EE 425 - ECE 2201 - Group 4 Lab2 Draft

Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: coe.alangilan@g.batstate-u.edu.ph | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
College of Engineering - Department of Electronics Engineering
LABORATORY REPORT NO. 2

Parallel Connection (RLC)
Prepared and Submitted by Group 04 from ECE 2201

In partial fulfillment of the Course EE 425 – Circuits 2
Bachelor of Science in Electronics Engineering
Batangas State University – Alangilan
CARINUGAN, MARXUZ AURELEUZ U.

GARCIA, JULIA KRISTIANNA M.
LLARENA, JANELLE JOYCE R.
MOJADO, JASON B.
NUQUI, LESTHER A.
APRIL 2024
Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

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ABSTRACT
This laboratory experiment investigates the behavior of resistors, inductors, and

capacitors connected in parallel circuits. The objectives are to determine the differences among
these components in terms of voltage, resistance, capacitance, inductance, frequency, ad phase,
as well as to explore the relationships between various circuits parameters such as voltage,
current, impedance, admittance, resistance, reactance, susceptance, conductance, and power.
The students will construct parallel circuits with different combinations of resistors
inductors, and capacitors, and measure the electrical properties using simulation software
calculations. Emphasizing their roles in circuits and systems, the study explores characteristics in
parallel connections through utilizing the PhET Colorado simulation platform. The complex
interactions between the circuit elements will be analyzed, and discrepancies between simulated
and computed values will be examine. Potential factors contributing to differences grater than
10%error will be investigated across the different circuit configurations.
By conducting this experiment, students will enhance their understanding of parallel
circuit behavior, and the implications of combining resistive, inductive, and capacitive elements.
The findings will provide insights into circuit analysis techniques and the accuracy of
simulations compared to theoretical calculations. Overall, this laboratory activity aims to deepen
students’ knowledge of fundamental electrical engineering principles and their practical
applications in circuit design.
Keywords: Parallel circuits, Resistors, Inductors, Capacitors, Impedance, Admittance,
Reactance, Circuit simulation, Circuit analysis

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I. Introduction
Understanding the behavior of electrical components in circuits which has

a major role in the field of electrical and electronics engineering is a crucial objective.
Just like what was done with the first laboratory experiment, this activity consists of the
same components, only that this time, they will explore its characteristics and observe its
behavior in parallel circuits. In parallel connections, the components are arranged side by
side which offers unique characteristics and visible implications. This arrangement makes
the components share the same value of voltage across their terminals while having
different rates of current flowing through them (Dorf & Svoboda, 2016). This will either
bring advantages or disadvantages if it were to be compared with the series connections.
Resistor (R) is a component that impedes the flow of electric current which is
measured in ohms (Ω). This component is highly related to the voltage and current based
on Ohm’s law where the value of resistance is equal to the voltage divided by the current
V
R= . In a parallel circuit where resistors are present, resistors provide a separate path
I
for the flow of current from the source. From what was known
as Ohm’s law which formed the relationship between resistance, voltage, and current, the
total current that flows into the whole parallel circuit is equal to the currents through each
resistor combined.
Inductors (L) on the other hand, provide a path for the current flow in parallel
circuits but unlike resistors, inductors show unique behavior caused by their ability to
store energy in the form of magnetic fields. They are measured in henries (H) and they
resist changes in current and express reactance (XL), which shows the evident relationship
between them and frequency with their equation given by: X L =2 πfL. The total
inductance in parallel is equal to its reciprocal when the reciprocal of individual
inductances is combined.
Capacitors (C) store energy in an electric field between their plates and they are
measured in farads (F). Just like inductors, it relates to the frequency and
1
exhibits reactance (XC) with their equation given by: X C = . Capacitors also play a
2 πfC
significant role within circuit designs in parallel, offering benefits such as energy storage
and voltage regulation (Floyd, 2013). In parallel connections, capacitors share the applied
voltage and provide additional charge storage capacity.
In this laboratory activity, the main objective is to observe how these components
behave in parallel connections not only with the same component per parallel connection
but also combining at least two different components per parallel circuit. In a parallel
connection between a resistor and inductor, each component maintains the same voltage
across its terminals while allowing independent currents to flow through them (Nilsson &
Riedel, 2016). AC circuits and filter designs are known for utilizing such configuration as
it is extremely useful in its circuits where both resistive and inductive elements are
present. The behavior of the parallel connection with both components can be explored if
their impedance is considered in the AC circuits.
An RC circuit is defined as an electrical circuit composed of passive circuit

components of a resistor (R) and capacitor (C), driven by a voltage source or a current
source. In the parallel RC circuit, a pure resistor having resistance R in ohms and a pure

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capacitor of capacitance C in Farads are connected in parallel. Voltage drops in a parallel

RC circuit are the same hence the applied voltage is equal to the voltage across the
resistor and the voltage across the capacitor. Current in a parallel RC is the sum of the
current through the capacitor and resistor. On the other hand, if a resistor is connected in
parallel with a capacitor, each component offers a unique pathway for the flow of current
(Dorf & Svoboda, 2016). According to Ohm’s law, while the resistor impedes the flow of
current, the capacitor will store and release electrical energy, the reason phase shift
happens between voltage and current. This kind of parallel connection is applicable in
circuits that require energy storage.
A parallel RL circuit consists of a resistor (R) and inductor (L) connected in

parallel with each other. In this circuit, the resistor and inductor are connected in separate
paths for the current to flow simultaneously. The input voltage (V in) is equal to the output
voltage (Vout) but the currents flowing through the resistor and inductor are different.
Unlike series RL circuits, parallel RL circuits are not commonly used as voltage filters
because the output voltage remains the same as the input voltage. The total impedance
(Z) of the circuit is determined by the resistance and inductive reactance in parallel. Since
the voltage across the inductor and resistor remains the same in a parallel circuit,
use Ohm's law to find the currents through both components.
For a parallel connection between the inductor (L) and capacitor (C), each
component contributes to the overall impedance of the circuit (Sadiku, 2014). It was
mentioned previously that an inductor stores energy in the form of a magnetic field while
a capacitor stores energy in an electric field. This kind of arrangement may lead to
an interesting behavior between the components where the circuit shows maximum
impedance at certain frequencies or what was known as the resonance phenomena. At a
specific frequency called the resonant frequency, the inductive reactance (X L) and
capacitive reactance (XC) become equal. The impedance of the parallel LC circuit
becomes minimum at resonance. This circuit can act as an electrical resonator, storing
energy that oscillates at the resonant frequency.
A parallel RLC circuit is a circuit consisting of a resistor (R), an inductor (L), and
a capacitor (C) connected in parallel across a common voltage source. This means each
component has the same voltage applied to it, but the current through each element can
be different. When a resistor, inductor, and capacitor are connected in parallel, the
resulting circuit exhibits a combination of resistive, inductive, and capacitive behaviors
(Alexander & Sadiku, 2016). Each component will influence the overall impedance and
current distribution around the circuits in which parameters like resonance frequency can
be affected. This RLC parallel circuit is mostly applied in audio amplifiers or signal
processing circuits.
Their parallel connections within each other offer unique characteristics and
implications in electrical circuits. Combining each component into a single parallel
circuit creates more implications and challenges with circuit configurations. By
understanding their initial behaviors and principles, the students should be able to
observe their behaviors in real-time and enhance their understanding regarding parallel
connections of RLC components within this laboratory experiment by experiencing it
firsthand. Moreover, these circuits play essential roles in various electronic systems, from
filtering and timing to energy store and signal processing. Understanding their behavior is
crucial for engineers and technician in designing and analyzing electrical circuits.

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Statement of the Problem
As the students assess the data that was collected and the one that was calculated,
they will address the following problem statements about the stated objectives for this
laboratory experiment.
1. How can the complex interactions that exist between conductance, phase, power,
reactance, inductance, capacitance, susceptance, voltage, current, impedance,
admittance, resistance, and so on be consistently described and understood?
2. How do the disparities between simulated and computed values impact the reliability
and accuracy of the experimental findings in the context of circuit analysis, and what
are the significant differences observed between the two values?
3. What factors across different circuit configurations could lead to the differences
between simulated values and computed values if the percent error is greater than 10?
II. Objectives
1. To determine the difference of Resistor, Inductance, and Capacitor in terms of the
following values.
 Voltage
 Resistance
 Capacitance
 Inductance
 Frequency
 Phase
2. To find the relationship of voltage, current, impedance, admittance, resistance,
reactance, inductance, capacitance, susceptance, conductance, phase, and power.
III. Materials
For this laboratory activity entitled “Parallel Connection (RLC),” the students
utilized a varied range of materials to assemble circuits featuring resistor (R), inductor
(L), and capacitor (C) setups. These components, chosen with precision for their distinct
electrical characteristics, play a crucial role in uncovering a multitude of parameters,
including voltage, resistance, capacitance, inductance, frequency, and phase, within RLC
circuits. The materials used in the experiment are stated using a proper tabular format
below.
Description Picture Quantity Purpose

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used to provide a dynamic

1
AC Voltage electrical power supply that
Source continuously changes
direction
used to conduct electrical

current, allowing the flow
Wire 1
of electricity between
components in a circuit.
used to limit the flow of

electrical current in a
Resistor 1 circuit, controlling the
amount of resistance and
regulating the current
used to store electrical

charge and release it when
needed. It's also used to
store and release energy in
Capacitor 1
electronic circuits,
smoothing voltage
fluctuations and timing
elements

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used in most electrical

circuits to store energy in
the form of magnetic
Inductor 1 energy when electric
current flows through it. It
is also known as the coil,
choke, or reactor
a device used to measure

Ammeter 2 either alternating or direct
current
visually represents the

behavior of voltage in a
circuit. It provides insights
Voltage into how voltage changes
1
Chart over time, especially in
dynamic systems like
alternating current (AC)
circuits
visually represents the flow

and direction of electric
Current currents in a circuit,
1
Chart providing a clear and
concise depiction of their
patterns and intensities
Table 2.1. Materials Used in the Laboratory Activity
IV. Procedure
For this laboratory activity, the students were tasked with utilizing the Circuit
Construction Kit: AC Virtual Lab from the PhET Interactive Simulation. The first step is
to connect their laptops to the internet. Once they have internet access, they opened the
PhET Colorado website. On this website, then the students clicked on the option for the
AC Virtual Lab where separate circuits were built for parallel RL, parallel RC, parallel
LC, and parallel RLC connections. The objective is to determine the differences among

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resistors, inductors, and capacitors in terms of the following values: voltage, resistance,
capacitance, inductance, frequency, and phase.
For all the circuits, the group assigned two different values for the instantaneous
voltage (V (t) ), and constant values for the phase angle (∠ 45° ) and frequency (f ) of 0.6
Hz. Additionally, for each phase angle, the students assigned two different values for the
resistor in ohms, inductor in henry, and capacitor in farad. This process allowed them to
observe the total current (I T ), and voltage across resistor (V R ), voltage across inductor
( V L ), and voltage across capacitor ( V C ).
Parallel RL
The two values assigned for the instantaneous voltage are 100V and 30V, both
with phase angle of 45 degrees. Furthermore, for each voltages there are two different
resistor values of 40Ω and 90Ω. Additionally, for the resistors in ohms there are two
different inductor values of 3H and 8H. By carefully assigning the specified values for
instantaneous voltage, phase angles, resistor values and inductor values, the students were
able to effectively observe and analyze the behavior of the parallel RL circuit in the
simulation. All trials are duly documented every time a value of any component is
changed, as shown in Figure 2.1 to Figure 2.8 (see Appendix A). Table 2.2 below shows
the data collected throughout the simulation for this circuit.
Phase
V(t) R L f VT IT IR IL
Angle
3 99.84 8.7 0.54 8.16
40
8 99.28 4.01 1.53 2.48
100
3 99.77 8.6 0.24 8.36
90
8 100 3.45 0.34 3.1
45 0.6
3 29.23 2.59 0.12 2.47
40
8 29.95 1.2 0.35 0.86
30
3 30 2.55 0.013 2.54
90
8 29.95 1.04 0.12 0.91
Table 2.2. Data from the Simulated Parallel RL
Parallel RC
Likewise, for this circuit, the two values assigned for the instantaneous voltage
are 40V and 15V, both with phase angle of 45 degrees. Furthermore, for each voltages
there are two different resistor values of 40Ω and 90Ω. Additionally, for the resistors in
ohms there are two different capacitor values of 0.15F and 0.07F. By carefully assigning
the specified values for instantaneous voltage, phase angles, resistor values and inductor
values, the students were able to effectively observe and analyze the behavior of the
parallel RC circuit in the simulation. All trials are duly documented every time a value of
any component is changed, as shown in Figure 2.9 to Figure 2.16 (see Appendix B). Table
2.3 below shows the data collected throughout the simulation for this circuit.
Phase
V(t) R C f VT IT IR IC
Angle
45 0.15 0.6 39.92 12.81 0.19 12.62
40
0.07 39.92 8.64 0.25 8.39
40
0.15 40 12.91 0.1 12.81
90
0.07 39.3 8.61 0.13 8.48
15 40 0.15 14.97 4.83 0.1 4.73

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0.07 14.97 3.24 0.07 3.16

0.15 15 4.82 0.05 4.77
90
0.07 14.97 3.26 0.03 3.23
Table 2.3. Data from the Simulated Parallel RC
Parallel LC
In the context of a parallel LC circuit, students assigned specific parameters to
explore its behavior within a simulation environment. The students set two instantaneous
voltage values: 40V and 15V both with a phase angle of 45 degrees. Additionally, for the
value of the phase angle, the students selected two inductor values (3 and 8), and for
every inductor value, they chose two capacitor values in farads (0.15F and 0.07F). Every
time the value of any component is changed, all trials are accurately recorded, as shown
in Figures 2.17 to 2.24 (see Appendix C). Table 2.4 below shows the data collected
throughout the simulation for this circuit.
Phase
V(t) L C F VT IT IL IC
Angle
0.15 40 11.52 2.02 13.53
3
0.07 40 6.1 2.94 9.05
40
0.15 40 12.43 0.77 13.19
8
0.07 40 7.73 1.14 8.87
45 0.6
0.15 14.97 4.31 0.73 5.04
3
0.07 15 2.29 1.1 3.39
15
0.15 15 4.57 0.32 4.89
8
0.07 15 2.92 0.42 3.34
Table 2.4. Data from the Simulated Parallel LC
Parallel RLC
For the parallel RLC circuits, the group assigned two distinct values for the
instantaneous voltage, while setting all frequencies to 0.6 Hz. The two values assigned
for the instantaneous voltage are 50V and 25V both having a phase angle of 45 degrees.
Furthermore, for each voltage value, the students assigned two different values for the
resistor in ohms specifically, 40Ω and 90Ω; and for every value of resistor, the students
assigned two distinct value of inductor which are 3H and 8H. In every value of inductor,
the students also assigned another two distinct values of capacitor in farads specifically
0.15F and 0.07F. This comprehensive process enabled the students to observe and collect
data—specifically the voltages across each component and the total current, facilitating a
thorough understanding of the subject matter. Every time the value of any component is
changed, all trials are accurately recorded, as shown in Figures 2.25 to 2.40 (see
Appendix D). Table 2.5 below shows the data collected throughout the simulation for this
circuit.
Phase
V(t) R L C f VT IT IR IL IC
Angle
40 45 0.15 0.6 49.93 13.65 0.38 2.43 15.71
3
0.07 50 7.65 0.47 3.33 10.51
40
0.15 50 14.6 0.39 1 15.21
8
0.07 50 9.52 0.39 1.28 10.41
90 0.15 50 13.7 0.19 2.4 15.91
3
0.07 50 7.53 0.16 3.58 10.95
8 0.15 50 14.55 0.21 0.97 15.31

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0.07 50 9.48 0.12 1.35 10.71

0.15 25 6.87 0.21 1.18 7.84
3
0.07 25 3.79 0.18 1.75 5.36
40
0.15 25 7.36 1.23 0.42 7.55
8
0.07 25 4.73 0.13 0.66 5.25
15
0.15 25 6.84 0.11 1.11 7.84
3
0.07 25 3.77 0.11 1.7 5.36
90
0.15 24.93 7.36 0.09 0.44 7.7
8
0.07 25 4.74 0.06 0.67 5.35
Table 2.5. Data from the Simulated Parallel RLC
V. Data Analysis
In this section, the students used all the data collected from the simulation (see
procedures) and compared it to the computed values of voltage, current, impedance,
admittance, resistance, reactance, inductance, capacitance, susceptance, and conductance,
while also determining the phase and power of the circuit. Through this, the relationship
between each component is proven and identified in the following discussions for parallel
RL, RC, LC and RLC connections.
Parallel RL
A parallel RL circuit is a type of electrical circuit consisting of a resistor (R) and
an inductor (L) connected in parallel with a voltage source. In such a circuit, the resistive
element and the inductive element are connected across the same voltage source, but the
currents through each element can vary independently. The data collected from the
simulation will be compared to the computed values using the formula provided below,
along with the manual solution for the components included in the circuit.
Instantaneous Voltage V (t ) in V : 100 ∠ 45∧30 ∠ 45
Resistance ( R ) in Ω : 40 and 90
Inductance (L) in H : 3 and 8
Frequency (f ) in Hz : 0.6
If V (t )=100 ∠ 45 V , R=40 Ω , L=3 H ,∧f =0.6 Hz
Reactance ( X L ) in Ω : 2 πfL=2 π ( 0.6 ) ( 3 )=11.3097
−1 −1
Susceptance (B) in ℧ : ( X L ) =( 11.3097 ) =0.0884
Conductance (G) in ℧ : ( R )−1 =( 40 )−1=0.025
G− j B L=0.025− j0.0884
Admittance (Y ) in ℧ :
¿ 0.0919 ∠−74.2121
( Y )−1 =( 0.0919 ∠−74.2121 )−1

Impedance (Z) in Ω : Req + j X eq =2.9610+10.4725
¿ 10.8831 ∠ 74.2121
V (t ) 100 ∠ 45
=
Total Current (I T ) in A : Z 10.8831 ∠ 74.2121
¿ 9.1186 ∠−29.2121
V (t ) 100 ∠ 45
Current across Resistor (I R ) in A : = =2.5 ∠ 45
R 40

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V (t) 100 ∠45

Current across Inductor (I L ) in A : = =8.8419 ∠−45
j X L j11.3097
V (t)× IT
Apparent Power (S) in VA : ¿∨( 100 ∠ 45 ) ( 9.1186 ∠−29.2121 ) ∨¿
¿ 918.8576
Scos ( θ )
Real Power (P) in W : ¿∨(918.8576)cos ⁡(74.2121)∨¿
¿ 250
Ssin ( θ )
Reactive Power (Q) in VAR : ¿|( 918.8576 ) sin (74.2121 )|
¿ 884.1941
As the students utilized exactly 8 sets of circuit, they only used one set to present
the manual computation for this parallel circuit. The rest were put in an Excel sheet with
an automated computation, though the other sets were still manually computed but not
exactly recorded in the paper as it will prolong each analysis.
Shown previously are the values obtained from the Excel sheet. These include the
value of Reactance (X), Impedance (Z), Susceptance (B), Conductance (G), Admittance
(Y), as well as the Total Current (I ), Resistive Voltage (V ), Inductive Voltage (V ), and
T R L
the three powers, apparent (S), real (P), and reactive (Q). The total current was acquired
with the manipulation of the formula of the voltage, V = IZ, which became I = V/Z. It
was then converted from rectangular form to its polar form. The rest were computed with
the use of the given formula for each.
The following formulas were applied in the Excel sheet to determine the needed
values:
Instantaneous : =COMPLEX((‘r’*COS(RADIANS(‘θ’))) ,
Voltage V(t) (‘r’*SIN(RADIANS(‘θ’))))
(r)(x+jy)
Total Current : r =IMABS(IMDIV(‘V(t)’,’Z’))

(IT) θ =DEGREES(IMARGUMENT(IMDIV('V(t)','Z')))
(r)
Resistive Voltage : r =’I(T)’*’Z’

(VR) θ =DEGREES(IMARGUMENT(‘V(t)’))
(r)
The function COMPLEX allowed the students to convert the complex polar form
value into a rectangular form. The function RADIANS was also used since Excel only
computes angular values that are in radians, especially when using trigonometric
functions such as COS and SIN. On the other hand, the IMABS function allowed the
students to isolate the magnitude of a computed complex number while IMDIV executed
the division operation between two complex values. The IMARGUMENT function was
used to isolate the bar angle of a complex number by which DEGREES was used to
convert it into the said angular format (polar form). Table 1.X below shows all the
computed values for the parallel RL circuit in Excel (see appendices for Excel reference).

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V(t) R L f X L Z B G Y IT IR IL S P Q
10.8831∠74.212
3
11.3097 1
0.0884 0.0205 0.0919∠-74.2121 9.1886∠-29.2121 2.5∠45 8.8419∠-45 918.8576 250 884.194
4
0 24.0813∠52.984
8
30.1593 4
0.0332 0.0205 0.0415∠-52.9844 4.1526∠-7.9844 2.5∠45 3.3157∠-45 415.2595 250 331.573
100∠45
11.2215∠82.837 1.1111∠
3
11.3097 5
0.0884 0.0111 0.0891∠-82.8375 8.9115∠-37.8375
45
8.8419∠-45 891.1481 111.111 884.194
9
0 28.5964∠71.473 1.1111∠
8 0. 30.1593 8
0.0332 0.0111 0.0350∠-71.4738 3.4969∠-26.4728
45
3.3157∠-45 349.6944 111.111 331.573
6
10.8831∠74.212
3
11.3097 1
0.0884 0.0205 0.0919∠-74.2121 2.7566∠-29.2121 0.75∠45 2.6526∠-45 82.6972 22.5 79.5775
4
0 24.0813∠52.984 1.2458∠-7.9844
8
4
0.0332 0.0205 0.0415∠-52.9844 0.75∠45 0.9947∠-45 37.3734 22.5 29.8416
30.1593
30∠45
11.2215∠82.837 2.6734∠-37.8375 0.3333∠
3
5
0.0884 0.0111 0.0891∠-82.8375
45
2.6526∠-45 80.2033 10 79.5775
9 11.3097
0 28.5964∠71.473 0.3333∠
8
30.1593 8
0.0332 0.0111 0.0350∠-71.4738 1.0491∠-26.4728
45
0.9947∠-45 31.4725 10 29.8416
Table 1.X. Computed Values for Parallel RL

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Based on the computed values, the students discovered that the voltage, current,
impedance, resistance, reactance, inductance, admittance, conductance, and powers in a
parallel RL circuit are all interconnected. Just by looking at the given formulas, the
relationship between each component can already be determined as it results in different
conclusions for each circuit. The reactance relies only on the value of inductor and
frequency, while the impedance relies on the value of the resistor and the reactance. On
the other hand, the susceptance and conductance rely on the value of reactance and
resistor. Another is that the admittance relies on the value of susceptance and
conductance. The mentioned values all rely on the initial values given. The rest of the
values obtained were all very similar to each other depending on the applied absolute
value of voltage and its phase angle, hence, the change in value of the phase angles for
the total current, resistive voltage, and inductive voltage.
Figures 1.X and 1.X show the current chart and voltage chart of a series RL
circuit wherein the voltage is just inphase with the current. The simulation allowed the
students to compare the values from the simulation and the computed ones from the
Excel sheet. With this, the percent error was calculated with the given formula below:
Percent
Error (%)
:
| ApproximateExactValue−Exact
Value
Value
| ×Value 100 %
where: Approximate Value = Simulated Value
Exact Value = Computed Value
Given the simulated and computed values of I(T), 8.7 A and 9.119 A respectively,
a sample manual solution below shows the percent error of the two values:
Percent
Error
(%)
:
|8.7−9.119
9.119 |
×100 %
¿ 5.3248 %
Percent error indicates the measure of errors when measuring values in an
analysis process or how close the measured value is to the true/computed value. Findings
that are greater than 10% suggest that there could be something wrong with the
experiment and data collected (Percent Error Formula, 2020). The table below shows the
simulated and computed values of the flowing or total current I(T), the resistive voltage
I(R), and the inductive voltage I(L) side by side.
Simulation Computation Percent Error (%)

I(T) I(R) I(L) I(T) I(R) I(L) I(T) I(R) I(L)
8.7 0.54 8.16 9.19 2.5 8.84 5.32 78.4 7.71
4.01 1.53 2.48 4.15 2.5 3.32 3.43 38.8 25.2
8.6 0.24 8.36 8.91 1.1111 8.84 3.5 78.4 5.45
3.45 0.34 3.1 3.49 1.1111 3.32 1.34 69.4 6.51
2.59 0.12 2.47 2.75 0.75 2.65 6.04 84 6.88
1.2 0.35 0.86 1.26 0.75 0.99 3.67 53.33 13.54
2.55 0.013 2.54 2.67 0.3333 2.65 4.62 96.1 4.24
1.04 0.12 1.05
0.91 0.3333 0.99 0.87 64 8.52
Table 1.16 Percent Error of I(T), I(R), and I(L) in Parallel RL

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All the computed percent errors in the Excel sheet were also included Table 1.x
(see Appendix H for Excel reference). Based on the calculated values, most of the
gathered data from the simulation is close to the computed value however, some values
aren’t enough to have a percent error less than or equal to 10%. This may be due to the
limitation of what the simulator can do and may also be caused by the automated
computations’ error.
Parallel RC
A parallel RC circuit is a type of electrical circuit consisting of a resistor (R) and a
capacitor (C) connected with a voltage source. The behavior of a parallel RC circuit is
determined by the interplay between the resistance of the resistor and the capacitance of
the capacitor. The data collected from the simulation will be compared to the computed
values using the formula provided below, along with the manual solution for the
components included in the circuit.
Instantaneous Voltage V (t ) in
: 100 ∠ 45∧30 ∠ 45
V
Capacitance (C) in F : 0.15 and 0.07
If V (t )=100 ∠ 45 V , R=40 Ω , C=0.15 ,∧f =0.6 Hz
Reactance ( X C ) in Ω : ( 2 πfc )−1 =1.7683883
−1 −1
Susceptance (B) in ℧ : ( X C ) =( 1.7683883 ) =0.5655
Conductance (G) in ℧ : ( R )−1 =( 40 )−1=0.025
G+ j BC =0.025− j 0.5655
¿ 0.5660 ∠ 87.4686
( Y ) =( 0.5660 ∠ 87.4686 )−1
−1
Impedance (Z) in Ω : Req − j X eq=¿ 0.0780+¿ 1.7648972700i

¿1.7667∠-87.4686
V (t ) 40 ∠ 45
=
Total Current (I T ) in A : Z 1.7667 ∠−87.4686
¿ 22.6416 ∠ 132.4686
V (t ) 40 ∠ 45
I Across Resistor (I R ) in A : = =1 ∠ 45
R 40
V (t ) 100 ∠ 45
I Across Inductor (I c ) in A : = =22.6195 ∠−45
j X c j1.7684
V (t)× IT
Apparent Power (S) in VA : ¿∨( 40 ∠ 45 )( 22.6416 ∠ 132.4686 )∨¿
¿ 905.6624
Scos ( θ )
Real Power (P) in W : ¿∨(905.6624)cos ⁡( Arg (1.7667 ∠−87.4686))∨¿
¿ 40

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Ssin ( θ )
Reactive Power (Q) in VAR : ¿|( 905.6624 ) sin ( Arg ( 1.7667 ∠−87.4686 ) )|
¿−904.779
Again, as the students utilized exactly 16 sets of circuit, they only used one set to
present the manual computation for this series circuit. The rest were put in an Excel sheet
with an automated computation, though the other sets were still manually computed but
not exactly recorded in the paper as it will prolong each analysis.
(Y), as well as the Total Current (I ), Resistive Voltage (V ), Conductive Voltage (V ),
T R C
and the three powers, apparent (S), real (P), and reactive (Q). The total current was
acquired with the manipulation of the formula of the voltage, V = IZ, which became I =
V/Z. It was then converted from rectangular form to its polar form. The rest were
computed with the use of the given formula for each.

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V(t) R C f Xc Z B G Y IT IR IC S P Q
0.5660∠87.46 22.6195∠13
0.15 1.7667∠-87.4686 0.5655 0.025 22.6416∠132.4686 1∠45 905.6624 40 -904.779
1.7683883 86 5
40
0.2651∠84.58 10.5558∠13
0.07 3.7725∠-84.5882 0.2639 0.025 10.6031∠129.5883 1∠45 424.1205 40 -422.23
40∠4 3.7894034 82 5
5 0.5656∠88.87 22.6195∠13
0.15 1.7680∠-88.8743 0.5655 0.0111 22.6244∠133.8743 0.4444∠45 904.9533 17.778 -904.779
1.7683883 44 5
90
0.2641∠87.58 10.5558∠13
0.07 3.7860∠-87.5890 0.2639 0.0111 10.5651∠132.5890 0.4444∠45 422.6041 17.7778 -422.23
0.6 3.7894034 90 5
0.5660∠87.46
0.15 1.7667∠-87.4686 0.5655 0.025 8.4904∠132.4686 0.375∠45 8.4823∠135 127.3588 5.625 -127.235
1.7683883 86
40
0.2651∠84.58
0.07 3.7725∠-84.5882 0.2639 0.025 3.9761∠129.5883 0.375∠45 3.9584∠135 59.6419 5.625 -59.3761
15∠4 3.7894034 82
5 0.5656∠88.87
0.15 1.7680∠-88.8743 0.5655 0.0111 8.4842∠133.8743 0.1667∠45 8.4823∠135 127.2591 2.5 -127.235
1.7683883 44
90
0.2641∠87.58
0.07 3.7860∠-87.5890 0.2639 0.0111 3.9619∠132.5890 0.1667∠45 3.9584∠135 59.4287 2.5 -59.3761
3.7894034 90
Table 1.15. Computed Values for Parallel for RC

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impedance, resistance, reactance, admittance, conductance, and powers in a parallel RC
circuit are all interconnected. Just by looking at the given formulas, the relationship
between each component can already be determined as it results in different conclusions
for each circuit.
The reactance relies only on the value of conductor and frequency, almost like the
reactance in parallel RL, while the impedance relies on the value of the resistor and the
reactance, exactly just like in parallel RL. On the other hand, the susceptance and
conductance rely on the value of reactance and resistor. Another is that the admittance
relies on the value of susceptance and conductance. The mentioned values all rely on the
initial values given.
The rest of the values obtained were all very similar to each other depending on
the applied absolute value of voltage and its phase angle, hence, the change in value of
the phase angles for the total current, resistive voltage, and conductive voltage
Figure 1.X and 1X show the current chart and voltage chart of a parallel RC
circuit wherein current leads voltage. The simulation allowed the students to compare the
values from the simulation and the computed ones from the Excel sheet. With this, the
percent error was calculated with the given formula below:
Percent
Error (%)
:
Value
Value
| ×Value 100 %
Given the simulated and computed values of I(T), 12.81 A and 22.64 A
respectively, a sample manual solution below shows the percent error of the two values:
Percent Error :
(%) |12.81−22.64
22.64 |× 100 %=43.42 %
simulated and computed values of the flowing or total current I(T), the resistive voltage
I(R), and the conductive voltage I(C) side by side.

I(T) I(R) I(L) I(T) I(R) I(C) I(T) I(R) I(C)
12.81 0.19 12.62 22.6416 1 22.6195 43.42 81 44.21
8.64 0.25 8.39 10.6030 1 10.5558 18.51 75 20.52
12.91 0.1 12.81 22.6238 0.4444 22.6195 42.94 77.5 43.37
8.61 0.13 8.48 10.5651 0.4444 10.5558 18.51 70.75 19.66
4.83 0.1 4.73 8.4906 0.375 8.4823 43.11 73.33 44.24
3.24 0.07 3.16 3.9761 0.375 3.9584 18.51 81.33 20.17
4.82 0.05 4.77 8.4839 0.1667 8.4823 43.19 70 43.77
3.26 0.03 3.23 3.9619 0.1667 3.9584 17.72 82 18.4
Table 1.16 Percent Error of I(T), I(R), and I(C) in Parallel RC

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All the computed percent errors in the Excel sheet were also included in the Table
above (see Appendix X for Excel reference). Based on the calculated values, most of the
gathered data from the simulation of total current is close enough to the computed value,
resulting in most of its percent error as less than or equal to 10%. However, the percent
error with the simulation and computation for conductive and resistive voltage is too big,
concluding that it is again due to the limitations of the simulator, as well as error with the
automated computations.
Parallel LC
A parallel LC circuit is a type of electrical circuit consisting of an inductor (L)
and a capacitor (C) connected in series with a voltage source. Parallel LC circuits exhibit
oscillatory behavior, with the energy alternating between the inductor and the capacitor at
the circuit’s resonant frequency. The data collected from the simulation will be compared
to the computed values using the formula provided below, along with the manual solution
for the components included in the circuit.
Instantaneous Voltage V (t ) in
: 40 ∠ 45∧15 ∠ 45
V
If V (t )=40 ∠ 45 V , L=3 H ,C=0.15 ,∧f =0.6 Hz
Reactance ( X C ) in Ω : ( 2 πfc )−1 =1.7683883
Reactance ( X L ) in Ω ( 2 πfL ) =11.30973355
−1 −1
( X C ) =( 1.7683883 ) =0.5655
Susceptance (B) in ℧ : −1 −1
( X L ) =( 11.30973355 ) =0.0884
Conductance (G) in ℧ : 0
G+ j(B ¿ ¿ L−BC )=0+ j 0.4771 ¿
¿ 0.4771 ∠−90
( Y ) =0.4771∠−90 ¿ ¿−1
−1
Impedance (Z) in Ω :
¿2.0961∠90
V (t ) 40 ∠ 45
=
Total Current (I T ) in A : Z 2.0961 ∠90
¿ 19.0826 ∠−45
V (t) 40 ∠45
I Across Resistor (I L ) in A : = =3.5368 ∠−45
j X L j11.30973355
V (t ) 40∠ 45
I Across Inductor (I c ) in A : = =22.6195 ∠−45
j X c j1.7684
V (t)× IT
Apparent Power (S) in VA : ¿∨( 40 ∠ 45 ) (19.0826 ∠−45)
¿ 763.3076
Real Power (P) in W : Scos ( θ )
¿∨(763.3076)cos ⁡( Arg(2.0961∠90))∨¿

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¿0
Ssin ( θ )
Reactive Power (Q) in VAR : ¿|( 763.3076 ) sin ( Arg (2.0961∠ 90) )|
¿ 763.3076
Once again, as the students utilized exactly 8 sets of circuit, they only used one
set to present the manual computation for this parallel circuit. The rest were put in an
Excel sheet with an automated computation, though the other sets were still manually
computed but not exactly recorded in the paper as it will prolong each analysis.
(Y), as well as the Total Current (I ), Inductive Voltage (V ), Conductive Voltage (V ),
T L C
and the three powers, apparent (S), real (P), and reactive (Q). Most of the formula, such
as formula for impedance, admittance, and susceptance, were from the parallel RLC
circuit, and were manipulated to fit with the series LC circuit. Moreover, there is no value
of resistance, hence there is no value acquired for the conductance. The total current was
acquired with the manipulation of the formula of the voltage, V = IZ, which became I =
V/Z. It was then converted from rectangular form to its polar form. The rest were
computed with the use of the given formula for each.

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V(t) L C f XL XC Z BL
BC G Y IT I(L) I(C) S P Q
3 0.1 0.5655
5 11.3097 1.7684 2.0961∠90 0.0884 0 0.4771∠-90 19.0827∠-45 3.5368∠-45 22.6194 763.3076 0 763.3076
8 0.0 0.2639
7 30.1592 3.7894 4.3339∠90 0.0332 0 0.2307∠-90 9.2295∠-45 1.3263∠-45 10.5558 369.1784 0 369.1784
40∠45
3 0.1 0.5655
5 11.3097 1.7684 2.0961∠90 0.0884 0 0.4771∠-90 19.0827∠-45 3.5368∠-45 22.6195 763.3076 0 763.3076
8 0.0 0.2639
7 30.1592 3.7894 4.3339∠ 90 0.0332 0 0.2307∠-90 9.2295∠-45 1.3263∠-45 10.5558 107.3401 0 107.3401
0.6
3 0.1 0.5655
5 11.3097 1.7684 2.0961∠90 0.0884 0 0.4771∠-90 7.1560∠-45 1.3263∠-45 8.4823 51.9156 0 51.9156
8 0.0 0.2639
7 30.1592 3.7894 4.3339∠90 0.0332 0 0.2307∠-90 3.4610∠-45 0.4974∠-45 3.9584 107.3401 0 107.3401
15∠45
3 0.1 0.5655
5 11.3097 1.7684 2.0961∠90 0.0884 0 0.4771∠-90 7.1560∠-45 1.3263∠-45 8.4823 51.9156 0 51.9156
8 0.0 0.2639
7 30.1592 3.7894 4.3339∠90 0.0332 0 0.2307∠-90 3.4610∠-45 0.4974∠-45 3.9584 107.3401 0 107.3401
Table 1.19. Computed Values for parallel LC

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impedance, resistance, reactance, admittance, conductance, and powers even in a parallel
LC circuit are all interconnected. Just by looking at the given formulas, the relationship
between each component can already be determined as it results in different conclusions
for each circuit.
The reactance of inductor and conductor relies on the value of inductor, conductor
and frequency, just like the reactance in parallel RL and RC, while the impedance was
manipulated and now relies on the value of the reactance of inductor and conductor,
exactly just like in parallel RL and RC. On the other hand, the susceptance depends on
the value of resistor and reactance. It is actually the same with conductance that also
relies on the value of reactance and resistor. However, there is no resistor, so the
conductance is automatically assumed to be non-existent. Another is that the admittance
relies on the value of susceptance and conductance but since there is no value for
conductance, the value of admittance is only from the negate of susceptance which was
based also from the formula of series RLC. The mentioned values all rely on the initial
values given.
The rest of the values obtained were all very similar to each other depending on
the applied absolute value of voltage and its phase angle, hence, the change in value of
the phase angles for the total current, inductive voltage, and conductive voltage
The figures 1.X and 1.X show the current chart and voltage chart of a parallel LC
circuit where voltage leads the current. The simulation allowed the students to compare
the values from the simulation and the computed ones from the Excel sheet. With this,
the percent error was calculated with the given formula below:
Percent
Error (%)
:
Value
Value
| ×Value 100 %
Given the simulated and computed values of I(T), 11.52 A and 19.08 A
respectively, a sample manual solution below shows the percent error of the two values:
Percent
Error (%)
:
| 11.52−19.08
19.08 ||
×100 % ¿ 39.61%

simulated and computed values of the flowing or total current I(T), the inductive voltage
V(L), and the conductive voltage V(C) side by side.

I(T
I(L) I(C) I(T) I(L) I(C) I(T) I(L) I(C)
)
11.52 2.02 13.53 19.0827 3.5368 22.6195 39.61 42.88 40.18
6.1 2.94 9.05 9.2295 1.3263 10.5558 33.91 121.67 14.26

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12.43 0.77 13.19 19.0827 3.5363 22.6195 34.86 78.23 41.68

7.73 1.14 8.87 9.2295 1.3263 10.5558 16.246 14.04 15.97
4.31 0.73 5.04 7.1560 1.3263 8.4823 39.77 44.96 40.582
2.29 1.1 3.39 3.4610 0.4974 3.9584 33.83 121.16 14.359
4.57 0.42 4.89 7.1560 1.3263 8.4823 36.13 75.87 42.35
2.92 0.42 3.34 3.4610 0.4974 3.9584 15.63 15.55 15.62
Table 1.20. Percent Error of I(T), I(L), and I(C) in Parallel LC
All the computed percent errors in the Excel sheet were also included Table 1.X
(see Appendix x for Excel reference). Based on the calculated values, only the inductive
voltage is closest to the simulation values. The total current and the conductive voltage
are far from the values obtained from both the manual and automated computations to the
simulated values. Hence, to conclude this parallel analysis, the simulation made the major
error as to why this kind of percent error value was obtained. Another is that, the manual
computations as well as the automated ones are all the same, another basis as to why the
simulation made the most error for this parallel circuit.

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Parallel RLC
A parallel RLC circuit is an electrical circuit that contains resistors (R), inductors
(L), and capacitors (C) connected in parallel across a voltage source. The voltage across
each element remains the same and the current gets divided in each component
depending upon the impedance of each component. The total current (I S ) drawn from the
supply is equal to the vector sum of the resistive, inductive and capacitive current, not the
mathematical sum of the three individual branch currents, as the current flowing in
resistor, inductor and capacitor are not in same phase with each other; so they cannot be
added arithmetically.
Instantaneous Voltage V (t ) in V : 50 ∠ 45∧25 ∠ 45
If V (t )=50 ∠ 45 V , R=40 Ω , C=0.15 , L=3 H ,∧f =0.6 Hz
X L =2 πfL=2 π ( 0.6 )( 3 )=11.3097

Reactance ( X L ∧X c ) in Ω : 1 1
XC= = =1.7684
2 πfC 2 π (0.6)(0.15)
1
G− j B L= − j
R
1
−
1
XL XC ( )
Admittance (Y ) in ℧
( )
: 1 1 1
¿ −j −
40 11.3097 1.7684
¿ 0.4777 ∠ 87.0002
( Y )−1 =( 0.4777 ∠ 87.0002 )−1
Impedance (Z) in Ω :
¿ 2.0933 ∠−87.0002
V (t ) 50 ∠ 45
=
Total Current (I T ) in A : Z 2.0933 ∠−87.0002
¿ 23.8861 ∠ 132.0002
V (t ) 50 ∠ 45
Current across Resistor (I R ) in A : = =50∠ 45
R 40
V (t) 50 ∠ 45
Current across Inductor (I L ) in A : = =4.4210∠−45
j XL j11.3097
V (t ) 50∠ 45
Current across Capacitor ( I C ) in A : = =28.2743 ∠ 135
− j XC − j 1.7684
V (t)× IT
Apparent Power (S) in VA : ¿∨( 50 ∠ 45 ) ( 23.8861∠ 132.0002 )∨¿
¿ 1194.3046
Real Power (P) in W : Scos ( θ )

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¿∨(1194.3046 )cos ⁡(−87.0002)∨¿

¿ 62.5
Ssin ( θ )
Reactive Power (Q) in VAR : ¿|( 918.8576 ) sin(−87.0002)|
¿−1192.6682
The students only utilized one set of from all the given for a sample manual
computation, then duly encoded the remaining input values in an Excel sheet. Given the
formulas shown in computing for the needed data in parallel RLC. The following
functions and formulas were applied in the Excel sheet to compute the needed data shown
below in Table 2.12.

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Apparent Reactive Real

Phase f
V(t) R L C IT IR IL IC Power Power Power Z Y
Angle (Hz)
(VA) (VAR) (W)
0.15 23.8861 ∠132.0002 1.2500 ∠45 4.4210 ∠-45 28.2743 ∠135 1194.3046 -1192.6682 62.5 2.093268 ∠-87.000244 0.4777 ∠87.0002
3
0.07 8.8623 ∠126.8916 1.2500 ∠45 4.4210 ∠-45 13.19469 ∠135 443.1158 -438.6859 62.5 5.641866 ∠-81.891584 0.1772 ∠81.8916
40
0.15 26.6458 ∠132.3112 1.2500 ∠45 1.6579 ∠-45 28.2743 ∠135 1332.2903 -1330.8235 62.5 1.876468 ∠-87.311171 0.5329 ∠87.3112
8
0.07 11.6043 ∠128.8162 1.2500 ∠45 1.6579 ∠-45 13.1947 ∠135 580.2173 -576.8413 62.5 4.308731 ∠-83.816200 0.2321 ∠83.8162
50
0.15 23.8598 ∠133.6658 0.5556 ∠45 4.4210 ∠-45 28.2743 ∠135 1192.9916 -1192.6682 27.7778 2.095572 ∠-88.665797 0.4772 ∠88.6658
3
0.07 8.7913 ∠131.3768 0.5556 ∠45 4.4210 ∠-45 13.19469 ∠135 439.5645 -438.6859 27.7778 5.687448 ∠-86.376844 0.1758 ∠86.3768
90
0.15 26.6223 ∠133.8043 0.5556 ∠45 1.6579 ∠-45 28.2743 ∠135 1331.1134 -1330.8235 27.7778 1.878127 ∠-88.804260 0.5324 ∠88.8043
8
0.07 11.5502 ∠132.2431 0.5556 ∠45 1.6579 ∠-45 13.1947 ∠135 577.5097 -576.8413 27.7778 4.328932 ∠-87.243053 0.2310 ∠87.2431
45 0.6
0.15 11.9430 ∠132.0002 0.6250 ∠45 2.2105 ∠-45 14.1372 ∠135 298.5762 -298.167 15.625 2.093268 ∠-87.000244 0.4777 ∠87.0002
3
0.07 4.4312 ∠126.8916 0.6250 ∠45 2.2105 ∠-45 6.5973 ∠135 110.7789 -109.6715 15.625 5.641866 ∠-81.891584 0.1772 ∠81.8916
40
0.15 13.3229 ∠132.3112 0.6250 ∠45 0.8289 ∠-45 14.1372 ∠135 333.0726 -332.7059 15.625 1.876468 ∠-87.311171 0.5329 ∠87.3112
8
0.07 5.8022 ∠128.8162 0.6250 ∠45 0.8289 ∠-45 6.5973 ∠135 145.0543 -144.2103 15.625 4.308731 ∠-83.816200 0.2321 ∠83.8162
25
0.15 11.9299 ∠133.6658 0.2778 ∠45 2.2105 ∠-45 14.1372 ∠135 298.2479 -298.167 6.9444 2.095572 ∠-88.665797 0.4772 ∠88.6658
3
0.07 4.3956 ∠131.3768 0.2778 ∠45 2.2105 ∠-45 6.5973 ∠135 109.8911 -109.6715 6.9444 5.687448 ∠-86.376844 0.1758 ∠86.3768
90
0.15 13.3111 ∠133.8043 0.2778 ∠45 0.8289 ∠-45 14.1372 ∠135 332.7783 -332.7059 6.9444 1.878127 ∠-88.804260 0.5324 ∠88.8043
8
0.07 5.7751 ∠132.2431 0.2778 ∠45 0.8289 ∠-45 6.5973 ∠135 144.3774 -144.2103 6.9444 0.2310 ∠87.2431 0.2310 ∠87.2431
Table 2.12. Computed Data for Parallel RLC

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Moreover, the figures shown in appendix C—figures 2.32, 2.37, and 2.40 for
example; is simulation run of PhET Colorado, an interactive application that gives
students a virtual circuit simulator for building ac and dc circuits. Through this simulation
students are able to simulate a parallel RLC circuit. After simulating and measuring the
IT, IR, IC, and IL students now are able to compare the measured data to the computed
data.
Thus, the students validated the measured flowing current and voltage across from
the first simulation and the second simulation by computing the percent error using the
formula:
Percent Error (%) : Approximate Value-Exact ValueExact Value100%
Findings that are greater than 10% suggest that there could be something wrong
with the experiment and data collected. To prove that the data collected during the
simulation computation of percentage errors are shown below in Table 1.5.2, note that
adjustment in wire resistivity and source resistance could have affected the result of the
measurements
Observation in Table 2.13, students notice that none of the simulated data are
close in the required percentage (10%) in order to be considered as accurate simulation.
All of the simulated data have a high range of percentage error, some exceeding over
70%. As mentioned earlier there will be some major error that may occur due to such
discrepancies, it could stem from various factors like inaccuracies in the simulation
process, human error in data collection or analysis, or even machine errors if automated
processes were involved.

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IT IT Percentage IR IR Percentage IL IL Percentage IC IC Percentage

(Simulation) (Computed) Error (Simulation) (Computed) Error (Simulation) (Computed) Error (Simulation) (Computed) Error
13.65 23.8861 42.8538% 0.38 1.25 69.6000% 2.43 4.421 45.0351% 15.71 28.2743 44.4372%
7.65 8.8623 13.6793% 0.47 1.25 62.4000% 3.33 4.421 24.6777% 10.51 13.19469 20.3467%
14.6 26.6458 45.2071% 0.39 1.25 68.8000% 1 1.6579 39.6827% 15.21 28.2743 46.2056%
9.52 11.6043 17.9614% 0.39 1.25 68.8000% 1.28 1.6579 22.7939% 10.41 13.1947 21.1047%
13.7 23.8598 42.5812% 0.19 0.5556 65.8027% 2.4 4.421 45.7136% 15.91 28.2743 43.7298%
7.53 8.7913 14.3471% 0.16 0.5556 71.2023% 3.58 4.421 19.0228% 10.95 13.19469 17.0121%
14.55 26.6223 45.3466% 0.21 0.5556 62.2030% 0.97 1.6579 41.4922% 15.31 28.2743 45.8519%
9.48 11.5502 17.9235% 0.12 0.5556 78.4017% 1.35 1.6579 18.5717% 10.71 13.1947 18.8310%
6.87 11.943 42.4768% 0.21 0.625 66.4000% 1.18 2.2105 46.6184% 7.84 14.1372 44.5435%
3.79 4.4312 14.4701% 0.18 0.625 71.2000% 1.75 2.2105 20.8324% 5.36 6.5973 18.7546%
7.36 13.3229 44.7568% 0.23 0.625 63.2000% 0.42 0.8289 49.3304% 7.55 14.1372 46.5948%
4.73 5.8022 18.4792% 0.13 0.625 79.2000% 0.66 0.8289 20.3764% 5.25 6.5973 20.4220%
6.84 11.9299 42.6651% 0.11 0.2778 60.4032% 1.11 2.2105 49.7851% 7.84 14.1372 44.5435%
3.77 4.3956 14.2324% 0.11 0.2778 60.4032% 1.7 2.2105 23.0943% 5.36 6.5973 18.7546%
7.36 13.3111 44.7078% 0.09 0.2778 67.6026% 0.44 0.8289 46.9176% 7.7 14.1372 45.5338%
4.74 5.7751 17.9235% 0.06 0.2778 78.4017% 0.67 0.8289 19.1700% 5.35 6.5973 18.9062%
Table 2.13. Percentage Error of Simulated and Computed Values for Parallel RLC

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Based on the computed values, students observed that changing the values of
voltage source, resistance, capacitance, and inductor results in different outcomes.
Altering the voltage source affects the magnitude of the voltage applied across the entire
circuit.If the voltage source increases, assuming the resistance remains constant, the
current flowing through the circuit will also increase. This increase in current can lead to
higher power dissipation across the components, potentially causing greater heating or
energy loss in the circuit. Additionally, changing the value of the inductor and capacitor
can affect the flow of current. The smaller the conductor compared to the inductor the
more likely the smaller the total current.
Another observation is that, based on the computed values for reactive power all
of them are negative. There is no such thing as negative reactive power, The sign
convention is mainly used for mathematical clarity and to signify the direction of the
energy flow between components, rather than indicating positive or negative values in the
traditional sense. Thus, it means that the current waveform by the inductor is lagging the
voltage. Finally, as an observation for the active power remains unaffected by changes in
these parameters unless there are accompanying variations in resistance or voltage.
VI. Conclusion
This section highlights the knowledge gathered by each student throughout the
course of the experiment, by duly responding to what was being asked in the objective.
Each student shares all experience and garnered in the following paragraphs.
Carinugan, Marxuz Aureleuz U.

Through the experiment I have learned the relationship between voltage, current,
impedance, admittance, resistance, reactance, inductance, capacitance, susceptance,
conductance, phase, and power and how each element affects each other. For instance,
voltage acts as the driving force behind the flow of current in a circuit, while impedance
represents the overall opposition to this flow, comprising resistance and reactance.
Admittance, on the other hand, indicates how easily alternating current (AC) can flow
through a circuit. Resistance, measured in ohms (Ω), opposes the current flow, primarily
due to the material properties of the conductor, while reactance, caused by inductance or
capacitance, further hinders AC current flow. I've also learned that changes in parameters
like voltage, resistance, capacitance, and inductance can significantly impact the behavior
of a circuit. Adjusting the phase angle between voltage and current influences the power
factor of the circuit, affecting its efficiency. Moreover, changing the resistance affects the
overall impedance and conductance of the circuit. With this gathered information
throughout the experiment we could say that every element of a circuit has a different but
important role in order to function. This experiment has provided us a deeper
understanding in circuits and as an Electronics engineer this will help us to design,
analyze, optimize, innovate and discover more. It has provided me with a deeper
understanding of circuits, essential for designing, analyzing, optimizing, innovating, and
discovering more in the field of electronics engineering.
Garcia, Julia Kristianna M.

To fully understand electrical circuits, one must realize the significance and
distinct roles of components like resistors, inductors, and capacitors. Each of these
element serves a specific purpose, molding the behavior of circuits across various
electrical parameters. This analysis delves into the intricate differences between these
components and their impact on circuit dynamics.
The intricate functions of resistors, inductors, and capacitors become clear when
one looks closely at electrical circuits. Inductors and capacitors add further complexity
with their energy storage capabilities, whereas resistors primarily obstruct current

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passage and release energy as heat. An inductor's ability to store energy in a magnetic
field is indicated by its inductance, which measures the magnetic flux per unit current. On
the other hand, capacitors' capacitance, which shows how much charge they can hold per
unit of voltage, emphasizes how much energy they can store in an electric field. These
differences show themselves in the ways that these elements affect voltage, frequency,
phase, resistance, capacitance, and inductance in circuits. Furthermore, a grasp of the
complex interactions between voltage, current, impedance, admittance, resistance,
reactance, inductance, capacitance, susceptance, conductance, phase, and power is
essential to the interpretation and analysis of electrical systems. Basic concepts like
Ohm's law clarify how voltage and current in resistive circuits are directly correlated.
Impedance, which includes reactance as well as resistance, is the total obstruction to
current passage in a circuit.
On the other hand, the reciprocal of impedance, admittance, illustrates how simple
it is for current to flow through a circuit. Phase differences between voltage and current
waveforms are caused by reactance, which is controlled by frequency and capacitance or
inductance properties. The real and imaginary components of admittance, respectively,
susceptance and conductance, provide further insight into the conductive behavior of a
circuit. Comprehending the phase angles of voltage and current waveforms is essential to
comprehending the workings of circuits using alternating current. Electrical system
stability and efficiency are greatly impacted by reactive power, which is generated from
the energy that reactive components store and release. Active power, on the other hand,
refers to the parts that are actively involved in power transmission. Therefore, a thorough
comprehension of these ideas is necessary for effective electrical circuit analysis and
design.
Llarena, Janelle Joyce R.

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pellentesque suscipit. Vivamus vulputate lacus vitae ullamcorper lobortis. Donec
bibendum consequat metus, at molestie lorem euismod in.
Mojado, Jason B.
Through this laboratory activity, students gained practical experience in analyzing

the behavior of resistors, inductors, and capacitors connected in parallel circuits. By
constructing various circuit configurations and measuring electrical parameters using
simulation software and calculations, they developed a deeper understanding of the
complex interactions between these components. The experimental results highlighted the
distinct characteristics of each component in parallel connections. Resistors provided
separate paths for current flow, while inductors exhibited reactance and stored energy in
magnetic fields. Capacitors, on the other hand, stored energy in electric fields and
demonstrated capacitive reactance. When combined in parallel, these elements exhibited
unique behaviors, such as resonance phenomena in RLC circuits.
Comparisons between simulated and computed values revealed discrepancies,

with some circuit configurations showing percent errors greater than 10%. These
differences can be attributed to various factors, including simulation approximations,
component tolerances, measurement errors, and simplifying assumptions in theoretical
calculations. The laboratory exercise also reinforced the relationships between circuit
parameters, such as voltage, current, impedance, admittance, resistance, reactance,
susceptance, conductance, and power. Students observed how these parameters interacted
and influenced the overall circuit behavior, particularly in the context of parallel
connections.

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Overall, this laboratory experiment provided students with hands-on experience in

circuit analysis, allowing them to apply theoretical concepts to practical scenarios. The
findings contribute to a deeper comprehension of parallel circuit behavior, and the
implications of combining resistive, inductive, and capacitive elements in circuit design.
This knowledge is invaluable for future electrical and electronics engineering
applications, where parallel circuits play a crucial role in various domains, including
signal processing, power systems, and communication networks.
Nuqui, Lesther A.
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pellentesque suscipit. Vivamus vulputate lacus vitae ullamcorper lobortis. Donec
bibendum consequat metus, at molestie lorem euismod in.

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REFERENCES
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Vivamus vulputate lacus vitae ullamcorper lobortis. Donec bibendum consequat metus, at
molestie lorem euismod in.
Dorf, R. C., & Svoboda, J. A. (2016). Introduction to Electric Circuits (9th ed.). John Wiley &
Sons.
Floyd, T. L. (2013). Electronic Devices (9th ed.). Prentice Hall.
Nilsson, J., & Riedel, S. (2016). Electric Circuits. Pearson.
Sadiku, M. N. O. (2014). Elements of Electromagnetics. Oxford University Press.
Alexander, C. K., & Sadiku, M. N. O. (2016). Fundamentals of Electric Circuits. McGraw-Hill
Education.

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APPENDICES
APPENDIX A – Parallel RL Simulation
Figure 2.1. Parallel RL Trial 1 Figure 2.2. Parallel RL Trial 2

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Appendix B - Parallel RC Simulation
Figure 2.9. Parallel RC Trial 1 Figure 2.10. Parallel RC Trial 2

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Appendix C - Parallel LC Simulation
Figure 2.17. Parallel LC Trial 1 Figure 2.18. Parallel LC Trial 2

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Appendix D - Parallel RLC Simulation
Figure 2.25. Parallel RLC Trial 1 Figure 2.26. Parallel RLC Trial 2

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Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering - Department of Electronics Engineering

LABORATORY REPORT NO. 2

Prepared and Submitted by Group 04 from ECE 2201

CARINUGAN, MARXUZ AURELEUZ U.

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This laboratory experiment investigates the behavior of resistors, inductors, and

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Understanding the behavior of electrical components in circuits which has

An RC circuit is defined as an electrical circuit composed of passive circuit

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capacitor of capacitance C in Farads are connected in parallel. Voltage drops in a parallel

A parallel RL circuit consists of a resistor (R) and inductor (L) connected in

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College of Engineering - Department of Electronics Engineering

Statement of the Problem

Description Picture Quantity Purpose

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used to provide a dynamic

used to conduct electrical

used to limit the flow of

used to store electrical

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used in most electrical

a device used to measure

visually represents the

visually represents the flow

Table 2.1. Materials Used in the Laboratory Activity

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0.07 14.97 3.24 0.07 3.16

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0.07 50 9.48 0.12 1.35 10.71

( Y )−1 =( 0.0919 ∠−74.2121 )−1

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V (t) 100 ∠45

Total Current : r =IMABS(IMDIV(‘V(t)’,’Z’))

Resistive Voltage : r =’I(T)’*’Z’

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Simulation Computation Percent Error (%)

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College of Engineering - Department of Electronics Engineering

Impedance (Z) in Ω : Req − j X eq=¿ 0.0780+¿ 1.7648972700i

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Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation