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L5 SMPS

Switching power supplies regulate output voltage within a tolerance for changing input voltage and load. They isolate outputs and can have multiple outputs. Flyback and forward converters are unidirectional topologies using a single switch. Push-pull and half/full bridge converters are bidirectional using two switches. Topologies differ in transformer winding configurations and switching schemes.

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Ayush Bhatt
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28 views

L5 SMPS

Switching power supplies regulate output voltage within a tolerance for changing input voltage and load. They isolate outputs and can have multiple outputs. Flyback and forward converters are unidirectional topologies using a single switch. Push-pull and half/full bridge converters are bidirectional using two switches. Topologies differ in transformer winding configurations and switching schemes.

Uploaded by

Ayush Bhatt
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Switching dc Power Supplies

Regulated output within a specified tolerance for change in input voltage


and output loading

Isolation may be required

Multiple output is desirable


Linear Power Supplies
Linear Power Supplies

Disadvantages
1. Low frequency transformer are larger in size and weight compared to high frequency
transformer
2. Transistor operates in active region resulting in power loss and efficiency 30-60%

Advantages
1. Simple circuitry hence low cost
2. Do not produce large EMI
Overview of Switching Power Supplies
Multiple outputs Switching Power Supplies
Advantages:

1. By avoiding operation of devices in active region significant reduction in power


losses. Efficiency 70-90%.
2. Large power handling capability of devices due to low losses
3. High frequency transformer has low weight and size

Disadvantages:

1. Complex circuitry
2. Higher EMI
Transformer Analysis
N1i1=N2i2
Energy associated with leakage inductance is to be
absorbed by the switches
Minimize the leakage inductance by tight coupling
Minimize the magnetizing current im that flows through
the switches
In Flyback converter, Lm low, the transformer is intended
to be a two-winding inductor (isolation +energy storage)
Classification on the basis of excitation
Unidirectional
1. Flyback (buck-boost)
2. Forward (buck)

Bidirectional
1. Push – pull (buck)
2. Half bridge (buck)
3. Full bridge (buck)
Flyback converter (Buck boost)
After ton, the energy stored in the
core (Lm) cause the current to flow
in the secondary winding through
the diode D

Voltage across secondary v2= -Vo


For 0 < t < ton
Vd
φ=
(t ) φ (0) + t
N1
Peak flux
Vd
φˆ φ (=
= ton) φ (0) + ton
N1
For ton < t < Ts
Vo
φˆ −
φ (t ) = (t − ton)
N2
Vo
φˆ −
φ (Ts ) = (Ts − ton)
N2
Vd Vo
φ (0) + ton −
= (Ts − ton)
N1 N2
Since the net change of flux through the core over one time period must be zero
φ (Ts ) = φ (0) Vo N 2 D
= Practice Vsw and Isw
Vd N 1 1 − D
Forward converter (Buck)
Switch ON, D1 FB and D2 RB

For 0 < t < ton


N2
=vL Vd − Vo
N1
For ton < t < Ts

vL = −Vo
Integral of inductor voltage over one time period is zero
Vo N 2
= D
Vd N 1

For practical forward converter the transformer magnetising current must be taken into
consideration else stored energy in core may damage the converter

A third demagnetising winding is required


Switch on,
v1 = Vd

Switch off,
i1 = −im The transformer demagentizes in time interval tm thus
N 2.i 2 = 0
N 1.i1 + N 3.i 3 = the average voltage across Lm will be zero
 N1  tm N 3
i3 =
N1
im and
N1 Vd . DTs +  − Vd  tm =0 = D
v1 = − Vd  N3  Ts N 1
N3 N3
tm N 3
= D max = 1 − D max
Ts N 1
Push – Pull Converter
Center-tapped secondary
allows one diode voltage drop

When T1 is ON, D1 conducts


and D2 RB
N2
voi = Vd
N1
voltage across inductor L Path for current due to
0 < t < ton leakage flux of transformer
N2
vL
= Vd − Vo
N1
During the interval ∆ both the switches
are OFF, the inductor current splits equally
between the two secondary half-windings
ton < t < ton + ∆ voi = 0
iL
vL = −Vo i=
D1 iD=
2
2
Since ton + ∆ =Ts/2, average inductor voltage
Vo N2 where 0 < D < 0.5
=2 D
Vd N1
PWM Scheme
Half-Bridge Converter
Capacitor C1 and C2 establish mid point
With T1 ON, 0 < t < ton
N 2 Vd N 2 Vd
voi = = vL − Vo
N1 2 N 1 2
During the interval ∆ both the switches
are OFF, the inductor current splits equally
between the two secondary half-windings
ton < t < ton + ∆ voi = 0

vL = −Vo
Since ton + ∆ =Ts/2, average inductor voltage

Vo N 2
= D where 0 < D < 0.5
Vd N 1
With T1, T2 ON, 0 < t < ton
Full-Bridge Converter
N2 N2
voi = Vd vL
= Vd − Vo
N1 N1
When the switch pair are off
ton < t < ton + ∆
During the interval ∆ both the switches
are OFF, the inductor current splits
equally between the two secondary Better for large power rating
half-windings
ton < t < ton + ∆ voi = 0
vL = −Vo
Since ton + ∆ =Ts/2, average inductor voltage
Vo N2 where 0 < D < 0.5
=2 D
Vd N1
For identical input and output voltage
and power rating
 N2   N2 
  = 2  
 N 1  HB  N 1  FB
( ISW ) HB = 2( ISW ) FB

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