Indian Constitution Important Questions

1. India is country in
a) In Europe
b) South Asia
c) African content
d) North East Asia
2. India became republic on
a) 1947 August 15
b) 26th Nov 1949
c) 26th Jan 1950
d) As per act 1935
3. India is the largest country in the world
a) First
b) Second
c) 7th
d) 3rd
4. Second most populous country in the world is
a) China
b) India
c) USA
d) Australia
5. The largest urban area in India is
a) Delhi
b) Mumbai
c) Collocate
d) Bangalore
6. In the ancient Indian political system king maintain dharma by
a) Punishment
b) Means of Danda
c) Through fear
d) Keeping check on their actions
7. The term Danda derived from the word
a) Dam
b) Stick
c) Discipline
d) Dharma
8. The concept of Rajdharma was introduced by
a) Manu
b) Mahabharata
c) King
d) Dharma sutas
9. Raja Ram Mohan Roy
a) Maker of Modern India
b) Brahmo samaj
c) Mughal emperor
d) Lord Benignity
10. Abolish the custom of sati
a) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
b) Ramakanto
c) Lord Bentonite
d) Aurobindo Ghose
11. Who paved the way to revolutionizing education system in India
a) David hare
b) Brahmo samaj
c) Ranjet Guha
d) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
12. Swami Vivekananda began his famous speech with word sister and brother at
a) USA
b) Parliament of religion at Chicago
c) In Europe
d) Indian Subcontinent
13. Vivekananda was born in Calcutta in the year
a) 1870
b) 31 may 1893
c) 30 july 1893
d) 12 jan 1863
14. Who founded method of Subaltern Studies
a. Raja Ram Mohan Toy
b. Ranjit Guha
c. Narendranath Goswar;
d. Aurobino Agreed Gose
15. British imperialism Motivation was.
a. To achieve monopolistic trading
b. To get raw materials
c. Major market for British goods
d. Above all
16. From which one of the following enshrined in the Constitution, the planning of India derived its objectives
and Social Promises?
a. Fundamental Rights
b. Fundamental Duties
c. Directive Principles of state policies
d. None of the above
17. Britishers followed doubled standard policy in …..field
a. Political
b. Religious
c. Economic
d. Above all

18. Colonial strong Political Impact

 a. Rise of Unity and Nationalism
b. Change in Outlook and thinking in people
c. Kings ‘and Princes did not remained as Centre of Political Life
d. Above all
19. Princes and small King became opposite to Britishers because of......
a. Lord Dowl-house, Doctrine of Rule of Lapse
b. Corruption of East India Company
c. Divide and rule policy of Britishers
d. Above all
20. Motivation of British imperialism
a. To achieve Monopolistic Trading Position
b. Major Market for British goods
c. Supply of Raw Materials to British industries.
d. Above all.
21. Gandhi’s concept of Satyagraha includes-
a. Truth and non-violence
b. Poverty or non- non possession and non-stealing
c. Fearlessness and Tolerance
d. Above all
22. Satyagraha has been considered as....
a. Soul force to resist |
b. way of life any kind of oppression
c. To achieve public welfare
d. method to removal of untouchability
23. Gandhiji Satyagraha based on......
a. Disobedience
b. Non-violence
c. Breakingoflaw
d. trying to fill the jails
24. Non-cooperation means
a. Refusing to cooperate with opponent
b. Refusing to submit to the injustice
c. Economic boycott and tax refusals
d. Above all

25. Gandhiji civil- disobedience means

 a. Breaking of law
b. going to prison
c. Change of heart of his opponents
d. above all
26. Mahatma Gandhiji is recognized as a symbol of
a. Highest duty
b. truth and non-violence
c. Satyagraha
d. Non co operation
27. Mahatma Gandhi born on.
a. Oct2, 1869
b. Jan 30, 1948
c. August 1980
d. 1942
28. Who said Swaraj is my birth right
a. MK.Gandhi-
b. Lokmanya Tilak
c. JN.Nehru
d. d) BR Ambedkar
29. Who founded home rule league
a. Tilak
b. Annie Beasant
c. Mahatma Gandhi
d. Babasaheb Ambediar
30. Who Initiated the Sarvajanik Ganesh Visarjan Utsav
a. Tilak .
b. Gangadhar Shastri
c. Bipin Chandrapal
d. Lala Lajpat Rai
31. Integral humanism ideology proponent was
a. RajaRam Mohan Roy |
b. RSS
c. K B Hedgewar
d. Deendayal Upadhyaya
32. He is best known for …… Bhoodan movement
a. MK Gandhi
b. Vinoba Bhave
c. VS. Naipaul
 d. Village in Tamil Nadu

33. The Spiritua] successor of Mahatma Gandhi. .....

a. J. Nehru
b. Vinoba Bhave
c. Bal Gangadhar Tilak
d. None of the above
34. The first women who fight against the British rule
a. Kittur Rani Chennamma
b. Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi
c. Onake Obavva :
d. Abbakka Rani
35. Who was the British offices killed when British Army invaded Kittur
a. Thackeray
b. Mr. Chaplin
c. Mallasarja Desai .
d. British Soldier
36. Who is regarded as the Karnataka Gandhi
a. Basava
b. Hardekar Manjappa
c. Bathanala Mahaswamy
d. Akkamahadevi
37. Hardekar Manjappa is the known as
a. social reformer
b. Journalist and writer
c. Political Thinker
d. Above all
38. The peasants of the Kodagu District revolted against British rule in
a. In1837
b. In 1834
c. In 1858.
d. In 1857
39. Armed confrontation on 29th Nov 1857 between the villagers of Halagali and the British army took place
because of
a. People of Halagali refused to give up their arms
b. British government passed the Disarming Act
c. Bedas refused to come out
d. Above all.
40. How many Halagali Bedas were given death sentence
a. 290 persons
b. 19 persons hanged
c. 13 persons
d. 6 persons
41. Who was sent for negation with Halagali bedas by Brtishers?
a. Commander malkam
b. Balapppa Hanamappa
c. Ret Soldier Nimbalkar
d. Krishna naik and Veer Hanum naik.
42. Main Reform of ……. Morley-Minto Reform!
a. Communal representation
b. Advance towards the distant goal of responsible govt.
c. Gradual development of self-governing Institutions in
d. Above all

43. What do you mean by Dyarchy?

a. ‘D1’ which means to and Archia
b. Double govt.
c. Division of subjects into Reserved and Transferred
d. All of the above
44. Government of India Act 1935 Main feature
a. Old constitution of India
b. Dyarchy
c. Provincial autonomy
d. Introduction of Federal System
45. What factors that leads to independence to India.
a. The spirit of Nationalism in the people
b. Coming of Labour party in to power in U.k.
c. Pressure of world openion
d. Above all factors.
46. When India become independent
a. 26th Jan 1950
b. 26th Nov 1949
c. 15th August 1947
d. 9th Dec 1946
47. Which Act of Britishers introduced communal electorate
a. Act of 1909
 b. 1919 Act
c. Act of 1935
d. 1892 Reforms
48. 1935 Act established federal system which was
a. Model federation
b. Quari-federal
c. Impracticable federation
d. Unequal division of powers.
49. Aristotle defines constitution as
a. The arrangement of supreme legislative power in the state
b. The aggregate of laws and customs
c. The soul of the state
d. The body of rules and laws
50. The constitution of india was framed by
a. British parliament
b. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar
c. Constituent Assembly
d. The cabinet mission
51. The first meeting of the constituent assembly was held on
a. December 11, 1946
b. 9th December 1946
c. 26th November 1949
d. 15th August 1947
52. The original constituent Assembly of India consist of
a. 389 members
b. 296 members
c. 93 members
d. 73 members
53. The constitution of India was brought into practice
a. 26th November 1949
b. 26th January 1950
c. 11th December 1946
d. July 1946
54. The idea of constituent Assembly was first conceived by
a. Mahatma Gandhi in 1922
b. J L Nehru
c. M N Roy in 1934
d. Congress Party in 1936
55. The constituent assembly was setup according to the
a. Wavell plan
b. Cabinet Mission plan
c. Cripps Mission plan
d. Simon mission
56. Who was the chairperson of the drafting committee
a. J L Nehru
b. Sardar Vallabhai patel
c. Dr. Rajendra Prasad
 d. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar
57. Who was the constitutional advisor to constituent assembly
a. T T Krishnmachari
b. B N Rao
c. M N Rai
d. K M Munshi
58. How much time the constituent assembly took to prepare the constitution of India
a. 3 years
b. 2 years 11 months 18 days
c. 4 years 11 months
d. 2 years 10 months
59. Which is the historic day in the constitutional history of India
a. 26th jan 1950
b. 26th nov 1947
c. 15th august 1947
d. 1942
60. The present constitution of India consist of
a. 395 articles, 22 schedules, 12 parts
b. 445 articles, 12 schedules, 24 parts
c. 395 articles, 9 schedules, 20 parts
d. 395 articles, 24 schedules, 8 parts.
61. The constitution of India is
a. Rigid
b. Flexible
c. Very Rigid
d. Partly rigid and partly flexible
62. The constitution of india borrowed largly from
a. USA constitution
b. British Constitution
c. Govt. of India Act 1935
d. Irish constitution
63. Preamble of the Constitution is
a. Not a part of the constitution
b. Integral part of the constitution
c. Additional part of the constitution
d. Soul of the constitution
64. The words socialist, and secular in the preamble added by
a. 42nd amendment
b. 44th amendment
c. 22nd amendment
d. 24th amendment
65. The constitution of India is
a. Unitary Constitution
b. Evolved Constitution
c. Largest Constitution
d. Shortest Constitution
66. If the head of the state is elected by the people that state is called
a. Democratic
b. Republic
 c. Secular state
d. Sovereign state
67. Constitution of India, as
a. Federal state
b. Unitary state
c. Quasi federal state
d. Union of state
68. The word we the people of India in the preamble of Indian Constitution refers to
a. All the residents in India
b. All the people of India
c. All the members of constituent assembly
d. All the members of legislative assemblies
69. Which of the article of the Indian Constitution deals with procedure of amending the constitution
a. Article 368
b. Article 39 A
c. Article 365
d. Article 352
70. Sovereignty in democracy resides in
a. President
b. People
c. Prime Minister
d. Civil servants
71. Preamble secures justices, liberty, equality, and fraternity to
a. All residents of India
b. All people of India
c. All the representatives
d. All the adults of India
72. The constitution of India recognizes
a. Double citizenship
b. Single citizenship
c. Adult citizenship
d. Foreign citizenship
73. A secular state is one in which state does not
a. Promote or interfere in religion
b. State protects minorities
c. State avoid in equality
d. Citizens enjoys full religious freedom
74. Which one of the following described as soul of the constitution
a. Fundamental rights
b. Preamble
c. Directive principles
d. Fundamental duties
75. The aims and objectives of the constitution are embodied in
a. 3rd part of the constitution
b. 4th part of the constitution
c. Preamble of the constitution
d. Chapter on fundamental duties
76. A person can loose Indian citizenship
a. Termination
 b. Renunciation
c. Deprivation
d. All the above methods
77. Acquisition and termination of Indian citizenship is determined by
a. The constitution
b. President of India
c. Act passed by parliament in 1955
d. Ordinance
78. The constitution declares India as
a. Bharat
b. Union of states
c. Hindustan
d. All of the above
79. In which year first amendment to the constitution of India was made
a. 1950
b. 1951
c. 1972
d. 1962
80. Which amendment removed right to property from the list of fundamental rights
a. 44th amendment
b. 42nd amendment
c. 52nd amendment
d. 86th amendment
81. Which amendment probhits political defection
a. 52nd amendment
b. 61st amendment
c. 91st amendment
d. 93rd amendment
82. Which amendment considered Right to education ass fundamental rights
a. 86th amendment
b. 91st amendment
c. 42nd amendment
d. 21st amendment
83. Which amendment considered the age of voting from 21 years to 18 years
a. 61st amendment
b. 21st amendment
c. 93rd amendment
d. 91st amendment
84. Which amendment fixes the size of the ministry at Centre and states to 15%
a. 91st amendment
b. 92nd amendment
c. 89th amendment
d. 86th amendment
85. Which article has been described by Dr. B R Ambedkar as heart and soul of the constitution
a. Article 32
b. Article17
c. Article 28
d. Article 14
86. Every amendment of Indian Constitution has to be approved by
 a. Parliament
b. People
c. States
d. Prime minister
87. Rule of law means
a. No man is above the law
b. Rules made according to constitution
c. Procedural rules should be strictly followed
d. Rules made under law
88. The final interpreter of the Indian constitution
a. President
b. State
c. Supreme court
d. Parliament
89. Parliament is empowered under article to amendment constitution
a. Article 368
b. Article 270
c. Article 390
d. Article 565
90. Which part of the constitution contains Fundamental rights
a. VI part
b. IIIrd part
c. Part I
d. Part 18
91. Constituent Assembly borrowed the idea of incorporation rating FRS in the constitution from
a. France
b. U K
c. USA
d. Canada
92. Constitution empowers the powers of enforcement of F R S to
a. Right to religion
b. Supreme court
c. President
d. Governer
93. Which of the following Right is removed from list of F R S
a. Right to religion
b. Right to property
c. Right to Educator
d. Right to Assemble
94. Which of the following is fundamental among fundamental rights
a. Right to freedom
b. Right against exploitation
c. Right to constitutional Remedies
d. Right to Equality
95. Common civil code means
a. Common civil law applicable to civil servants
b. Common civil law applicable to all
c. Common civil procedure
d. Civil laws applicable to Hindus
96. For breach of fundamental duty an action can be taken
a. In criminal courts
b. In civil courts
c. Can not be initiated in any court
d. In high court or supreme court
97. Fraternity means
a. Spirit of brotherhood
b. Unity and integrity of India
c. Social Justice
d. Eliminating of injustice
98. What is minimum age for getting Right to vote
a. 20
b. 18
c. 21
d. 19
99. Article 14 guarantees equality before the law to
a. Citizens of India
b. All persons
c. All persons residing in India
d. Persons of Indian origin
100. Untouchability associated with inequality
a. Social
b. Economic
c. Religious
d. Political
101. Right to freedom can be restricted in the interest of
a. Security of the state
b. Public order
c. Relations with foreign stated
d. All the above
102. At present right to property is
a. Constitutional rights
b. Legal right
c. Natural right
d. Human right
103. Fundamental right can be suspended
a. By the parliament
b. President during national emergency
c. Supreme court
d. Prime minister court
104. An arrested person should be produced before the
a. Magistrate
b. High court
c. Supreme court
d. Governor
105. Which one of the following DPSP is based on Gandhian Idealogy
a. Compulsory education for all the children up to age of 14 years
b. Establishment of village panchayats
c. Prohibition of drinks
 d. Development of weaker section
106. Which amendment inserted in the constitution providing free legal aid to the poor
a. 42nd amendment
b. 44th amendment
c. 24th amendment
d. 25th amendment
107. Fundamental duties are incorporated in the constitution in the year
a. 1950
b. 1955
c. 1977
d. 1997
108. If fundamental rights are compared to DPSP
a. DPSP are superior FR’s
b. FR’s are superior
c. Both are equal
d. Both are uncomparable
109. The president of India is
a. The head of the state
b. Nominal head of the state
c. Real chief executive
d. Dictator in the state
110. President of India is integral part of
a. Union council of ministry
b. Parliament of India
c. Nation
d. Cabinet
111. In parliamentary system, there are executives
a. Two types of
b. Nominal and real
c. Single
d. Plural
112. The executive powers of the union Govt. vested in
a. PM
b. President
c. Defence minister
d. Council of minister
113. The total number of minister shall not exceed
a. 18% of the total members of Loksabha
b. 15% of the total members of the lok sabha
c. 10% of the total members of lok-sabha
d. 20% of the total members of lok sabha
114. Vice president of the parliament.
a. Members of parliament
b. Members of parliament and members of state legislature
c. Raj sabha
d. Lok sabha
115. The president of india can be impeached by
a. Both houses of parliament
b. Lok sabha
 c. Supreme court of India
d. Parliament members and members of state legislature
116. Ordinance can be promulgated by
a. president
b. PM
c. Supreme court of India
d. Parliament members and members of state legislature
117. Power of pardon is the power of
a. Supreme court
b. President
c. PM
d. Council of members
118. President rule can be imposed an any state on the ground of
a. Corruption
b. Breakdown of Law and order
c. Failure of constitutional machinery of state
d. Disobeying orders of president
119. Council of ministry is responsible to
a. Parliament
b. Lok-sabha
c. Raj sabha
d. President
120. Salary of Indian president is paid though
a. Contingency
b. Consolidated Fund of India
c. Interim fund
d. Budget
121. Union Council of Ministry is appointed by
a. PM
b. President
c. Chief justice of India
d. Vice-president
122. Ambassadors are appointed by the
a. External affairs minister
b. President
c. Prime minister
d. Cabinet
123. Every bill passed by the parliament must be signed by the to become an act
a. PM
b. President
c. Speaker
d. Chairman of raj sabha
124. Custodian of the contingency fund of India is
a. Finance minister
b. CAG
c. Parliament
d. President
125. Who was the first president of Indian Republic
a. Dr. Radhakrishan
 b. Dr. Jakir Hussain
c. Rajendra Prasad
d. V.V. Giri
126. Who will preside over the joint session of both the house of the parliament
a. Speaker
b. President
c. Prime minister
d. Parliamentary affairs ministers
127. Parliament has power to make laws any subject in the state list
a. Lok sabha, raj sabha and president
b. Lok sabha and raj sabha
c. Lok sabha and raj sabha and speaker
d. Lok sabha and vice president
128. Lok sabha in Indian parliament is more powerful compare to raj sabha because
a. Its members directly elected by the people
b. It has control over purse of nation
c. It can pass no confidence motion against ministry
d. All of the above
129. Parliament has power to make laws any subject in the state list if
a. Raj sabha passes a resolution to that effect
b. Lok sabha passes a resolution to that effect
c. State legislative assembly passes a resolution to that effect
d. State legislative council passes a resolution to that effect
130. The first hour of every sitting in both houses of parliament is devoted to
a. Zero hour
b. Question hour
c. Short hour
d. Half an hour
131. What is the minimum age for becoming the MLA, MP, MLc
a. 25 to 30
b. 18 to 25
c. 18 to 25
d. 20 to 30
132. Which of the following cannot be introduced in raj sabha
a. Budget
b. Amendment bill
c. Money bill
d. Finance bill
133. Joint session of parliament held
a. If there is deadlock between the two houses of parliament
b. Annual address by the president
c. Special address by the president
d. In all above mention reasons
134. Which is not legislative power of the president
a. To summon each of the house of parliament
b. Nomination 12 members of raj sabha
c. Exercising power of pardon
d. Signing bills passed by the parliament
135. According to the constitution who has power to declare war or conclude peace
 a. Defence minister
b. President
c. Parliament
d. PM and council of ministers
136. Bill passed by the parliament if it is sent for consideration of president he can
a. Sent it for reconsideration
b. He must sign the bill
c. He refuse to sign it
d. Make changes in it
137. Who will appoint the Attorney General of India
a. President
b. Chief justice of S C
c. PM
d. Law minister
138. Who is the chairman of planning commission
a. President
b. PM
c. Vice president
d. Planning minister
139. Who recommends for dissolution of lok sabha
a. Speaker
b. PM
c. Cabinet
d. Deputy speaker
140. Who is the key stone of cabinet arch
a. President
b. PM
c. Speaker
d. Vice president
141. Life of lok sabha can be extended during the time of emergency for period of
a. 2 years
b. 1 year
c. Three years
d. Six months
142. Comptroller and auditor general of India
a. Independent constitutional authority
b. Head of the treasury
c. Head of the finance dept.
d. None of them
143. Which of following is not a function of judicare
a. Arresting criminals
b. Guardian of rights of citizens
c. Issuing writs
d. Setting disputes between centre and states
144. Power of judicial review is the of
a. High court
b. Supreme court
c. District court
d. Lower court
145. judges of supreme court office until they attain the age
a. 62 years
b. 65 years
c. 60 years
d. 58 years
146. Write of certriorari is issued
a. When a person is illegally arrested
b. When search warrant is issued against a person
c. When judicial authority act in excesss of jurisdiction
d. For sardine a criminal
147. Writ of hebeas corpus is issued
a. When personal liberty is issued
b. To summon the detaining authority to appear before the court
c. When lower court exceed sits authority
d. To arrest a person
148. Disputes concerned to the election of the presidents a case can be field in
a. Parliament
b. Electron commission
c. Supreme court
d. High court
149. Supreme court of India consists of judges
a. 1+33
b. 15+1
c. 26
d. 1+25
150. Who is the final interpreter of the Indian constitution
a. Supreme court
b. President
c. Parliament
d. Law minister
151. The supreme court of India was established on
a. 26th nov 1950
b. 26th jan 1950
c. 26th nov 1949
d. 15th aug 1947
152. Judges of the supreme court can be removed on the ground of a proved misbehavior by
a. President
b. PM
c. Law minister
d. Parliament
153. To all the cases involving interpretation of constitution falls under
a. Apiculate traduction SC
b. Original traduction SC
c. Advisory traduction SC
d. Voluntary juridction SC
154. Who has power to increase the number of judges in SC
a. Parliament
b. President
c. PM
 d. Chief justice
155. How many judges of SC have been removed from office so far
a. 2
b. 1
c. 3
d. None
156. The framers of the constitution of India borrowed the idea of judicial review from constitution of
a. UK
b. USA
c. Canada
d. Switzerland
157. Judicial activism means
a. The power of the supreme court to step in voluntarily
b. Power SC to examine law of parliaments
c. This is a write issued by SC to interior court
d. A command directing a person who is in public office
158. Which of the following amendment curtailed the power of judicial review of the SC
th
a. 44
b. 42nd
c. 24th
d. 73rd
159. Attorney general of India is appointed by
a. President
b. Chief justice of FSC
c. PM
d. Law minister
160. Who is the chief legal adviser to govt of India
a. Comptoller and auditor general of India
b. Union law minister
c. Attorney general of India
d. Above all of them
161. Attorney general of India hold office
a. For life time
b. For six years
c. During the pleasure of president
d. Five years
162. Compotroller and auditor general of India is appointed by
a. Prime minister of India
b. President of India
c. Vice president of India
d. Cabinet
163. The report of the CAG laid before
a. Union cabinet
b. The president
c. Parliament
d. Public account committee
164. CAG enjoys same status as
a. Governer of state
b. Judge of supreme court
 c. Status of cabinet minister
d. Speaker
165. The salary and other condition of service of the CAG determined by
a. President of India
b. Parliament of India
c. Government of India
d. Speaker court of India
166. At present CAG receives salary of Rs
a. 250000
b. 300000
c. 5 lacks from consolidated fund of India
d. 4 lacks from concerned state government
167. CAG can be removed from office
a. Both houses of parliament
b. Supreme court of India
c. Speaker of lok sabha
d. Prime minister of India
168. The term of office of CAG is
a. 5 years
b. 6 years or 65 years of age
c. 60 years
d. During pleasure of parliament
169. Election commission of India is a
a. Constitutional body
b. Autonomous in character
c. Article 324 a single election commission
d. Multi member commission
170. The chief election commissioner and other members of election commission can be removed from
a. President
b. May be removed only in the like manner on like grounds as a judge of the SC
c. By impeachment by parliament
d. 2/3 majority of each houses
171. The term of office of the election commissioner and other members of the election commission is
a. Term has been determined by parliament
b. Hold office for a term of six years
c. Six years of term or 65 years age
d. Five years
172. When did NEP of India approved by the union cabinet
a. 1986
b. 29 july 2020
c. RTE Act 2009
d. 2023
173. What is the highlight of NEP 2020
a. Focus on early childhood care
b. Universal access at all levels of school education and teacher empowerment
c. Adoption of technology in teaching
d. Above all
174. NEP policy of 2020 emphasies languages policy
a. Mother tongue
 b. Local language
c. Three language policy
d. Will be choices of states
175. Sarva shiksha abhiyan
a. Govt of India program
b. Mandated by 86th can amendment
c. Makin education free and compulsory of 6-14 age groups
d. Above all
176. Objective of sarva shisha abhiyan
a. Universal access
b. Bridgeing gender gaps
c. Enhancement of if learning level of children
d. Above all
177. The 65 years old planning commission was replaced by
a. Regional council
b. NITI Aayog
c. Innovation Hub
d. Atal innovation missions
178. The NITI Aayog planning
a. 3 years action agenda
b. 7 years mediumstrategy paper
c. 15 years visions document
d. Above all
179. Main function of election commission
a. Demaracation of constituencies
b. Preparation of election oral rolls
c. Supervision and conduct of elections
d. Above all
180. Objective of Indian constitution.
a. Socialist
b. Sovereignty
c. Democratic
d. Above all
181. Obstacle to national integration
a. Communalism
b. Cassettes
c. Regionalism, economic inequalities
d. Above all