08 CNC and Gcode
08 CNC and Gcode
08 CNC and Gcode
ARCHITETTURA E
PROGRAMMAZIONE SISTEMI PER
MOTION CONTROL
MARCO
SILVESTRI
LEZIONE 08
NC and CNC machines and
Control Programming
History of CNC (Computer Numerical Control)
1949
US Air Force asks MIT to develop a "numerically controlled"
machine.
1952
Prototype NC machine demonstrated (punched tape input)
1980-
CNC machines (computer used to link directly to controller)
1990-
DNC: external computer “drip feeds” control programmer
to machine tool controller
(Distributed Numerical Control)
Motivation and uses
- Easier to program;
- Easy storage of existing programs;
- Easy to change a program
- Avoids human errors
- NC machines are safer to operate
- Complex geometry is produced as cheaply as simple ones
- Usually generates closer tolerances than manual machines
NC machines
Motion control is done by: servo-controlled motors
Table
Leadscrew
Encoder A/C Motor
~
Servo Controller
Counter Comparator
Controller components:
1. Data Processing Unit (DPU)
2. Control-Loops Unit (CLU)
Controller components
Data Processing Unit:
Input device [RS-232 port/ Tape Reader/ Punched Tape Reader]
Data Reading Circuits and Parity Checking Circuits
Decoders to distribute data to the axes controllers.
- What are the cutting conditions (speed, feed, coolant ON/OFF etc)
Dimension Words:
X–
Y–
Z–
Word Address 1
• N – Sequence or line number
• A tag that identifies the beginning of a block of
code. It is used by operators to locate specific lines of a
program when entering data or verifying the program
operation.
• G – Preparatory function
• G words specify the mode in which the milling
machine is to move along its programmed axes.
Word Address 2
• Dimension Words
X – Distance or position in X direction
Y – Distance or position in Y direction
Z – Distance or position in Z direction
• M – Miscellaneous functions
• M words specify CNC machine functions not
related to dimensions or axial movements.
Word Address 3
• F – Feed rate (inches per minute or millimeters per
minute)
• Rate at which cutting tool moves along an axis.
• T – Tool number
• Specifies tool to be selected.
Word Address 4
• I – Circular cutting reference for x axis
• Two methods:
• Linear interpolation – cut a path along a
specified angle at a specified feed rate.
• Circular interpolation – cut a path along an arc
or circle at a specified feed rate.
Manual Part Programming Example
5”
2.5”
p4
p2 p3 p5
1”
(4, 4)
p1 Motion of tool:
p0 → p1 → p2 → p3 → p4 → p5 → p1 → p0
p0 (2, 2)
1. Set up the programming paramete
5”
2.5”
p4
p2 p3 p5
1”
Programming in inches
5”
Use absolute coordinates
Feed in ipm
45°
N010 G70 G90 G94 G97 M04
(4, 4)
p1
Spindle speed in rpm
p0 (2, 2)
Spindle CCW
2. Set up the machining conditions
5”
2.5”
p4
p2 p3 p5
1”
Machine moves in XY-plane
Spindle speed
45°
N020 G17 G75 F6.0 S300 T1001 M08
(4, 4)
p1
Tool no.
p0 (2, 2)
Flood coolant ON
3. Move tool from p0 to p1 in straigh
5”
2.5”
p4
p2 p3 p5
Linear interpolation
1”
target coordinates
45°
(4, 4)
p1
p0 (2, 2)
4. Cut profile from p1 to p2
5”
2.5”
p4
p2 p3 p5
1”
Linear interpolation
5” target coordinates
p0 (2, 2)
target coordinates
1”
5”
y = 9 + 0.125 = 9.125
(6.5 - x)2 + 0.1252 = (1 - 0.125)2
x = 5.634
45° p3
(x, y)
(4, 4)
p1 (6.5, 9)
.125
p0 (2, 2)
1”
6. Cut along circle from p3 to p4
5”
2.5”
p4
p2 p3 p5
1”
5”
target coordinates
p0 (2, 2)
7. Cut from p4 to p5
5”
2.5”
p4
p2 p3 p5
1”
5”
Linear interpolation
(4, 4)
N070 G01 X9.302
p1
p0 (2, 2)
8. Cut from p5 to p1
5”
2.5”
p4
p2 p3 p5
1”
5”
Linear interpolation
p0 (2, 2)
9. Return to home position,
stop program
5”
2.5”
p4
p2 p3 p5
1”
Linear interpolation
end of data
45°
N100 M00
(4, 4)
p1 program stop
p0 (2, 2)
Axis movements: Caution!
Multiple axis movements are possible.
“Best Practice” is NOT to make a 3-axis
movement using one line of code.
Move to position using two axes, X,Y;
then move the Z with an additional
line of code.
PROGRAM ANALYSIS
G21 T3 F5
G0 X0 Y0 Z0
G1 X5 Y5 Z-5
G1 X10 Y10 Z0
G0 Z1
G0 X0
G0 Z0
G1 X5 Y5 Z-5
G1 X10 Y0 Z0
G0 Z1
G0 X5
G0 Z0
G1 Y5 Z-5
G1 Y10 Z0
G0 Z1
G0 X0 Y5
G0 Z0
G1 X5 Z-5
G1 X10 Z0
G0 Z0
PROGRAM ANALYSIS
G21 T3 F5
G0 X0 Y0 Z0
G1 X5 Y5 Z-5
G1 X10 Y10 Z0
PROGRAM ANALYSIS
G21 T3 F5
G0 X0 Y0 Z0
G1 X5 Y5 Z-5
G1 X10 Y10 Z0
G0 Z1
G0 X0
G0 Z0
PROGRAM ANALYSIS
G21 T3 F5
G0 X0 Y0 Z0
G1 X5 Y5 Z-5
G1 X10 Y10 Z0
G0 Z1
G0 X0
G0 Z0
G1 X5 Y5 Z-5
G1 X10 Y0 Z0
PROGRAM ANALYSIS
G21 T3 F5
G0 X0 Y0 Z0
G1 X5 Y5 Z-5
G1 X10 Y10 Z0
G0 Z1
G0 X0
G0 Z0
G1 X5 Y5 Z-5
G1 X10 Y0 Z0
G0 Z1
G0 X5
G0 Z0
G1 Y5 Z-5
G1 Y10 Z0
G0 Z1
G0 X0 Y5
G0 Z0
G1 X5 Z-5
G1 X10 Z0
G0 Z0
EXERCISE
G21 T3 F5
G0 X0 Y0 Z0
G1 X5 Y5 Z-5
G1 X10 Y10 Z0
G0 Z1
Modify the program to
G0 X0
G0 Z0
obtain:
G1 X5 Y5 Z-5
G1 X10 Y0 Z0
G0 Z1
G0 X5
G0 Z0
G1 Y5 Z-5
G1 Y10 Z0
G0 Z1
G0 X0 Y5
G0 Z0
G1 X5 Z-5
G1 X10 Z0
G0 Z0
EXERCISE
G21 T3 F5
G0 X0 Y0 Z0
G1 X5 Y5 Z-5
G1 X10 Y10 Z0
G0 Z1
Modify the program to
G0 X0
G0 Z0
obtain:
G1 X5 Y5 Z-5
G1 X10 Y0 Z0
G0 Z1
G0 X5
G0 Z0
G1 Y5 Z-5
G1 Y10 Z0 G0 X0 Y0 Z0
G0 Z1 G1 Z-1
G0 X0 Y5 G1 X10
G0 Z0 G1 Y10
G1 X5 Z-5 G1 X0
G1 X10 Z0 G1 Y0
G0 Z0 G0 Z0
EXERCISE
Create the path with:
▪ Absolute coordinates
▪ Incremental coordinates
EXERCISE
Create the path with:
▪ Absolute coordinates
G90 G01 X0 Y0
X50.0
X70.0 Y35.0
X45.0
X0 Y80.0
Y0
M30
EXERCISE
Create the path with:
▪ Incremental coordinates
G91 G01 X0 Y0
X50.0
X20.0 Y35.0
X-25.0
X-45.0 Y45.0
Y-80.0
M30
EXERCISE
CNC milling program. Use G-code G02 circular interpolation milling
programming.
EXERCISE
CNC milling program. Use G-code G02 circular interpolation milling
programming.
Origin
(0,0)
.125 GRID
Worksheet Problem 1 SPACES
D( , ) I( , ) J( , )
B( , ) K( , )
L( , )
E( , )
A( , )
F( , )
C( , )
H( , ) G( , )
Origin
(0,0)
Example 1: Program NC
N01 G90 G80 T00
N02 G00 X0 Y3.000 Z1.000
N03 M03 S1000
Example 1: Program NC
N01 G90 G80 T00
N02 G00 X0 Y3.000 Z1.000
N03 M03 S1000
N04 X.375 Y.250 Z1.000
N05 Z.100
N06 G01 Z-.100 F5.00
N07 Y1.750
Example 1: Program cont’d
N08 X1.250 Y.250
N09 Y1.750
N10 G00 Z.100
N11 X2.625 Y.500
N12 GO1 Z-.100
N13 X2.375 Y2.50
N14 X2.000
Example 1: Program cont’d
N15 X1.750 Y.500
N16 Y1.500
N17 X2.000 Y1.750
N18 X2.375
N19 X2.625 Y1.500
Example 1, con.,
N20 G00 Z1.000
N21 X0 Y3.000
N22 M05
N23 M30
Example 2: PLTW Block
.250 GRID
Worksheet Problem 2 SPACE
Origin
Example 2: Top View M( ,
)
F( , K( ,
J( , ) I( , )
C( , ) ) O( ,
) )
B( ,
) Q( ,
E( , )
)
A( ,
)
L( , P( ,
D( , ) )
G( , ) N( ,
) H( ,
)
Origin )
Define Tool
CNC data
Make 3D model
Simulate
cutting
Automatic part programming and DNC
Very complex part shapes ➔ very large NC program
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