QB 2 Marker
QB 2 Marker
1. Define Data mining What are the other terminologies referring to data mining?
Data mining refers to the process of discovering useful and actionable patterns, relationships,
or insights from large volumes of data. It involves various techniques from statistics, machine
learning, and database systems to extract valuable information that might otherwise remain
hidden within the data. The ultimate goal of data mining is to transform raw data into
meaningful knowledge that can be used for decision-making, prediction, and optimization.
Other terminologies often used interchangeably with data mining or related to the
concept include:
1. Purpose: Data mining tools are primarily used for discovering patterns,
relationships, trends, and insights from large datasets. They aim to extract
valuable knowledge and information that might not be immediately apparent
through conventional analysis.
2. Functionality: Data mining tools employ advanced algorithms and techniques
to analyze data and identify hidden patterns. They often involve techniques
like clustering, classification, regression, association rule mining, and anomaly
detection.
3. Application: Data mining is extensively used in various domains such as
marketing, finance, healthcare, and fraud detection. It helps in making
informed decisions, predicting future trends, and understanding customer
behavior.
4. Examples:
RapidMiner
IBM SPSS Modeler
KNIME
Weka
Orange
Query Tools:
1. Purpose: Query tools are primarily used for retrieving, manipulating, and
managing data stored in databases. They provide an interface for users to interact
with databases, pose questions (queries), and extract specific data subsets.
2. Functionality: Query tools allow users to write and execute queries in languages
like SQL (Structured Query Language) to retrieve information from databases.
Users can perform operations like selecting specific columns, filtering rows,
sorting results, and aggregating data.
3. Application: Query tools are used by database administrators, analysts, and
programmers to extract data for reporting, analysis, and application development.
They play a crucial role in data retrieval and manipulation tasks.
4. Examples:
SQL-based database management systems like MySQL, PostgreSQL,
Microsoft SQL Server, and Oracle Database come with built-in query
tools.
Business intelligence tools like Tableau, Microsoft Power BI, and
QlikView also offer query capabilities for interactive data exploration
and visualization.
In summary, data mining tools focus on uncovering patterns and insights in large
datasets, while query tools are used for retrieving and manipulating data stored in
databases. Both types of tools serve different purposes within the broader context of
data analysis and management.
1. Problem Definition: Clearly define the problem or goal of the data mining
project. Understand what insights or knowledge you want to gain from the
data.
2. Data Collection: Gather relevant data from various sources, which could
include databases, files, web scraping, APIs, and more. Ensure that the data
collected is comprehensive and appropriate for the analysis.
3. Data Preparation:
Data Cleaning: Identify and handle missing values, outliers, and
inconsistencies in the data.
Data Integration: Combine data from different sources into a consistent
format.
Data Transformation: Convert and standardize data into a suitable
format for analysis (e.g., normalization, scaling).
Data Reduction: Reduce the dimensionality of the data while preserving
its important characteristics (e.g., feature selection, dimensionality
reduction techniques).
4. Data Exploration: Perform exploratory data analysis to understand the basic
statistics, patterns, and relationships within the data. Visualization techniques
are often used in this step to gain insights.
5. Feature Engineering: Create new features or transform existing ones to
improve the quality of input data for modeling. This step aims to enhance the
predictive power of the features.
6. Modeling: Select appropriate data mining algorithms or techniques based on
the problem type (classification, regression, clustering, etc.). Train models
using the prepared and transformed data.
7. Model Evaluation: Assess the performance of the trained models using
relevant evaluation metrics. This step helps determine how well the models
generalize to new, unseen data.
8. Model Selection: Choose the best-performing model based on evaluation
results. This may involve comparing multiple models and selecting the one
that suits the problem and data characteristics.
9. Model Deployment: Implement the selected model into a real-world
application or system. This could involve integrating the model into a software
environment for automated decision-making.
10. Results Interpretation: Analyze the insights generated by the model in the
context of the problem. Interpret the results to extract meaningful conclusions
and actionable recommendations.
11. Iteration and Refinement: Data mining is often an iterative process. If the
results are not satisfactory, you may need to revisit earlier steps to refine the
data, models, or assumptions.
12. Communication: Communicate the findings, insights, and recommendations
to stakeholders. This could involve creating reports, visualizations, or
presentations to effectively convey the results.
1. Classification Techniques:
Decision Trees: Hierarchical structures that make a sequence of
decisions to classify instances into predefined classes.
Naive Bayes: A probabilistic method based on Bayes' theorem that
predicts the class of an instance.
Support Vector Machines (SVM): Separates data into different classes
using hyperplanes in a high-dimensional space.
K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN): Assigns a class to an instance based on
the classes of its nearest neighbors in feature space.
Neural Networks: Deep learning models that learn complex
relationships between inputs and outputs.
2. Regression Techniques:
Linear Regression: Models the relationship between dependent and
independent variables using a linear equation.
Polynomial Regression: Extends linear regression by using higher-order
polynomial equations.
Ridge Regression and Lasso: Techniques that mitigate overfitting in
regression models.
Support Vector Regression (SVR): Extends SVM to predict continuous
values.
Decision Trees for Regression: Decision trees used for predicting
continuous values instead of classes.
3. Clustering Techniques:
K-Means: Divides data into clusters based on similarity, with each
cluster having a centroid.
Hierarchical Clustering: Creates a tree of clusters, representing a
hierarchy of data grouping.
DBSCAN (Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise):
Clusters data based on density and can identify outliers as noise.
Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM): Represents data as a mixture of
several Gaussian distributions.
4. Association Rule Mining:
Apriori Algorithm: Discovers frequent itemsets and association rules in
transactional datasets.
FP-Growth Algorithm: Efficiently mines frequent patterns using a tree
structure.
5. Anomaly Detection Techniques:
Isolation Forest: Detects anomalies by isolating instances in random
subsets of the data.
One-Class SVM: Trains a model to identify normal instances, allowing
the detection of anomalies.
Autoencoders: Neural network architectures used for dimensionality
reduction and anomaly detection.
6. Dimensionality Reduction Techniques:
Principal Component Analysis (PCA): Reduces the dimensionality of
data while preserving its variability.
t-SNE (t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding): Visualizes high-
dimensional data in lower dimensions, preserving local structures.
7. Text Mining Techniques:
Natural Language Processing (NLP): Techniques for processing and
analyzing text data.
Sentiment Analysis: Determines the sentiment (positive, negative,
neutral) of text.
Text Classification: Categorizes text into predefined classes.
8. Time Series Analysis:
ARIMA (AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average): Models and
forecasts time series data.
LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory): A type of recurrent neural network
for time series prediction.
7. Define clustering.
Clustering is a data mining technique used to group a set of similar data points or
objects into clusters, where objects within the same cluster are more similar to each
other than to those in other clusters. The goal of clustering is to find patterns and
structures within the data, such as grouping similar items together, even when the
specific categories or labels are not known beforehand.
In other words, clustering aims to discover inherent structures in the data without
prior knowledge of the classes or categories the data might belong to. Clustering can
be used for various purposes, including exploratory data analysis, customer
segmentation, image compression, and anomaly detection.
8. Define regression.
Regression is a statistical analysis technique used in data mining and machine
learning to model the relationship between a dependent variable (also known as
the target or outcome variable) and one or more independent variables (also
known as predictor variables or features). The goal of regression is to
understand and predict the value of the dependent variable based on the values
of the independent variables.
1. Antecedent: This is the set of items or events that are present or observed. It
represents the condition or premise of the rule.
2. Consequent: This is the item or event that is predicted or inferred based on
the antecedent. It's the outcome or result of the rule.
Association rules are often written in the form: Antecedent → Consequent, where the
arrow indicates an implication or relationship between the two sets of items.
Here is a table summarizing the key differences between supervised learning and
unsupervised learning:
Labeled
Yes No
data
Goal Predict output value Find patterns in data
It is a critical step in the data analysis process, as it ensures that the data is accurate
and reliable. Data cleaning can be a time-consuming and challenging task, but it is
essential to ensure the quality of the data.
Here are some of the common problems that need to be addressed in data cleaning:
Missing values: This is when a value is missing from a record. This can
happen for a variety of reasons, such as a data entry error or a system crash.
Inaccurate values: This is when a value is incorrect. This can happen due to
human error, equipment malfunction, or data corruption.
Duplicate records: This is when there are two or more records that contain the
same data. This can happen due to data entry errors or system problems.
Outliers: These are data points that are significantly different from the rest of
the data. Outliers can be caused by data entry errors, measurement errors, or
natural variation.
Inconsistent data formats: This is when the data is stored in different formats.
This can make it difficult to analyze the data.
There are a variety of methods for pattern evaluation, each with its own strengths
and weaknesses. Some of the most common methods include:
Support: This is the percentage of the data that contains the pattern. A high
support indicates that the pattern is common, while a low support indicates
that the pattern is rare.
Confidence: This is the probability that a data point that contains the pattern
also belongs to the target class. A high confidence indicates that the pattern is
a good predictor of the target class, while a low confidence indicates that the
pattern is not a good predictor.
Lift: This is the ratio of the probability that a data point contains the pattern
and belongs to the target class to the probability that a data point belongs to
the target class. A high lift indicates that the pattern is a strong predictor of the
target class.
Interestingness: This is a subjective measure of the usefulness and
importance of a pattern. It is often based on the business context of the data.
Descriptive and predictive data mining are two of the most common types of data
mining. They are both used to find patterns in data, but they have different goals.
Descriptive data mining is used to describe the data and identify patterns and
relationships. It can be used to answer questions such as:
Predictive data mining is used to make predictions about future events. It can be
used to answer questions such as:
Predictive data mining uses statistical models and machine learning algorithms to
identify patterns in the data that can be used to make predictions. The accuracy of
the predictions will depend on the quality of the data and the complexity of the
model.
Predictive data mining can be used to make decisions about business, finance,
healthcare, and other areas. It can also be used to improve customer service and to
prevent fraud.
Here are some of the most common types of data mining systems:
Classification systems: Classification systems are used to assign data points
to a predefined set of categories. For example, a classification system could
be used to classify emails as spam or not spam.
Clustering systems: Clustering systems are used to group data points
together based on their similarity. For example, a clustering system could be
used to group customers together based on their purchase behavior.
Association rule mining systems: Association rule mining systems are used to
find relationships between different items in a dataset. For example, an
association rule mining system could be used to find rules such as "people
who buy milk also tend to buy bread".
Sequential pattern mining systems: Sequential pattern mining systems are
used to find patterns in sequences of data points. For example, a sequential
pattern mining system could be used to find patterns such as "people who buy
milk are more likely to buy bread in the next purchase".
Outlier detection systems: Outlier detection systems are used to identify data
points that are significantly different from the rest of the data. For example, an
outlier detection system could be used to identify fraudulent transactions.
21. Mention the difference between Data Mining and Machine learning?
Data mining and machine learning are both fields of computer science that deal with
extracting knowledge from data. However, there are some key differences between
the two:
Here is a table summarizing the key differences between data mining and machine
learning:
Discover patterns in
Goal Build predictive models
data
Level of
Low to high High
automation
The training data is too small. When the training data is small, the model does
not have enough information to learn the underlying patterns. As a result, it
may try to fit the noise and irrelevant details in the data, leading to overfitting.
The model is too complex. A complex model has more parameters that can
be adjusted to fit the training data. This makes it more likely that the model will
learn the noise and irrelevant details in the data, leading to overfitting.
The model is trained for too long. As the model is trained, it continues to learn
the training data. If the model is trained for too long, it may start to learn the
noise and irrelevant details in the data, leading to overfitting.
Use a larger training dataset. A larger training dataset will give the model
more information to learn the underlying patterns, making it less likely to
overfit.
Use a simpler model. A simpler model has fewer parameters that can be
adjusted, making it less likely to learn the noise and irrelevant details in the
data.
Early stopping. Early stopping is a technique that stops training the model
before it has a chance to overfit the training data. This can be done by
monitoring the performance of the model on a holdout dataset, and stopping
training when the performance on the holdout dataset starts to decrease.
Here are some of the most popular machine learning algorithm techniques:
In machine learning, a training set is a set of data that is used to train a machine
learning model. The model is then tested on a test set, which is a set of data that
was not used to train the model.
The purpose of the training set is to teach the model how to make predictions. The
model learns by finding patterns in the data. The more data the model has to learn
from, the better it will be able to make predictions.
The purpose of the test set is to evaluate the performance of the model. The model
is not allowed to see the test set during training, so it is a fair way to measure how
well the model can generalize to new data.
The training set and test set should be representative of the data that the model will
be used on in the real world. If the training set is not representative, the model may
not be able to make accurate predictions on new data.
28. What is classifier in machine learning?
n machine learning, a classifier is a model that is used to classify data points into
different categories. For example, a classifier could be used to classify emails as
spam or not spam, or to classify images as cats or dogs.
Classifiers are typically trained on a set of labeled data, which means that each data
point in the set has a known category. The classifier learns to identify the patterns
that distinguish the different categories, and then uses these patterns to classify new
data points.
There are many different types of classifiers, each with its own strengths and
weaknesses. Some of the most common types of classifiers include:
Decision trees: Decision trees are a simple but powerful type of classifier.
They work by splitting the data into smaller and smaller groups until each
group belongs to a single category.
Support vector machines: Support vector machines are a more complex type
of classifier that can be used to classify data points into two or more
categories. They work by finding the hyperplane that best separates the data
points into the different categories.
K-nearest neighbors: K-nearest neighbors is a simple but effective type of
classifier that works by finding the k most similar data points to a new data
point, and then assigning the new data point to the category of the most
similar data points.
Naive Bayes: Naive Bayes is a simple but effective type of classifier that
works by assuming that the features of a data point are independent of each
other.
The best type of classifier to use will depend on the specific problem that you are
trying to solve. Some factors to consider include the size and complexity of the data
set, the number of categories, and the desired accuracy of the predictions.
Image processing: This is the field of computer science that deals with the
analysis and manipulation of digital images. Pattern recognition techniques
are used in image processing for tasks such as object detection, face
recognition, and medical image analysis.
Speech recognition: This is the field of computer science that deals with the
automatic recognition of human speech. Pattern recognition techniques are
used in speech recognition for tasks such as transcribing audio recordings
and controlling devices with voice commands.
Natural language processing: This is the field of computer science that deals
with the interaction between computers and human (natural) languages.
Pattern recognition techniques are used in natural language processing for
tasks such as text classification, machine translation, and question answering.
Biometrics: This is the field of computer science that deals with the automatic
identification of individuals based on their physical or behavioral
characteristics. Pattern recognition techniques are used in biometrics for tasks
such as fingerprint identification, face recognition, and iris recognition.
Medical diagnosis: This is the process of identifying a disease or medical
condition based on a patient's symptoms and medical history. Pattern
recognition techniques are used in medical diagnosis for tasks such as
classifying tumors, detecting heart disease, and predicting the risk of stroke.
Fraud detection: This is the process of identifying fraudulent transactions,
such as credit card fraud or insurance fraud. Pattern recognition techniques
are used in fraud detection for tasks such as identifying suspicious patterns in
financial transactions and detecting fake documents.
Robotics: This is the field of engineering that deals with the design,
construction, operation, and application of robots. Pattern recognition
techniques are used in robotics for tasks such as object recognition,
navigation, and obstacle avoidance.
Self-driving cars: Self-driving cars are vehicles that can navigate and operate
without human input. Pattern recognition techniques are used in self-driving
cars for tasks such as object detection, lane detection, and traffic sign
recognition.
Model selection in machine learning is the process of choosing the best model for a
given problem. This can be a complex task, as there are many different factors to
consider, such as the type of data, the desired accuracy, and the computational
resources available.
There are two main approaches to model selection: parametric and nonparametric.
Parametric models make assumptions about the underlying distribution of the data,
while nonparametric models do not.
Parametric models are typically easier to train and interpret, but they can be less
accurate if the assumptions about the data are not met. Nonparametric models are
more flexible and can be more accurate, but they can be more difficult to train and
interpret.
31. What is ensemble learning?
Ensemble learning is a machine learning technique that combines multiple models to
create a more accurate and robust model than any of the individual models could be.
The idea is that by combining the predictions of multiple models, we can reduce the
variance and bias of the predictions, resulting in a more accurate model overall.
There are many different ensemble learning algorithms, but some of the most
common include:
The goal of a big data approach is to extract value from large data sets that
would be difficult or impossible to analyze using traditional methods. This
value can be used to make better decisions, improve efficiency, and
identify new opportunities.
There are many different big data approaches, but some of the most
common include:
The best cross-validation technique to use depends on the size and nature of the
data set, as well as the complexity of the model. In general, k-fold cross-validation is
a good choice for most data sets. However, if the data set is small or stratified, then
stratified k-fold cross-validation may be a better choice. If the data set is very large,
then leave-p-out cross-validation or leave-one-out cross-validation may be a better
choice.
Reporting and analysis are often used together to gain a deeper understanding of
data. Reports can be used to identify areas that need to be analyzed, and analysis
can be used to generate insights that can be communicated in reports.
Cloud computing is a great way to save money and improve efficiency, but it's not
without its drawbacks. Here are some of the most common drawbacks of cloud
computing:
There are many different resampling techniques, each with its own advantages and
disadvantages. Some of the most common resampling techniques include:
The best resampling technique to use will depend on the specific problem that you
are trying to solve. Some factors to consider include the size of the dataset, the
desired accuracy, and the computational resources available.
The map procedure is called once for each input record. The reduce procedure is
called once for each group of output records produced by the map procedure. The
output of the reduce procedure is a single record for each group of output records.
MapReduce is a popular programming model for processing large data sets because
it is scalable, fault-tolerant, and easy to use. It is scalable because it can be easily
distributed across a cluster of computers. It is fault-tolerant because it can continue
to operate even if some of the computers in the cluster fail. It is easy to use because
it is based on a simple programming model.