TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

Elevator, escalator, etc.

3.1 Elevators and 3.1.2 Types of Elevators
Dumbwaiters
1. Electric elevators
3.1.1 Definition of Elevator
Are generally used in buildings
where several peak periods of traffic
occur each day, (ie. In office
buildings, hospitals, apartment
buildings)
 Bulkhead Hoisting Machinery
Penthouse Control Panel
Top Car
Clearance
Driving Sheave
Idle Sheave

Hoistway
Machine Beam
Bank

Hoisting Cable
Landing
Guide Rail

Traveling Cable
Elevator Car Safety
Rise

Hoistway Door

Counterweight

Limit Switch

Elevator Pit Buffer

Bottom Car
Clearance
 2. Oil-hydraulic elevators
Car Frame
The structural steel
frame of an elevator
car to which are
attached the platform,
guide shoes, elevator
car safety, hoisting
cables and control
equipment

Lantern
A light, usually over the entrance to an
elevator on each floor of a multistory
building that signals the approach of the
elevator Annunciator
Machine Room A signaling apparatus in an
A room housing the elevator car or at a landing that
hoisting machinery, displays a visual indication of floor
control equipment, and landings
sheaves for raising and
lowering an elevator car Call Button
A pus button for requesting an
elevator
Door Interlock
A safety device for preventing the
operation of an elevator car unless
the hoistway door is locked in the
closed position
3.1.3 Parts of an Electric
Elevator
1. Shaft
vertical passageway for car and
counterweights.

2. Car
a cage of light metal supported on a
structural frame, the top member of
which the cables, that carry the car,
are fastened.

3. Cables
are the means for lifting or lowering
the car, usually 3 to 8 cables placed
in parallel fastened to top of car by
cable sockets passing over a motor
driven cylindrical sheave to the
counterweights.
4. Counterweights 9. Safety Devices
these are rectangular blocks of cast iron
stacked in one frame which is fastened to a) Main Brake
the opposite ends of the cables to which mounted directly on the shaft of the
the car is fastened. elevator machine.

5. Guide Rails b) Safety Switch

are vertical tracks that guide the car and is designed to stop an elevator car
the counterweights. automatically before car speed becomes
excessive. On overspeed, the speed
6. Machine Room governor will cut off power to the motor
a room usually placed directly above the and set the brake.
shaft in which the elevator machine is
housed. It contains the motor-generator
(MG) set which supplies energy to the
elevator machine, the control board and
the control equipment.

7. Elevator Machine
turns the sheave that lifts and lowers the
car.

8. Controls
a combination of push buttons, contacts, This usually stops the car, but should
relays, and devices, operated manually or speed still increase, the governor will
automatically to initiate door opening, actuate rail clamps mounted at the
starting acceleration, retardation, leveling bottom of the car one on each side. This
and stopping of the car. will clamp the guide rails bringing the car
to a switch stop.
c) Electric Final Limit Switches
are located a few feet below and above safe
travel limits of elevator car. If car over-travels,
either down or up, these switches de-
energizes the motor and sets the main brake.

d) Oil or Spring Buffers

are placed at the bottom of the elevator pit,
not to stop a falling car, but to bring it to a
partially cushion stop if the car should
overshoot the lower terminal.
3.1.4 Methods of Arranging 2) One-to-One Double Wrap
Traction Machine
Elevator Machines,
Sheaves and Ropes cables first wrap over the traction
sheave T, then around the
1) Single Wrap Traction Machine secondary or idler sheave S, and
once more going around T and S to
supporting cables pass over the the counterweights. This provides
sheave in grooves and connect to greater traction and is used in many
the counterweights. The lifting power automatic high-speed installations.
is exerted by the sheave through the
traction of the cables in the grooves.
3) Two-to-One Double Wrap 4) Underslung System
Traction Machine (for freight
elevators) is used where the elevator machine
is located at the basement.
This 2:1 roping, has a mechanical
advantage of 2, which results in a
high-speed, low-power and
therefore, low-cost traction machine.
3.1.5 Types of Elevator 2) Geared Traction Machine
Machines
this type of machine employs a
worm and gear between the driving
1) Gearless Traction Machine
motor and the sheave. It is
considered to be less superior to the
consists of a DC motor, the shaft of
gearless traction machine since it
which is directly connected to the
has more moving parts and requires
brake wheel and to the driving
more maintenance. Used for low
sheave. The elevator cables are
and medium speed passenger and
placed around this sheave. This type
freight elevators.
of machine is used for medium and
high speed elevators for office and
residential condominiums of 10
stories or more; where high speeds
and smooth quality operation are
desired.
3.1.6 Systems of Elevator 3) Electronic Group Supervisory
Dispatching and Control
Controls
this system is used to control not
only single elevators but an entire
1) Single Automatic Push Button
group or bank of cars. During peak
Control
periods, all cars are in operation;
this is the simplest of passenger
automatically, the system shuts
operated automatic control system.
down successively cars as the
It handles only one call at a time
number of passengers reduces and
providing an uninterrupted trip for
return them to service as the
each call.
number of passengers again
increases to a high peak.
2) Collective Control
control is arranged to collect all
The system of Otis Elevator
waiting up calls on the trip up and all
Company is called “autotronic
waiting down calls on the trip down.
elevatoring”. The system of
The control system, stalls all calls
Westinghouse Electric Co. is called
until they are answered and
the “selectomatic elevator system”.
automatically reverses the direction
of travel at the highest and the
lowest calls. When all calls have
been cleared, the car will remain at
the floor of its last stop awaiting the
next call.
3.1.7 Oil Hydraulic Elevators
also called plunger elevators. It is raised by means
of a movable rod nor plunger rigidly fixed to the
bottom of the car. The system is hydraulic and
operates the same way as a hydraulic automobile
rail
jack. Oil from a reservoir is pumped under the
plunger thereby raising it and the car. The pump is
stopped during downward motion, the car being
lowered by gravity and controlled by action of car
bypassed valves which also controls the
positioning of the car during the upward motion.
guide shoe
The absence of cables, drums, MG set and
penthouse equipment, makes this system
inexpensive and often the choice for low speed, plunger
low rise applications where construction of the
plunger pit does not present difficulties and where
absence of a penthouse is desirable.

motor

pump

buffer spring
3.1.8 Dumbwaiters
3.2 Escalators and 3.2.2 Parts of an Escalator
Conveyors Installation

3.2.1 Definition of Escalator 1) Truss

a welded steel frame which supports
used where large numbers of people are the moving stairway equipment. It
scattered throughout a given area and on comes in 3 sections: the middle
a large number of floors. These people straight section maybe of any
being interested in moving about almost desired length to provide rises of
constantly to various locations for short different heights.
periods of time. Thus traffic is constantly
on the move both up and down. Examples
are department stores and terminal
buildings.

Typical Specifications

Width of Escalator = 32” and 48”

Angle of inclination = 30 degrees
Length or run = variable
Speeds = 90 fpm and
120 fpm
2) Tracks
4) Controller
are steel angles attached to the
consists of contactors, relays and a
truss on which the step rollers are
circuit breaker. Usually located near
guided thus controlling the motion of
the drive machine, an emergency
the steps.
stop button wired to the controller
and placed in or near the escalator,
will stop the drive machine and
apply the brake. Key operated
control switches, at the top and
bottom newels, will start, stop, and
reverse the direction of travel of the
stairway.

5) Handrail and Balustrade

Assembly Rubber-
covered
handrail guide handrail

3) Sprocket Assemblies, Chains,

longitudinal cording
and Drive Machine
provide the motive power for the unit.
canvas layers
An emergency brake located on the
top sprocket will stop a loaded
escalator safely in the event of a
break in the chain. inside balustrade
3.2.3 Safety Features of 4) In case of over-speed or under-
speed, an automatic governor shuts
Escalators
down the escalator, prevents
reversal of direction and operates
1) Handrails and steps travel at the
the service brake.
same speed to ensure steadiness
and balance, and to aid naturally in
5) An emergency stop switch is
stepping on and off the comb plates.
located near the comb plate which
may be manually operated to stop
2) Steps are large, steady, and are
the escalator. The electric controls
designed to prevent from slipping.
are also designed to shut down the
stairway, if by some accident, it is
3) Automatic controls of a service
caused to reverse direction.
brake will bring the stairway to a
smooth stop, if electric power or
mechanical parts should fail.
Passengers would then walk the
steps as they would any stationary
stairway.
3.2.4 Fire Protection
Systems of Escalators
1) Rolling Shutter

This shuts off the well way at a given

floor, thus preventing draft and the
spread of fire upward through
escalator wells. The movement of
the shutter is actuated by
temperature and smoke relays.
2) Spray Nozzle Curtain

are closely spaced, high-velocity

water nozzles which will, in the case
of fire, form a compact water curtain
to prevent smoke and flame from
rising through the well ways.
Automatic thermal or smoke relays,
open all nozzles simultaneously.
3) Smoke Guard

consists of fire proof baffles surrounding the

well way, extending downward about 20”
below ceiling level. Smoke and flames rising
upwards, meet a curtain of water from
sprinkler heads surrounding the baffles,
which serves as a smoke and flame
deflector. Vertical shields between adjacent
sprinklers, ensure that the spray from one
will not cool the nearby thermal fuses and
prevent the opening of adjacent sprinklers.
4) Sprinkler Vent

Well way floor openings have a duct on each

floor equipped with a number of smoke pick
up relays. In case of fire, these relays
automatically start the fans in the fresh air
intake, located on the roof, driving air
downward through the well ways. Dangerous
gases and smoke are drawn in thru the ducts
and exhausted at the roof. The usual spray
nozzles on the ceiling around the stair well aid
in quenching the fire.
3.2.5 Moving Sidewalks or Types of installations
Electric Walks
• Horizontal or level
• Bi-level
While escalators are used to
• Overpass installation
transport people vertically, electric
• Underpass installation
walks are used to transport people
horizontally at any inclination from 0
deg to 15 deg.

Typical applications

For exhibit halls, where

management desires that persons
move smoothly through or pass a
particular area without stopping or
boarding.

For airport terminals.

Typical Specifications
Standard width = 27” and 36”
Speeds = 120 fpm and
180 fpm
People Mover
Any of various forms of mass transit, as
moving sidewalks or automated driverless
vehicles, used for shuttling people around
airports or in congested urban areas

Moving Sidewalk
A power-driven, continuously moving
surface, similar to a conveyor belt,
used for carrying pedestrians
horizontally or along low inclines

Inclined Lift
A platform mounted on a steel
guide rail and driven by an
electric motor used for raising
or lowering a person or moving
along a stairway. Also called a
stair lift
3.4 Provisions in the Cage/Cab
An enclosure for housing the operator
NBC Concerning and the hoisting mechanism, power plant
Transportation and equipment controlling a crane.
Systems Capacity of Works, Project or Plant
The total horsepower of all engines,
3.4.1 Definitions motors, turbines or other prime movers
installed, whether in operation or not.

Accidental Contact Car

Any inadvertent physical contact with The load carrying unit of an elevator
power transmission equipment, prime including its platform, frame, enclosure
movers, machines or machine parts and door or gate.
which could result from slipping, falling,
sliding, tripping or any other unplanned Crane
action or movement.
Means a machine for lifting or lowering a
load and moving it horizontally, the
Balustrades hoisting mechanism being an integral part
The frames on either side of the moving of the machine.
steps of an escalator.
Dumbwaiter
Buffer A hoisting and lowering mechanism
A device designed to stop a descending
equipped with a car not to exceed 3861
car or counterweight beyond its normal
sqcm in area and a maximum height of
limit of travel by absorbing and dissipating
1.20m, the capacity of which does not
the kinetic energy of the car or
exceed 277 kilos, used exclusively for
counterweight.
carrying materials.
Elevator otherwise removable doors or sections to
A hoisting and lowering mechanism permit inspection, lubrication or proper
equipped with a car or platform which maintenance.
moves in guides in a vertical direction
serving two or more floors of a building or Escalator
structure. Movement of the car may be A power driven, inclined, continuous
controlled by gravitational, manual or stairway for raising or lowering
mechanical power. passengers.

Elevator Landing Guarded

That portion of a floor, balcony or platform Shielded, fenced or otherwise protected
for loading or discharging passengers or by means of suitable enclosure guards,
freight to or from the elevator. covers or standard railings, so as to
preclude the possibility of accidental
Elevator Wire Ropes contact or dangerous approach to
Steel wire ropes attached to the car frame persons or objects.
or passing around sheaves attached to
the car frame from which Hoist
elevator/dumbwaiter cars and their An apparatus for raising or lowering a
counterweights are suspended. load by the application of a building force,
but does not include a car or platform. It
Enclosed may be base-mounted, hook suspension,
Means that the moving parts of a monorail, overhead, simple drum type or
machine are so guarded that physical trolley suspension.
contact by any part of the human body is
precluded or prevented. This does not Hoistway
however prohibit the use of hinged, A shaftway for the travel of one or more
sliding or elevators or dumbwaiters.
Machine Process Machine
The driven unit of an equipment. An equipment designed and operated for
a specific purpose.
Machine house
An enclosure for housing the hoisting Travelling Cable
mechanism and power plant. A cable made up of electric conductors
which provides electrical connection
Machine Parts between an elevator or dumbwaiter car
Any or all moving parts of a machine. and a fixed outlet in the hoistway.

Moving Walk
A type of horizontal passenger-carrying 3.4.2 Guarding of Moving
device on which passengers stand or
walk, with its surface remaining parallel to
and Dangerous Parts
its direction of motion and is uninterrupted.
All prime movers, machines and
Power Transmission Machinery machine parts, power transmission
A shaft, wheel, drum, pulley, system of equipment shall be so guarded,
fast and loose pulleys, coupling, clutch, shielded, fenced or enclosed to
driving belt, V-belt sheaves and belts, protect any person against exposure
chains and sprockets, gearing, torque to or accidental contact with
connectors, conveyors, hydraulic
couplings, magnetic couplings, speed
dangerous moving parts.
reducers or increasers or any device by
which the motion of an engine is
transmitted to or received by another
machine.
3.4.3 Cranes 4. A gong or other effective warning
device shall be mounted on each
cage or cab.
1. Access to the case or machine
house shall be by means of a
5. Temporary crane operation
conveniently placed stationary
without warning device may be
ladder, stairs or platforms requiring a
allowed provided there is a flagman
step-over that no gap exceeding 300
whose sole duty is to warn those in
mm is allowed.
the path of the crane or its load.
2. Adequate means shall be
6. The maximum rated load of all
provided for cranes having revolving
cranes shall be plainly marked on
cables or machine houses, to permit
each side of the crane. If the crane
the operator to enter or leave the
has more than one hoisting unit,
crane cab and reach the ground
each hoist shall have marked on it
safely, irrespective of its position.
or its load block, its rated capacity
clearly legible from the ground or
3. Cages, cabs or machine houses
floor.
on cranes shall be enclosed to
protect operator during inclement
weather.
3.4.4 Hoists 5. Each electric hoist motor shall be
provided with an electrically or
mechanically operated brake so
1. Operating control shall be plainly
arranged that the brake will be
marked to indicate the direction of
applied automatically when the
travel.
power is cut off from the hoist.
2. Each cage controlled hoist shall
be equipped with an effective
warning device. 3.4.5 Elevators

3. Each hoist designed to lift its load 1. Hoistways for elevators shall be
vertically shall have its rated load substantially enclosed throughout
legibly marked on the hoist or load their height, with no openings
block or at some easily visible space. allowed except for necessary doors,
windows or skylights.
4. A stop, which shall operate
automatically, shall be provided at 2. Ropes, wires or pipes shall not
each switch, dead end rail or be installed in hoistways, except
turntable to prevent the trolley when necessary for the operation of
running off when the switch is open. the elevators.
3. Hoistway pits shall be of such surface. The angle of inclination of
depth that when the car rests on the such ladder or stairs shall not
fully compressed buffers, a exceed 60º from the horizontal. This
clearance of not less than 600 mm room shall not be used as living
remains between the underside of quarters or depository of other
the car and the bottom of the pit. materials and shall be provided with
adequate ventilation.
4. When four or more elevators
serve all or the same portion of a 6. Minimum number of hoisting
building, they shall be located in not ropes shall be three (3) for traction
less than two (2) hoistways and in elevators and two (2) for drum.
no case shall more than four (4)
elevators be located in any one 7. The minimum diameter of
hoistway. hoisting and counterweight ropes
shall be 30 mm.
5. Where a machine room or
penthouse is provided at the top of a 8. Elevators shall be provided with
hoistway, it shall be constructed with overload relay and reverse polarity
sufficient room for repair and relay.
inspection. Access shall be by
means of an iron ladder or stairs 9. In high rise apartments or
when the room is more than 600 residential condominiums of more
mm above the adjacent floor or roof than five (5) stories, at least one
passenger elevator shall be kept on
24 hour constant service.
3.4.6 Escalators 5. The rated speed, measured
along the angle of inclination, shall
1. The angle of inclination of an be not more than 38 mpm.
escalator shall not exceed 30º from
the horizontal. 6. Starting switches shall be key
operated and located within sight of
2. The width between balustrades escalator steps.
shall not be less than 558 mm nor
more than 1.20 m. This width shall 7. Emergency buttons shall be
not exceed the width of the steps by conspicuously and accessibly
more than 330 mm. located at or near the top and
bottom landings but protected from
3. Solid balustrades of accidental contact.
incombustible material shall be
provided on each side of the moving
steps. If made of glass, it shall be of
tempered type glass.

4. Each balustrade shall be

provided with a handrail moving in
the same direction and at the same
speed as the steps.
END.