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    What Is A CNC Machine?

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    Sanaa Numan Mohammed
    CNC machines use computer numeric control to automate machine tools like lathes, mills, and grinders. A CNC control unit decides cutting functions like feed, depth, and tool selection based on a programmed code and controls servo motors to precisely position slides and tools. CNC machines offer advantages like high precision, repeatability, flexibility, and reduced labor compared to manual machines, but require more costly setup and programming knowledge. Closed loop control systems use position sensors for higher accuracy than open loop systems.

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    What Is A CNC Machine?

    Uploaded by

    Sanaa Numan Mohammed
    209 views11 pages
    CNC machines use computer numeric control to automate machine tools like lathes, mills, and grinders. A CNC control unit decides cutting functions like feed, depth, and tool selection based on a programmed code and controls servo motors to precisely position slides and tools. CNC machines offer advantages like high precision, repeatability, flexibility, and reduced labor compared to manual machines, but require more costly setup and programming knowledge. Closed loop control systems use position sensors for higher accuracy than open loop systems.

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    CNC machines use computer numeric control to automate machine tools like lathes, mills, and grinders. A CNC control unit decides cutting functions like feed, depth, and tool selection based on a programmed code and controls servo motors to precisely position slides and tools. CNC machines offer advantages like high precision, repeatability, flexibility, and reduced labor compared to manual machines, but require more costly setup and programming knowledge. Closed loop control systems use position sensors for higher accuracy than open loop systems.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    209 views11 pages

    What Is A CNC Machine?

    Uploaded by

    Sanaa Numan Mohammed
    CNC machines use computer numeric control to automate machine tools like lathes, mills, and grinders. A CNC control unit decides cutting functions like feed, depth, and tool selection based on a programmed code and controls servo motors to precisely position slides and tools. CNC machines offer advantages like high precision, repeatability, flexibility, and reduced labor compared to manual machines, but require more costly setup and programming knowledge. Closed loop control systems use position sensors for higher accuracy than open loop systems.

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    CNC Machines

    What is a CNC Machine?


    CNC : Computer and Numeric Control Conventionally, an

    Figure shows a block diagram for a CNC control system

    operator decides and adjusts various machines parameters like feed , depth of cut etc depending on type of job , and controls the slide movements by hand. In a CNC Machine For a CNC machine control unit (MCU) decides cutting functions and slide speed, feed, depth of cut, tool selection , coolant on off movements are controlled and tool paths. The MCU issues commands in form of by motors using computer numeric data to motors that position slides and tool programs. accordingly.

    CNC Machines- How do they look like?

    Servo Motors Display Console Slides Automated Tool changer Coolant control

    Controller

    Controller

    Chip collection and removal

    CNC Machines- Advantages/Disadvantages


    Advantages
    High Repeatability and Precision eg. Aircraft parts Volume of production is very high Complex contours/surfaces need to be machined. Eg. Turbines Flexibility in job change, automatic tool settings, less scrap More safe, higher productivity, better quality Less paper work, faster prototype production, reduction in lead times

    Disadvantages:
    Costly setup, skilled operators Computers, programming knowledge required Maintenance is difficult

    Open loop and Closed loop controls

    In open loop systems (a) the slide may overshoot or may not reach desired position because of inertia, wear and tear and friction, hence inaccurate machining. In closed loop systems (b) the position sensors are used to correct slide movements and achieve higher accuracy and repeatability

    Coordinate System

    Absolute Coordinate System

    Incremental Coordinate System

    Linear and Circular Interpolation

    Linear Interpolation: Target Point C is reached by straight line tool path Circular Interpolation: Path followed by tool in reaching target point C is along an arc specified by I, J and K coordinates. Simultaneous motion along different axes is achieved by MCU controls

    CNC programming
    Important things to know: Coordinate System Units, incremental or absolute positioning Coordinates: X,Y,Z, RX,RY,RZ Feed rate and spindle speed Coolant Control: On/Off, Flood, Mist Tool Control: Tool and tool parameters
    Programming consists of a series of instructions in form of letter codes Preparatory Codes: G codes- Initial machining setup and establishing operating conditions N codes- specify program line number to executed by the MCU

    Axis Codes: X,Y,Z Used to specify motion of the slide along X, Y, Z direction
    Feed and Speed Codes: F and S Specify feed and spindle speed Tool codes: T specify tool number Miscellaneous codes M codes For coolant control and other activities

    Rules for programming


    Block Format N135 G01 X1.0 Y1.0 Z0.125 F5 Sample Block Restrictions on CNC blocks Each may contain only one tool move Each may contain any number of non-tool move G-codes Each may contain only one feed rate Each may contain only one specified tool or spindle speed The block numbers should be sequential Both the program start flag and the program number must be independent of all other commands (on separate lines) The data within a block should follow the sequence shown in the above sample block

    Explanation of commonly used G codes


    G00 Preparatory code to control final position of the tool and not concerned with the path that is followed in arriving at the final destination. G01 Tool is required to move in a straight line connecting current position and final position. Used for tool movement without any machining- point to point control. (linear interpolation) G02 Tool path followed is along an arc specified by I, J and K codes.( circular interpolation)

    Example CNC program

    Table of Important G and M codes


    G00 Rapid Transverse G01 Linear Interpolation G02 Circular Interpolation, CW G03 Circular Interpolation, CCW G17 XY Plane,G18 XZ Plane,G19 YZ Plane G20/G70 Inch units G21/G71 Metric Units G40 Cutter compensation cancel G41 Cutter compensation left G42 Cutter compensation right G43 Tool length compensation (plus) G43 Tool length compensation (plus) G44 Tool length compensation (minus) G49 Tool length compensation cancel G80 Cancel canned cycles G81 Drilling cycle G82 Counter boring cycle G83 Deep hole drilling cycle G90 Absolute positioning G91 Incremental positioning M00 Program stop M01 Optional program stop M02 Program end M03 Spindle on clockwise M04 Spindle on counterclockwise M05 Spindle stop M06 Tool change M08 Coolant on M09 Coolant off M10 Clamps on M11 Clamps off M30 Program stop, reset to start

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