎 .
c) The value of which separates elastic buckling from inelastic buckling is obtained
by taking 𝑓𝑒 = 𝐹𝑦 ⁄2. This 𝐾𝐿⁄𝑟 = 𝐶𝑐
𝜋2 𝐸
From: 𝑓𝑒 = 2
(𝐾𝐿⁄2)
𝐹𝑦 𝐾𝐿⁄ = 𝐶
let: 𝑓𝑒 = ⁄ and 𝑟
2 𝑐
𝐹𝑦 𝜋2 𝐸
then: = (𝐶𝑐 )2
2
2𝜋2 𝐸
𝐶𝑐 = √
𝐹𝑦
3.0 The AISC Specification For Allowable Compression Stress
Case 1: 𝐾𝐿⁄ < 𝐶

𝑟 𝑐
2
𝐹𝑦 (𝐾𝐿⁄𝑟)
𝐹𝑎 = [1 − ]
𝐹. 𝑆. 2𝐶𝑐 2
3
5 3(𝐾𝐿⁄𝑟) (𝐾𝐿⁄𝑟)
𝐹𝑠 = + −
3 8𝐶𝑐 8𝐶𝑐 3
Case 2 : 𝐾𝐿⁄ ≥ 𝐶
𝑟 𝑐
12𝜋 2 𝐸
𝐹𝑎 = 2
23(𝐾𝐿⁄𝑟)
4.0 Other Column Formula for Compressive Stress(Obsolete Formula)
1) Straight Line Formula
𝐾𝐿
𝐹𝑎 = 110.3 − 0.414 ( )
𝑟
2) Rankine-Gordon Formula
124
𝐹𝑎 = 2
(𝐾𝐿⁄𝑟)
1+
18000

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Module 5

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF

Lesson No. 2 : Allowable Stress Design For

1. Know the different equations and formula used in ASD method.

II. COURSE MATERIALS

1.0 Structural Stability Research Council (SSRC)

In terms of slenderness parameter, the SSRC parabola becomes

3.0 The AISC Specification For Allowable Compression Stress

Case 1: 𝐾𝐿⁄ < 𝐶

4.0 Other Column Formula for Compressive Stress(Obsolete Formula)

1) Straight Line Formula

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