Chapter 2 - Periodic Classification of Element

1. Rearrange the columns 2 and 3 so as to match with the column 1.

Column 1 Column 2 Column 3
i. Triad a. Lightest and negatively charged particle in all the 1. Mendeleev
ii. Octave atoms 2. Thomson
iii.Atomic number b. Concentrated mass and positive charge 3. Newlands
iv. Period c. Average of the first and the third atomic mass 4. Rutherford
v. Nucleus d. Properties of the eighth element similar to the first 5. Dobereiner
vi. Electron e. Positive charge on the nucleus 6. Moseley
f. Sequential change in molecular formulae

Solution:
Rearrange the columns 2 and 3 so as to match with the column 1.
Column 1 Column 2 Column 3
a. Average of the first and the third atomic mass
i. Triad 1. Dobereiner
b. Properties of the eighth element similar to the first
ii. Octave 2. Newlands
c. Positive charge on the nucleus
iii. Atomic number 3. Mendeleev
d. Sequential change in molecular formulae
iv. Period 4. Moseley
e. Concentrated mass and positive charge
v. Nucleus 5. Rutherford
f. Lightest and negatively charged particle in all the
vi. Electron 6. Thomson
atoms

2. Choose the correct option and rewrite the statement.

a. The number of electrons in the outermost shell of alkali metals is .....
(i) 1 (ii) 2 (iii) 3 (iv) 7

b. Alkaline earth metals have valency 2. This means that their position in the modern periodic
table is in ....
(i) Group 2 (ii) Group 16 (iii) Period 2 (iv) d-block

c. Molecular formula of the chloride of an element X is XCl. This compound is a solid having
high melting point.
Which of the following elements be present in the same group as X.
(i) Na (ii) Mg (iii) Al (iv) Si

d. In which block of the modern periodic table are the nonmetals found?
(i) s-block (ii) p-block
(iii) d-block (iv) f-block
3. An element has its electronic configuration as 2, 8, 2. Now answer the following question.
a. What is the atomic number of this element?
Solution: The atomic number of this element is 12.

b. What is the group of this element?

Solution: The group number of this element is second.

c. To which period does this element belong?

Solution: This element belongs to third period.

d. With which of the following elements would this element resemble? (Atomic numbers are
given in the brackets) N(7), Be(4), Ar(18), Cl(17)
Solution: This element resembles with Be(2).

4. Write down the electronic configuration of the following elements from the given atomic
numbers. Answer the following question with explanation.

a. Which of these elements belong to be period 3?

Solution: Electronic configuration of the following elements is:

Belong to the third period because according to their electronic configuration, each
element contains three shell i.e. K, L, M.

b. Which of these elements belong to the second group?

Solution: Electronic configuration of the following elements is:

belong to second group because these elements have 2 electrons in its outermost shell.

c. Which is the most electronegative element among these?

Solution: Electronic configuration of the following elements is:

is the most electronegative element among these because electronegativity increases as we

move from left to right in a period of the periodic table.
d. Which is the most electropositive element among these?
Solution: Electronic configuration of the following elements is:

is the most electropositive element among these because 4 Be, 6 C, 8 O, 5 B belong to same
period, but 13 Al belong to next period. According to the trend, electropositive character of an
elements increases as we move from top to bottom in a group of the periodic table. This happens as
the tendency of an atom to lose electrons increases due to increase in numbers of shell.

e. Which of these has largest atoms?

Solution:
Electronic configuration of the following elements is:

has largest size among these because according to the trend, atomic radius decreases as we
move from left to right in a period of the periodic table. The atomic number of elements increases
which means the number of protons and electrons in the atoms increases. Due to large positive
charge on the nucleus, the electrons are pulled closer to the nucleus and the size of atom decreases.

f. Which of these atoms has smallest atomic radius?

Solution:
Electronic configuration of the following elements is:

has smallest atomic radius because are present in same group 1 but Be is
present in group 2. According to the trend, as we move from left to right atomic size of an atoms
decreases. Due to large positive charge on the nucleus, the electrons are pulled closer to the nucleus
and the size of atom decreases.
g. Which of the elements has the highest metallic character?
Solution:
Electronic configuration of the following elements is:

has the highest metallic character because metallic character of an elements decreases as we
move from left to right in a modern periodic table. This happens as the tendency of an atom to lose
electrons decreases due to gradual increase in the number of protons and nuclear charge.

h. Which of the above elements has the highest nonmetallic character?

Solution:
Electronic configuration of the following elements is:

has the highest nonmetallic character because non-metallic character of an elements increases
as we move from left to right in a period of the periodic table. This happens as the tendency of an
atom to gain electrons increases due to increase in nuclear charge, the valence electrons are pulled
in strongly by the nucleus and it becomes easier for an atom to gain electrons.

Question:5
Write the name and symbol of the element from the description.

Solution:
a. The atom having the smallest size = Hydrogen (H)
b. The atom having the smallest atomic mass = Hydrogen (H)
c. The most electronegative atom = Fluorine (F)
d. The noble gas with the smallest atomic radius = Helium (He)
e. The most reactive non-metal = Fluorine (F)
6. Write short notes.
a. Mendeleev’s periodic law.
b. Structure of the modern periodic table.
c. Position of isotopes in the Mendeleev’s and the modern periodic table.

Solution:
a. Mendeleev’s periodic law.
 According to Mendeleev’s Periodic Law, “Physical and chemical properties of elements are
periodic function of their atomic masses”.
 Mendeleev classified elements according to their atomic masses and arranged these elements
in increasing order of their atomic masses.
 Mendeleev classified periodic table into horizontal rows and vertical coloumns. The horizontal
rows are called as periods and vertical columns are called groups. Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
contains seven horizontal rows and nine vertical columns.
 The elements with similar properties comes into same group.
 Mendeleev also left gaps in his periodic table for undiscovered elements like aluminum,
silicon and Boron in his periodic table and named them Eka-Aluminium, Eka-silicon and Eka-
Boron.
 Mendeleev not only predicted the existence of Eka-Aluminium, Eka-silicon and Eka-Boron
but also described the general physical properties of these elements.
 These elements discovered later and named as Gallium, Germanium and Scandium.
 Mendeleev's periodic table could predict the properties of several elements on the basis of their
position in the periodic table.
 Mendeleev's periodic table could accomodate noble gases when they were discovered.

b. Structure of the modern periodic table:

Periodic Table: It is the table of chemical elements arranged in order of atomic number such that
elements with similar atomic structure appear in the vertical columns.
The Modern periodic law states that The chemical and physical properties of elements are a
periodic function of their atomic numbers. Modern periodic table is based on the modern periodic
law.

Main features:
Groups - There are 18 vertical columns in the periodic table. Each column is called a group. All
elements in a group have similar chemical and physical properties because they have the same
number of valence electrons.
Periods - In periodic table elements are arranged in a series of rows. Elements of the same
period have the same number of electron shells.
Classification of elements:
 Group 1 contains alkali metals (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs and Fr).
 The alkaline earth metals are metallic elements found in the group 2 of the periodic table.
 Elements present in groups 3 to 12 in the middle of the periodic table are called transition
elements. In the transition elements, valence electrons are present in more than one shell.
  Group 18 on extreme right side position contains noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn).
Their outermost shell contains 8 electrons except He as its outermost shell is K shell and it can
hold only 2 electrons.
 Inner transition elements:
1. 14 elements with atomic numbers 58 to 71 (Ce to Lu) are called lanthanides and they are placed
along with the element lanthanum (La), atomic number 57 in the same position (group 3 in period
6) because of very close resemblance between them.
2. 14 elements with atomic numbers 90 to 103 (Th to Lr) are called actinides and they are placed
along with the element actinium (Ac), atomic number 89 in the same position (group 3 in period 7)
because of very close resemblance between them.

c. Position of isotopes in the Mendeleev’s and the modern periodic table:

Isotopes: Isotopes are the atoms having same atomic number but different atomic masses.
Therefore, according to Mendeleev’s classification these should be placed at different places
depending upon their atomic masses.

For example, hydrogen isotopes with atomic masses 1,2 and 3 should be placed at three places.
However, isotopes have not been given separate places in the periodic table because of their similar
properties. So this was drawback of Mendeleev's periodic table as he could not explained the
position of isotopes.
Modern periodic table is based upon arrangement of the elements on the basis of their atomic
number. So that, all the isotopes of hydrogen should be placed at same place depending upon their
atomic number.

7. Write scientific reasons.

a. Atomic radius goes on decreasing while going from left to right in a period.
Solution:
Atomic radius goes on decreasing while going from left to right in a period because atomic number
of theelements increases which means the number of protons and electrons in the atoms increases
(the extra electrons being added to the same shell). Due to large positive charge on the nucleus, the
electrons are pulled closer to the nucleus and the size of an atom decreases.

b. Metallic character goes on decreasing while going from left to right in a period.
Solution:
Metallic character goes on decreasing while going from left to right in a period because the tendency
of atoms ofthe elements to lose electrons(or gain electrons) changes in a period. As we move from
left to right in a period, the nuclear charge increases due to gradual increase in the number of
protons. Due to the increase in nuclear charge, the valence electrons are pulled strongly by the
nucleus and it becomes difficult for the atoms to lose electrons.
Hence, metallic character decreases.
c. Atomic radius goes on increasing down a group.
Solution:
Atomic radius increases as we move from top to bottom in a group of the periodic table because a
new shell ofelectrons is added to the atoms at every step. As the number of shells in the atoms
increases gradually due to which the size of atoms also increases. As the size of the atoms increases
which leads to increase in atomic radius of an atom.

d. Elements belonging to the same group have the same valency.

Solution:
Elements belong to the same group have the same valency because the number of valence electrons
in a groupis same due to which the tendency of an atom to lose or gain electrons in order to attain
nearest noble gas configuration is also same.

e. The third period contains only eight elements even through the electron capacity of the
third shell is 18.
Solution:
The third period contains only eight elements even through the electron capacity of the third shell
is 18 becausewhen the other shells get filled and the resultant no of electrons becomes eighteen, it
gets added up and settles in the third electron shell and three shells is acquired by fourth period.

8. Write the names from the description.

Solution:
a. The period with electrons in the shells K, L and M is Third period.
b. The group with valency zero is Group18.
c. The family of nonmetals having valency one is Halogen.
d. The family of metals having valency one is Alkali metals.
e. The family of metals having valency two is Alkaline earth metals.
f. The metalloids in the second and third periods are Boron and Silicon, respectively.
g. Nonmetals in the third period are Sulphur and Chlorine.
h. Two elements having valency 4 are Carbon and Silicon.